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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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' ^^ fSn te swunped . with ^ nMtotiea of the ma * * tend that can be employed is put to *« & « ffi ? and tie production wiU be more SK ^ - frfSJ to demand . . The ^ ew . tariff in SWP ^ mb ^ appy results , and prove benet ° Sn * ill < "S the duties having been Sa to of VJU . ; Welookforwapdte agood oona der » W " ^ ^ i at nomc as abroad ; and hope , spring tTAfalltlisses in this province , that it for the 8 * 01 * d ^ one . .. The exports £ < -p «* * * iS 2 tta past we ^ k . with afewV ftojn Bd *» fl ' ° pnts s not previously noticed , mhcc SS ^ - 'VSS as follow :-I , ? 65 boxes , 11 the HhSm ^*» % 35 bales . S skips , 3 cwt . ^ f ® p % ^>™^ > 8 mo - ¦ - , ^^^^ T ^ swamped , with quantideaof
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^ vufnT PROSECUTIONS AGAIX&T GOYE ^ niLDISG LOTTERIES . __ - « Fbidat . — Early last year some par-S iTtrfflj anxious to dispose of a lot ofTinpro ^ li * on « ea » Manchester , known as" the fit aU ^ Sngs" not meeting readily with a ^ S ? ad opicd the expedient of putting the P ^^ VfV ' np in a lottery to subscribers of one 2 ^ mcIu Thoug htbeamoTrot at whichtheprcg" ^ , . valued in tbe prospectuses of the scheme V ^ 'J l' than donble its real worth ; the subscripfSed iu sorapidlr that before the day fixed ^ "ifSin gof the lottery , all the shares were 5 I «^ d of Thesnccesstth icb attendedthisspec ufffied to a number of schemes of the same cha-* . ; :,. wane started in Manchester , JBiraringhan ,
CtafieU . ^ ds , Ac . In Sheffield , a young man , Smed Bridges , got up a scheme ibr the disposal , ? 5 000 shares , of one guinea each , of some houses Pc ' nffolk-road . the real value of which was little «/ ffe iian € 2 , 500 . The scheme succeeded beyond \ -neetation , and was followed by no less ftan twenty others in Sheffield alone , the sums to jTsubicribed varying in amount from £ 200 to £ 17000 . The principal of these yet undrawn is a * i ^ cond distribution of property" by Mr . Bridges , 51 * 17 Sao shares of a guinea each . For the sum thus enhscribed the winners are to receive leasehold pro-« riv worth about £ 9 , 000 . These fraudulent and jjtejal schemes have at length increased so greatly in number as to attract the attention " of
government , and orders have been issued by the Lords of the Treasury with a view to their suppression . Mr . JJrielges has been selected as the party against whom proceedings should be taken in this district , and app lication was made to the Sheffield bench of mag istrates on Saturday last to grant a summons against him as a rogue and vagabond . -. ' -- '¦' - Mr . T . Rodger , solicitor , in making the application , eaidhehad received his instructions from the Lords of the Treasury . His application was made under the 42 nd Geo . III ., c . 119 , which , in addition to peualties against parties taking part in lotteries , rendered a person keeping an office for the sale of lottery tickets liable , at the suit of the Attorney-General , to a penalty of £ 500 . By another clause it was enacted , that where proceedings had not been taken by the Attorney-General to- recover the pcnaltv , the party offending might be brought before the magistrate as a rogue anoTvngabond , and
punished as such . It was a matter of public notoriety that for some time past there had been Tarfons lotteries got up in Sheffield , havingfor . their object the sale of lots of property , at prices far beyond their real value . Lotteries were prohibited bylaw , and the extent to which these " property distributions" had been carried , had induced the gorernment to direct the ? present proceeding against Jtfr . Bridges , the projector and principal agent in getting up such schemes in this part of the countrv . Mr . Bridges' schemes had been advertised , net only in Sheffield , but in the metropolis , and in almost erery town in England . Some idea mig ht be formed of the scale oa which the business was carried on when he stated . that for one scheme alone no less than half a million prospectuses had been printed and circulated by Mr . Bridges . Besides having agents in all parts of the country , Bridges had also kept an office in Sheffield for the sale of lottery tickets .
A witness having been called to prove the fact that Mr . Bridges kept an office in Sheffield for the sale of tickets for his lottery , the magistrates intimated that a sufficient case had been made out to warrant their granting the summons . Mr . Fbeisos , solicitor , said Mr . Bridges , having received an intimation that the government contemplated proceedings against him , had instructed him to watch these proceedings on his behalf . The onl y object the government could have in view was to stop these illegal practices being pursued in this country . He believed that object had been attained , 3 Ir . Bridges having issued notices to bis subscribers that tbe lottery -vronld not be dravrn in England .
ilr . Rodcers said he had forwarded one of those notices to the Treasury offices , and so far from the government being satisfied with it , bis instructions m reply were—" * Xo time must be lost in making an application for summons against Bridges for keeping an office in Sheffield for the sale of lottery tickets . " The issuing of the notice by Bridges was a mere ruse , the fact being that he . had opened offices in Belgium , where lie intended to ' draw the lottery , and to continue the offence against the laws of this ceuntry by obtaining subscribers here . If Bridges were really abandoning the scheme , why did'be not return the guinea subscriptions which he had . " received from his dupes in every part of the country . - The magistrates granted the summons .
The case was fixed for hearing on Monday , when Bridges appeared by his attorney . Mr . Rodgees declined to proceed with the case unless defendant appeared in person , and applied for a warrant to apprehend him . He had reason to believe that Bridges was in London , and might be apprehended there if the warrant was granted immediately , but the delay of a day might enable him to escape to Belgium . ~ 3 Ir . Feesiox opposed the application on the ground that , as the defendant appeared by his attorney , the case could be heard in his ' absence . _ Ifr . itooczBS : If Mr . Fretson will so far stand in the place of bis client as to go to prison in his stead I have no objection to dispense with Mr . Bridges ' personal appearance here . ( Laughter . ) Mr . Fretsos j I cannot undertake to do that . ...
The Bench intimated that , as the ends of justice might be defeated by hearing the case in Bridges ' absence , they should grant a warrant for his apprehension . - ' Mr . Fkeisos : Though I cannet undertake to go to prison for my client , I will undertake to say that you won't catch Mm .
- ^ » Iixegal Laxd LoiTEaiES- — On Saturday last Mr . Joseph FallawCeld Masser , lithographer , of Leedf , was brought before the mayor and a full bench of magistrates , at the Leeds Court-house , on the charge of ha-ring unlawfully and publicly kept open and exposed to be drawn , in a certain ( ublie place called the Saloon , in the Music-hall , a certain lottery not authorised by parliament , to wit , a lottery of and for an estate called the Fallowfield Terrace E-tate . —Mr . Blanshard . barrister , appeared in support of tie charge ; and Mr . Middleton ; barrister , conducted the defence . —Mr . Blanshard said le had the honour to appear before the bench , instructed on behalf of the crown , and in support of an
information laid , against " Mr . . Joseph Fallowfield ifcser , under the provisions of' the 42 Geo " . III ., cap . 119 , an act passed £ < r the suppression of lotteries . By this act any person engaged in any lottery , game , or "liitle go , " was liable t » a penaliy of £ -300 , which could only be recovered in one of the superior cow t- >; and then the act declared that all persons so offending should be deemed to be rogues and vagabonds ! Having stated that the 21 st section of the Vagrant Act provided that all persons gouty of this offence should be dealt with as va grants , he proceeded to stace the facts of the case . In the month of Augast , the de ' tndaut issued a prospectus , headed " £ 230 per annum for one guinea , " and then stated that the Fallowfield-terraco
Estate , which consisted of seven spacious houses , with gardens ! coach-houses , &c , would be put up for distribution in shares of one guinea each , ' and cr awn for when the whole number of shares , of which 2 , 300 had already been taken , should be subscribed . Accordingly on the 20 th and 21 st September the Music Hall was engaged for the lottery , the tickets were put into two revolving cylinders and drawn out by two boys , one end being for the number of the tickets held by the shareholders and the other for the prizes . Mr . Masser issued the prospectus , engaged the Music Hall for the lottery , and on the day on wtfehit took place declared the TOnner of tbe princi pal priie , the estate , a portion HfS 2 10 ?^* to ctuer wizea of
^ : ^^^ , £ 25 . £ 10 , * ni : £ 1 «**! , AlUhese ib ^ werr Tery clearly proved by a man named Bei . jamin Kriowles , who bad paid a guinea tor a ticket , which had b £ en drawn a blank . —Mr . Middleton , in defence , urged thai theclause relied upon was a general one , each as is to be found . in all penal acts of parliament , and ought not to be strained to meet this csse . The general tenor of legislation had been to wake parties engaged in these lotteries subject to heavy fines and penalties , instead of punishing them as rogues and ^ bands , and he called upon the bench not . to cpntict his cFenti who , at ihetime of the lottery , was aotawirehe was doing an illegal act . —The Mayor , after conferring with the other justice- * , said ; the
*« & , lookin" stall the circnmstances of the case . *» e of " opinion IKftuFceleneant had brought tonsel f within the meanJEgof the act of parliament , and adjudged him to beimprisoned andkeptto hard ^^ nriu the House of Correction for the term of «« n days . This being the fi : st case brought ^ ore them . they were disposed to take » le nient ^* of u , bnt as they , were convinced 'that tie ^ ectof the gevernment was to check tluB species of rawing , ftey should , if any other cases were "wi Sht before them , inflict upon the parties a much ^» pnnishmenL—JJt . Blansford * said he us ? ¦^« satisfied , and beUering that thepnblic sotorietj Softs ease would have the desired effect , he ^¦^ ja draw a « co » d charge which te had been ^•" nedtomake . '•
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FURTHER TARTICULARS OF THE lORR n * : THE PACKET-SHrp HOTmeEUR " tbtd TEEN LIVES £ OST . ;; f > * ^^ H ^ flIR-. Thu&ie 8 Wp , | he Hottingetw . of 1 , 500 tons , burthen , commanded by Captain Buwley , Bailed £ Lirerpool docks on the 10 th of January E ^ anS gotonEac ^ ter sand bank on Saturda 7 SS •^ t * © cloc ^ i two hours before daylight Tge ^ Bi «?« lteayMvml tinjes , and they then made Slgnals . of distress by burhine liehts andi-firing fhS ^ K ^ Hw ^ sss the ; masts . . At half-past , eight o ' clock the captain summoned the . passengers aud crew on the quarter *¦ Sl- ^ f ^ thathe had drifted about the whole ° l Jflday , and , that he did not then brtow skictlV FURTHER TARTIOTTLAWR ^ p nuf ^ r ^ ^ , ^
^? re aewasj he recommendedorderand obedience ,, and b y that all hands would be saved , as there were boats sufficient . The sea was not rough at the time , and the wind was light ; he also stated that , he mistook the . Tuscar light for the Holyhead lighta , tlie night being so darki At aboiit eleven o ' clock the preventative boat came alongside , and took ' on board the captain's son , with the log-book and papers . of the ship , and a young woman who was going out as servant , and then made for the shore , which was about six or Eeven miles off . . One of the ships boats then left > having on board thirteen , of the crew , two men that were stowed away in the ship and the mate ' s daughter , and Mrs . Chapman and son , cabin passengers . On landing at the
beach the boat iraa nearly swamped , but all landed safely . ^ The . first mate'then ; took the quarter ! ioat Tsitb . five seamen and pushed . oflj refusing even , to take two passengers ; the other boat from the shore then took off the Rev . Mr . Doherty , his wife , and four children , and Mrs . MUburn , passengers . ; These boats promised to return , to . the ship but , ! never came it being : too rough to venture , there were . then only two boats left—the life boat with one pair of barsj and the long-boat on the deck , which was then slung over , the side ready to be lowered in the water , but there was no sails , ' mast , or rudder , ' or oars for it . At eight o'clock the two anchors , were lei down , ' as the wind was then increasing , and she was -then striking very heavy , and continued to do
so . all . night ; the night , was very dark * . The crew and three remaining passengers were all in the ser cond cabin , anxiously wishing for d : tylight , and the hours seemed unusually long . . On Sunday morninsr our prospect was still worse . The sea was roug h * and tke wind was increasing , and no signs of any assistance at hand . The anchors were then slipt , and the wind being in our favour drifted us off the bank . The sails were immediately set , and the pumps were sounded . It . was found there were seven feet of water in her hold . At nine a . m . the Rose , screw propeller , Capt . Rochford , of thi 3 city , came alongside , and communications were made between the two vessels by chalking words on boards ! Captain Bursley continued to sail by Captain B > ocb
ford's directions , until between one and two o ' clock ^ p . m ., when she had then about fifteen feet ' water in her hold , and would not steer . It was . ' evident to all she could not float long .. Myself and the two remaining , passengers wore not permitted to leave the deck , but had to work with' the men . . The eapttin then ordered the Jife-boat to be hauled alongside and bailed out ( the long-boat bad . gone to pieces shortly after it was lowered down , ) and three remaining passengers , viz ., Mr . F .. Chapman , Mr . Robert Millburn , . Mr . Michael Murray , with four seamen and a boy , that had stowed himself in the ship , trere lowered In-the boat , and made . towards the propeller , which we should never have reached had not Cantain Rochford made towards us , arid
taken m . on board . The life-boat , was to return to the ship for the remainder of the hands , but by ^ the time we got on board theship had altered her course and was drifting fast on ' shore when she grounded on Arklow sandbank , . two miles from the shore . Captain Rochford thought it of , no use for the life ^ boatmen then to return , as it was certain death to them if they did . The vessel was then among the breakers . . The conduct of Captain Bochford during the whole of the time he sailed round and about the shi p until she drifted on shore- ^ -his an ' sietir to save the lives of those on board is beyond jail praise . He attempted to lower his long boat and send his mate on board the distressed vessel with a chart of the coast , but his boat was struck with a sea and
stove in . Captain Bocbford left wHh much regret that the ship had not continued her course for a half an hour more , when he mi g ht have got the vessel ashore , and probably all lives might have been saved . So communication could be had with the ship from the shore , and the captain , the second and third mate , the carpenter , the steward , two cooks , and six seamen , have all perished . Part of the poop has been washed ashore , and some of the goods . The ship is now fast going to pieces . —The foregoing particulars have been furnished tons by Mr . F . Chapman , one of the three last passengers that were taken-off the wreck , and is bow , with his wife and child , at the Commercial Hotel , in Marlboroueh-street . They have lost all they had
in the world , and only escaped-with -what they have on their backs . "We hope the extreme hardship of their case will meet with the sympathy of our citizens , and that something promptly will be done to relieve tbe distress into which they have been so suddenly thrown . — " We have just seen a letter addressed to Mr . Chapman ; in which it is stated that only one man was saved from tbe wreck , that he was taken off en the morning of the 17 th inst . i and that it was now certain that the captain and all the others who were . on the wreck ' when Mr . Chapman left were drowned with the single exception here mentioned . — Dublin Freeman . : ¦ - '¦' - ¦ As Captain Bursley stood deservedly high in thq estimation of all who knew him , and as he was one
of the oldest captains frequenting our port , we have gleaned a few particulars of his life , which may not be uninteresting to our readers . The gallant captain was born at Cape Cod , Massachusetts , in the year 1798 , and consequently was in hisfifty-second year when he died . He seems to have imbibed a desire for a maritime life from his infancy , for before he was twelve years of age , he entered the mercantile marine of the port of Boston , and so quick was his progress in his chosen profession that before he attained his twenty-first year he com ^ manded an East Indiairati from Calcutta to Boston : It is now upwards of twenty-one years since he first entered the Mersey as master , of the Dover , a firstclass vessel of the original Boston line of
packetship ? , since when he has 1 een a frequent visitor to our port . At a subsequent period he became connected with the Black Bailor New York line , in which he commanded the Silas Richards and the Orpheus , and afterwards the Cambridge , belonging to the s ? me line . It will be in the recollection of many of our readers that the Cambridge was severely tried , as were also the nautical skill and judgment of her commander , during the great £ ale of 1839 . On that occasion Captain Bursley could not obtain a tug-boat to tow him out of theriver , and , whenthe storm arose in its violence and might , his ship slipped her jinehors and was driven on towards the Prince ' s-pier . Every precaution was made by both master and men to arrest the threatened destruction
of the ship ; trusses of hay were lashed over her sides to protect her , hawsers were made fast where available , and when every other inducement failed in procuring a steam-tug , the commander exclaimed with his accustomed liberality , " £ 1 , 000 for a tug . " But none would venture , so imminent was tha ' peril . In'this emergency the . remaining anchors were tried , and as they held , the noble ship was preserved from becoming an immediate wreck . He has often experienced the hardships " of . a seamen's "life . About fourteen years ago ( in company with Captain Marshall , new of the Republic ) he was nearly wrecked in ihe Orpheus , on which occasion he had to put back te this port for extensive repairs . Fifteen years ago his brother , then captain of the Lyons , was lost off Port Patrick , wherehewas interred ,-and a monument erected to his memory by the subject of this sketch . At the close of his career
with the Black Ball line he took an active part in the organisation of Fielden ' s line , to which he has since belonged , as master of the Hottingeur , a fine vessel , about seven or eight years old . 2 fo better sailor left this port ; and it is affirmed of him that no man knew the Channel better than he did ; and therefore the cause of the calamity referred to remains a mystery at present . We believe that he intended that this , if successful ,, should have been his last trip ; and that he felt delig hted at the prospect of enjoying in ease and , happiness , amidst his friends and in the bosom of his family , " that otium eum dignitate to which a long ' , laborious , and well-spent life eminently entitled him . The deceased was highly esteemed by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance as a sincere friend , an honeBt man , and a geod Christian , He haB left a wife and family to mourn their oss . — Liverpool Albion . ' ; . ;' . ;;
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THE CONDITION ; , ( jp ENGLAND :. ;¦ ; ; ¦ : ' -, ; QUESTidN ^ , ^ ::,, ¦; % ^ Condensed from the Morni ng Chrmchiy ,
< ' WAGES ; OF THE AGRICULTURAL - ^ LABOURERS IN DEVON MD SOMERSET . , On inquiring into tho rates of wages in the' different localitiea whichl visited , I found them in all Cases low . Thron ghbut the Kin » sb ' ridge ^ union , ^ rhich comprises a large portion of the' eitreiho south of Devon , I found 9 s : a week to be tho ave-F l ;/ xi ? . ' ™ grazing in'this neighbourhood than m some of the bastefn parts of the tpunty , where wages are much lower ; whilst tte holdings are , an the main ,, much-larger , ^ Throughout the union , ioo , the population , as compared
witn wnat it is at some . points ^ ne ar the borders of Dorset , i 8 thin . The consequence is , that tho demand and supply , are more equally adjusted ; which tends to keep wages up . ' .., The farmers likewise are , more , or , less ,, men of capitil , ! , keeping , about the same . number of persons in . constant employment , and , thus preventing the fluctuation . which would occur in the rate of remuneration if whole droves of workmen . were . to be occasionally \ tbrovtn out of work to compete . with each other , as istoo often the casein . the . over populous districts ,, and in parts where the farmers are destitute of capital . - ;
: jln the line from ) Eimouth to , Exeter , the rates generally paid are 8 g . ' and 7 s . a weekj The great 6 ulk of fbe . property in this n eighbourhpodris part of what . is known as the lto ' lle property , left by the late Lord to the second son ; < of the present Lord Clinton ., ; In the other directions round . Exeter , I found . 7 s . a week more prevalent ' : than ; 8 s . Whilst driving . frpmExeter toHoniton , I inquired ottwo of mj . fellow-trayellera , who were from , difterent parts of the . ulterior , oftho country ,: what the rate of . wages , might : be . in their , respective localities . Both . ; put them ; down . at . " about 7 s . a . week , " . I asked if it was possible for men to live on such a pittance I " if they have- large families , " ob-: served . oue . -VAt least , one thing-is clear , they
can t live honestl y on it , " said the other . ^ i I afterwards took the opportunity of asking the . 'driver of the : coach , who drove . ; daily , between Exeter . and Dorchester , and the . amount which , he namedjwas also 7 s . a week , i Arrived at Uoniton , I . inquired for myself , and found scarcely any case . in which 8 s , were being given . Inthe parish of- Southleigh ; already alluded to , and in the conterminous ; parishes , this was the maximum rate . One woman , whom I questioned , told me that her husband and son had both 7 s . a . week , but that the work was not steady , so that they could not be said to . earn 14 s . ; a week between them for many weekstogether . : The son was . quite a young man , and on my asking her if there was do difference made in the w . igcs paid to
married and single men , she ; informed me that an attempt had been made to get her son to work lor Ies ? , but that , ashecould doaman's work , he had consequently refused to work for . less than a man ' s wages . -It was in the neighbourhood of Axminster , and : in the north . of ; Devon , near the extinct lead mines , that I found the lowest scale of wages paid . In many eases , in these localities , the , labourer -was receiving but 6 s ; a week ; . and . it was apprehended that there would bea ; very general reduction to that standard . ¦>¦' . - . .- ¦ :.- ¦ ¦ ¦ - ' . ¦ !;••• . -So far I have not spoken of the wages of women . They are more genei ally employed in ' Somerset than they are in Devon . - Indeed ; there are / parts , of the latter county in whichit-is : rarely that they are seen
at work in the fields . . This , is the case m the line of country extending from about Sidmouth to . the neighbourhood of TotneSi I not only remarked this myself , but it was mentioned to me by others , ' who could not account for it in : any way . In the-interior of Devon , ¦ and along the-Torridge , they , are as frequently seen , at work as in SomersetiM In that county , rhowever , there is far more workfor ^ them of a kind for which : women are more .-adapted , ihan men—dairy famingJ being carried t-. to : i a ¦ : much greater extent in Somerset than in-Devon . : ;; . I am now speaking , however , ; of ; labour , in : the fields . This comprises a . Tariety of occupations , in connection with which cheap female comes in competition with dearer male labour . ! -Womenhbe turnips at a
much less rate than men . A man , however , will do much more ip the course of a day . at , this kind [ of work than a woman will do . It is also too ^ laborious an occupation for women very , generally to engage in . They also plant and digipotatoes at the proper seasons ; they weed the . fields particularly when fresh land is being cleaned preparatory to « v crop ; they pick stones from the land and winnow the corn ; they . plant beans ,, and fill , and sometimes drive , the manure carts . These are but ; specimens of their work , for which they receive , oh . the average , from 7 d . * to 8 d . a d-iy . = I have known cases in which less was given , but about 7 ^ d ,, may be taken as a fair ,. average of the . present ; . rates . Daring harvest time they sometimes earn ¦ as ' much
as 6 s . a . week . ¦ . . ' ,.: sr" ... > . ; '" ...,. . In these counties the labourers geheraliy receive , in addition to their inouey wages , so much cider per day . This is not confined tomen—tho women and children employed in the fields also" coming in for their cider . In some cases this is . compounaed for , and a higher rate of wages paid ; but ; in ; the great majority of cases the money-rate of wages , . when stated , is exclusive of the dole of cider . Sometimes , however , theYarmers will include it , " and thus mis-, lead- the : inquirer . -Thus , at Exmouth , I was , informed by a labourer , , who pointed out . his ' . employer tq me , that his . wages were 7 s . ' -Cd . a week ., A few minutes . afterwards I was - . iii ¦ conversatiQn with his master , and on inquiring into tbe . rate of
wages in his neighbourhood , was told by him , that he himself paid 9 s . The , discrepancy between " the tvro statements staggered , me a little ,, and I mehtioned it to him . " \ Pell , to be , sure , " said he > " I do pay but 7 s . Cd . ' in money , but . then -he has his three pints of cider a day , whichl recKon at Is . 6 d . more . " But the . farmer always reckpns the cider more than the men do . . A disinterested appraiser would , taking into account the rough quality of the cider ; generally given to the labourer , value the eighteen pints a week which he ' receives at about Is . By such statements , those unacquainted with the mode in which things are managed are , often led astray . . " '" . " , ¦' . " . \ - ' . * " ¦ . - . . ¦ . ^ ' . ^ But in estimating tbe condition of the labourer ,
andtliat of his family , nothing can be more fallacious than to include this dole of cider as part and parcel of his wagea . It lias no effect whatever upon thecqniforts of his famUy , and cannot , therefore he takeriintb account in considering the extent of , their means . In the case of a man working j for himself alone , who might find his wages sufficient to enable him to indulge a lfttlf during the week , ' . were he inclined to dnnkcider , to , some extent ,. that which is handed to him in the field might be taken into account as so much moriey ,. since it niightsjive him so much , provided , hei were cohtented with what , he got in ; the field !! But even-in " his . <» se ,. if ; he ' were not disposed to drink , but . anxious to save his money , it-would be any thing , but . a gain {© Jiim .
The ; ya ) ue of the beverage in money would , in more ways , than one , " be far better for him * , for . it . would not only enable him to save more , -. or / . toj prbcure more substantial aliment , but . it might also avert a danger togwliich ^^ " he is otherwise exposed-rthat of encouraging a taste , for more cider thani he gets , and ultimately for something stronger than cider . ! . In tho case of the married'man the system is far more obiectibnable . He does- not-work . for . himself . alone , having others , and sometimes many 6 thers , ; dependent upon him . He . has , therefore , no ] money to spare out of his scanty , wages , to indulge a taste for drinking : cider , or any other liquor . He 'has none to spare for such a purpose even when liis claim for cider is compounded for-by a : money payment .
And it is hard to compel him to take aa part of his wages that which he could not afford to purchase were his earnings paid-him in . fullih money . If he is entitled to 9 s ., why force him . to \ take ; lsi Cd . worth of it : "in cider . ! : "When he could hot afford to buy ; ls . 6 d . worth bfciderif the 9 s . ' wer ^ all paid him in money ? The word , forced" is here riot uhr advisedly applied , for the gi-eat majority of the labourers , particularly the married men , would prefer the cider ' s worth to -the cider itself . ¦ Tho cider ' s worth would go to : enhance . ther , comforts , of the family .. ; Tlio cider itself , does not and , cannot . It is , in almost all cases , drunk on the : field—in other words , the labourer spends daily about 16 per
cent .- of ; his earnings , in drink . Whenever . it is compounded for , it is for : the labourer's benefit that the ' arrangement is made ;• and . whatbenefits him in one instance would be advantageous to him in , all . The difficulty in the way is chiefly with the farmers , who have an interest in keeping , up the . , mixed sys ^ temof \ yages . ; To some extent it is tHe : truck system , and nothing eisey . It is equivalent to sayingto tlie labourer , , " I will » employ -you at so ; much : a week , but then I expect you to remember that I keep acider shop , and that you must buy so much cider from me , at such and such a price , * every week "—the price being : one which sequrestolhc ciderproducer a profit atthe expense of the . ! cider ¦
consumer .. . ; '; j- : i The cider given to the women is frequently drunk by themselves-rit . being sometimes given to , their husbands . That , given to the boys is almost invariably drunk by them . They get less than A roan , but in the same proportion to their strength ana wages ; It is perhaps in respect to : them that the systemdevelopes itself in its-most pernicious ; a » - pect ...- '' I wouldn't work without my cider , ' said a saucy little imp ol , about eleven years of age , one ot those who surrounded me in Exmouth . i -By- the
time ; they reach maturity they £ are accomplished drinkers , and this from a necessity , of their , position . To make them accompliehed smokers jnsteaa would be equally justifiably . There is no . mbre 8 ens « or juatice in compelling themto drink pider as part ot theirwages , than therei ^ ouldtbe . krforcingtnem , to smoke or chew tobacco .- Jf'the farmers ortne : west produced ; tobacco hjafiead of ;« ider ,-. every la bourer wouldbe seen with ' a cigar , in ; hi 8 ; mouthi . ¦• . ¦ ¦ 1 are the many families dependent npon agricultural kbbur for their support'to ' subsist during the winter on wages averaging ; less than 8 s ; a week i Ask tbe question of anybody ^ ven ofr those * most ;
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likely from their position to-be acquainted with the means and contrivances " of . ' such familie ^ -and they , , li 8 h fM ; their shoulders , and : tell you , that . . it passesrtheir comprehension . ! ! ! ' , ¦'¦ ! , ; ,, ; Latiounhg . men have frequently ' complained to me of . the modern which the fawners , in some districts , make use of tho position and conduct of ybufig nien to . atfect ; the , general rate of . wages .. rWiere , . theprac ; tice , of making a distinction as to ainouut in-favour , of married n » en . preTaiis , > thc highest : ' j : « itp'tliu 8 ! piiW u often a low one , r . as . eomparediwith- ' the , rates , paid elsewhere , r lfyoungmenreceivelessthanmarried men ,, the wages of the laiterarefrequently lowered on - *» next plau 8 ible : protexMhe : iarmer 8 ; jtelling , them that ,-as , they , can set young men to dbitheir
WOM m& given SUm , there is no necessity , for their , employing others at a higher Vate . ; Sooner than he thrown entirely ; out of ^ ork , ! the married labourers often submit roadil y to the reduction ^ . which afiaii / is made . use ofto lower still more'thq wages paid to the Single men ; a 80 that the / omerdifferencoiare . established between them , ibut with this advantage to thefarmer , ; that ho is payingleBS to both ; , .,, ; One of-ihe groatest evils ; that , I . find attending the low rate of waccs now paid ui so many of the ruraldistnctsi is the , want of , a change of , clothing for . the labourers , both , male arid female . : Most ot them wear flannel ¦ whilst at ; work ; but few have a change , even of . that . - Tho , consequence is , ' . that they wear the same garment next the skin day and MJght , although for . many , < hours .. of . tho . day < it may have-been , soaked with , perspiration ., I have . frequently seen both men and womenicwnilst at wpvk , perspiring most freel y , with , their clothes quiteiwot upon them .. It is deemed essential to the health . of a ! miner , that he should exchange fora dry suit the clothing with which he ; comes , dripping fromothei minei But the : field . labourer fllmost . invavmbly . pevmits the garmenta which have been made wringing wet with perspiration tojdry upon his personandtliat ,, too ,, npt merely when he . isinoxercise , but . when he is . lying on hisbed asleep ; J for , he -frequently lies down , . enveloped in flannel ; cold , jmoist ; and clanimy ,, . after the , day ' s . toiJ . f ' / riiero , maybe many a labourer , married arid sinele . tolerably well
off in Devon and Somerset , but there are multitudes so immeraedinthedepths of , wretchedness , stbatit is impossible to ,-, fancy them sinking lower . '; : ; There are . hundreds of families , ' with four or five , children , whose sole dependence is ; the . earnings , of ; the husr band—tho . children being ; , too young , and 4 he . wife toobusy : at horiie to work abroad—thpiivearnings ' not-exceeding 7 s . a week . . It is . on . this sad feature of ; the : diversified picture , that . public- attention should ; be most closely riveted . . r ; < -.: iV , .--. K , ' There are many , especiallyam . onjjst the farmers , who are prone 'to , malign . the labourers , iand : who maintain tliat the misejy so prevalent amongst them is of their own . making . -There is ho doubt ^ butthat the , privations which they endure are in very many
mstances aggravated _ by their , own fearlessness , or mi 8 conduot .. But ! it is a calumny to guy that thensituation , would be equally deplorable , no matter what their wages were . I have seen too many instances of prudence , -thrift , , arid comparative comfort to subscribe to such ^ a dootrinorrinstances few , and far . between ,-. it . ; J 3 ! true , "ini the ] counties that . Lhave hithertoMsited in connexion fwith this inquiry , but which form , the , rulearid not theexcepr tiqn in other districts ; where higher , ¦ wages , prevail , and where the well-being of the labourer is attended to by ; his employer as a matter of pnramount ; duty . In ; these . cases , instead / . of ; the extra vragea ; being squandered in drink and licentiousness , leaVlD ^ the fiiniiiy . topine in wretchedness at home / they'are
frequently applied ^ to r enhancing it | i comforts and improving its position . . In cottages where this is observable , I have often seen the extra pairs of ! shoes foviheparents and the . children , and , in some cases the extra clothing for . tho Sunday ; Let the labourer have but an adequate nmount ' ofiwages , and he will improve both the condition nnd the appearance of his family . Persons who think otherwise , only : fall into the . views of those who would make ! theirJown gratuitous aspersions of him one of i the , , many , rea-SOnsjwhieh . they , aSfeitfn for - keeping . his jreniunerar tion as low as possible . !! . ¦ . •¦;; . .. . - ' ¦ : ¦ .. ' ,- t ' - . U , ' , iy . 1 Somo dayB / smce . Iwas conversing withan . oM man , near BridgewatQr , ion the ; SHbject of wages . He hadbpena farm labourer inVhis ';' youtVbut 3 iad
abandoned . the fields foi a ti'Ade , at which he > had made a little competency , which ; ho remarkedi sufficed to keep him oiit of the workhouse in his old age . ; : , He : did net speak very charitably of theifar-. mers , ' whom - he characterised asia- very selfish- and havd-hearted race of men ..- f obacrvedto him , . that they justified the present reducedi . rates of ; wages by the prevailing low < price orcorn .- He ; replied that it was not on the side of wages that the , shoo really pinched them , i ; He . remembered wagesrhigh , when corn was about as low as now . . . " How . came they , " I asked ,. ?• to keep up the . wages : then J ? ' ^ "I tell you what , " said he , "they Kept them up ,-and could afford to do so , ' because they , neither lived in such style nor paid such high rents as they do nOW . "^ :: ; ' : r ; . . •'•!^? :: ' : iv i . "' . Z -X ' : - ' . ' ¦ : .. " . ' . '¦ •!« h-
THE DRUGGING SYSTEM , IN THErAOTQEY ' _ .,. _ .:... , ; DISTRICTS . ' I have already alluded to the practice ; too common-inthocottondistricts , of dosing infants with narcotic medicine to . keep them quiet while th ' eir mothers are at their daily work in tlie factoriesV , ' The information ' giyentome bymedical mbnwas general in its character , and may be summed up in fcheevidenccelicitedfrom Mr . John Greg . Harrison , one of' the factory medical inspectors ; and a' geritle-i man : carryingon ; a yeiy '; large ^ practice amohgst ! the operaiiye ; elassG 9 l ' .. ; ' ' :,. . ; , ! . " *; " ^ , - ?« ; : , ? . \ . V . ' i , ^ ' Thp . system of drugging children : is exceedingly common ,. and . one , of . thc = iprevailing' causes of infant mortality . Mothers and nurses ,. both administer 1
' narcotics ; . '; 'the" foi ; mer i hqwever , " . principally yith the view of obtaining ; ' an ; undisturbed , . n'ght ' s rest . ' The obnsequeiices produced . are . _ imbecility , caused , by suffusion on ' the . h ' raini and an . extensive train of mesenteric , orid-glandular ! ' digeases . ^ child , sinks into ¦ a low .. torpid state , wastes away , to a skeleton , ! except the stomach ,. which swellsi ! producing :. wliat is ^ known as bot-helly .. If the children survive the . 'treatment , .. they are often weakly ! and stunted for life ; . " . To this . drugging system j , and . to defective nursing , its ., certain concomitanfr-rriofc to any fatal effect inherent ! in ,, factory ! labourthe , great infant mortality . in ' the cotton towns is . to be ascribed . " ' . ' ! . ' . . ;_ , . '•¦' . ' ,,. ! , "' . ''' ,.. ' . " V
' Dr .. Harrison added , that the practice of procuring abortion was sadly . common , ! pavticulavly ! , among unmarried | ' woaen , ' , and ¦ .-amon * g !! married , women living sepavated from their husbands . A person iii Stocfeport"is nqtowous for tlie extent of his practice in ibis way , insU-uments , Jatvd . notjdi-ugs ,, being the U 5 ual means employed ., . ^ . s > i u ,. ! ,, \ ., ' ,, ' . ;! - ]* . ;' , ¦ ' . ' ..-.: l ! , ' . Toi ' rielurn ' tp ! wie / narcotic . ' . pa ' rt of tte , subject . Fippni | oyidence gjyen / me ^ b ' y miirhands themselves I select , the' following . cases ,. " observiiig . that , they merely , serve As samples of tho . orilinaiy , stories told me by those who % ro ' . sufficiently , c ^ d ^ out ' upon the Bubject . " .,. / , "; . ..., ; .: , ; - ; - / . ' ! . ! .. ' ' . ,: l ^ '' S ; . Anjintelligent , male operatiyoi . in' the Messrs . Morris ' s . mill , iii ; S ! afor'd , stated that ; . lie . aid , ' h ' is wife put out . their first child . ' to bo rhursed !;; The
nurse gave the baby t' . sleeping ; stuff , " and it ; died in nine weeks . The . neighbours [ told his wife hoy the , baby TOBdosed , ^ bu t the ritirseVdenied , that tlie child had ever : got ' . . , anything .-iof / . the , kind , - They never' sent a cliild -out , to be nursed . ' agairi . ' For that one they " paid ' 3 s . . " , 6 d , a ^ wcek , arid the , ^ eeks thatithe ' nu ' rsp washed forjit , is . ]' i . Th 6 ; mother had to get up at lour " o ' clock and carry ife . ' t 6 the nurse ' s every . morning ; but , the ! distarice ; was too ' far , . , for her , to . ' suckleiifc at noon , ' , ' sci the child ,. had no . milk until ... the ' nui * se . brought '; it ! home ;' at night . ' . . ' The nurses are often . old , women , who , take iii washing arid sometimes they . have , three or . four , ehiid . i ' . enttp takecareof . Thenipthercarioftensmell . laudanum in" thei . ' childs breath , when it coirics home ., As for
mother ' s th ' emselve 9 , / they , giye ., the . vfsleepingiStuff " principally . -atnight , id ;! secure . their . ownre 8 t .. » , j . i . Anpthei . operative in , the j same ' mill , ' gave the , io \ - lowing " evidence :-rHo ! had . put , out one , . child'to riurse , and he , , arid his missus ' . had , ; sprely ruled , it ever ¦ since .. The . child , !' a / girl , had .. ! iieyer * , hec ) n healthy or strbiig , and the dpetor ? told them , ' when she was fourteen , impnthsj oWj , that she had . jbeen dosed , andjiow it ! would be with'her .,. They ' , paid 5 s ' . a week to thenuvsei ' , ! Hik wife then earie ' d 15 s . a , ' week ! : in . ' . a . ' mill . ¦ At present ,, he thoughti-, 48 . was about the average-paid ' for nursing , children : The nurses very oftentakp in . washing , and ^ put'the childventp sleep r by'ldrugsirig-theni ,. . Hehail ^ ix nliiMvpni ^ anfi t . h&v xuhvn '« n ¦ hnntifit AvaAn ' t- VWA'A » tiA
:. A female . weayeiV'in ; a iriill at Chprltipn ; staied the case . of a little girl ^ ho waa-nursedjby a neighbour of hers ;; and who got ^ -sleepingetuff . r ' uv . Thechild seemed to be always asleep , > : andMny with' its 6 yei half open . ¦ . Its head got terribly b ' jg , arid its firigernails blue . ' The mother took ! the , child" from the nurse and carried it . toithe ^ o'itw / whp "' ' ^^^' . ^' " . ' ^^? ppispned . ; Th ' _ ri ^ mother went ' - pri her / knees ' crying ; and said sho had ' nevep ' given ' ' the , child any thingj butitaiedyerysp oji ' after . ; ' - ' ;/\ ., . ^' : ' . ' . ¦ "'" . ;' Another woman j eriiployed in the' weavirig rpoiri of the same mill , had put out all her children to nurse , and had lost , none of tlieni . . But she 'had a good kind riurse ' — -a' marwed ;[ ' woman- ^ npt ; ' on © of the regujar old nurses who . made a trade .. of it . She had often heard of . children getting . '" sleeping
stuff . It made 'them'that ^ thbv ^ were fvl ways dozing , and never cared for food ; : They pined , awayj ' their heads got big , and th ^ ey died ., ' She" carried , her . own " cliildevery ! mprriirig ! to the' nurse , vising ^ for this purpose ji- full hour before sliewerit to thpmilli because the nurse lived someway off . : The ' nurse did not rise at the same ; time , 'but she ( the riiother ) put the baby into bed to her arid ' left it ' there ' . 'fill tie evening . She did riot suckle , it in -the coiirsibf the day , becau 8 o ; the 'distance ¦ was' too , far to go . '; All hbr children were thriving .. ' ! ¦ : / '; ";;;'' : ; ,. " ¦ . I n 6 w come '; to ' the druggist ' s . '"With prie > dr'twp honourable / exceptions ; these . individuals bither point blank denied that the drugging system ' existed or . declined giving any iriformatiqri whateyepl'More than one -pf ; the . proprietors ' , <> f . ' the -most ' noted " Godfrey sh 6 ps' \ ^ ' Manchester' ^ erp am bngBt'the latter class , while of the bthcrB , ' who repudiated' the
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traffic ; entirely ,= several iof themi had itheir r window 8 crowded ; with announcements of differont . forms of the medicine which they were cool enough to declare they did not dealin ; ; , ¦ : ;;¦ -. ; i ; : ; d : •!; :: : ¦ -U ; i My . inquiries , extended . ; to : the uso of laudanum in flifferent forms by peoplo of all ages , and ' I transcribe , the evidence-of those druggists from whoinvl received any information worthyiof the nam oV ..-5 . " ¦¦•¦ . ¦ -. .- = : ¦* - .- . ; - ' ¦;¦ ; .: ¦ ¦ .:...: ;¦ ., : ¦ ¦ i A Jjjghiyrrespeetable droi'gisfc in Salford states as follpwsi rT-V The use of laudanum as a stimulant by male and female adults is not at all uncommon . . His sales . inthafcwayare , vhoweverjsmall . -Hedisposes of about a shillingls worth weekly , in penny-worths . Some of his customers ; wiir take a leu-gpoonful or n tea-spoonful and , a half of laudanum ; : and-in ; bad
times , when they have no money , they come and beg for a dose . * The , sale of crude opium has , he thinks , . diminished . in . his part . of , the town . When people come for laudanum , to use . it as a stimulant , he sells it mixed . with tincture of gentian , in : ; the hope that it . niay do ¦ ¦ them less harm ,, Children are . drugged either , with Godfrey ' s Cordial or . stronger decoctions of opium . . .. Every , druggist makes his . ow . n . Godfrey , a 4 d tho stronger , ne makes it , the faster it is bought . The medicine . conBists of laudanum , sweetened by a syrup , andi jfurther flavoured ¦ by somo essential oil of Bpice .: Mothers . sometimes ; dose their infants , but the nurses carry the practice to : the greatest extent ., :, Thpimother , takes the infant from the warm bed atfivb o ' clock in the morning ,. and carries it to the nurse ' s , wliere it ia loft' till noon , andiOften drugged to keep it quiet . " . - ; > I Ampng . the druggists who were obviously disingenuous upon the , point I may particularly mention one , not far from the Rochdale-road . He
tried- to pooh-pooh the whole , thing .: "He sold nothing -of the kind j at ? leaat noxfi to nothing— i nothing , worth mentioning . ; : Oh '/ no . The fact was that a great deal of nonsense was talked . upon the subject . - , ¦ Isolated enses might be found , but to aaythat there was anything like a general practice of druggiug children , was to raise a mere bugbear . " Sow , ; during ^ oui '; conversation ^ ,- which toccupied about five minutes , my cool and candid friend actually , suited the action to thev word , by handing pver the counter to two little girls , , three distinct pennyworths , of the verydrug the demand for which ho : was , resolutely denying !> I would have given something . for that ; gentteman ' s pd > ycr of face . > I think it could be maaeuseful . . ' ¦ y ; , j I . beg to direct particular attention to thofollow-> ing evidence , given by a ? most intelligent druggist carrying on a very largo business in a pooivneighr bouvhood surrounded by mills , and a gentleman : of whose perfect candour and good faith I have certain knowledge ; - ; -v , : i ¦¦ ¦ . ¦¦ ¦ ' .. ¦ . ' ¦/ :. r , ' ¦] ; : ¦¦ ,. ! : ¦ ;¦
! VLaudanum ,. in various forms , is used to some extent , by thevadult population , male andfemale , and to a terrible , extent , for . very young children . I sell about 2 s . . worth a week of . Jaudiinum , ' in pennorths ,: for ; . idult 8 . Some use raw opium instead . They either chew it ,. ormakeit into pills and swal- , low- it . The : scountry people ; use laudanum as a Stimulant , as well as the town people . On market days , they come Jn from Lymm and . ' Warrington , and . buy ; the pure ; drug for themselves , and 'Godfrey , ' on ' -Quietness , ' , fort the children . ' ' . Godfrey ' is an old fashioned preparation , and has been more 6 r ; less . in vogue fornear a century . It is : made differently , by different vendors , ; but genevally speaking it-contains an : ounce and a half of pure laudanum , to a quart . This dose is from half a
teaspo . onfiu to two teaspoonfuto . i Infant ' s Cordial , or . Mixturej is stronger , containing on the . iverage two ounces of laudanum to a quart . .. Occasionally paregoric , which is one forth part as , strong as laudanum , is used ; - Mothers sometimes give narcotics to . their children ,- but most commonly the nurses' are in . faulb ..-: The stuff is frequently administered by the latter ; without the mothers ' knowledge , but ; is . occasionally given- by , tho mothers , without the fathers' knowledge ; I believe that women frequently drug their children through pure ignorance of the effect . of the . practice , an ;! because , having been . brought up , in mills , they know nothing about thefirst duties of mothers .- The nurses BOmetimes take children for Is . 6 d ., a week . They are very often-. laundrcsses . Half-a-crown a week
may be the average charge of thenursej and the ^ nursing' commonlyconsists of laying tho infant in a cradle to doze all day in a stupified state produced b y a tea 8 pooriful of . ' Godfrey , ' or Quietness . ' - Bad as the practice is , . it would not be ^ so , fatal if the nurses and parents . would , obey , the druggists ' -instvnetions in administering the medicine . But this isjwhaf : often . takes place .. ; A > woman comes and buys pennorths of Godfrey . ' . I Well , all is right tor five . or six weeks .: Then she begins to complain that we don ' t make the ' Godfrey * so good , as wo used . _ to do ; that she has to g ive , . the child' more than . it needed at first - and so nothing will do but she must have ' Infant ' s Quietness' instead , for , as she says , she has heard that that is 'better , : i . e . stronger . But in process of time , as the child gets accustomed to" the drug , the . dose must i be made stronger iStill . : Then thonurses , 'and sometimes the
mothers , take to makmgthe stuff themselves . They buy pennorths of . anniseed , and treacle and sugarj add . the laudanum to it , and make the dose as ; strong asrthey like . . The . ; midwives teach-them' how ; ito breWi . it , iand if the quantity of Laudanum , icomes-expensiye , theyv . use crudei opium instead . Of course numberleisB children are- carried off in this way . ' I knowja child ; that has-been f so treated at once ; it looks like ; a little old-man or woman . I can tell one in an instant ; Often and often a mother comes here with a child that has been out to nurse , to know ; what can . bo the matter with it . -1 know ,, but frequently I dare hardly tell , for If 1 say what I am 8 ureof ,, thG ; motherjwilL go to tho nurse and charge her with sickening the child ; tho nurse will deny , point blank , that she did any thing of the . sort , and will come and make a disturbance here , daring ; me to prove whnfc . of course I can ' t prove legally , and abusing me for takingraway her character . " ; . THE- CASUAL LABOURERS AT THE METRO-\\ - \ ,- . . -, ' ,: EOLITAN DOCKS . .. ; The scenes witnessed ' at the ; Loridon Docks were of so painful a description—the struergle for one iday ' s ; work—the scramble for . twentf-foiir hourB ' extra subsistence and extra , life were of so tragic a character—that'I waa anxious to ascertain , if possible , . the exact number of individuals in and around tlie metropolis who live by ! dock' labour . ^ At pno of the ; docks alone I found that 1 ; 823 stomachs would bo deprived of food by the merb , chopping of the breeze . ; " It ' s an ill wind , " says the proverb , "that'blows nobodyanygood ; " a ' nd until I came to investigate- the condition of the dock labourer , ' I could not have believed it possible that near upon twothousand bouIs , in one place aloriei lived ,
chameleon-like , ' upon ¦; the air ;• or that ' . an easterly wind , despite the ivieesawi cp ' uld ' ' deprive ' so-many of broad . It ' is indeed ' a nipping and -ah- eager air . " That'the sustenance of thousand * of families should be as fickle ^ as thb ' very breeze itself ; that the weather-cock , shbuldbe the index of'daily want or daily ease to such a vast number of riien / women and children , was the climax of misery and wretchedness that I could not ; haye imagined to exist ; and sinco then I haYO witnessed such scenes of squalor , and crime , and suffering , " as oppress the mind even to the feeling of awe . .- ' .. ' ,. ; . | . V ! - ' , „ These docks , however , are' but one of ¦ six similar establishments—three being on . the nortlv and three On thesouth side of the , Thames--andalleriiploying a-greater or less nuriiber , of " hands , " equally
dependent upon the winds for their subsistence . Deducting , ' then , the highest from tho \ lowest iiumber of labourers engaged at tho London Docks ~ the extreme ' s according to the books are . under 500 and over 3 , 000— wo have as' many , as S . oOO / individuais depvivod of a day ' s . work arid a living by , thp : pre ; valence of . an eastcvly wind ; arid calculating that the snnie effecfc . tHkes : place at i the other docks—tlie East and . \ yestjilndiai . for instance , St . Katharine's , Cpmmdrcial ,. 'drari < l Surrev , and East ; Country ,-to a greiitci ^' pr less extent , and that the hands employed to Jpiid arid unload the vessels , ' entering arid quitting all these places are prily ( . four ; tinics mprethan those required at the London 'Spooks /) weJhavo . as many as twelve thousand . 'individuals , . . families , whose daily broad is as fiokle . as the . wind
itselfwhose . wages , in fact , ai ' o one day cpilkcfciyely as much : as £ l , 50 p ,. ilnd the next ' aslow as . £ 500—so i \\ iiieight ' tiiowaridm < in are ^ frequbntly ' ^ thrbwri but of employ , while the earnings' of the . class ' to-day amount to brie thousand pounds less than they did yesterday .. ^ .. ' .,.: ; : , T ; ,, V ! , ' . ¦'"' The account of the variation in the total number of hands employed , and the sum of money paid , as wages to them by . the difierent dock companies wheri ; thebusine ' Bs ' isbrisk or ' slrfck , may bo stilted ag ' fpljpvyfsV —; ' , ' , ; , ! . ' .. ' . ' ,- ' , ; , .: ^; ' ! : '' . _ .: ;/ .,,..-- _ . " , ' . "" ! '" . ' At tho London Docks the difference between . ¦ ¦ . ¦¦ ' ¦ - the greatest and smallest number is ., 2 , 000 hands . AttheBastand West India Docks ¦ « - .- .. 2 500 — At the St . Katharine Docks .. .. ' .. ' 1 , 200 — At the remaining docks teny ) .. ... .. lsoo -.
Total number of dock-labouvers thrown out • ' - ¦ - " !' '; of employment b y the prevalence of ^ easteriywinds ^ . ; .. ; .. .. . ¦ .. 7 , 000 — ' The difFerence between tho highest and lowest •¦ <¦ : ¦ . amount of wages paid at the London Docks is ' -.. £ 1 , 500 At the East and West IndiaDocks ' .. . - .. .. l 875 Atthe St . Katharine Docks ?' .. " .. .. .. 900 AttlieieinamingdocliB .. ; . .. .. - .. 975
;; . ;! ; \ - . - ; ; ; ; " ; ;;¦ £ 5 , 250 ( i ? l' <> ni the above statement , then , it appears that by . theprovalenceofari . easterlywind ino less than 7 , 000 but of the aggregate : number of persons living by dock labour may bo deprived of their regular income ,-and ; tho . entire body may havc . as much as £ 5 . 250 a week abstracted from the ^ amount of their collective earnings at a p eriod of active employment ^ But tho number . ofji ) aividual 3 . _ . who depend upon the . quantity ; of ' slilj ^ n ^ ' enteyiag the . port of London for , their , daily ¦ suD s'isterice is far bevoridthis amount ' . -Indeed ,-we ' are ^ assured b y ^ a gentleman fillingt ' a / high / situation iB ; gt ;\ Eath ; nrine ' s ; Dpp kg , arid who frem his ^ sympathy , with the labouring ppor has evidently given no slight atteritlbntd the subject , that , taking into consideration too number of wharf
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labourers ^ doolc labotfrera ; iiglfermeh , rigprs and lumpers , shipwrights , caulkers | ship carpenters , anchor smiths , corn porter 8 ,-fruit and coal meters , and ? indeed iall tho 'multifarious arts and . calUngs connected with shipping , thgre ar , e no lesstiiivn from 25 , 000 , tb , 30 , 000 individuals , who are throwi wholly out of employ : . by a lprigcbntinuariee of , easterly winds . ' Estimating , ' then , the" gains of this large bod y of indmduals - at 2 s . 6 d . per Haj , ¦ or I 5 s . a > Week , ' When fully employed , r >? shall nndrthat tho loss toithose who depend uyon the London ; shi ppingf for their subsistence a ' rnounts to £ 20 , 000 ^ , per . week ; . and considering ti : » fsuoh winds are often , fcno-wn to prevail from a fortnight to tlirep weeks at a time , it f 0 ll 6 ws-iM ; -iiw entire ^ l to * : n 8 lar S « class will amount to from M . OOO to £ 60 , 000 . withm ^ a ; month ; an amount pf ' privatio 1 the
n to iaboiiririg ; Pbor which it is p ^^ itively awful to contemplate . - N 6 r is this tho o-iy evil connected with an enduring easterly wind . ¦ nit'eoUy a change takes place , as ¦•?¦ glut " of vessel = entora the metropolitan port . aiid labourers flock from all quarters , indeedtlieypourfrom every p . iii where the , workmen ' exist in a greater quantity than the Work .: From 500 to 80 y vessels frequeiit !;; arrive at oiie time in London , after the duration cl' a contrary wind ; and then such is . the dehiand for workmen , and sb'greatthe press of business , c ^ iijg to the rivalry among merchants ^ and the desire of each owner to have his cargo the first in the markot , that a sufficient number oraands is scarcely to bo found . Hundreds of extra laboui'ers , who can fin ,- > . labour nowhere else , are thus led to seek ; work : in the docks , , ' Butr-to use the words , of our infennanttwo or three ' weeks are sufficient to break . tha neck
of an ordinary glut , and then , the vast ainsunt of extra hands that the excess of business has brought to tne neighourlibod are thrown out of emp-e / yihent , arid left- to increase either > the vagabcr . iisui of the neighbourhood , or to swell the nunber of paupers and heighten the rates of the . iJjacent parishes . - ; . . ; ; This may in some measure account not only for the poverty and wretchedness ef the people located in tlio many courts ' and ' nlley 3 round aboui ; the docks , but it seems also to afford a ready vxpiariation as to the amount of criine to be ' found there ! Afcw days ago I made ' ah attempt to f t-. nom the secret-of one ofthelovr lodging hoiises in the neighbourhood ; and though I had proof deflier . strative that the endeavour was attended with con ; iderable personal risk , still I was . determined to co . wpass my ; end > so as to be enabled togiyethe . publicioiueidea of . ' the , misery and crime thatinfested -tha : part of the town . ; ' "" '
! Entrusting riiyaelf to an Gxperiencedgui' ; 3 , 1 wa 3 led to one of the most frequented and chen jwsf lodging houses in the neighbourhood . It Was a large ) put-house , about the size of a small barn , nnd about as rudely , put together . The walls were undastered and the tiles above barely served'to cover , I ; in . In the wet weather we were told it leaked lik . ? a sieve . Around the room ran ji long dirty table ,: at which sat some score of . ragged greasy wretchVs . Thia others ' were huddled round the fire , korn ' e were toasting herrings , ! others drying ends of cTjars' for tobacco , and others boiling potatoes in cc $ » e pots . I soon communicated to them the object of my visit , and . having inquired how many of those tb .. n present worked atthe . docks , Ifound ' them ready : oanswer
any questions in a more . courteous -. manner than . I had . expected . There were twenty-nine [ ; aople ia the shed , and abouta fourth Were occasional dock laboui ' ers ; , « T worked at the docks half a day this afternoon , " said orio , " and all yestei ' day , and halfadayori Monday—tbree days' last v / jekVaiid never above two or three days in the ' -week- these lasii nine Weeks . " -This one appeared to Uuve been about the most successful of the number ; aad whea I ; asked , the rest what thoy did when'thay . ^ were wholly unemployed , the answer was , that they were forced to walk the streets all night , aix starve . ^ There are plenty of us , " said another , " v ; hohave to walk the streets of a iiight , thougli ' tl : c- bunks * ( beds ) are only twopence here , nnd there ' s r . o othQB
crib so cheap any wbei'enoar . " I asked tl'pse who spoke of having walked , the streets all night till daylight what they had donb for food ? "I ' ve been two days , " cried one . ^ iwithouttaste or sut >; ' ? anH one in the corner , 'with his head down , and ' tiis chili resting on his chest , cried , "I ' ve been three day 3 without food—haven't had a bit-in the world . " "Ah . 'it ' s plaguy hard times in the winder time with us , that it is , " said a" youth who o ^ uld not have been more than severiteerit ; "Average ib all the year round , " crir-J a tall fellow in a canvass-smock , "I ' ve work . ;! eleven years in the dock as an extra , and if ; don ' t cive more than fivo shillings . in the week . Why ; we ' re very of ten . three or . four weeks and earn noth :.- ^ in tha wintertime , " "But ' you must get sometliing , " I said . "Yes , ' we goes about jobbing , doi-: ^ th ings down at Billingsgate . V 7 e gets d twopcr . ny and a
threeljalfpenny job very often . If wo oon t gefc that ; we have to go without anything for lodging , and walk and'starve ; " - - " 1 * 11-.-have " ' to do that to ^ riight ; sir , " cried the . man at the cora-fr of the room , who still sat with his chin on his cliost—" I'll have to walk the streets all night . " " Yi . i , " said a second ,. " and there ' s another besides him that'll ' "be obligated , to , walk '' the " streets . The Refuge isn't open yet . " I asked them what they usually had to eat . One had had " tatm and , heiTbss and a pound of bread . " -Another " a pound of b ; ead and a farthing ' s worthof coffee . " "I ' ve had-two or three hard , crusts , " cried the man again who sat alone at the end of the room .. " That ' s s ' oout the living wo all has , ";! waa told . "When wo go without food all day , "; they said , - " it ' s generally the depth of winter , / wet weather , or ioaething like that . We giye those'that want . a hh of ours , whatever it ; may be . AYe gather all rour . d for him if we can . " - "¦• - ^ ¦ -
; -1 asked them how mueh " money they had' got . j"I ' ve got fourpence , " cried one . " I ' ve got ona Bhillmg and threepence , '' cried another .. " f ve got jusfcenough for my bed . ' , ' "I ' ve got three-balf . i pence . ' .. "J ' vegot one penny . " "I baven'tonet ; halfpenny , " said . the , man at the end of the room . . " No moio hayp I , " cried a . second . " There's aniother one here hasn ' t got one , " exclairi ;' i-.. \ a third . : , if you was to come in here to-moiroV night , ; you'd find half of us had not got " any—full half ;" ¦ I then inquired as - to tho state of thel r olothing . ' 't I ' ve got a clean ^ sliirt to put on to-morrow morning , and that ' s tne first I ' ve had those ? eight months , " cried the first . "I ' ve got 1 : 0 . shirt at all , " said another . " : "; l ' ve : none / ' said a third ; '"and that , there down , there-ain't gob none , I
know ; " he spoke of the same man at the-tar end of the rpom ,, , . , ' ' . Next I sought" to find out how many pjaorig tha number had been confined in prison . " '" I ' ve beea in quod , sir , I have , " cried one . "I ' yv been in , too , " shouted a second . And finding the answers to come too quickly for mo . to take down , I requested those who had -been inmates-of a gaol >> hold up their hands . . They did so , and I counte-I eighteea out of the ' . tWenty-nine" Who Were my cciipaaions , "Ah , there ' s quite that , " said . thW best-k : " . ung man of the party ; "if the whole twenty-nine of us wasj down , it would liot be too muchVl ' m sura : " The young beggar-boy hero advanced again to me , and with a knowing wink , cried , "I can't tell how many times I ' ve been in—oh ! it ' s above counang . I'm suro it ' s abovea dozen times . " .-:. ¦ - : ' . . \ ( : To \ le Continued
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Caution-to"Btjtebs-of Game . —A fe ^ 7 days ago a Lincoln gentlemanw . ho was out shoo i Isg picked up a dead partridge ; Which , having no mark of injury , uppn it , excited ; his , attention . Or . graving home . he opened the bird , and submitted tho wheat , & , < :., in the stomach to arialysation ., T :-. & quantity of arsenic discovered was pretty nearly su : 3 cient to havenoisoned an- , entire family , nndhiid ¦ . this bird been found by poachers , or netted by K . eia when unable tofly , it would in all . probability ... liave been sold , tothe dealers , and thus -a very sej . ious affair might have resulted . Farmers no * v very generally steep their seed-in avsenio . —Limolnshin * Chronicle .
Ariuvais-OF Specie . ^—Tho following arrivals of specie have just taken place from the -imntriesi mentioned : ~ The vessel Java , from Bombay , brought' 7 cases of silver , consignedito cr-Iev ; tha Diamond , from . Callao , 1 box of goldj ' ajMiessed to an eminent house ; and 1 bar of silver ; aindU / box ' of gold ; : consigned to the Bank of England- ; s ; he Highlander , from . Oporto , 4 cases of silver , cohsignqd to order ; the Free-trade ,, from Oporto ,-2 base ' s of specie addressed ; and 1 case consigned to order '; 'tha Glenelg ,, from Port Adelaide , Bombayj ' ar : 1 tlie Gap 8 of . Good Hope , 5 ^ 491-ba gs of copper , ; ccSsJ ! rned :: to order , 1 caso of . specie from the Cape , ; ajdresaed , 1
and : 16 boxes of silverfrom Bombay , consigned 1 * order ; the Charles Brownwell ; from Co <\ uinib 6 ' arid Valparaiso , 825 . b . ars of copper , ' addreESt " . i ' co a tirnt of eminence ; Ithe ^ Parliament ,- from Bost-Mj , ' United States , COO bavsof ( Chili ) copper , '¦ : similarly addressed ; tlie Carpatic , from Cuddalore , Madras , and the Cape , lbox ¦ of speoie fromthe '; latter place , consigned to order ; theiEssex ; from . Cavoutta- ' and the Cape ,. l box of specie from the latter place , ' addressed to a . firm of ' eminence ; the Bhbli Prineej from Arioyand Islay , 3 , 000 bags ' of crppor . 'addressedto a house of commercial eminence ; and the vessel Coldstream , from Calcutta , 5 boxes of silver , consigned to prder . ; . ^ i ;
Mathematical PuiLosopnF . RS . ~ The ni «) 5 t absurd book in' nature is ; that of a , niathematiciaD , certaiiily ; , " Dry Gregory ; on Pliilospphical Necessity . " He iJirioied ' wipft ' rjej ought' to ; act' like f <> rce * in physios , if riecessity wore true ; . and ' that to offer a porter a guinea to go a mile south-west and another to go a' inilo south-Gastj ouglit to" set him in the * " mean' V direction' bet ! w , een ; tne two , ' due south ? ' ;| I 0 Wroto ah octavo to ' prove this , arid when the wpfld laughed deemed himself iUvsedJ , „ . * ' ' " A 'TKBT , ' RA \ r sMJiTEMiL .--Mr . Disrajeli says that theyland is tho lahdlprd ' sTa ^ materjiil ; , and so 16 is . ! But lahdlordsiha ^ a '; muen ' raVer ]; material ia tlierainds of those 1 farmers , whoin i thoyvdelude ^ into continuingtopayexcesairiiELreBtai underitha . iiMhi ; cious hope of a re-enactment of the corn-laws ,
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Rouaxcb of Real Life . —Li the year 1770 there lived in Tfrextiam Captain Jones , an elderly gentleman , and a young doctor , named Manning . They ¦ werefriendsTmtufrom some cause they quarrelled . "We believe that Captain Jones ' s daughter was the subject of dispute ' : A duel was fought , ' Captain Jones was killed , j and Dr . Manning became deranged . He resided at T 7 rexham a few years afterwards , and was then sent to Kirkdale lunatic Ayslum . After a confinement of nearly fifty years he died last " week , and his body was brought to ¦ Wrexham for interment . His property is said to hare accumulated to about £ 70 , 0 S 0 , which wUl be divided amongst his relatives . Daring the last week this incident has been the subject of much fireside conversation among the old people of Wrexham , many of whom remember the circumstance of the duel . — Chester Chronicle . " . ~
A Good Ou > Aoe . —There is now living at Kbrton , near Worcester , an old woman / named Ann Finch , who has very nearly attained the ago of 108 years . She is blind , almost deaf , and basbeenledridden for the last few months , but she ; stiU e&ti heartily and drinks a quantity of cider ? acb day ; Ann Burrow , her eldest daughter , who is Uvmg at Croomed'Abitot , and 1 regulariyattends Worcester m arket , is sixty-nine years of age , - - "j
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t ^ ^^ gPr . 3 >; ngEw » fl »« UitK 3 « r ** . . 7 ? , r - ¦ ¦¦ ¦ -SS 5 SS ¦ ' ¦ < -----
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 26, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1558/page/7/
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