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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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a ^ itM—— * £ S ctMBEEED Estates . —The great estates are faf -, jjy . accumulating in the Encumbered Courts , hose of J * ^ Tisconnt Gort , in the county of Gal-VX c will be sold towards the close of the present « ar the absolute order having been made by the Jnmm issioners in March last . They comprise fee Snjple estates , with the town of Gort , and the ca stie and demesne of Loughcooter , upon the Mid * iaz ana < improvement of which i it is stated , upwards of £ 80 , 000 has been expended . Within a month from the present date the sales will re-oommence in Jie Commission Court ; and , from the vast amount nf landed property to lie disposed of , ranch anxiety crevails as to the rates of purchase which may be Atta inable , unless English and Scotch capitalists ¦ should appear as bidders to a much greater extent than heretofore . . _ , „«_ .. AciioxThe of
Exthaohbikibt . — case M'Evoy v . the Atlas Insurance Company -was brought to a close OH Monday evening , in the Nisi Prins Court , before the Lord Chief Baron , whose charge occupied six < jav 3 . Altogether the case occupied thirty-one days seven days in Manchester , where a commission sat for the examination of witnesses , and twentyfour in Dublin . One of the jurors died , and , by consent , it tos tried by eleven jurors . One of the counsel was seriously attacked by illness , and the Chief Baron was so ill that the case had to be adjonrned . There was a verdict for the plaintiff for £ 74-3 over and above the sum lodged in court , and 6 d . costs . Exceptions were taken to the Judge ' s charge . Repeal Associates . —The usual weekly meeting Of the association was held on Monday , at Conciliation Hall , Mr . M . Murphy , T . C , in the chair . There was a small attendance . The rent for the srce& was £ 8 I 63 . lOd .
. F 05 BRAL OF THE LATE JUSTICE DOHEBTT . —The TEraains of this lamented Judge were consigned to their last resting-place , in St . Keven's Church , on Tuesday . The funeral took place at the early hour of half-past seven , and was strictly private . Emigkatios . —The "drain" from the southern counties continues without intermission , am though ship after ship leaves the ports freighted ¦ with full cargoes of human beings , there is no symptom of any cessation of the traffic , which is just how as brisk as it was in the spring of the year , the ordinary time selected by emigrants for a passage across the Atlantic . From Waterford the report says : — ' * During the past six months we have not seeuour quays crowded as they were yesterday
'with persons preparing to leave their native land lor the states of America . The greater portion were well dressed , comfortable-looking farmers and their ' families , many of whom were accompanied by their ¦ friends ; their parting was truly affecting and painfiil to witness . We did not ascertain the exact -number of emigrants , but there appeared to be about 400 or 500 on board the steamers . " The draughts from the port of Cork are on a scale of still greater magnitude : — " The emigration through this port continues immense . The Nimrod -steamer on Saturday had several hundreds on board , and multitudes ¦ were rejected for want of room .
This is the more remarkable , as the following vessels sailed direct from Cork for America , either in the past or preceding week : —The John Francis , for Quebec , with 120 passengers ; the Tuscany , for Ifew York , with 100 passengers ; the Essex , also frith passengers . The Republic , Captain Marshall , sailed on Saturday morning with 370 emigrants , all of the very best class , and the following cabin passengers : —Miss O'Keeffe , Detroit , United States ; Mr . James Murphy , Kanturk ; Dr . Batwell , Charleville ; Miss Benson , Liverpool ; Mr . and Miss Xenagh , Castlemartyr . Another vessel , the Garland , is preparing to take in passengers . " Orgaxisatios of the Tenant Leagpe . — The
Cork Examiner says ;— " We are happy to be enabled to announce , though not officially , the fact that the Council of the League will very shortly be in a position to publish its rules and plan ef agitation , which have been held back , not from any wilful delay or apathy on the part of the Council , but from the most scrupulous desire to avoid any or the least danger of illegality . The rules or plan have been submitted io the ablest connsel of the Irish bar , and revised with the utmost care ; and the Council mav now proceed to act in the full confidence that
they have done everything in their power to protect theLeague from the power of the * law . "We can understand that local organisation will be one of the principal features- of the plan of agitation ; and thus while affiliation will be avoided , as being contrary to Irish law , the local bodies must necessarily be guided more or less by the central body , to whose counsel they will natarally lend a respectful ear . County meetings are being convened for the various provinces , and we hope to see one held in some important locality of this county in the course of the ensuing month . "
The Harvest . — Though somewhat cold and gloomy , the weather still holds up , without any immediate sign of breaking . The few accounts which came to hand on Tuesday morning are favourable , and represent harvest operations as rapidly drawing -to a close . The potato panic has all but died out , and the supplies furnished to the country markets continue both abundant and free from any taint of disease . A paper published in the west ( the Boyle Gazette ) observes : — "Many conflicting paragraphs have been written this season respecting the above -esculent ; and , indeed , we found it almost , if not altogether , impossible to form a correct opinion on the subject . "We had , however , from time to time , during the last two months , made every possible inquiry respecting its state , and it now affords us sincere pleasure to be able to say that our hopes on this subject are fully realized . That the disease which ias brought ruin upon our country appeared
amongst the poor man ' s friend is certain , and tha many persons have suffered severely by a partial loss cannot be denied ; yet it is consolatory to find that at this time ( as is admitted by all for miles around us ) the disease has ceased , and that cow a kind Providence has granted aplentiful supply . The potato crop is at best a fickle one , and the result of this year will , we hope , induce those disposed to plant * to do so at an early period in the approaching spring . The oat crop in this quarter is generally secured , and has proved highly satisfactory . " Legal Appoixtuests . —Mr . Monahsn has been appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas , in the room of the late Chief Justice Doherty , and Mr . Hatchell has advanced to the Attorney-Generalship . Mr . Monahan has accepted the Chief Justiceship at the reduced salary of i ^ OOO per annum , besides the allowance for circuits , in accordance with the recommendation of the Official Salaries Committee .
ATTEMPI TO BBEX A CHCKCH Df THE COUSTX OF TOexford . —The Dublin Evening Post has the following from a correspondent in Gorey : — " On Sunday sight the church in Lord Courtown ' s demesne was entered by some evil disposed person or persons , ¦ an d set on fire in several places . Happily these -fires did not take effect , as the church , though greatly disfigured , was not seriously injured . It is the subject of wonder to all the neighbourhood why such a malicious act should have been committed , "for his lordship is universally respected and beloved , and devotes his whole life to the good of the people . It must be considered that no disrespect could lave been intended towards him by this outrageous act " Reduction of Rests . —The Earl of Meath has given a reduction of twenty per cent , to his tenantry , to he applied to the improvement of their farms !
Caertixg awat Chops . —The Cork Constitution contains the following : — " On Saturday night , at twelve o ' clock , about forty men , with horses and € arts , assembled at Monebawii , on the estate of G . S . Barry , Esq ., between "Watergrasshill and Middletou , for the purpose ot removing the crops , belonging to a tenant named Michael Mantle , which had been seized and in charge of keepers for non-payment of rent . When the party arrived , they bound the teeners and locked them np in Mantle ' s dwelling Louse , and commenced removing the crops . However , Bead-constable Judge , Acting-constable Catchpole , and four sub-constables from the Watergrasshill station , soon arrived and succeeded in arresting eight of the party , and seized seven horses laden with corn . The perpetrators were on Monday taken before Mr . J . G . Xason , Esq ., and committed
lor trial . " _ _ Fihe at Mb . Busby's Disixllebt , Black Pitis . —About half-past seven on Tuesday evening a fire broke out in the distillery of Messrs . Busby , Black Pitts . The fire was got under without much damage being done . Two poor men who were emplojed about the premises have been severely injured ; one by the falling of a large tile on his lead , and the other from the fall of a coping stone from the parapet , which strack him on the head . Both were conveyed to the hospital with little hopes of recovery .
The Qcees ' s Colleges . —A memorial to Rome , deprecating any strong measures against the colleges , has already been signed by thirteen of the prelates . Whether that court will confirm any acts opposed by a minority so large and influential , may lie judged of by those who understand its characteristic prudence and wisdom .
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^ i CouxiY CODEIS A 5 D thb Bab . — The Chester Courani announces that the count y courts in that neighbourhood will be regularly attended by the I bar in full costume , as our contemporary expresses i it , " candidates for business . It is added that ' the bar will not " claim exclusive audience ' - and the cost of the barrister ' s fee will only be allowed -Oa taxation when the barrister is instructed by an attorney . As both branches of the profession will be entitled to fees , we have no doubt they will work comfortably together . EsiiGHAHOS op Obphaxs ash Deseried Childbe >' . —By a recent act of parliament , poor law guardians are authorised to make provision out of the poor rates for the emigration of deserted children , having no settlements in the parishes of the unions . So emigration is to take place without the consent of tie parties , subscribed before magistrates
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DEATH OF LIEUTI ! SAN * - GALE , THE AEROXAUT ,
In our third edition of Saturday iasi ' w ? i an pounced the death of Lieutenant Gale ; the lv ° Jl 0 W ing particulars may be interesting to our readb . ™ — " When the grapnel broke Mr . Gale , who Yf& , standing up , was thrown into the bottom of the ear by the shock . This fall , added to the escape of gas cause by the prodigious ascensional force , must have stunned and suffocated the unfortunate man , for he was not seen to rise afterwards , and he was no more visible to the people assembled . The balloon , in this second ascension , went about two miles , but what took place during this period no one can tell . A peasant of Cestas pretends that , as the balloon was passing over a fir grove , he distinguished the
aeronaut lying down in the car , his head hanging over the side , with the tongue protruding from the mouth , as if he had been suffocated . If such be the fact , a slight shock would be sufficient to have thrown him out of the car ; and this account appears the more probable , as a hole was made in the bottom of the car , through which Mr . Gale ascended when leaving the horse . We must , for the sake of the troth , mention that , at the moment of his first ascent , Mr . Gale was not perfectly sober ; he had taken more than his usual quantity of spirituous liquor , and his state of excitement was such that Mr . Clifford was alarmed , and proposed to ascend in his stead . This _ proposition was , howeverrejected , and Mr . Clifford expressed his
ap-, prehension to several persons present . At eight o ' clock the son-in-law of M . Lestange found in a field the plume of white feathers with which the head of the horse bad been ornamented , and which Mr . Gale had taken off the animal and stuck in his own cap . Ob receiving this information , some persons—Mr . Clifford amongst the number—went to the place where it was expected Mr . Gale would come down , in the commune of Cestas , and after a long search the balloon was found in a field beyond the Croix-d'Hinx , still half full of gas . It was not torn , and everything was in its place , but no trace of the aeronaut could be found during the evening . After some investi g ations , and as the night was far advanced , Mr . Clifford proposed to empty tbe
balloon , and to carry it back to Bordeaux , thinking that Mr . Gale , not seeing any one near at the time of his descent , left the balloon to go in search of assistance in some of the bouses near , and where he would stop for the night . Inquiries were , however , made at some of the houses , but no one had seen him . On the following day ( Monday ) tbe searches for him were resumed , but without avail . On Tuesday , the Procureur of the Republic received a letter from M . Falanque , stating that the body of the unfortunate man had been found on his estate at Cestas . It appeared that at break of day an inhabitant of the commune , in taking his cows to their pasture , saw one of the animals proceed to a clump of fern 3 , and begin smelling at something lying there . He went to the spot , when he was horrified at seeing the body of a man , the face completely eaten away by dogs and wild animals , and
the limbs in a broken and mutilated condition . The place where the body was found was upwards of a mile from where the balloon had been discovered . Information was immediately given to the proper authorities , and they proceeded to the spot and drew up zprocet-verbal of the affair , and the body was carefully removed . At eight o ' clock in the evening it was taken to Yincennes , preparatory to its being interred . " The melancholy news reached Vauxhall Gardens through the medium of Mr . Wieland , watchmaker of the Walworth-road , and Mr . Graham , the aeronaut ; and Mr . Robert Wardell , the lessee , with his usual kind feeling , immediately offered the " Royal Property" for a free benefit for Mrs . Gale . Mr . Wardell ' s generous intentions were communicated to Mrs . Gale by Mr . T . K . Lewis and Mr . James Ellis , late lessee of Cremorne Gardens , at which a benefit is also advertised . Lieutenant Gale was in his fifty-ninth year .
The life of the unfortunate deceased was not without many peculiar incidents , two or three of which will be read with painful interest at this moment . Gale was a native of London , and early in life exhibited much aptitude for a dramatic profession , in which he made a respectable progress , perfonninj such parts at the Victoria ( then the Coburg ) , Astley ' s and the Snrrey theatres , as were termed the juvenile characters , with occasionally the tyrant in the Eastern spectacles . He was remarkable for his skill in " making up , " what is technically termed . "With the late Andrew Ducrow , of Astley's , he was a special favourite . He visited America shortly after the equestrian piece of Mazeppa came out at the Amphitheatre in 1 S 31 , and performed the hero , Mazeppa , for two hundred nights at the Bowery Theatre , New York , by which he realised a handsome sum in salary and benefits . " While there he became intimate with a party of Indians , with whose habits and manners lie so
completely identified himself that , when arrayed in their costume , lie was frequently taken fora native . He returned to England with a party of six and their chief , Ma Caust , who acquired much celebrity for some months at the Victoria Theatre , then managed under Mr . GIossop , by shootiag an apple from the hand and head of a boy with his rifle on the stage . The rest of the party exhibited their Indian feats , war-whoop , dancing , < Sic . A circumstance which placed the chief , Ma Caust , at the Old Bailey , for a criminal offence , took place , and Gale greatly interested himself in obtaining evidence to assist his Indian friend on tbe trial . Tbe late Sir Augustus d'Etfc , son of the Duke of Sussex , wbo became acquainted with the Indian , took a lively interest also in the trial . The result was an acquittal , and shortly after that the late aeronaut was appointed to a situation of inspector in the coast blockade service in tbe northern part of Ireland , which department he held for nearly seven years .
He returned in order to obtain a removal to a more congenial locality in England , but failing in doing so he declined returning to Ireland , and again embraced the stage at the City of London Theatre , with Mr . Honner . The altered state in which he found the drama , after so long an absence from it , induced him to turn his thoughts to aerostation , anc having had a balloon manufactured at the Old Montpelier Grounds , Walworth , he made his first ascent at the Rosemary Branch Tavern , early in the year 1848 , accompanied by a Mr . Byrne . A few days after he ascended with a gentleman from Chertsey , of great scientific taste , a Mr . Aylmcr . On this occasion , it may be remembered , an
accident took place , which caused great alarm for a short time in the minds of the spectators , and brought the aeronauts immediately down again . From that period to his unfortunate decease his career is well known . During his last French career he was accompanied by Mr . James Ellis , late of Cremorne Gardens , who made all his arrangements till within a short time , when he had to return to England on bis own business . He has left eight children , four or five of which are yet too young to provide for themselves . He was most sanguine in all his undertakings , and rarely thought of the consequences in any speculation in which personal danger was to be apprehended .
Interment ei ? Lieut . . Gale . —The remains of the unfortunate Gale were interred on Wednesday in the Protestant cemetery at Bordeaux . A large crowd attended the funeral , among whom were many English . An official investigation made by the Mayor of Caudera confirms the details of tbe fatal accident previously given . It is stated that on Friday and Saturday Mr . Gale was exceedingly low-spirited , and was discovered weeping . "When asked what was tbe matter with him , he replied that he could not tell , but felt sick at heart . On Sunday , the day of the ascent , he was more
cheerful . His last ascent was the 14 th he had made . Mr . Clifford , directed of the Hippodrome at Vincennes , has organized a balloon ascension for the benefit of deceased ' s family . Mr . Clifford , his wife , and the Messrs . GouIsod , proprietors of the balloon , are to go up together . M . Mellor , one of the principal inhabitants of Bordeaux , has commenced a public subscription for tbe family . The conduct of Mr . Clifford , who is , it appears , an Englishman , has , according to the Bordeaux journals , been remarkable for fcind feeling towards Mr . Gale before his fatal accident , and for benevolence towards the family since his death . —Galignani .
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Hatnau ' s Retreat once Bishop the Murderer ' s Doc-den . —Sir , —It is a singular fact that the apartment at the George , Bankside , in which Haynau took refuge , should at one time have been used as a den for the exhibition of Bishop tbe Burker ' s dog . The beast was of a most ferocious nature—so much s » , that it was deen > ed necessary to keep him constantly muzzled . It was reported that the unimal had been trained to keep watch over the dead bodies of the burker's victims at Bishop ' s abode , Nova Scotia Gardens . The tenant of the George at that period , about fifteen years ago , procured the
brute and some of the instruments used by the miscreants in destroying the poor Italian boy and others for the object of exhibiting them , and thereby attracting custom to his house . The landlord ' s name was Geesling . He had previously kept the Bird Cage , near Nova Scotia Gardens , and Bishop was known to him as a customer . —I am , &c , Francis Faoas , 20 , Houg hton-street , Clement's Inn . There abe 1 , 093 children in the Industrial School « at Kirkdale . There has been a diminution in the cost of keep . The cost per head last week was Is . 8 | d . against Is . lid . during the corresponding week of last year .
An Established fact that Hoixowat ' s Tills are a cektais cube fob Dbopsi . — Mrs . Jane Thomas , housekeeper to a nobleman , raiding in the West Lnd , had been predisposed for years to this insidious disease , and altnougn she had received the best advice from the most eminent of the faculty , yet all their efforts proved fruitlessin checking its baneful effects on Ler constitution , which appeared ra . pidlj declining ; in this hopeless state , she commenced taking Holloway ' s Pills , and to the utter astonishment of herself and all her family , this wonderful medicine has effected a perfect cure . Females at the meridian of life , or girls entering into womanhood , should always have recourse to thejje invaluable fills ,
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ROBERT OWEN'S NEW SYSTEM OF SOCIETY
¦¦ - ¦ - London , September , 1850 . The following letter from Mr . Owen to his eldest son , Robert Dale Owen , is published p reliminary to new measures about to betaken jjy Jnr . Owen , to hasten the change from the pregenv . ystem ' . false in principle and most in * juritfSsiri y > ractlce > to the rational system , true in princip le , and which will be most beneficial in practice : < —
My dear Ro ^ ekt , —Since leaving you in America my time hai > ' been especially engaged in the study of the practu ^ l me asures of the most nd vanced parties in EuK ° P . e and the United States , and in carefully watching the progress of public opinion over the world , .- ' ju ^ s study has confirmed me in the conviction that no ^ wty has yet arisen , in any country , which comprehen ds the cause and results ' of the extraordinary cha »^ whicn » s ln rapid progress in the advanced mind C * '' nations . Universal error is felt , but the cause of lfc 1 S hidden . Early and continued study , with long and extensive experience among all classes , in various countries , and a familiarity with the general practical operations of civilised society , have made the causes of the past and present evils of the world known to me , and from the knowledge of these causes future events may be distinctly foreseen and foretold .
It is my desire that you should benefit by my experience and knowledge , more especially because many here and in the United States will look to you to assist them to establish the rational system in Europe and America when I shall be no more . The system of falsehood In principle and evil in practice , as it has hitherto existed over the world , is now effectually undermined , and is ready to be peaceably superseded by tbe rational system based on facts not to be controverted . The public mind in this country , and in the United States , is just now , for the first time , opened to examine truths , which hitherto the educated
prejudices of class , sect , party , and country , have tabooed . But now , truths unmixed with error , may , when announced with judgment , and in the spirit of charity and kindness , be openly taught . And when truths shall be so taught , what power is there upon earth that can prevail . against them ? This great revolution in mind now in progress , is from the universal impression that man forms himself with all its lamentable evil consequences ; to the knowledge , derived from facts , that he ia formed to be what he is by nature and society , with its endless beneficial consequences through all the departments of life . :
The revolution in praeliee will be from the injurious , inferior , and inconsistent external arrangements which have necessarily emanated from this false fundamental principle , to another entirely new combination of external arrangements , emanating from , and always consistent with , the knowledge that nature arid society form the character of men ; and that society will not act wisely until it shall surround all , from birth , with superior external arrangements , to the exclusion of those whose influences on humanity are injurious or inferior . This change of prejudices for truths , impracticable as it now appears to the uninitiated in extensive practical operations , will , upon full examination , be discovered to be , by far , the most economical and
easy general change that can be made . When understood , it will be universally adopted , because it will permanently ensure the well-being , prosperity , and happiness of all . And it will be adopted as soon as those few who do understand it can enable the many to comprehend it , by seeing it in practice , in one full-formed township . The deeprooted prejudices and habits forced upon all from birth , have hitherto made it impracticable to place these subjects in an open straightforward manner before the public , either in Great Britain or the United States . And even now , in both countries , there are but few persons so sitnated as to be sufficiently independent to openly advocate them . Yet are these unchanging truths the most valuable that
can be taught to the human race . Nature and circumstances have made me strongly to desire to see this great revolution in the mind and practice of the human race effected , or in the straightforward road towards its accomplishment . I am , therefore , called upon to discover the means by which these all-important truths can be impressed upon the world , and introduced into practice . The chief and first difficulty to be overcome is to enable the public to understand and agree to apply the fundamental principle of the formation of character consistently to practice in the reconstruction of society . My present efforts are to overcome this difficulty . You have seen and will see by my publications , which I have sent and shall continue to send you , the steps taken to prepare the public for the
change from the one system to the other . My late publications , " The Revolution in Mind and Practice , " it 3 supplements , " Letters to the Human Bace , " " Catechism of the Rational System of Society , " Ac , have all had this object in view . And now it seems to me that sufficient has been done to prepare the public to receive the full truth upon these subjects , without mystery , mixture of error , or fear of man . And it is now truth so expressed that can alone arouso the public mind from its irrational state of deep-rooted prejudice and practices of gross folly . It is , therefore , my intention to commence a cheap weekly publication , in which to advocate these great truths on which the future happiness of our race depends . These particulars are stated , preparatory to the advice I desire to give you on these public matters .
Your education , previous experience and natural talents , have prepared you to pursue public measures for the advocacy of the cause of the oppressed , without reference to class , country , or colour , and for the destruction of superstition , which , until it shall be destroyed , will prevent n . an knowing what it is to be rational in mind or conduct . In Europe and America there are various parties earnestly and most conscientiously advocating partial reforms ; but in the advanced state of the physical sciences and of public expectation , these petty reforms are of little value . It is evident that the leaders of these parties have but a limited view of the subject , and have not yet descended to the root of the evil . They do not understand this
fundamental error ; they do not yet perceive the foundation on which society can be alone based to become rational ; their efforts are therefore misdirected , and often obstruct their own wishes . They do not appear to possess minds trained to acquire power sufficient to grasp the whole of society ; and seeing it only in detached sections , do not comprehend it as a whole . In consequence , their plans are inefficient , and can effect but little in practice . Any partial measures which are based on the old error of tho world , cannot permantly succeed , and all such attempts are now worse than useless , because they distract public attention , and withdraw it from the examination of those principles and practices which can alone benefit mankind .
The only beneficial practical course which civilised nations can now take , is to decide openly upon an entire change of principle and practice ; and , having discovered the true base on which to construct society , to have moral courage to abandon tiie present miserable practical arrangements , and re-construct society from its foundation , so as to become throughout consistent in all its parts and as a whole ; for society , when understood , will be ascertained to be a perfect science , for producing the perpetual happiness of the human race . All the signs of the times indicate that the period is at hand when this great revolution in human existence will be effected ; and my ardent desire is to see it introduced . by peaceable ' arraneemen ' ts .
with wisdom and foresight , and . so openly , that all shall bo informed of what is about to be accomplished ; that it shall be made palpable to them that man and society are , through a knowledge of ascertained truth , in principle and for practice , to be made rational , and thus to have the permanent happiness of all secured . It is my impression that , by the adoption of proper means , all parties may be united in making this change , for it is the interest of all that it should be made ; and the objects of all parties would be thus attained . This change in principle and practice is calculated to , and would unite and harmonise mankind , and a state of happiness for all would follow . I niay not live to witness this rational state of existence , although , during my
remaining years , all in my power should be done to hasten its arrival , and , preparatory to it , to endeavour to unite the present views of contending parties . Your education and knowledge of the true formation of character , and of the errors of the existing system , are fitting you , after my death , to pursue—and I hope to accomplish—this first practical measure towards the attainment of the change from the false and miserable , to the true and happy system . Others may compromise between these sj stems , but it is not for you to do so . It is , as I have so often stated , impracticable to unite them , and I will briefly state how it appears to me that the change should be made gradually from the ono system to the other .
The principle of the formation of character being admitted , the existing governments , in the spirit of charity and conciliation , should be induced , by their respective populations , to prevent contests and confusion , to become tho acknowledged agents of the change , which it is now their first interest to see peaceably effected . Tho land of the world must become again public property , like air , light , and water , for the regulated use of all during their livea , and never again to become private property . But to prevent disorder or appearance of injustice , governments should gradually purchase the land , as required for the change , at the local market price , from the present legal-made possessors Of it .
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niJ f- . thus purchased to be divided uw ? sue )) , ™ a * » according to quality , as will for ever , under due cultivation , support in comfort tiie maximum m number of a scientifically arranged sog n v » or in . other words , a society composed of sucn numbers , under such combined arrangement . ? as will ensure to each individual for life the great n ; Lam 0 Unt of advantages , or of permanent happinGBS * ¦ Tn ? s . ° . scientific arangements of society to be cauea townships , and at their maximum not to exceed from two to three thousand Th
e townships to bo devised to secure the health ° ; an ; to give the greatest facilities ( or the production , preservation , distribution , and consumption of wealtu , most beneficially for all ; to ensure the best formation of character for all , from and before birth to death ; to well govern all locally , and to give tn © highest enjoyment through life to each . i 7 11 ? resvi } ta . ' tye arrangement must exclude all vicious , injurious , or inferior circumstances : and include those only which are superior in all these departments . This combination of all tfiat is good , to the exclusion of all that is evil , in tneir influences upon humanity , can be accomplished onl y through a knowledge of "the science ot tfte influence of ciroumBtances over human nature . But this science has been hidden from man , and could not be discovered until now ; for the knowledge of the truo formation of his
character was requisite to develope the science . But now , by tho aid of this science , these townships may be so laid out and constructed , that all that influences man to evil may be easily excluded , and those circumstances alone be introduced throughout every department of each township , which are circulated to have an influence only , for good over every one placed within them , A model of a township , thus arranged , will be necessary , to make it comprehended by those who have hitherto seen and known only-vicious / injurious , inferior , or irrational combinations of circumstances to surround every classs of human beings in all countries over the world .
You , as well as all who desire to elevate man out of his present low and degraded state , will have to learn this science of the influences of surrounding circumstances—animate and inanimate , physical and mental—over man and all that has life upon the earth . This science is the tree of knowledge of good and evil , and Trill , enable man to dispense either the one or other at his pleasure ; but with this new knowledge he will acquire a new mind and now feelings , and will desire good only for all ; and will accomplish it to the extent of the new power thus created . . The external arrangements being formed in accordance with the science of the influence of circumstances over human nature , so as to have the most desirable influence over all , the inter nal condition or the mind of each member of the township will be created on the base that the character is formed for , and not bv , each individual .
A rational formed mind will be a growth of ideas from this root , extending through all the ramifications of thought and feeling .. Each idea will thus be consistent with every other idea . These separate ideas will naturally form the association of ideas of a well constituted mind ; well constituted , because the association of ideas will be as consistent with each other as the separate ideas , and jarring or conflicting ideas will bo unknown in any mind . And then will man become in harmony with all nature , and oontests among men will cease for
ever . The many efforts of reformers over the world , are all tending to these general results , and these comparatively blind efforts wjll continue for they cannot stop , but will increase , until governments and people shall discover the necessity for this re-creation of character , and reconstruction of society . Being deeply impressed with the knowledge of the extended , severe , and intense physical suffering and mental misery , now daily creeted by this
irrational system in which the world has been so long involved , it is my intention so to direct tho proposed new weekly cheap Journal , that all parties shall become ashamed of longer . upholding the present system , and of its continuance in any part of the world ; ashamed of not using every effort to terminate its evils , and of not acting like rational beings , to introduce a plain , simple system of truth , that would insure the well-being and happiness of all . Your affectionate Father , Robert Owen .
Untitled Article
, ttjfm PICTURE OF A PETTY CONTINENTAL DESPOT .
[ A daily journal gives the following sketch of the Editor of the Hesse , who has fled from his subjects . ] " Imagine a portly square-built man , on the other side of forty , with regular features , a sinister countenance , and a bearing which completely accords with his usual dress—a general's uniform—and you have the Elector before you . Tbe moral aspect of this man it is difficult to present , for his actions arc a long succession of contradictions , which are only referable to two common categories—boundless egotism and ah equally unlimited contempt of his fellow-men . He believes in no ( ruth or honest ; under the sun . In his subjects he sees so many
presumptuous subjects , whom he must make feel his power upon every opportunity , in order to hold them in check . He hates the democrats , since they will not admit that such a sovereign as he ean really rule by the " grace of God ; " be hates the constitutionalists because they would limit his princely prerogative ; he hates the orthodox in church and state , because he regards the former as hypocrites , and the latter require payment for their servile patriotism . Formerly the military life was his hobby , and still he finds his highest gratification in the pomp of the parade ground ; but , since he has convinced himself that whenever the alternative is presented to the army to overturn either him or the constitution , the soldiers will declare to the ^ last man for the constitution , he has mistrusted his troops and lost no
opportunity of showing his hatred to the officers who do not understand that their commissions pledge them to become the blind instruments of his arbitrary power . His most venerated example is the Emperor Nicholas , who banished to Siberia a cavalry officer whose spur fell off on parade . Thanks to Providence , the sphere of the Elector ' s power is very circumscribed , but within it he omits no opportunity of acting out a despotic nature . Take an example . Colonel von B— , an officer universally respected , bad erected an elegant summer residence near to one of the gates of Cassel , and was accustomed to spend an hour or two each day in his flower garden . One day he was carefully watering a bed of favourite plants , when he was surprised by the Elector , who was riding out for an airing . The
latter reined up his horse and called the colonel . "What do I see , sir ; does such employment become an officer of the staff ? A watering can , indeed You would do well , sir , to hold your uniform in more honour for the future . " Thus stuttered his most gracious majesty , with a voice anything but agreeable ; and eiggt days afterwards Colonel von B . was removed far from his house and flowers , with one consolation , however , that he was also far from his petty oppressor . Similar was the case of another officer high in the civil service , who had just built a house , and when about to move into it , was ordered to leave Cassel , for no other reason than that it was known he had counted much upon enjoying his intended new residence . Since these occurrences it has become a bye-word among the
officers of both service , "If you would be removed from Cassel , build a house , and furnish it comfortaWv . Several officers have been removed from Cassel , as they were too intimato with some of the liberals there ; others , however , for a very different reason —for the sacrifices they had made for their sovereign in trying moments ; for it is one of the characteristics of the Elector that he holds it to be degrading to acknowledge a debt , of gratitude to any one . As he > 'ill be influenced by no one , he will entrust to no man his confidence . Even those officials who are hazarding life and honour in his service stand not an inch nearer to-his heart than the rest of the world . It would , for example , be a mistake to
imagine that suck persons as Hassenpflug and his associates are trusted by the prince . He upholds them because they are Ms most ready instruments , and are willing to do anything for a consideration , lie knows well enough that Hassenpflug ' s patriotism and fidelity do not transcend the value of the salary he draws ; lie knows that that roan would be the first to betray him in the hour of extremity ; but he finds a charm in dealing with men whose virtue nothing can revolt . He treats Hassenpflug with the same superciliousness which the latter exhibits to those beneath him ; but the more dislike the people manifest towards the minister , the more does his master delight to heap outward honours upon him . — Cologne Gazette . ' . ¦ ;
Untitled Article
THE OUTB , AG 13 ON MARSHAL HAT 2 TAU . On Monday night a meeting was held af . the George Tavern , in Oeorge-Btreet , Bankside , in cole ' bration of the late attack on Marshal Hayuau .. The George , it will be remembered , is the tavern in which the marshal sought refuge from the attack to ft ' . hieh he wag subjected . Tno meeting of last night was to have been held in one of the rooms in tho tavert . ' , and in an elevated position close to where
the chaii ' . man was to have presided , the chair was exhibited on which it was stated Marshal Hayriau had sat , and attached to it was tbo birch-broom , with tho remains of tho handle , which it was alleged was broken on the marshal's bade . Tlieso memorials of the late attack were viewed with much curiosity , and tho dust-bin also attracted a good deal of observation . The room having been found too small for the meeting , accommodation was provided in the skittle ground , Mr . Wai . Bnoww presided .
The Chairman said they had met that night to celebrate a very important event-the chastisement which the wretch Iluynau had received , and almost on tho . very ' spot . on which they now stood—and their object in now assembling was to show their sympathy with those unfortunate men , Hangarians anil others , who had suffered such shameful treatment ' at the hands of that very Ilaynau . The meeting , therefore , of that night was in every way most important , and ho hoped its influence would be extensively felt . It was not alone in London that Haynau had met with his deserts . In the several cities through which he had passed since he had been compelled to fly from England , nothing but the protection of the army and the police had saved him from tbe just vengeance of the people .
According to the latest accounts , he had arrived , it appeared , in Hanover . One thing was certain , that he would not readily forget the reception he had met with in Bankside , from the brewery men and others . No treatment could be too severe for the man who had committed such horrible cruelties in Brescia , as Haynau had perpetrated . On this matter he ( tho chairman ) spoke on the authority of General Pepe , whoso book had been recently published , and in which were narrated atrocities of the most shocking character which were committed by Haynau upon men , women , , arid children . And yot there was little doubt that if the aristocracy had had the opportunity , they would have given a very cordial reception to Marshal Haynau ,
notwithstanding the infamy attached to his character . But , as Mr . Waldey had said in the House of Commons , the greater the villain the better tho reception he would he sure to receive from the aristocracy . When it was said that they had violated the laws of hospitality n the late attack on Marshal Haynau , he utterly and entirely denied the assertion ; and so far from the men who took part in it being ignorant on the subject of Haynau ' s acts , he- coula state , from his own knowledge , that they were perfectly well informed of the principal events in which Haynau took part . He w . as glad to say , with reference to the late affair , that the firm of Barclay and Perkins had acted wisely , and that they deserved the thanks of the meeting . He ( the chairman } had
no doubt that if Messrs . Barclay and Perkins had discharged the men , and that if by so doing they had a loss of ten thousand pounds , he had no doubt that in such a case the aristocracy of this country and of the Continent would have readily contributed twenty thousand pounds to cover the loss . He had been anxious to know the feeling of the men and he had questioned them , and they had told him- in reply , that Barclay and Perkins were good masters , and that they treated them well . ( Loud cheers . ] He , therefore , said that these gentlemen were well deserving of their thanks for the conduct they had pursued , which he had no doubt the meeting would readily give them . But what were they to say of the man who had furnished Austria with money ,
and who might , therefore , be justly accused of the misery which had befallen so many thousands . What were they to say of such a man ? ( A voice , " Haynau's friend . ") When he saw the Hungarians and others who had been driven from their country starving , he could not help speaking of sucn matters . He next referred to the . conduct of the Polish committee , of which Lord Dudley Stuart was the head , and said that' that committee had refused to give assistance to the Polish democrats , and for the last week these poor fellows had to be content with threepence per day , on which they managed to subsist . He might here observe that some Poles who had gone to Hamburg , as they were advised to
do , were immediately arrested on their arrival their . He would therefore advise the meeting not to trust these committees ; and whenever a tyrant ventured among them , let them treat him as he deserved . He had only now to observe , that the money which would be collected that night would be devoted to the aid of the poor Poles , and would be the means he hoped of providing them with food for a few days . ( Hear , hear . ) He again congratulated them oh the lesson they had given Ilaynau , and concluded by calling for three cheer 3 for Kossuth , for Bern , for Demoinski , and for the Hungarian and Polish refugees , and for three groans for the wretch who hid himself in the dusthole—a demand which was very cordially responded to , the latter part of it especially .
The Marsellaise hymn having been sung , the meeting joining in the chorus-Mr . Styles said he had great pleasure in moving a vote of thanks , aa the chairman had suggested , to Messrs . Barclay and Perkins , at the same time that it would be gratifying to him . to know that the meeting was proceeding in the matter upon substantial grounds . The Chairman said he had inquired of eleven of tho men , and they had the fact besides that all the men were retained in their employment . Mr . Styles said that fact was no doubfc conclusive . Messrs . Barclay and Perkins had certainly
acted most creditably , and he had great pleasure in moving the thanks of the meeting to these gentlemen for their conduct on the late occasion in retaining the men in their employment , and in not permitting themselves to be influenced by suggestions which were thrown out for their discharge . Mr . Stokes seconded the motion , which was unanimously agreed to . Several songs were sung during the meeting by Hungarians and Frenchmen , and others , and some addresses having been delivered , thanks were given to the chairman , and the meeting separated .
Untitled Article
- ^ m& A Patent Steam Breao-making Maciiixe . —A patent was granted Borne months ago to a Mr . Lee , of Glasgow , for making bread and biscuits by means of machinery , and by the application of steam instead of fire . The operation of this novel apparatus was exhibited on Tuesday at the bakehouse of Messrs . Lee and Robinson ( the patentee and his partner , ) in the classic region of Wapping , and a large number of persons were present to testify to the utility and practicability of the invention , which has for its object the accomplishment of the following points , as stated by the patentee : — " By the substitution of carbonated water for bavm , to render bread more nutritive . A saving of fifty per cent , in the cost of fuel in
heating the oven , by means of an improved method of substituting steam for fire . Tho gradual admix ture of the flour with the water without manual labour . To insure the oven being kept of an equal heat by means of an indicator and regulator , and by means of which the heat can be kept exactly as may be desired . By the use of an ingenous contrivance to regulate the desired weight of all bread , whether from an ounce to any number of pounds the baker may desire , without the posibility of error . The saving of all manual labour in the manufacture of bread , with the exception of that of a few boys to place it upon , and receive it from , the machine . The avoiding the necessity of the human hand touching or kneading the dough . "
Mr . Lee described tho nature of the invention with much minuteness ; and gave the spectators an opportunity of witnessing tho practical effect of the machinery in its various stages . The grand purpose which ho sought to achieve was the saving of time and manual labour in tho manufacture of the most important necessary of life ; and , in order to show how this object was to be carried out , Mr . Lee exhibited the entire process of baking bread and biscuits from the first preparation of the flour to the placing tho dough into the oven , and withdrawing it when ready for consumption . All this was done by mechanical contrivances , and the men employed were not oven called upon to weigh tho
dough , or measure the size of the loaf , the apparatus , when set in motion , being calculated to serve every purpose which , in the ordinary process of baking , ia achieved by hand . The result of the experiments afforded satisfactory proof that Mr . Lee ' s discovery in tho art of baking deserves every encouragement , as well on the score of economy as from the fact that it introduces a more speedy , and at the samo time a more cleanly , method of manufacturing broad . The rapidity with which the work may bo carried on by this new and interesting process is most surprising . Foi the supply of bread to schools , or other large establishments—such as poor-law unions and prisons—this invention seems 0 be specially applicable . continue to
TELEGiurns in Germany . —We recoivo from Vienna accounts of the progress of the telegraph system in Austria . Within the last four months , through tho activity of the Minister of Trade , no less than 1 , 000 miles of telegraph have been opened , making tho total mileage about 2 , 000 miles , of whioh about one quarter has the wires laid underground on the improved system , Another 1 , 000 miles will beready next year . The telegraph now works from Cracow to Triests 700 miles . On the 1 st of October the new telegraph union between Austria , Prussia , Saxony , and Bavaria comes into operation , . under a uniform tariff , whioh is one-half of the formor charges ! This progress "will be looked upon -with interest by tho commercial public here , who are very much in want of facilities corresponding to those enjoyed in the United States , and at the same reasonable charges ,
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THE MONSTER EXHIBITION OF 1851 . [ The following correspondence and remarks /); ave been forwarded to us with a request for thei 7 insertion . As tiie matter lias a direct and pi ; ictical bearing on the interests of the poorer passes of iniendi ^ ^ llibitOI'S W 0 readily county—Ed . JV . S . y '" . - ; .
TO HIS ROW HIGHNESS PWNCE ALBERT , . . & . C ., < tc ., « L'C . . Permit me to submit to your Koyal Hi > unes 9 ' consideration what , ; f any , guarantee will be given to inventors who submit for public inspection machines which have not bctn patented , that such machines shall not be imitated or pirated . I am an artist in hair , or ^ Jarter of human hair into ornaments of jewellery ; J have , invented a macliino of great multiplying powers , which hag
taken me four years to complete , bymeans of which I am enabled to plait , in ten minute ?> as much as can be produced by hand work in a we « k ,- and that with greater beauty and exactness ; can I , with safety , exhibit t his machine ? An opinion prevails that foreigners nre tho beat , or only workers in that art ; this would be supposed from the patronage they receive . Indeed ladies often express surprise that I am not a Frenchman , or that I did not learn the art in France ; this is both detrimental to native talent , and very galling to men like myself , whose ambition Las been always
to excel . An opportunity now offers to test that question , but I cannot gather from the newspapers sufficient to enable me to see my way into Hyde Park except at a great risk , namely , tho loss of the means by which I support myself and family . The labour of making an original machine , and the copying of one already in existence , being very different , this is a point upon which inventors will feel cautious . I have a strong desire to compete with all nations , and if I do not establish ray superiority in the art of hair plaiting I ana willing to abide by the cozise * quence 3- ; but , on the other hand , should I succeed , ( I submit to your Royal Highness' consideration , ) that I , or others similarly situated , ought to be
rewarded with the usual English and foreign patents . An inducement of that kind would bring out a larger field of genius and industvy than the very large prizes named by the committee , which few will bo ambitious enough to contend for . I cannot see anything unreasonable in this suggestion , as my machine would otherwise lie copied , not only by foreigners , but by those of my branch of trade in England . No doubt there will be many patented and caveated machines at the Exhibition in the hands of tho monied classes-, but few men will expose their inventions and years of toil for a medal , or for the honour of being acknowledged by name in the public prints ; rich or amateur inventors can only afford to be so generous . Of such there may be
many , but I question if there will be sufficient of that class to enable England to compete successfully with the world , and as necessity is the mother of invention , the committee would do honour to itself , to hold out an encouraging hand to all classes , and especially to those who have had the greatest difficulties to contend with . The subscriptions that are going on , and the monies that wilt be received at the doors , will enable them- to act liberally to all who come before the public , and if government has the power , or her Majesty ' s prerogative could be used , in friendly conjunction with Foreign govern * merits , in relaxing the stamp duties and office fees on certain patents , the difficulties of the committee would be much lightened ; this would be a
fraternisation on a grand scale . It may be supposed that my suggestion will effect the patent laws , or the office fees , this I cannot see , as there will be a great many patents taken out for tbe Exhibition that would not otherwise be taken , therefore the oxtra profits on stamps , &c , would amply meet such cases as mine , where inability to patent would prevent the parties coming forward ; : and as the Exhibition was intended by your- Royal Highness for all the public , my class will be an exception if some suen ' avrangements are not made . I hope your Royal Hi g hness will excuse my entering so much into detail , but I should not do justice to the subject if I did not explain myself , as should I not be able to exhibit . Imay have the
mortificatiqn of seeing a foreigner carry off the palm for some'niggling piece of work that has , taken weeks or months to execute , while I ,, with a clear stage and'no favour , would produce more in quantity , and better in quality , than fifty or a hundred such . I will now submit , that as the government may have-to pass new acts of parliament for thedevelopement of so great a scheme , they will not lose sight of the present patent laws ,- they being in their present shape the greatest barrier the poor inventor has to eontend with , namely , . not being able to pay tho entire sum required in obtaining a patent ,
obliges him to seek assistance from tne monictt class , who frequently take the lion ' s share , but if he was allowed to pay by instalments ( as in other countries , ) he would have ' a chance of working his patent for the benefit of his family , who frequently suffer from the expensive experiments of their enthusiastic parent . Under these circumstances ,. I humbly submit that same guarantee , not at present definite or perhaps contemplated , should be extended to those who produce , for the inspection of tbe public , those machines which ate calculated to aid so much in the rapid production of manufactures , but which are unprotected by any existing
patent-I have the honour to subscribe myself , Your Royal Higness' most humble and obedient Servant , 317 , Regent-street , - Richard TowNie ? . April the 22 nd , 1850 . Palace of Westminster , May 4 th , 1850 . Sib , —I am directed by Her Majesty ' s Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 to acknowledge ihe receipt of your letter of the 22 nd ult ,, addressed to His Royal Highness Prince Albert , ou the subject of the means to be adopted for securing from piracy those unpatented machines which may be exhibited , ana I am to call your attention , inreply , to No . 8 of the General Conditions , * a copy of which is herewith enclosed . The subject , however , is one of much difficulty , and is now under the consideration of the Commissioners . . I have the honour to be ,. Sir , Tour obedient Servant , Mr . Hiehavd Townley . J-. Scott Rcsseil . * No . 8 of the General Conditions promised protection .
After the above advice the Prince and his Commissioners have got an act passed which allows the applicant and others to exhibit in the Park in 1851 , wherein they undertake to protect him for a year as far as Great Britain is concerned , but after that inventors will have to pay nearly £ 400 each to protect themselves ! Mark the contrast . A Frenchman may bring his machine'patented from his own country , by paying thoro about lOOfranos , or £ i 3 s . 4 d . sterling , and will walk over the course , if poor John Bull cannot by himself or friends raise the aforesaid &i 00 . Are the Prince and the Royal Commissioners justified in challenging universal competition , giving such fearful odds—nearly one hundred to one ? and that without consulting inventors or parties immediately interested . They have been more considerate for the trees in the Park than for the genius and industry of the British mechanic—B . T .
Untitled Article
CERTIFICATE OF COURAGE ! TO THE EDITOR OP TUB NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —In the Star of August 31 st there appeared a letter from Ernest Jones to George Harney , in which Mr . Jones , without entering into particulars , absolves his friend from tho charge of cowardice which I preferred agaiBst him in my letter of tho 30 th of January last .. Now , as tbe object ot Mr . Jones is to invalidate my statement respecting Mr . Harney , and as you . have permitted him to do so , I ea . II upon you to g ivo this confirmation of my charge , authenticated as it is by the signatures of two gentlemen who were presont at the meeting , and to whom I submitted the charge in manuscript before it was orig inally published . lam , Sir , yours , &c , Thomas Clark .
" "We hereby certify that that part of Mr . Clark's letter , of January 80 th , containing a statement of the conduct of Mr . Harney at tho meeting to which it refers , is truthful in every particular , as wo can testify , from having heen present at said meeting . " PniMP M'Ghath , "William Dixon . " " London , September 12 th , 1850 . "
Untitled Article
The Baussley Factory Workers axd the JSew ( Government ) Act . —Since the new Factory Act came into operation the power-loom employers of this town ( with one exception ) have continued to work their mills from six in the morning till halfpast five , in the evening , for five days in the week , closing them at two o'clock on Saturdays . The Messrs . Pigott and Kcwton , of Shaw-lane mill , commenced working their hands from- six in the morning till six at ni ^ lit , as soon as tho new law allowed them to do so , which created great uneasiness in the minds of their numerous workpeople . They at once called to their aid the- influence of the Short Time Committee , to assist them in prevailing on their employers to discontinue tho now practice , and to
resume the old mode of workin ' sj—viz ., ten hours per day , five days in the week , and to close at two on Saturday , like the other firms of the town . The hands of this firm were called together , when it was agreed to send a letter to tho Messrs . Pigottand Newton . Avith the names of tho ' ircavcw affixed thereto . A deputation oflemalg-weayera ^ 'vstncn appointed * and the document ^ . ^ S ^ mssL sav 11 th inst ., and it affords " if /^ lH £ fVitn » that those gentlemen imm # $ gK | H& l 0 n 3 l tho request of their wenversH ft ^ Rp ;« r ^ ggt factonea of this t ° ; rJ ^^ wffiW Sg per day , five days in the « g « SSfl at two o ' clock on f , Xr a a ^ HhoWiirfBa I . Samuel Mokbr ay , . inbers ^ ^ p ^ , » ^ vflr w » i /
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Shipwrecks and Loss op Life . —Intelligence has been received at Lloyd's of tho destruction of an immense number of ships , and the loss of upwards of 100 livos , in a tremendous gale that occurred at tho Cape of Good Hope oh tho 30 th of June last . During the tempest the barque Grindlay and the British Settler Train went down with all hands ; the Royal Albert becamo a total wreck , but fortunately her crew were saved . On tho Zattcrkima coast , twenty miles west of St . Francis Bay , the destruction was terrific . The French ship L'Aiglo , Du Burgue master , here went to pieces ; nis Excellency the Governor of Manilla , who was on board on his passage homo , and every soul on board , except ten men , perished . At the same . moment the Queen of the "VYest , and two American ships , wont down "with all hands . Tiie shore is strewn for miles with merehandiseof the most valuable description and the bodies of tho dead . The loss sustained exceeds ¦
£ 200 , 000 . -...... A stone of the size of a man ' s head , weighing 8 fts ., and another stone of the shape and size of a horse ' s foot , were found in the stomach of a horse that died a few days since at Spalding , Lincolnshire .
Untitled Article
Septembeb 21 , 1850 . THE NORTHERN SfAtt ¦?
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 21, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1592/page/7/
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