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' lit JbbiD ^ - !^* days . Trail be eleven lL since I addressed . to you a letter ^ occu 5 ^ ^ r / iiree columns in the " Northern fS ^ " and was it not my conviction thatthe Srs of the Star" sfaU tear tte contents ** L t ] eUerin memory , I should re-publish SalUeDg ih . * 2 J Lori , I therein defined what the result Vvonr policy Troald' ^ J ^ PfJ % predjcft tisbeenje ^ eds J ! proved to demonstra-M ^ . * W ^^ J £ th «^ i 01 tue
~ - ii « flT of to ^ taf ™ y •* tte wfrfom of the morrow . " ¦ * V *! rk- ™ r ^ T >; - > ' . T i -
-JSriff finsni roe .. reacuery jueianners , Sa atlengit ^ S wrotry intoaiitate 2 L 3 teientandag itation , whichneither " Whie * L * Tory * nor boUinnitedlyi could suppress ; , I j ^ ped that per ^ & ^ audvtjpranny / instead j - iosfice andliberly ^^^ been tteB resttlt of £ .. Befiani Bffll ^ dl ^^ died- that the ^ jgssing intdli ^ aw > 9 % f a : *^ and indnstri ^ ins people would , ait no distant period , indoia ^ i beople to ^ ase ^ tat 4 ^^ oim mS Aarovrn power , rather ' wan' upon . govern- ' « pnfal deception , or party ^ enthusiasm , howmiht ' h&
t e rproiniang ^ erg , ; - My I ^» K'W ? ? teast S ? e state of Enggnd in those flays / with , tiie ' state of France job-, you \ raifindSpeifecfly 4 ialogous , carryjmr with you , however , the r&ct that France , ^ tomindir oriather the organisation of mind ; kin aninfant estate , ^ rhile the mind of England has acquired a giant ' s stature . The Refcnn BUI promised to theEnglish people what ¦ jfrs Republic promised to France , TJponthe accompushment of the Eeform Bill , by the aid « f the people , it turned out tobei" a mockery while the
i delusion , and a snare ; " Republic of France has turned out to be a mere trap , to ^ j ch , in thefirstinstance , a party of representati ves who were returned upon their enthusiastic professions of liberty , but who are pow the JBrattodestroyit . The very principle for which ft ose who gained the Revolution contended , an in achieving which they boldly risked tiieirv ftes - namely , IJBERTY , EQUALITY , ' jfiATERNITY—is the principle against * lich the bloody sword of tyranny is now isi sed . How can liberty*—how can Equality _ howcan Fraternity exist , when that legitimate equality of man , npon which the new "system was professedly based , is destroyed ?
• My Lord , of course you are aware , that nntfer the dominion of " Louis Philippe , the ^ iirty-sis millions of a French population ¦ jiad no more than two hundred thousand electors to represent them , while England , with ¦ a , population of not more than tweniy millions , ias nearly one million of electors . But , - my ¦ lord , do not turn this fact into an argument in favour of English liberalism , because I will meet you thus—the English system is based apoa the traffic of the capitalist in the labour of the poor , and the system of representation is so constructed , that lordlings , ministers , and capitalists can so constitute the House of Commons , as to legislate for their own and not for the people ' s interest .
My Lord , in England it has ever been the practice of the Government ia power , when threatened with dismissal , to affright their opponents by the threat of revolution . It . would be tedious to remind my readers of the bloody and terrific language used , and threats held out , even by loyal men to their monarch , in the event of the Reform Bill being denied . Thepeople know that , in this country , there
is one law for the rich , and another law for the poor , and if they presume that such an injustice ba 3 ceased , they have only to reflect upon the impertinent answer of your Home Secretary in reply to my question relative to -&e language recently used by the Protectionists at the Crown and Anchor meeting , presided over by His Grace the Duke of Bichmosd .
My Lord , if His Gbace Feargus O'Con-2 T 0 E had presided over a Chartist meeting where such language had been used , he would lave been very speedily anointed with the grace of the law , while the grace of God anoints his Grace of Eichmoot ) . " Let me now call your Lordship ' s attention to the critical smile between the first Reformed English Parliament , and the first Republican National Assembly . The first act of the English Parliament was to pass a bloody and atrocious Coercion Bill to suppress Irish opinion .
It then turned its power to the prosecution ¦ of the Dorchester Labourers , the Glasgow Cotton Spinners , and to the suppression of the Birmingham Political Union , by -whose vigour and courage the Reform Biil was mainly carried . Then followed the atrocious Poor-law Amendment Act ; the pre-Tention of Members meeting from twelve till three o ' clock in the day to present petitions , and expound the views of the petitioners ; then tiie tax of twenty millions npon English slaves
to emancipate the West India slaves . And such precisely is the policy of the present French Assembly , elected by universal suffrage : that body—like the Reformed Parliament—is 2 ow endeavouring to destroy the very power by which it was created . The " Special Constable" President hoping to confirm his power , and to elevate himself to the dignity of Emperor , thinks to tickle the frivolity of the French peopleby a threat of war with England , while his sole object—or rather that of Ms MONITORS and HEAD-PIECES—is
to preserve tranquillity by a threat of war , in "the hope of peacefully carrying the new ELECTORAL LAW . Then , my Lord , notwithstanding the co-operation of Russia and France , the mock conflict will be glossed over , ^ and you will see your French Ambassador ¦ again at the Court of St . James ' s ; but , bear in mind , my Lord , that although such a sham may tickle English Reformers , and , for a time , soothe down their anger , it will not nave the same effect upon the French people . My Lord , I have heretofore avowed myself in favour of a Monarchy-in a country where it iad been long established , and where any attempt to destroy it would lead to revolting massacre and bloodshed , provided the
POWER BEHIND THE THRO 2 JE WAS GREATER THAN THE THRONE ITSELF . But let me now test the relative ¦ value of Republicanism and Monarchy . Republic means things suiting the people . Monarch y means one head of the people . And to show you the difference of the expense , and the folly of upholding the latter , let me remind you , that while the whole national expenditure of America is scarcely eight millions a year , the amount of Church property in England—^ majority of which is paid by those who dissent from its doctrines—amounts to over TEN MILLIONS a year .
Tour Lordship may ask , what has this to do with monarch y ? My reply is , that it is the basis of the English Throne , CHURCH , and STATE—their motto being , " The BIBLE and the SWORD . ' ! Again , how ¦ can you reconciled to your conscience to devote eight millions a year—the amount required for supporting the American Republic—to POOR LAWS in this country , to cram bastiles with paupers . While you are importing the produce of American land , ninete nths of your own country is in a state of Perfect " sterility ? But , my Lord , I will go father to show the difference between
self-^ terest and policy . You are npon amicable tsnns with the Republic of America , and with the Republic of France ; you exchange ambassadors with both courts , while you denounce the very name of Republic ; you rely *? ainl y upon the odium cast upon those called fED REPUBLICANS in FRANCE I > y the tyng "Times , " which would construe their » iere colour into a love of blood . But do not presume , my Lord , that because Paris is * rauce , thatLondonisEngland . Thepeoplein Wasgow , in Edinburgh , and other towns in bcottand ; the people of Newcastle , . Carlisle , oanderland , Leeds , and . the great hweaef
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* ? $$ * % & ; ^ hester ,- and the great hive * of . ^^ re ;^ Nottingham , Sheffield , Bir-^ "gW ^ erty .: Leicester , Northampton , Bristol ; and aUthose hives of England—they , and yoarknow it , are more powerful , and geate moreterror in the mind of a Minister , jwhen dissatisfaction exists , " than London does . & 8 & me ? ow , my Lord , ' give you the best ; defonfaonof the sterling value of the English mmd . You let slip the-dogs ofwar-you pack junes—you suborn witnesses ^ -you " strain ttek ^ ryoncpen the gates of the dungeon , anisecure the deaths of many in their cold ceUs- ^ ypu have consigned thousands of families of virtuous , honest , and industrious
men to the , cold bastile ; but you have failed to eradicate the principles for the defence of wl ^ ch : they perished , and by which > . their families . were consigned to starvation ; Too ;; have , tried Free Trade , ™ support- of ^ rhich many of the ignorant working classes ijo ^ ed their powerful and oppressireVma stera ;; , ; ' The Financial and . Parliamentary ^ Reform Association sprung into exisfence , % ; as if by magic , and speedily attained an apparently gigantic strength ; but it ,
also , has died a natural death . Its principles were too smaU for the Chartists , but too large ^_ fta-: cjp |^ S 8 ^ i-a f ^ t yhich I-t ^ st will wn ^ iiceyoorTS ^ Jiill ^ that * he united power -r « f ; Queen , Jrf »^ ahd | CommanfljilfiahoiML i > afKm 5 , merebanfe / mannacturers , aSEfcapk talists—the army , thedungeop , and perjury— - cannot , much longer hold the mind of this country in bondage . It is all very , well to state the comparatively Bmall income that the Queen receives from the revenue of this
country , but I have shown you that the Church is the right arm of the Queen , and receives over ten millions a year—that the army is the breast-plate of her Majestt ; while the poor little woman wields her magic wand over those who traffic in the very sweat and blood of her
LOYAL AND DEVOTED SUBJECTS . Nowj my Lord , although I have not had as much experience in red-tape policy , blue books , and Parliamentary humbug as you have , I have had much more experience in public matters , and better understand the public mind . And , although I possess no influence in the House of , Commons , as at present constituted—and I rejoice at it—yet I have more experience in those public matters , and a better knowledge of that public mind , which will , ere long , bring you and your associates to their senses . Only let trade get bad , now that cotton-has failed . Let us have another bad harvest—which is not at all unlikely from the present state of the weather—and then you will find that theclodpoles , as they threatened at the Crown and Anchor—will mount their
plough horses , and marshal themselves into cavalry , and when so headed , with HIS
GRACE OF RICHMOND AS THEIR COMMANDER , then the operatives in the manufacturing towns' will become the infantry of his Grace . My Lord , can anything be more revolting to an Englishman , than the fact of hour after hour , day after day , and weekafter week , being devoted to discussions upon the barbarous and atrocious treatment of English colonists , while not an hour is devoted to the consideration of your own starving poor ? I published in 1813 , in my work upon the * ' Small Farm
System , " the fact that you would very speedily lose your Colonies—and so much the better for the English people ; and I anticipated the hope , at a prior period , that I should live to see the day when the griping Stock Exchange would be levelled with the dust , and that the leeches who live and fatten upon war , dissension , and turmoil , and uncertainty , would be compelled to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow , instead of living in luxurious idleness upon the ignorance and traffic of their dupes .
My Lord , I have stated it before , and I repeat it now , that the wise people of this generation will not much longer submit to that nefarious law of primogeniture , which has saddled them with the burden to meet the interest upon a National Debt raised to shed human blodd . My Lord , I shall conclude my letter with a few extracts from that which I addressed to you on the 13 th of July , 1839 , and from them you may gather the truth of my old maxim , that "the folly of to-day may be the wisdom of the morrow . " Here follow the extracts : —
My Lord , I shall not be so ungenerous as to attribute to you a desire to strengthen the Tories , with the -new of falling back upontftem , rather thin open the popular party , in the event of Whig weakness ; but to men who give you credit for judgment and discretion , the case mil be at least suspicious , inasmuch as you hate strengthened the Tories bj [ neglect of thes people ; while , at the same time , you manifest a dstermination to coalesce with the enemy , rather than acquiesce in what you are pleased to call organic changes ; and of all and everyone of which organic changes your own Reform Bil ) has been the fountain and theiDHTce . Your Ilrfbnn , if squaring in action-with the terms upon which it was supported and carried , would be a rallying
point for an invincible phalanx ; and if sufficiently expansive to meet the evils which it professed to redress , instead of being crippled , narrowed , and circumscribed , in the hope of merely making them more palatable , when imposed by new taskmasters , the clamour for organic changes might have been lulled or suppressed in progressive administrative improvement ; and therefore , my Lord , the violence of Radicalism derives its origin from Whig imbecility rather than from Radical impetuosity . The passing of Catholic Emancipation took many agitators from the ranks of the people , and the passing of the Reform Bill took
so many more , that they were once again thrown npon their oira resources . - . When men congregate together , and speak familiarly over their wrongs , and agree upon the mode of redress , the over-zeal of enthusiasm is checked by the caution of judg ment : all act upon a given principle : and if a revolution should xnbappily take place , it must be a revolution of the majority against the usurpation of a minority ; while , in those countries where public meetings are Hnknown , the nation must be in a perpetual state of preparedness ; not against the outbreak of general discontent , but against the aneule of the malcontent . "'
My Lord , npon the other hand , allow grievances to remain unredressed , or say they do not exist , and suppress public meetings , and then you but smother the flame , which , through secret dubs and societies , will unexpectedly burst forth with only so much notice as the flash gives of the approaching thunder . Then , my Lord , how wiH you guard your house , fence your Stock Exchange , or protect life against those emeutes , which , in the wildness of despair , a revolutionary dab , or a discontented association , may , without notice , originate ! The great fault consists , not in the meetings , bnt in the slight wisdom and little profit which your Lordship derives from them . My Lord , the boast of a statesman should be in the pride of reflection , while his richest reward should consist in irreproachable ' self-examination . lie shouldlay up in deeds , a store from which memory may draw' without surfeit or
distastvand oe so pare that error should be ascribed to want of judgment , rather than to lack of virtue . Examine yourself by this rule , my Lord ; recall your acts during a period of seven years' power , and upon which of them , a » a man or a statesman , would yon build your temple of feme , or feed your vanity by a moment ' s reflection ! My Lord , your Reform Bill has proved a thorn without a rose , while you would daily refresh us with the promised odour of its cominjj fragrance . Religion you have made a science ; its dignitaries being harsh law-makers , and its mmistersfollowers of wealth and scofiers at poverty . You have depicted ignorance as a national tafirmity , while your ruing sun of knowledge had scarcely shone above the hrcfeon , when it set in a Tory mist , to rise no more : My Lord , usurpation before gave England a Cromwell ; and take heed lest , in the desire to grasp prerogative vou create eircumstances which may give her a Protector "
My Lord , perhaps you may not read either my letter or the above extracts . However , although having no power as an independent member in the House of Commons , let me implore of you to take warning from the past , and prepare , not to resist but to prevent that national struggle which , depend upon it , is close at hand , while granting to the people those rights and privileges to which they are justly entitled—SELF-EEPRESENTATION , And as the result , you will see a happy people , a flourishing country , and a powerful nation , capable of resistingthe united machinations of the SPECIAL CONSTA-
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B SJM- ^ fP ^ Wit f but withhold those TIMELY" AND PRUDENT your celebrated Edinb ^ disp ^^ and you will see your ppwer ;^ qish ^ y <{ uV throne totter-and the greatrEJgttnaiion ; dwindhag into msignificance . ^ i ^*^ " * My Lord ^ . prove . ^ p ^ tQe ^ . iai and withholding of those ^ BBiely £ ! & . prudent concessions to which man ia entiUed . Wes those to whom they are refused to go . still further ; and although I never havebeeiii nor ever , shall be , induced by any or all power , whether the terror of the law or the will of the people , to proclaim sentiments of % hicK Ido ^ not approve ; and to show the fafy reaistang ^ hatis just , I now subscribe mysflf as one , who will adept , propound , ' and uphold f -, ?? 1 Jple of ttepublicamsm ^ if ' . ' y ® S Lordship longer continues to withhold ' the rights to which the people are - entitled ^ l ^ S'iliT aevel ° Ped in the -PEOPLE'S 0 UAK 1 I 5 K . " , ' ! . ' - / ' . ; " " . ' . ¦ : ' - ; ¦ - ' ¦ ' ; '•' '* 4 Your Obedient Servant , . Feakgus O'Connor .
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BOROUGH OF FipBTJRY / ^ .. v ,. Th following commuiucattpn ^ nas ' tteenr made ay Mr T . S ^ anoombei MX , UMriM . Griffithart ' he SSlSKy ^ SBSl ^ t ^^ MoJM *^ Wrenvn ^ wf ^^ ow ^ onEis absence from his Parliamrat ^ duti ea : — ' ' , /; ; ' , a .... 5 , Palace Chambers , St James ' s ) ' . ; ^ . . . May 28 th , 1880 . bra , —I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter , calling my most particular and serious attention to a copy of some resolutions agreedto at certain private meetings or afewof my constituents , over which you had the honour topreside at the Kent Hotel , Brownlow-street , Holborn , and regnesbng me to explain the reasons of my absence irom my Parliamentary duties . ' I confess that until the receipt of your favour I did not suppose _ that there could have been found in the wellinformed and extensive borough of Finsbury , any person gnorant of the fact , that severe and dangerous illness has beep the sole cjmse of my absence from Parliament , to tne dunes of which it has ever been mv nrifle : riiirino > « in
' £ y ? three years that I have had the honour of a seat in tne House of Commons , to eive an independent and most unremitting attention , and during which period my attend , ance , I am most thankful to say ,. has never received a week ' s interruption , untillwasovenvhelmed bymy recent painful and protracted illness . However , I am happy to inform you that improved and improving health enables me now to resume my Parliamentary duties ; and also that , having from the commencement of my connexion with Finsbury , pledged myself over and over again to my constituents , ' that so long as it pleased God that health and strength 3 hould remain to me , and solong as it should please Finsbury to stand by me , I should stand by Finsbury , ' I adhere to that pledge . And , further , I beg tomform yon that , being assured as I am that the great majority of my constituents do not consider a passing illness , contracted in their service , as sufficient ground for a withdrawal of their confidence , I shall , when the present Parliament has passed away , give to those on whose behalf you address me an opportunity of recording their votes against me—as some of them have done before ; ¦
In the mean time , I beg to assure you that should the ' opinions of my medical attendants and my own anticipations of retaining health be doomed to disappointment , I shall not require any appeal from any portion of those who nave nve times honoured me by returning me to Parliament , as to the course which myotvn honour , as well as their interests , ' will demand at my hands . I have the honour to be ; sir , Your obedient servant , _„ ,. . „ ¦ inOMAS S . DUNCOMBE . H . Gnmfh 3 , £ sq . .. Chairman of the Kent Hotel Committee . Brownlow-street .
The following letter was last week addressed by Mr . Wakley , M . P ., to the Chairman of a meeting of electors of Finsbury : — Harefield-park-wood , Middlesex , _ ¦ . May 21 st , 1850 . > ib , —A friend has informed me of the object for which the meeting ot this evening is held . Had I been favoured with an invitation I should have attended . I am not surprised that a feeling of discontent should exist inFinsbury relative to the state of the representation Of that borough in Parliament : and it in mv mkfnrtiinn
and not my fault , that I am one of the causes of that feeling . vwnng thirteen years ariose attention to njy Parliamentary duties obtained for ine . frequent expressions of approbationfrom my generous andindulgent constituents . After a long , zealous , and anxious servitudeljiy h ' ealtlf gave way , and the duties which I had to ' executewParliament remained undischarged by me from stpbweiffl arid irresistible necessity . In the last session : I > couldn 3 i % ttend the House of Commons at all ; in the preseB ^ gsnon my attendance has been both seldom and irregula ^ HHlKs alone , of a distressing kindj-prevented me from speaking and voting against the detestable window tax , when the motion for its repeal was last before the house .
Thesethings have caused me much anxiety . I feel that I nave no moral right to continue as the representative of Finsbnry if I cannot perform the , duties of the great trust thathasbeen confided tomy charge . If I were to act so unworthy a part I should ill requite my noble-hearted constituents for their generous forbearance during my protracted illness . I place myself , therefore , entirely at their disposal . : tis a duty which I owe to them , and I do not shrink from its avowal . The end of the present session of Parliament is rapidly approaching , and hence my resignation at this time would be of little utility . Permit me , therefore , with perfect franknessto statethat if I were to be allowed to make choice of the course of proceeding atthis juncture , Ishould prefer to remain in the honourable position of your representative until the commencement of the next session of Parliament , at which time , should my health not be sufficiently re-established to enable me to resume my labours in the House of Commons , I shall , without hesitation and with the liveliest feelings of gratitude , restore to the patriotic and independent electors of Finsbury that honourable and dignified trust which I have so long cherished as the highest object of my ambition . I have the honour to remain , Sir , Your obedient servant , . Thomas Waklct . ' To the Chairman of the Committee of the Finsbury ¦ Liberal Electoral Association .
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CAPABILITIES OF THE LAUD . TO FEAKOBS O ' CONNOR , BSQ ., M . P . Respected Sib , —Being a devoted admirer of yonr political consistency , indefatigable perseverance , and devoted attachment to the cause of Chartism , and , especially , to your sound views , and practical illustrations of the capabilities of the soil I venture to obtrude myself on your columns while I substantiate your views from my own experience . Attached to my property is about forty falls of ground , the greater part being , what we in Scotland call a " steep brae . " Owing to certain local disadvantages I keep no pig or cow , but I manure my ground solely by a careful husbanding of all the
slops aad night soil made in my family , and the result of my experience of the value of liquid manure fnlly bears out your letters on that subject . The crops I raise are chiefly potatoes , cabbages , leoks , onions , carrots , and similar vegetables for the family use . , I may state that from the position of my ground , the soil is rather of a light gravelly kind , and consequently by nature cannot be supposed as adapted for raising heavy crops , and in the after statements that I may make , I do not boast or challenge competition , but merely show , that even with indifferent soil , a very material advantagemay be derived from a bit of land , iiast year I planted about six falls of potatoes , dividing each fall into nine rows , being ; twenty-four inches
apart , and took from each row upwards of two stones of potatoes , being at the rate of ninety bolls per acre , and could have sold the whole at the rate ofls . per peck ,. being of first-rate quality . In a space of six square yards I took up fourteen stones of carrots , part of which I sold at 6 d . per stone , and kept the rest for family use . I am in the habit of laying down plots of five or six falls in grass , which I water with liquid manure during the winter , and let the grass in spring to those who have cows . This year , notwithstanding the barren-season we have had , my grass has been cut nearly a month ago , being fully one foot high . After lying two or three years in grass I work it up and plant potatoes , and though I do not giie half the average quantity
of dung usually allowed , I have always the most abundant crops , and my potatoes have never been affected with the rot . In the autumn , while earthing the potatoes , I dig tho soil with a grape , to the depth of twelve or fourteen inches , taking out all the weeds and stones , and turning up the soil to the action of the winter ' s frost . One fatal error I often observe , not only with farmers , but even with small cottagers , is . to spread the manure over the ground , or lay it up in small heaps for a time before covering it up , thus allowing a great part of the fertilising properties of the manure to be exhaled
by the sun . Manure , after being taken from the dung-pit , cannot be too soon afterwards covered in by the soil , and no more should bo laid down at a time but what can be covered up in the shortest period . I find also that unless ground be thoroughly cleaned and pulverised you can never expect a crop . A number of individuals from not doing the thing sufficientl y at first are continually puddling ana disturbing the crops , and yet their ground is never half cleaned . It is but a few years since I paid any attention to the raising of crops , but the result of my experience is sufficient to convince me that with two acres of flat land , with a house attaohedi as
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SWeSm ^^ # S ^^^ *^ nyi aiu g men . Ill thlS COUntM . 'Ji fl&B ' xriiai a Iftkniiti ;" ItKlS - H wh ** ' * MW you . wiliperform mmB ^ mm n mk > sj'Vthe ; Star should tiora' fully enl ar ^ writnS ' ^ 1 '^ r HavingSffi written more generally ontliat tonic . r-Th ?« ii ^ h
, istsSw ter \ an ^ detajls : <) f "eVnga of Charlists abusuig each otherand contending for .: leadervieM ^^^ ^ the ^ : bfe ; Spd ; ^ U £ 3 ^ - the ^ T BP ^ nuch' tak > h up , 4 A ssiinft toSfeW ^ - ^^ ^ * ^^^ andSeSi V f * V ^ 7 ^ : the industrious ^ rf » Sfc ^ ^ II ( lble sitV « advocating | pl ^ s ^ sss *« si 3 SS | sffei
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£ MM ^ i& ^ -i ^ QT ^}' -4 . ¦ - ¦ ' ' " j ¦ . 1 - ' . " . " > ' HMnt . i . V ¦ ' : ' ¦ , . « P J '**• -, : ¦* ' "¦/? - ; : : Tjie ; , tiouha ^ * $ ? # ?! 'PiP ^ Tu rnaeain : ial 4 ffi : ^ stred& ; . wifchfi * ie ^ ; ra whjeYthe ^ gue : has % ^^ of an « nnouncea ^ Be " a ( bOebture » iwa 8 ( delivered on fundTy last ,. by Mfimm ^ e ^ SSSS Refprmand ^ Heformerfl . Mr . Hobdenoccupielithf Chair ; haying made a " few- pertinent remark ' s ;' Ke announced that unfettered and unihterrupted'discussion , as far as time would permit , should always characterise the proceedings of the League ; Ho then introduced the'lecturer to the ' meeting who began by taking a view of the various reforms bein »
agitated tor , and . which indicate the progressive tendency of our age . Every ago of the world has had its reforms and reformers , and ours was peciiculiarly distinguished in this respect . Reform arid reformers would ever be found the concomitants of society . The lecturer proceeded in most eloquent language to investigate the means of melioration at the command of man , and contended ably for the superiority , justice , and efficiency of the force of mind , the power of intelligence , as agencies in the work of human emancipation . He gave it as hi 3 solemn conviction that the promulgation of physical force as a means of reform in this country will ever have the effect of protracting its advent , damaging its character , and injuring its advocates " . The real
reformer should endeavour to raise' man in his own conception ; to create , by the strengthening of mind , and the dissemination of thought ; an elevated national character , which should by its force and grandeur overawe all hostility to the concession of man ' s rights . To diffuse far and wide among the masses true ideas of political rights and wrongs , was an important vocation of . the . reformer . He should be the untiring tutor of the great lesson-that imm has rights which no government can ignore ; that whether his brow bear the ducal crown , or the humble cbveringoftheson of labour ; whether he revel amid earth ' s choicest luxuries , ply the shuttle in the factory , or the needle in the cheerless garret , he has rights , which are as eternal as nature , and
which no government can cancel , without daring and flagrant injustice . The lecturer then proceeded to show the desirability of fostering a feeling of sympathy ' among all classes of reformers . He thought that sections of classes acting in isolation must ever fail through their own weakness . ; This , unfortunately for the people , experience placedbeyond the pale of controversy . A spirit of amity should pervade the efforts of all true reformers . He wished all friends of progress to meet and frequently and calmly discuss these matters , without hindrance or obstruction . He looked upon that man who would impede another in the promulgation of his views , whatever they mi ght be , as one of the worst enemies of reform . That individual who prays for liberty with' his breath , yet denies it with his actions , is , at the same time , both a tyrant and a slave . : The lecturer-then glanced at the position of severajjpf-the nations of theS ' coiltinent , but
especially Franjse , the thermometer of : political excite * menti "Ee ably analysed the parties into which that naUpri is divided ,-examined the aims of each , and gave'it as his opinion , that that republican idea whichjfifty yeara oi tyraHny could not offaco from the minds of Frenchmen , would yet bless that nation with peace and plenty . Ho also ably adi dressed himself to the subject of the Charter , and said , he considered that the suffrage should be the grand aim of English agitation , as . it was the only durable basis upon which real national greatness could be reared . "Whether they looked to the position of . parties at home , or to the " extraordinary scenes enacting upon the stage of foreign-politics , they discovered powerful motives at once to organise a bright intellectual phalanx of the friends of progross , resolved to stigmatise and oppose tyranny till its utter extermination can be ; tccomplished . The lecturer resumed his seat amid the applause of the meeting .
A discussion ensued , m which Messrs . Slocombe , Wilson , Clark , and M'Grath took part . It was then announced that the same gentleman would lecture on the ensuing Sunday evening . Totes of thanks were then accorded to the lecturer and chairman , when the meeting separated . -
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THE IRISH DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT . ; The Irishman of Saturday last , contains , roports of meeting ' s of the Democrats of Dublin , Carrick-on-Suir , Cork ) Kilkenny ,. &c , &c . At the Dublin meeting , Mr . Cullon delivered a most eloquent lecture" on "Democracy . " It appears that at Carrick some of the contemptible shopocrats have been holding a secret conclave , at which they adopted a resolution to discharge from their employment persons " guilty" of attending the democratic meetings . ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ' . - ' ; " ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ . ' ¦¦ ¦ ., ¦ :. . . It is our painful task to announce a misfortune of the worst possible kind for the Irish Democracyr--the temporary suspension of that most excellent journal , ¦ ; '
. THE IRISHMAN , . announced in the following address , from ts patriotic and high-minded proprietor : — . With feelings of regret , to which it would be useless to give expression , 1 find myself compelled to announce that , with this number , the publication of the Irishman will , be suspended . ¦ As an honest man , desirous of acting honestly towards all men , I am driven to adopt this ? course . The reasons I shall state briefly : — T "When I started the Irishman , the country was" in a stupor . The support I did receive was cordial , but not as extensive as I calculated on . Tho supporters of a popular journal of stern faith and
unyielding principle , such as I have ever aimed at making the Irishman , were not to be found among the opulent classes . The Irishman was emphatically for . tho people , whilo , among tho people , famine , emigration , extermination , and death had made frightful havoc . ' The events , too , of' 48 had produced distrust in some , and apathy in others , of which bad men sought to take advantage , and Jead the country back to its worse than Egyptian bondage . These , and other causes , combined to make tho capital necessary for conducting the Iriihman far greater than I had estimated . Still , I struggled on , unaided and alone . All tho property I had by hard industry scraped together I sunk in sustaining the Iriihman , until at last I found an appeal necessary to the country .
How that appeal was responded to I can never forget . It proved that the people had the will if they only had the means . With a heart cheered by tho daily evidences of cordial—nay , enthusiastic promises of support as time ' s improved , and , the people were in a condition to redeem them , I still struggled on , until I now find myself no longer able to struggle against an adverse fate . '• ; " All my expenditure is a cash outlay . I must pay iyeekly for everything that is necessary for the publication of the Irishman—tho stumps , the paper , the printing , the editing , and all the routine office expenses , must be paid in cash , whereas , I am forced to give for four-fifths of the papers published—not one month ' s , but , in many oases , two and three months ' credit .
Any man of business will understand that to work a concern in this way , a good capital is required ; and had I at this moment only one month ' s expenditure in advance , I ' could not only continue ' the publication of the Irishman , but do so with the certainty of obtaining an adequate remuneratioa for my labour . .
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which I ^ anVno rMgeiF ^ nW « li ^ ii ^ Mtlesire not : tbrallua £ feth $ rij ^ rereated . slanderer siior ^ the los ^ sviifc ^ ed ^ byjae " faulting ; agents .- , ; :. Both , causes : havetx 6 ijtributed , tp 1 ^ tei ^ W ^^» . ^ : «« ou 4 wl . r < V : - < r- ' 'f w&f ^ % Sff *^''®? opiti they - haye ' onty ' . towilTi&andlshall asrauPanMr i : i >
at my post .- ' « '¦ - . ^ ... ^^ : ^ a : & t ^^ fh f'U Ireoeive 3 , 000 quarterly 'subspriptions ' paid ill advance , ' . LshallinifeKDiAiEtY bbsomk the ' publica-H ^ O ( ithe ^ i , Amanri ; -Ahd surely 7 lreland , vScotland , ; and JiEngland !} pught to furnish ; before one ^ p ^ i ^ erft ordinary exertion made . -five times i ^^ fe ^ 8 js a : ; ittiatter oh ' wnichI shdlMt d i , K&the ^ b ^ e- "with them i 4 n ° w ^ fs SuSS ? ^^ ' ? ' " 1081 8 incere gratHude S . JS * - dand fnen « lyfavours PJiave revived & £ !! K- ¥ -. sfl ^ ; months ' . inoreaaing : toi ™ of body , » nd mind ; lahall cheerfully : abid 6 ihlVdeci SJOn . ;;; , !;; ., :: ^ : ^ : ) ,., > : ,. , BbRNARD . ^ DLLAM . ,
- ¦; Isnotthis-dep l 6 rable ? Self-sacrificeihthe ^ swwnialnty , whileit erinoblea ^ the vic > Mhi , aisgr ^ ces > thode : who might- tod ^ shoulW haye protecfe ^ their ; champibh froni ^ ruin gnd ^ p ^^ !;« Mr . Wmm ^ cb # | ccef )^ u | 5 c ]| fa ^^^ -: ^^ p }^ i » jm | &f ^^^^^ ^ m ^ K ^ mQ ¦ can ^ undersiatidj ^ to ^ f'fchat ' thl sb ; ampaMpj ^; ; yim ^^^ ulent ^^ f ^^ i ^^ # || t # ^ y ^ # | p | ivs interest ! ofen ^ ork | gfiiiibwftiuiftwl iiiubt
oDserve ,-tnat tne masserof ^ Irwhrnen living in ' England , ¦ and- not' existing in that state of absolute destitution : tb which the great body , of'their countrymen at home' are condemned ; constitute | of themselves " a body more than sufficiently strong to give'to a piper like the Irishman , a ' circulation faf exceeding that required b ^ y Mi- ; Fullam . " We understand that the . Dublin ^ Democrats are , at this ; mbmetit , ' taking . ' eriergetic steps to concert measures for resuming , and successfully ; establishing , the only genuine organ of Ireland ' s wrongs and rights . We shall not make any appeal to the rest of the democracy . in other .: parts -of . Ireland to go / and : do likewise ; ' as a matter of
course , that good work will be done . ; We content ourselves , with demanding of l . the- Irish patriots in England to do their duty ; : and we appealto the English ' and Scottish Democrats to join their Irish brethren in securing for the Irishman an impregnable position : ¦ It inust not be , that the only honest Irish paper shall be extinguished . ' Tor talent , ' energy , national patriotism ,, and a fervid devotion to the cause of all the Labourers of the earth—without distinction of country , colourj or creed , the Irishman has alread y become famous . Such a journal must not die . See to it , friends . Hold meetings , collect subscriptions , and place ! in Bernard . Fullam ' ^ B hands the means which will enable him to give renewed and enduring life to the brilliant , the chivalrous , and sternly democratic Irishman .- ^ -ET ) . -N : S . <
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. . .. . . •» . THE IRISHMAN . The friends and admirers of this paper met on Sunday evening last , at 26 , Goldon-lane Barbican . Mr . Joyce in the chair . , ; Mr . Clancy , who wa 3 appointed secretary , read from . the Irishman the notice of its demise . He ( Mr . C . ) looked upon the fall of the Irishman as a national calamity , 'which would be felt ' alike by every son of toil , be he Saxon or Celt ; he hopod every . working man would look upon it as ' a lost member of his family—but he had no fears as to the result . Irishmen would never stand by and see thoir friend ruinejd ; the fact of so many being present that night , without a single notice , told him that the Irishman would soon be again in the front of the battle . - '¦¦¦¦¦ , ...., .. ......
Dr . 0 Conkor spoke energeticall y in favour of the qlaims of the Irishman . Several propositions were niade with a view to carry out tho objects of themeeting . . . . Mr ; KnoxFlanioansuggested , "Volunteer missionaries" to collect subscriptions . ¦¦ :. . ¦ ' Mr . Dwain moved the adoption of the following appeal , which was carried unanimously : — " TO iniSnMEN AKD AIL TRUE DEMOCRATS IN LONDON ^ ¦ " Asfriendsto human , progress we invite you to rally with us in support of the Irishman newspaper —the honest , fearless , and uncompromising champion of Irish independence and universal liberty—a paper that , after seventeen months of toil , peril , and expense in organising public opinion inv
Ireland , is now rendered incapable of directing that opinion to its final goal of freedom and independonce . Hitherto the Irishman has nobly done , its duty , and we are sincere in believing that the . Herculean task imposed upon its editor has been porformed with the national devotion only equalled by the exiled patriot , John . Mitohel ; the young men of . the world are up and stirring—the young men of Ireland are up and stirring ; this is as it should be ; for . this we have 'bided our time , ' but the Old Guards must now fall in and look after the rear . Hitherto -we have been silent for many reasons , dreading lest we should add a single link to the chain of incarcerated victims ; preferring to Teservo our strength and energies for the battle day , rather than waste them in party bickerings and petty squabblings that disgrace hiimanitv . which
make the heart sick and the brain to reel . We are neither dead nor sleeping , but : watching closely passing events , resolved never to be the tools of ambitious factions or parties ; but ready—over ready—when human liberty or our country calls . When we see tyrannical monarchies rallying in support of thoir tottering dynasties , it is time that we should take a lesson from them , and rush to the support of our friends . Say , then , shall the directing power of Ireland ' s nationality be struck down by the mercenary apathy of her own sons ? Say , Irishmen ,, Englishmen , friends of human progressshall we allow the rod that may guido us from captivity to Freedom to bo thus broken ? . Say , can ' we expect the young blood of Ireland to float us to victory , to deliver from worse than Egyptian bondage , without a guide ? Shall it be so ? Let us hear you exclaim , ' Never!—a thousand times , never ! ' "
Rally , 0 , rally , disgrace shall be ours , " ' ; ' . While Tyranny ' s flag flaunts o ' er Liberty's towers . The committee meet every Sunday evening ; at seven o ' clock , 26 , Golden-lane , Barbican . ¦ ¦ «¦ Jons Daly , Dr . O ' Connor , Mb . Mclsham , R . FOLKY , D . : ' DWAIN , M . HanLONj . , J . M'Dkrmot , Knox Flanigan , J . . Jotce , Chairman ; L . Clancy , Secretary . ' , | N . B . —The sum of fourteen shillings and tenpenco was subscribed as a beginning .
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THE LATE CONGRESS OF THE SOCIAL REFORM LEAGUE . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . i SiR , —Tho last number of the Northern Star contains—to apeak in the mildest terms—a most "incoherent" letter , signed G . Holyoake , charging the Fraternal Democrats with putting a question to him ih the late Congress , and your reporter with misrepresenting his ( Mr . Holyoake ' s ) reply . Riving , I trust worthily , filled both those important functions at the Congress , I must request you to allow mo space in your columns to set myself right with those I represented on that occasion : and to show that I am what I have ever had the credit of being , "the faithful reporter of the Northern Star , " I cannot do better than by submitting what took place on that occasion—not in an "incoherent , " but in a most
"cohorent" discussion ^ which arose on a resolution being submitted to the Congress , relative to the appointment of an organ of the League , in which resolution the Weekl y Tribune was mentioned nsthe organ , ' and the words " other papers" occurred , asbeing worth y of thanks for the services they had rendered ; upon which I suggested that those other papers" should be named . Mr Douthwaite said there were papers that had spoken well of Socialism that would not like to be mentioned ; for instance ( said he ) , the Nonconformist , the Leader , and others . The chairman then made a few observations respecting the Northern Star , in replying to which I suggested , that the Weekly 2 W 6 une—which had been heretofore the organ of the . Leagueshould continuo so ; and that the resolution before the Congress should be confined to that speoifio object . This was assented to , with anmderstanding that a subsequent resolution should gontain the
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^ k 5 " ?^ lii | i& | ipil |? MlP |*^ ; iP pe ^ v peri ^^ l 8 > ^^ ' - ¦ : ' : ^ Jeeineil worthy : oi ^ . th&Buppbrt-bfthe : "Social " ¦ " * $ Krformers and their : frienj dsi ^ Thei ^^ aiuphftTing 0 : ^ : ' " - * ¦ $$ oVe ^ oM'thantonceime . ^ y ; lowing , and-, handed jHsuPi-oJ the ; presjaenRaHa , ^ * £ >¦ uiuini
, - uupj veroanm iijuiu intr . lueiintar paDei ^ BO handed up , and whiohj jhaye ^ o doubt the : par % j 8 i ^ ntr .: —Mr . Lloyd Jones—will tbrrobonto , if ^ neeijs he ) T ? . -T-. " Has not thB i&rf BTAtLwooD ^ iT-heiabove beipg . a literal ; trAnscripii B «^ question ^^/ can / Mr / Holydak ' e ^ liurB »| PiPj > t : the . question" ^; mT ' m Sd ^ Iped , ^*« t tlie ; question ; and handed ihiS ^ ^^' l ^» said r "; 1 will'submii | g ^^^^? arton t (^ e ;? repWsentative ^ of , . uo hn . street-Institutibn ^ BaifL . « Vo « i . * h « ao « 0 « i ««« ^
^^ psiJ ^^ going on : . » n , t hought cour 8 e , t , wethmkaU ) " etter '• ' ¦ & ^ Msmmm&ms T o ; H «! o ak ° joined- " Yes f-and I , too ; CQasideKltlwasliduis Blanks own fault that he . WaS an > exile Ill ^ yDr ^ Traviahadinow . preparedand submitted his resolution , including thenames ^ of the Leader ) the Aoythern Star ; theJn % ft . g « ari « rty ,: the democratic . Review , \ and the Trutli ^ Seeker ,. aajjieine worthy of the , support of thei friendsi of ISoc ' iarR ? forni—which . was duI /^ ec ^ hdedivii ' tWnkilh'fjPftl ternal Dejno ' crats , and your readers in " geherial will agree that I was perfectly justified ! riot onlyin
moving that the Leader be omitted fromftho resoln tion , "bilt ' al 8 o in reporting that r . ' subipitted ' . tha question to tho Congress , andithat the ireply ,-was in tne : 'affirmative ; ' : \ r : » r . ' , if * ; :- ' :: \ S < t . ^! i . ' - % 'Yi j s , ^ Mr . ; Editor , , I-now leave-the matter -intKe ^ h ^ i'dB of ; my . constituents and yourTeaders , and dm ^' mosi respectfulty ^ and ' trulyi , ;; / / " ^ "V- ;^ ' ;? l h , " ^ r . . ^" ' : ^"'"' -. '' ; " . ' . " ¦ ' ' EDMraD J SlALLWOob / - ' JTho Representnitive ; ot the : Fraternal Den )< ji : ¦>;• qrats ; and the Reporter of the ^ Vorftern ^^ Stetv >! ' 2 / > Little'Tale'placff , mihmerBmith'roadj : ; vf - j'EiS .- ^ -The report in the : WeeklytTrjbime f : ] mi « ti § thjjtwrth ^ of iny , report in ; tne ; * » Sta ^« dst-fiOTe ; na h e ^^^ K ^ pealmg-. ta ^ avrepSicteT ^^^^ Tmfaaper , in ft&TObbrtitioh ^ of vr bit" was' ; tli 6 r « 8 tatea ^ rB ^; . ^ % ,, ¦¦ , ¦ ¦ ¦? & * # : < & * % . i « S ;' - ' ' \ WW * . ? ' * m ? > mi <> ^¦¦ A .-a -if : -. '" ' '\ Viiy : ; , -. ¦
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• . ' •;„ '¦¦' •¦ '• - ^ 'V * . ' ^ ' * ^ ! '" - ' - - )! '' ' i 1 ¦ - ¦ '¦ . J («;¦ ¦ . ¦ **¦;/ v ¦ : ¦ . '¦¦'¦ ^ 'KTHE ^ SO 0 L ^ EEF ORM- LEAGUE ^ 'Hi > > ~ ' " " ^ ^¦; ^> . v- s . t ^^; . v ,: j- _— f f ; ri > -lv .: i ; ~ V- ' y ^< wM ' , ' .. ,. ¦ .. ' . ' ; U . ' ^| h ^ fiwt ^ blid ' mei ^ p g ^ V | ear ipflub . tbB . ^ Mhip ] ea ^ sS ^ oiili ^^^ JAjt » ,. ( Jon- ; . ' . . . . v , ; ¦ gress , was held at the Literary and Scientific ' l ^ ' ¦ ?/ ^ , stitution , JoBh-street , Fitzroy-square , on , Mpridayj ' " * ' ' ¦ evening , May 27 th ,-and wns numerously-and ' re- % spectably . attended—Mr . ' J . Kenny was unanimously ; | called , to the chair , and in a few . words intro | duceii ; p Mr . G . j . Holyoake , to move the first resolutiba | as follows : — "That the means exist , inlample M sufficiency in Great Britain , 'for supplying comforti ' M able subsistence and a . high : degree of mental and $ moral ' culture to every British ; born . subject , and ' that means can speedily be made availableVfor our k
objects , by . instituting co-operative institutions \ ot t united interests , and by supporting and encouraging 5 uns ectarian education , as a necessary instrument . •' for promoting the welfare of the people . "—He said , ' S his object in coming there that night , was to cheer « s % fully accord any support in his power to the League k of Social Progress . Although , perhaps , its . obiects ; § were not sofcxtensive as . some might wish , yet lie bex I lieved they were as oxtensive as practicable , and na ' ¦ ' & was content to advance tho princi ples in the sense | of . the resolution . ( Hear , hear . ) In advancirig ' ¦' ' § those principles , good and kindly feeling was nearly ' I as important as good and cogent argument . ' ( Cheers . ) And , surely , sqn-. e stops were necessary g to elevate industry and genius from the poverty § and misery with which they are surrounded , and to endow them with the grandeur and . charm , of human $ life .- ( Loud cheers . ) . . .-. , . ' , ' ., ' k
Mr . Llotd Jones , in seconding the resolution , said ho need not say how cordially ho concurred I with the sentiments contained in that resolution ; 5 Mr . Jones then narrowly criticised the speech of M " . Thiers , delivered on Friday last in tho French ¦ j National Assembly , on tho Electoral Reform Bill ; s completely refuting the fallacies and . sophisms of { that orator , and establishing the truths and bene- j ficence of democratic socialism , amidst loud np- j plause . ( Atthis momentBronterre O'Brien entered the Hall , and wns greeted with great cheering . ) - ' Mr . Jones resumed , and said the present vicious state of society could not be better illustrated than by a statement of the fact , that children of tho tender age of four years were employed in factories , i What was now required was , that all ' should press ; forward in the work of propngandism , not as sects , but as one united partj of social reformers . ( Loud cheers . ) :.. .. ' ¦ ' ¦ ' ;
Mi . Merrimax said a few words in support of the resolution ,.. declaring his views , both in ethics-and economics , were those of Robert Owen ; and tie could not agree with any man who would lay aside the doctrine of the formation of the human character . ( Hear , hear . ) The resolution was then carried , unanimously . Mr . Robert Cooper came forward to move tho second resolution , as follows : — " That tho . Social Reform . League , in seeking to unite the " efforts of all sections of socialrcformers , for . the purpose , of propagating a . knowledge ofiassbcia'tiye "doctrines , and the importance of unsectariah ' educational practices , has just claims'tiponlhe-counte nance and support of all who desire to assist in the peaceable amelioration of society . " Mr . Cooper said that at no period of the world ' s history was
public opinion so much felt as at the present—at no period were gilded baubles and thrones so little respected . ( Cheers . ) People begin to ask , of what use are emperors , kings , queens , bishops , &c , < &c—In fine , they begin to have some faint impression that there is no legitimate ruler , sato one—tho sovereign peeple . ( Applause . ) Tyrants and bigots begin io discover that universal suffrage will blot out their despotism ; and hence the present attempt in France to put it down . But . ^ although it might for a time be suppressed , it never could be effaced from the minds of the people . The , only thin" that " M . Thiers could adduce against universal suffrage was that it is absurd , chimerical ; &c , but . these and similar ones had been hurled against great principles in all ages .
Mr . Cooper here illustrated his argument by quoting a discussion tbat ensued in the Bouse of Commons , in ( we think ) 1 G 70 , relative to building bridges over tho Thames in the cities of London and Westminster , in which several speakers averred that those cities would be ruined snould a' bridge be ever built so far up the Thames as even Putney . ( Roars of laughter . ) Did not this show the"folly and absurdity of attempting-to sneer or laugh dowa any proposition that mi ght be submitted with a view of benefiting the people . ( Loud cheers . ) One of tho propositions of the League was that its members should contribute one pennyper week to its funds , and if the working classes generally took this up , they would furnish tho treasury of the League with two . millions per annum , which would
speedily enable them to work a revolution'in society , " in . defiance of all the Thierse ? , Cbangarniers , or Wellingtons in the world . ( Cheers . ) Mr . R . Buchanan , in seconding tho motion , said he trusted that the people would not content themselves with cheering ,. but that they would come forward and . enrol their names as members of jthe League . . It was their duty to show that Socialism , whioh was so rampant ih Franco , was not dead in England .. Socialism wns a vital principle in the human heart , and would exist until such time as justice was doho to the whole human race . ( Loud cheers . ) What the Social Reform League desired , was'tb see a united , extensive , and combined attack made on the principle of competition . ( Applause . ) The resolution was then put and carried unanimously .
Bkonterre O'Brien addressed the meeting in a long and powerful speech in favour of a propagandism for * ' Political , and Social Rights , " declaring emphatically his belief tliat - these muRtbie first established before " any beneficial" ism " could prevail , and that in a knowledge of " soc al rights " depended the stability of . Chartist or Republican institutions . .. . ' , ; At the conclusion , Mr . Llotd Jones , in explanation , said the " League " did not adopt any " ism , ' neither that of Fourier , Owen , 'or any one else , but simply desired a union of all sects and parties of Social Reformers to join in a propaganda of tho principles of Social Reform . ( near , hear . ) A vote of thanks was then passed by acclamation to Mr . Kenny for his services in the chair , who acknowledged the same , and . the meeting separated .
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An American Blukdeahd . —In the town of West Bradford , Pennsylvania , there is an old churchyard in which stand seven tombstones , side by , side , covering the remains of tho Hon . Nathaniel Thurston and his six wives . They stand in , order as follows : —Mrs . Betsy Thurston , died November 25 , 1790 , nged 34 ; Mrs . Martha Thurston , died May 12 , 1799 , aged 32 ; Mrs . Huldalr Thurston , ' died September , 8 ,. 1801 ,. aged 24 ; Mrs . Clarissa Thurston , died November 14 , 1 * 803 , aged 36 ; Mrs . Martha Thurston , died July 30 , 1804 , aged 25 ; Mrs . Mary Thurston , died Maroh S , V , 1 . 803 , aged . 27 ; . Hon . Nathaniel Thurston , . died , in . Lansinburgn , New York , October 21 , 1811 , aged , 5 G . Martha the second , it will bo observed , was married and buried within nine months of tho death of lier predecessor . Clarissa ! ' ¦ '
, The ^ Widow of Lieut . Waq horn . —A . royal sign manual warrant has been issued granting a pension of £ 25 ayear to Mrs . Harriet Waghorn , ! widow of the late Lieut . Thomas Waghorn , " in consideration of the eminent unices of her late husband . "
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 1, 1850, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1576/page/1/
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