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TffE ^ OiaSH^KD^HMGAKIA^ ~ IB ~/ 'BEEUGEES. ^-r.\ ~ . •;^
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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- THE VOBKIXG ME ^ islTHE . ' ijfi ^ ^ jg | glCTS 15 DMASTJFACTTIR 15 GT 0 W 2 fS . ¦ ¦ - ' " 7 ¦ ' i £ .. - - ' ' a * Fbiesds , — I have firequen | 3 y ; told yon , ' t"IthougiiWand ismy cooatry tb ' e . world Kr Sepablic , and that Flobknponevoy ^ ^ Ss ^ S # ^ gp neaj tu juu . .-, _„ -,. uat fl . TTnnfiranan thePolish ^ d ^
fmme iam ^ y : ganan % jfe ^ ss C tr ^ e 4 a& ^ , ^ Woody ? rthem Bear , and the infernal maD . woman Maid batcher HATSAU . have . compelled seaHa lir : 1 vfi , nobK "rirtiioiis ; and independent Iff' and Hungarians to leave the land of SSWn , and ; seek shelter ia this country ^ l triere , I rejoice to think , they have received f ^ nnoniously and hospitaWy « But then , ^ friends , as ; ; . _ . :
'«• \ Vords are but wind , ^ Actions speak the mindji " ' ar 0 not to . limit your hospitality to the mere recep tion of the exiles ; you must not by « osr charity , but by your legitimate kindness inS subscription for their support , proye to their oppressors that the English people appre-- fethem more than they do their Imperial tvrants . ; ofliondon
' Tiie kind and hospitable men jgrt shown their hospitality to the expatriated T inims . Tuey ^ have taken ; Ja lod ^ ng-houEe f ^ - ihem , and " allow them as much as they can a <» rd to support them" ; but you , , men . of flie rial districts and manufacturing towns , must p e aware that London cannot perform Engi ^ - d's duty ; and therefore do I appeal to you tovc io transmit to ma anything that you can , k- * L to prove to the Eussian Bear , the Hunrerian batcher , and the Poles , that England l-, i not forgotten her duty to patriots who ^« stranded for the liberty of their country .
"" QnTVednesdaylasfi a deputation of Poles sailed upon me to present me with a splenfc ]\ x executed memorial , expressing their crantuue for my sympathy , which was signed | V ^ xrr-nve Poles " Hungarians , while in slvi ? I * tell them , that they deserve more gratitude taaii I do , a = they have sacrificed their lire , a ^ d lost their liberty in a struggle to = eeure freedom for their country . One of the dor-tiiion was a young man , twenty fire-years tf ajc had been an officer in the Polish army , tat bravely sacrificed his commission , and
E . j :. lv iorned with the people to secure liberty fir h : s " country . "Would you find an officer in tue Essiisk army thus sacrificing his Commisr . ou . pay . sz ^ station , in a struggle for his ? . yjs : rv * s rights ? No , as I have often told you , la p .. I ^ iJ , Hungary , Italy . Austria , Prussia , Jrasee . and Ireland , you will find numbers of ^ , 3 " vilest classes risking their lives and 3 fD ~ tv ~ to secure freedom for their country , uhile In oppressed and trodden down England ibe working classes stand alone , and are ovpc-se'I ' oy ever ? other class of society . I * ay , nore . ifeey are like a rope of sant f , whereas ¦ j ; . . bt- Trere umted to day , they could secure
feeii iibfrt ? w-inoiww , 'Hi men of London have also taken a large Una adjoining the hospitable Jodgicg for the afc-ees . " for the purpose of holding meetiugs , viuiz t : c-tt io save the Poles and Hungarians ha * iiari-aiion ; and when that building i 3 irai " . it -will be my pride and my pleasure , to ane-I the first meeting ; and again , men of the xexA aiiuicis . and of the manufacturing ; . " vn ; . l-i iii 3 implore of you to contribute Tea : inhe , to ] = rove your respect for tbe valour « si c- , Vi awe of those who risked their lives to sw-a - -.-. - liberi-v of their country . Let me
&t ? : be riiiJe . the pleasure , acd the honour , ia anucuucias in next week ' s " Star , " your rra ± -: Je , : ii&eiion , and patriotism , repre-HEfcii l » y your subscriptions , to maintain the ireve Poles and Hnasrarians . Toar faithful friend , Feakgus O'Cossoe .
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TO THE OLD GUAItDS .
} Jy dzat . FrilESDS , —It gives me pleasure tcfiLr / uuco to you that I have received seveal kv . izz this week , approving of my proposi ~ .: . V'M a Chartist Conference at Mana . i ; . i . 3 Iany desire to know the time that ft :- OEfereBce " should be held ; but , as I am s : < r - ¦ : uic-iater . 1 leave dia . t trholly in the hands K -Lvtvir ! : ofMandiester , who should appoint i : ^ • • ¦ . rrkisg committee , to name the day aaT- azn-. ^ : re the business . If you read the J& « : 3-.: c-i- * iiots . - that Par ] jamcnt is not sitting , a- ! ¦ '' ¦ h . rl-. fi " Show-ljox ** can famish no
mateisli . -. "ou v . ill find that they are devoid of 5 : Tt .-: o ~ cry description : and , I have frek ? it > t ; " ] you , it is aliTays aiv desire to use & ' Xtu " 5 of culaito prepare * you for the storui . ^" eahr . is becoming so monopolised by the { ucsL-Ts ssi labour speculators in this counsy . tl .--t i : is an impossibility that the system t 2 si-jii lonirer eontmue ; sud , tterefore , my % <¦ :: ; -i . G < losire is , to prepare you for the Sii-ii ^ ttJxrssle-V . f-. r-n read Mr . Dohe > t ' sletter , written scm Si-x York—an exiled Irishuian—^ in this p skiXoi-ilarn Star , and you must under-Pi ^ i . tliat althDuorb . Araeiica is a Eepublic ,
s . "irrc-rtieless , there is as great an agitation cii- re In tliat-couatiy , with the view of put-!; I iL .. Tcople in possession of the Land , ant ^¦ - erfLsiii ' tiereis in this country for the ¦ fc -r : * -: —' ..-hich- is the means by which I hope *] - ¦ y- ;^ . :: possession of the Land ere long .
- £ r . _ - : t . ^ il 5 ar : G in Ireland , inaBy bloody and ; 5 r - --- -. li . uiders Lave been recently com-: —fi iu Esglaud they have been committed f j--- ? h ! .: riTy raSans iooldi-g for money ; in ¦ &zc ihvv save been commirted by theplunk y - - ;' . < ::-. vvhc could seek no legal satisfac' = n-. iu their c-presaors : and from this fact p- '• i-- ciscover that in Ireland , as well as in is S- . ! : ¦! . there is " one law for the rich , and tCirsr 1 ., --- 4 ? -. » . + T >/ i rvrK-. v ' "' TTsrirp / 1 : > Tnr ^ r tA sr la-ar for the "— " more d to
^^ - poor anger r = 5 1 -ji . ut that shoots the squire ' s hare than rp " - mAis who shoots the peasant ' shead . " ..:- -r ;; us to the holding of this Conference , Nfy intentioii to traverse the country , with p i ; -3 of preparing the national mind for jr- ^ juin-r struggle ; but as you are aware nf-1 never have , and never will , travel a w * ''> tut a meal at vcur expense , you must f ; ncSVvHAT YOU OWE—and not * fU I OWE—for the defence of Chartist •^ - -- ¦ - -. exemption from oakum picking , via taxes which vou have imposed
^ papers are now rejoicing ex-^~ e emigration that is taking place in Ire-¦ c ^ v-hil the largest portion ef the fertile M t : the ceunti ? is waste and barren . The ^ - ; : o = s men—the men with inteVieet and ^—tmj grate from that country , while the f- »« lcr « will , thank Ooa , be * obliged to rH o- . ihe old , the decrepid , the worn-out , p 'l Cceaiployedpanper . | < J-i Guards , write to the Northern Star F- ; --k . from your several districts , stating Nuei you approve of this Conference ; and , N < -f * ; I ; nichester , let me implore of yeu to I * £ t lime in selecting your committee , ana P ^ ing your business . I only received Mr . pStxy ' s letter this morning ; it will occupy Nx < 5 triiVn ? space , otherwise I should have
sa ! 5 s £ « you at greater length . ^ Ouurc s , on Monday next the Financial ^ ini :- --- ; y . i-opose to hold a meeting at the ^• -u Tavern , i at twelve o ' clock , and it is ? i ^ u-atk « io be present ^ and there to define T rsicc ; r . ; c 3 of veritaUe Chartism ; and al-^ | a j . Iic- time of several may be occupied , I ' ^ ULit Eiaay of your order will be present y ^ 'Xcuiiou . " I remain , ° si- -Faithful and Uncompromising Friend . rEAEGV § V'COMOS ,
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LETTER FUOMitMRj -M ^^ DOHJSi ^ EO THE CHARTISTS ^ OF ENqLto ) . V 1 BROTHER IiEMOCEiTSj—More tlian a year has now elapsed ^ siftce : IMok ^ e " libertypf / ad- ; dries ^ ng you ; I theB intended-towrite ' aseries of letters , -with theyyieu- of faovirigjpibv ? . fir snperior ' fliiB condition- of the Ainerican'wbrking . man was tcTthat of the English working man , a ^ d ^ what extent that superiority was owing to repnblican . institutions . ' ¦' ¦ ¦ ¦¦ " The paper - 'thVough : which I purposed to communicate with ^ you , soon after ceased to be pubUshed ' : I and : . chiefly ^ oh that account
, and , " to _ some ^ extent , ¦ for other reasons that since : superronedij my object ^ has , up to this day , remained tupjulfijledl * This ; his always been with me ' a maker of regret , 'being . ' contraced of theiutfeij Vitality , of attempting any large ameliorafion : lof the workman ' s lot , until he is elevated above the-petty prejudices growing ont-of ' -a , false reverence ; and binding him , through his own fears ' and foll y * to the tyranny by which ; his mind and ; bpjiy ^ liave been-ivarbedV'I- ; . -:- ' .,-.. " . ¦ .--- ''" -V- T ""' -- ' ' - ' ~ s' ' -
I now re-assume this design , so long interrupted . I select as a medium of communication , a journal to which you are accustomed , which you havehonoured -with your confidence , and , in which , perhaps , you read sentiments not in accordance with mine . Although this may be true , aud although I am removed far from the sphere of your efforts , I am satisfied tUe "Northern Stai " will not hesitate to publish the opinions of one whose strongest sympathies have been ever engaged in the cause of those for whose welfare it . has straggled . It may be here necessary , for the purpose of obviating any misconception , to state distinctly and emphatically , my belief—nay , my conviction—that the objects of the English and L'ish Democrats are not identical . Tliev are
not even analagous , save to a certain limited extent . iNbr would they be identical , in my estimate , if the " Repeal of the Union" were made the first point of the Charter . Ko believe me , God has marked out for the two races , separate ana distinct destinies ; nor is that separation incompatible with their harmoiiions action for a common good . I resb my conclusion on these grounds . You are-Englishinen , so are they who have usurped your perogatives and deny you human rights . England is the common country of both parties , and theirs inseparably as well as theirs only for good and- for evil . Neither they nor you have any interest apart from her or outside her .
In Ireland , on the other hand , there are two distinct classes , opposite in feeliug . strangers iu blood , aliens in race , and opposed interest . These two classes are , the oivners and the inhabitants . To the former belongs the soil , and to them also belong the latter , as fully , as entirely , and as unqualifiedly as its meanest appurtenances , to have ani to hold , to them and the successors of their rapine , to use and abuse as long as usurpation is immortal . They are not fettered and labelled as "born thralls ; ' ' but they are owned and worked equally effectively , and their sweat and blood and brains are filtered , drop by drop , into their cups of joyance .
These owners are known m Ireland ; as the "English interest , " in other words they are the English garrison . In : ny convictio . n , the freedom of Ireland is incompatible , not only with the masterdom , but with the very existence of this "interest . " There is an * antagonism between it and the people which no law can ever remove . The foothold of a class , in any country , which is maintained by a power outside that country , and any lasting liberty or peace for the rest " of its people , are manifest absurdities , and self-evident contradictions . Were the Charter , therefore , enacted
tomorrow with repeal as its first provision ; and farther , -were there to be a Parliament in ColT lege Green , chosen by the whole people , there would remain in the country seeds of civil strife , which no Legislative power could . deal with , and sooner or later should end iu disruption and rain . The total extinction , then , of the English interestis indispensable to L'eland . The objects which are commoa to the Democrats of both islands , and the agencies by which tcpse objects mar be attained , will be o ' eveioped in the course of this and subsequent letters . I now proceed to discuss them .
As a preliminary , permit me to re-state , in the clearest and fullest sense , a principle which it is necessarc tc should hold in common , or my efforts TTOBlti be -worse tnantiaeless . liere it is Thai no distant or immediate advantage—no prospect of partial , or even of entire and ultimate triumphshould ever induce you to misrepresent , to discolour , to conceal , or to falsify , your final objects . Trust me , whea you have stated them truly , fully , clearly , and determinedly , they are already half accomplished . And here let me le understood as speaking of the object only . The means you are not bound to define , for which one reason is sufficient—you rs ' . oy not know them . Having a definite and essential end in view , it is your business to attain it , and your duty to shape your means so as to overcome the cbEtscles in your v . -av .
Thus you will at once perceive that , in my view cf your duty , all compromises should be avoided . " Compromises , in your case , have t ^ o fatal consequences . Materially , they check your object ; mentally and morally , they degrade yourselves , and are so far a justification of your exclusion . For the first , you will find abundant proofs in the history of your own times . Many of you—alas ! how many—drowned your childrens' cries for bread in your own insensate shouts for " the biil !"— " the bill , the iriiolo bili , and nothing but the bill !" When the bill became a law , you shouted for the
candidate of the people , or the candidate of the government—for these became convertible terms . Well you remember—do you not ?—what happened to the Dorchester Labourers , in the very first year of a reformed parliament ? A new agitation came , and , taught by experience , you forebore to join in it . The cry for a large loaf was not that of the nation , or of the people , but the cry of an interest or a faction . You did not join in it ; but you did what was as bad—yon opposed it . In the one case , you would he fools or cheats ; in the other , you subjected yourselves to a more criminal imputation . A new and more rational demand for aid is now
addressed to you . You are asked to rally for Household Suffrage . So much of your claim is conceded to yon that a man ' s right to the franchise is recognised , with no more barbarous condition os his intelligence than that he should own a house . If you appreciate your own convictions , you cannot heed those men without most guilty treachery ; vou cannot do so without pandering with the holiest truths . Prudent men , I know , will offer you most sage advice . They will tell you to accept Household Sum-age as an "instalment of justice . " "Instalment of justice" is a barbarous jargon , or , redeemed from that character , it involves the nettiest hypocrisy . Justice does not admit of * instalments , " Whatever contravenes it is injustice— -it is ckimk .
But . in your instance , there cannot be a greater absurdity than to talk of accepting anything . To such of yon as are not householders ( four-fifths , at least , otthe entire ) , nothing is offered ,, and nothing can be accepted . To accept , on your parti would mtan to be satisfied with privileges conferred on others , between whom and yourselves a line of demarcation u drawn , marked , impassable , and in-Buitmg . That you should he advised to combine .
w sweat , to-shout , to resolve , and to beg , for this sotrT by men « wh 0 ar <> themselves in their S 2 , M illk y ° u are *»• » . to me . the revon ^ ov iglble of riddles - T * ere is some £ 5 ? ? o ^ i ; t r « who may p ° ssesa . s ^^ igg
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doubt ,, it-is ; but it has two aides to it . In . respect to your claims ; instead of being an instalment , it very possibly , would become a barrier against your furEhervprpgre ^ . , Yo u all know , pretty nearly , howlongthiithing , called the " Constitution , " lias existed ^ a long lpjrts time , is it not ? You are aoquaiatedV . with : ithi famous -achievement of the Barons : at Suimymede . and the great charter to which they set ^ heir . signatureor theirmarks . You know , top ; hoy , ; Jerer since-, that $ odument has been boasted of ; b y |! nglish writers ; and how these boasts have been copied , and " repeated , and exaggerated , unt | l , 'tcf deny , the Godhead , would be less criminal , leas nrfetuated . than to deny that the Constitution of England was the " admiration and envyof a } l surrounding nations . " ¦ that
2 fow . ^ suspect you , even hi this advanced age —itmayo . tcoarre be . owing to- your stupidity and stolidity—are utterly ; jgnoKint siofiJhe blessings and benefits conferred on you ' . ' bV this ; ciiaiier . of rights . You ' cannot Miscdrer , , " l ' -warrant , ' ; where ' it has fed an empty belly , op clotted ' a naked " back , or . moistened the lips of fever , or mitigated one" of those material , and malignant eur 3 es that stalk through the homes of the-poor . - EurShermore ,-if-you look intoifc" -n ' arrowjv ,- you- ; v will-find , that ^ while it strengthened the hands of = the strong and ! the proud , it left the weak : weaker , and tbe poor more . defjSBCeless than ever . This-is not alone a historical , it is a natural anil almost inevitable truth . As long as the baron and the serf were equally exposed to the exactions , the caprice , or tha bad passions of the king , they naturally assisted each other in resiitina his encroachments : but vhen the lord was
secure against injustice by virtue of this iron charter , which he inscribed with a mailed hand , he wa 3 indifferent to his serfs' suffering , or rather , he felt infinitely greater security in working him , lashing him , and grinding him to the purposes of his own uncontrouled will . In fact , the few and scanty liberties acquired by the . people for ages after , came in the very opposite direction . They were the creation of the different kings who attempted through their agency to curb the " pride , and control the lawlessness of the barons .
So it has been on every successive occasion , when concessions have been made to the people . To take the most recent instance , that of the Reform Bill . What was the governing motive , think you , of those who proposed that Celebrated measure ? The extension of the Franchise , of course . Trust me , my friends , there were other and not less powerful influences . Go you , to-morrow , to any registry , and you will find the Reformers as busy and as inveierate in opposing the admission of " a claimant as thsir opponents . The sole test with both parties is , what faction will hi give the vote to when he obtains it . If for the Tories , then the Tories become indignant at any opposition to his just claim ; and if for tee Whigs , the "Whigs-would sooner part with the ai ? ple of their eye , than that a fellow citizen should he defrauded of his " birthright "
When the Whigs obtained their end ; when they believed they had a sure majority , they proclaimed that Reform had reached its final goal . And then , what wa 3 the value to yon of the "Instalment of the Bill ? Was their immediately formed a Household Suffrage Association . under the auspices of your great guiding lights and methodised patriotism ? Did the emancipated Bouraeoise confederate as one man , to vindicate for you the privileges you had won for them ? Alas , no . Their voice was the loudest in your condemnation . And , so it would be a < rain . a » i increased susrraac would-. be vour weakness
instead cj yoursi . ' -mgth , by thinning your ranks and transferring your member to the camp of the enemy . All popular movements have been successful in proportion tc the physical strength by which they were backed . Whenever , then , the party to be acted on . moved or compelled , c < m rely on physical sustamment equal to that by which they are pressed , the chances of the suppliants ( for then they become really such ) are ii : fiiiitis : nally diminished . Therefore , if this supposition be correct , and be yoar own experience its test , your plain , direct iutt-rest would be aqainst , and not iu favour of " Instalments . "
The consideration to which this branch of the subject leads , as illustrated by the practical working of Universal Suffrage in this' Republic , are too important to be deait with here , and I , therefore , conclude for this day , assuring you of the sympathy and sincerity with which . 1 am , Ycur obedient servant and faithful friend , Michael Dohbny .
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A VERITABLE STATEMENT OP TEE LAND PLAS .
TO THE EDITOR OF THE NOETHEfiX STAR . Sie , —Notwithstanding the evil pressases of the '* Free Trade" necromancers , when Mr , F . O'Connor originally propounded his " Land Scheme , " to comuerpoise the evils of iucreasins pauperism , the voice of Nature proceeding from Mother Earth manifests her power of sustaining all her creatures exuberantly , if they will prove true to themselves and to each other ; in proof whereof , contrast the first Chartist estate , ivlien colonised ia 1846 , with its present appearance , ai : > J its present appearance with that of the surrounding "farms , upon which a full average of agricultural science is displayed , backedby a full average of farming capital . Ten years agolHeronsgate ( frequently mis-cailed Ilerrinsgate , )
was cultivated by Jir . Hunt , the then proprietor , assisted by his kinsmen , the Putnams , to whom he bequeathed the . property ; it is therefore natural to surmise , that "the most" was made of the ground in the popular acceptation of the expression , especially since it is an ascertained fact , that when Mr . Hunt died iie had a considerable amount of cash vested in the funds ; consequently there was no " shiily shaljy" from lack of " ways and means ;" nevertheless , himself ( a bachelor ) and three of the Putnams , his relatives and successors , were the only inhabitants sustained upon . the farm ; now there are upwards of thirty families located thereon ,
with a tidy dwelling-house lor each , together with allotments of land , varying from two to four ncres , in divers stages of tillage and modes of culture , according with that in vogue in the county , from whence the allottee migrated ; yet in lio instance has an allottee sought parochial assistance , notwithstanding each subdivision contributes separately , not alone to the rates for relieving the poor , but all other parochial charges which exceed the amount paid by the late proprietor in no less a ratio thanoxE hu . ndked asbsevesit-fivj : per cot ., as -witness " facts and figures , " extracted from the parish rate books ,
IJenttsgate , before purchased by Mr . Feargus O'Connorj stood in the parish books . Gro ,, J *«** Value . | ^ SiT £ 10 OOs . Od . £ 75 0 s . Od . £ 2 10 s . Od . j A 75 0 s . Oii . I * Tbe dividend commonly struck . Heronscate , at the present time , according to re-valuatibn , within the past six months , by direction of the poor-law commissioners , stands thus : — Givss . I Rateable Value . Rate atEishtpeuce £ 20 ! los . Od . £ 1 S (> 10 s . Od . in the Pound . £ 201 los . Od . £ 180 10 s . Od . £ 0 7 s . lOd .
Presuming that a concise topography will materially assist in estimating the difficulty of re-modelling . asociety of persons , removed from distant localities ( heretofore employed in manufactories , ) upon land , which two or three generations ago was the haunt of the heron , the bittern , and other waterfowl , but which the Berlin and Milan decrees forced into a state of SGmicultivaiion . I shall quote ( as well as recollection serves me , ) from " l ) ugdale ' a Survey" the etymolosy of llickmersworth , the parish in which the tlhartist estate is situated . "Ric , " in the Saxon diction , meant abundant ; " mere" is still common in many parts of England to express a large pool or lake ; and " worth " signifies a street , frequently terminates the compound . Rickmersworth may , therefore , be said to
derive its name from being built upon the confines of an overflowing stream . " Heronsgate , with equal probability , may be said to be ' a ¦ heronry when the neron was considered a dainty , even at royal feasts , and flying the hawk wss a royal pastime . The Duke of Bridgwater's Inland Navigation Mania , as theprofitmongersof the day maliciously expressed it , formed a channel for tbe superabundant water , and the rushy marshes were speedily transformed into a range of luxuriant meadows ; a gradual acclivity of one mile discloses the site of tbe Chartist estste , where the haunt of waterfowl is transformed by man ' s industry into a fruitful field , and the fruitful field , by O ' Connor ' s genius , sub-divided into oarden farms , bearing the imprint of an Omniscient Providence , ever careful to provide abundantly for an increasing population .
OConnorville , Oct . 14 th . Sib , —It was my intention , had the state of my health permitted , to have forwarded the enclosed for insertion in the Northern Star before the crops UDOn tlie estate were gathered , but the like - occasion having pre vented me completing the under . taking entered "M ^ ^ ' - ^ Dj * ^ -
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mit it , hoping the account will prove acceptable , my design being to place an your hands a weapon that will . annihilate the calumnies of your revilera . The new rating of the parish exhibits an increased average- of . ten per cent , upon the entire parish , whilspMhe , Chartist estate alone' i 3 increased orie hundrafeajMl seventy-five per cent . ; and to avoid the nosSWUity of " cavil s I inclose the copy ' in the hanaWMWg ^ oi the relieving offioeiv fvom ' -whonvI prbcUim'ifcofficially . If the inclosed meetsiapproval ; I . purpose .. transmitting , from time ; to : time , inteiligenceJikj ? Jy . ; to subserve the cause . ¦ = If made / use of I shaltgxpect acopy . of the Star , and ... i . ' - . V .. ' . ; , ' .,. v ; , I-rerfiain ,. Sir , respectfully . / . ; . ' . ' :. ' .. ' . ' [ /; '„ , " ; ' Your obedient ' . servant , ' . ' . ' . ' . '' " ¦' ; .. ' ¦ , " , ' ' ' ' Edward Barber . /
Sir . - ^ T- formerly wrote you ; showing : * hat -I raised-from my garden ground , following the advice of Mr . O .. Connor in his admirable instructions , on the Land Plan . I now send you the-produce of ; two falls , which 1 planted with potatoes , watered with liquid . manure , which I . lifted last week , > the gross weight ; of which was 632 lbs ,, which , allowing tweiit ^ -eigtit pounds to the peck , gives twenty-two pecks sixteen pounds , or -at the rate of " over 112 bolls per acr | . I also cut a cabbage ' of the ' drum . ' head . kindv-jibout' two weeks' ago , , the weight of which-. was ' . thirty-four poundsr the-heart alone weighing seveuteen pounds .. In . fact , Mr . Editor , I am more and more convinced that the cultivation of the soil is the jnost profitable investment for labour , and that Mr . O'Connor ' s statements are no
mere theories ; but can be tested by those who have the head and the hands to adopt them . ' I am , &c , Leslie , Fifeshire , Oct . 7 th . D . Crockait .
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THE DEMOCRATIC CONFERENCE AT THE JOHN - STREET INSTITUTION , TOTTENHAM" fiOTIRT - ROAD .
A meeting of Delegates to the Democratic Conference was held on Sunday afternoon , to hear the report of the sub-committee on tbe ^ meana by-which a union of the various bodies of Democratic and Social Reformers could be effected . Mr . J . HotiOAKE was called to the chair . Twenty Delegates answered to their names ,, in addition to Jlr . " Fussoll , who had that day been invited * and at the suggestion of the Executive and the Sub-Committee , Messrs . Browett , Ferdinando , Wilson , Greaves , Campbell , Bates ; Britsek , and Delafovce , were received as delegates from the London Organisation of Tl'fldG 3 .. ; On the motion of Messrs . ¦ Harney and Milse , Mr . Thornton Hunt ,. Mr . Hooper , and Thomas SI . Wheeler were invited to sit on the Conference .
The CnAiRMAN read a letter from Mr . Thoma 3 Cooper , stating his inability to attend , owing to prior arrangements . The Sscretary then read the minutes , wfaidh were confirmed ; be also stated , that according to instruction , he had written to invite Mr . O Connor and Mr . Reynolds to attend , but had received no answer . Mr . Wheeler suggested -that Mr . O'Connor had left town prior to receiving the invitation . ., . A letter was then read from Mr . Shackleton , of Halifax , detailing what he conceived to be the errors in previous movements , and laying down a plan of organisation of an extensive character , in which the distribution and sale of tracts was the leading feature . A long and extremoly argumentative and eloquent letter was read , addressed to the
Conference by Mr . J . Linton , who was compelled to be out of ; town . In it he urged upon the delegates the impropriety of distracting their ideas and energies by advocating so many measures as adjuncts to the Charter ; showing that true wisdom would induce them to confine their" objects to that alone , instancing the examples of the success of this unity of action , the achievement of the Reform Bill , and the Repeal of the- Corn Laws , and referring to the mixing up of other questions , with the Financial Reform Movement and the Chartist Agitation , as proving detrimental to their success . Mr . Linton concluded by declaring that whatever decision the Conference adopted , he should ever be found fighting under the banner of the Charter .
The Secretary then read the following report from the Sub-Committee : —
OBJECTS AND RULES OF THE ( The names suggested are appended . ) Objects —To obtain by peaceful and legal means the en . actment of the measures herein demanded , thereby securing for Graat Britain and Ireland a just , wise , and good government , and such an equitable and profitable distribution of the fruits of industry , as may be conducive t-. i ths best interests of nil the members of the commonwealth . DECLABATION OF PJUNCIPLEI . That all mankind are brethren , and are born with an equality of rights . ¦ . That the earth , with all the native raw matorial on and beneath its surface , its seas andrivers , and the atmosphere surrouuding ' it , are naturally and inalienably the common property of the whole human race . MEASURES DEMANDED OF THE GOVERNMENT . 1 st ; Manhood Suffrage , with the necessary adjuncts thereto . ' . as embodied in the l'eoplu ' s Charter . ¦ .- . ;• 2 nd . PVee access of labour to land , making home colonisation possible .
3 rd . AJaw of partnership , on the principle of limited responsibility , making association , of workmen possible , with suelf other regulations as shall secure the independence of industry . ' ¦ 4 rh . The establishment of a just . and industrial poor law such as would provide profitable employment for thn able-bodied unemployed poor , and a comfortable maintenance for the need and infirm . - 5 th . The abolition of all legal restrictions on the freedom of speaking , and the publication . of . opinion . 6 th . The establishment of a natioaal system of secular educatkn .
E . TJI / ES . 1 , All persons acquiescing in the objaets of this Association Bhall beelicible to become members by taking out cards of membership , for which , with a copy of the objects and rules , they shall pay not less than threepence ! 2 . That the general government of this Association shall be \ es : ediii aGtntral Committee or Council , consisting of twenty-eight persons ; seven to be elected by the members of tbe National Chanev Association , seven by the Fraternal Democrats , seven by the National Reform League , awl seven by the Social Reform League . The said Committee or Council shall use their utmost energies to superintend ths movement , perfect the organization , aud direct its ' power . They shall be empowered to call for voluntary contributions , when required to carry out its objects ; t « appoint a secretary or , secretaries from their own body , who shall be thevmiy pai . officer or officers ; and to issue notk-es one month prevkus , convening a National Conference , which shall assemble in London on the first Monday iu ilay , 1531 , into whose kauds they shall resign tlieir trust .
3 . That the members formed into localities shall be empowerer to enact bye-laws for their own guidance ; to impose iiavmcnts for local purposts , and to nominate not Its ? than seven of their body , including a gub-treasurer and sub-secretary , to act as a sub-committee or council for three or six months . The said officers to see that the monies receked for cards of membership are diV . y forwarded to the Centra ! Committee at least once a month , They shall also promote and extend in eyery possible lejral ivay , the objects and principles of the Association , and otliu'wist' act as the Central'Committee shall direct . ¦
NAMES SO < 5 GEST £ D . . . .. . 1 . Democratic and Social Union . 2 . Charter Union of Democratic and Social Reformers . 3 . National Union of Chartist and Socinl Reformers . 4 . Democratic Union of Chartist and Social Reformers . 5 . National Charter and Social Union . The Committee , in conclusion , trust their brother demo crats will give to the foregoing propositions that consideration which their importance demand ; and they will bury ail innate prejudice and party-feeling , be determined henceforth to act together in unity , and thereby ensure the speed v triumph of true democracy . Signed on behalf of the Committee , D . W , Ruffv , Chairman , John Abnott , Secretary . Mr . WnBELBE moved , and Mr . Stallwood secondod , " That the report be received and discussed seriatim . "—Carried .
Air . Whbeler moved , and Mr . Stallwood 1 seconded the adoption ot the . first , clause in the report , advising the fusion of all parties into one Association . Alessrs . PusSeil and Bwjfi supported the motion , and shewed that the idea of a Federal Union . _ eaeh retaining tlieir own funds and organisation , could not be carried into effect under existing laws , and that all could unite on grand princip les without any loss of consistency . Mr . ltooERs protested against such a Union ; the different opinions held by the various sections of Reformers would ever debar them from acting cordially together . lie had not sufficient faith in the leaders of any . of the parties , to allow his own movement to be swallowed up in theirs ; he had been an advocate of the Charter from its first promulgation , but he could not agree with various clauses in the after part of the programme . —The clause was carried with fivo dissentients . ¦
It was then carried that the name should be next discussed . _ , . , ¦ ; : ,. . ¦ In addition to those in tho programme , Mv . Stallwood moved , " National Charter and Social Eeform Association . " , Mr . L' ^ Nft moved , "National Democratic and Social Reform ; " , Jly . Delaforcjj moved , " Democratic and Social Huform Union ;"( . : Mr . TnoBNwwj Host moved , " Charter and Soloial Reform Union . " : . Mr , Cioewm ( ponied , and Mr , WflEBtSR Sup-
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ported , Mr . Stall wood ' s motion . Ho stated , that whatever ' might be the feeling ' in that Conference , the bulk of the Chartist ; party would not join apy society in which the name of the Charter was not retained . It was endeared to them by ties of the strongest description ; if no feeling more sacred prompted them , pride alone would demand its retention . _' . ' .. " * . ;;¦ ¦ .,,..- . ¦ . ' • ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦¦ : ¦ Mesars . - ' . ' HikitKBT . and- FysaBLL eloquently supported it for the same . reasoh . ' . but would vote for the second proposition in the programme , as better expressing , their feelings . They implored the Conference notrhastily- to decide upon what at first glance might seem an unimportant question , Mr . Shaw argued strongly in favour of the fourth proposition . Mr . Wilson spoke in favour of the first proposition . ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ '•• ,-... . . :. . .: , ...., ¦ ¦
• ; After - considerable discussion , Mr ( DklaFORCB withdrew his motion in favour of Mr . Leno ' s , and Mr .: T , Hunt withdrew , his in favour of Mr . Stallwoodfs ' raotion , with thechange of the word "Association "into f Union . " ¦ ; : The vote was taken aa follows : —First proposition , 0 ; second proposition , 5 ; . third proposition , 2 ; fourth ' -proposition , 5 ; fifth proposition , 0 : Mr . Stallwood ' s nfotion . 7 ; Mr . ; Leno-s motion ; 9 . ¦ ¦¦¦ - ¦ . Some discussion having taken- ; place as tO ; perflons : voting mdre thari once , Mr . Leiio ' a motion , and Mr . Sfc&lEKootPs were ' plaoe'd ^ SinstVeaph . other , when the former reoeivsa 10 vot ' es ; and ' the " 1 ivt ' ter 14 . Mr . Stallwood ' s amended name of " National Char- " ter and Social Reform Union , " was consequently adopted . The result was received with great applause ,, which was imtneeintely rebuked by the Chairman , and Messrs . Uarney and Fussell . OBJECTS AND RULES .
Mr . CLEMEJTT 8 moved , and Mr . Ivout seconded , the adoption ' of this clause . Mr . Stallwood moved tho omission of tho . word 9 "by peaceful-and legal means ; " they , threw a 3 ti « ma upon their victims who had suffered imprisonment , and he would not willingly bind himself always to observe them . " At the same time , it must not be understood that lie was advocating violent measures . ' ¦ ;•¦"• Mr . IIakset seeonded the amendment . Ho thought the words entirely uncalled for ,, and that there was no necessity to pledge themselves to any particular line of conduct . ' He did not conceive that the retaining or omission of the words had any reference to physical or moral force doctrines If called upon , under pain of some punishment to adopt such a test . he might even then hesitaie ; but
there was no necessity for its voluntary adoption . ¦ Mr . FusseiiL supported the original motion . He wished the words had not been introduced into the clause , but , as they were there , he thought they would be placing themselves in a false position to staike them out . Government were , without doubt , acquainted with what was taking place in that room : and it was unwise to throw ' out such a challenge in ' their present disorganised position . If a union was effected , and the people properly organised , they would so rally round the standard of political and social freedom , that peaceful and legal means would be quite sufficient to attain tlieir object ; and he for one was unwilling to . adopt any other measures until they had completely exhausted all moral means . He believed that by omitting those words they would filai'm the doubtful and timid amon their supporters .
Mr . Gbassbt thought they had no need to trouble themselves about government spies . ¦ He wtis desirous that government should really know what was goinjj on . It did not matter how much honey- they put in their speeches , government would ' never believe that they meant to act legally and peaceably . He owed nothing to the government but hate ; and he cared but little whether the words they put in suited the government ov nor , provide *! they wove suitable for the people . Mr . ILmsEY protested agninst it beine put forth that those who were in favour of omitting tire words
were going to drag the movement through a physical force revolution . ' ' Mr . Le Blosp thought their aim was tho best ; means of securing adherents , and not the best means of catching the government . He believed the . . public would" join " them more readily , if the words-were left fa ' . Itvas ^ soniotinies-he ' ce ' ssavy to fight to secure legal and peaceful , means , Hampden fought in defence of ; the : la > Yt but they could fight just as readily if those words were left in , and if their object was to secure , the aid of the masses he should ad vise their lotention " .
WaltebiCoorER was in favour of retaining the words . He did ; iot care much about the jrovernment , b . ufr'he-was anxious not to jive their opponents any cause for triumph . He believed the omission would cause them to lose power . lie was anxious to gather up all parties , under the bannc-r of their union , lie knew that hundreds , aye , thousands of Socialists , throughout the kingdom , believed that the Chavtists were , in favour of a physical force revolution , lie was aware of the numerical strength of tho Chartists ; but would they not be benefited by the aid of the advanced mind of the Socialists ? -The time had now arrived when the miud , not physical power , must govern the couzitry . Of what use was it to have physical power to pull down the institutions of the country , unless' they had mind to build them up in accordance with the advancsd progress of society ?
Mr . Bezer argued in favour of the omission of the wonls . The question was then put to the vote , when thirteen appeared for the omission and thirteen against it , leaving the casjins'votein the hands of the Chairman . Mr . Ifoi-roAKE gave hi 3 vote in favour of the omission . It must'ROv be supposed tliat'fac was less a man of peace for so deciding ; fchey had no right to obtrude their opinions , either for moral ov physical means , upon tho public ; neither had government any right to demand such a concession . If called upon for a profession of his principles , he should have no objection to declare them , but he had no right to parade , them before others ;
Mr . Thor : « tox : IIu . \ t moved , that in the clause just discussed they prefix the words— " In order to organise the movement of the people . " The ciatise , as it stoodj did not clearly define the whole objects of the Association . The motion , having been seconded , was unanimously adopted . Mr . Harxey moved , nnd Mr . Stallvtood seconded , that the word " profitable" be omitted from the same clause ; if there was an ' equitable distribution it would be a profitable one . He trusted the day would soon arrive when the whole system of proStmongery wo uid , bo abolished . The motion ; was carried , and the clause , as amended , then adopted .
On the motion of Mr . IIarney tho Conference then adjourned until Sunday next , to meet at three o ' clock , in the afternoon , at the same place ,. During the wliole of tho proceedings the room wae densely crowded with the most active and influential of the various sections ¦ of working class reformers , and the proceedings seemed to give general and unqualified satisfaction .
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' , C ^ & ^^ /^ 'X'iS&e ^ - j < $ 7 % r-z + j 2 ^ tr-7 ^ S _ .. ,, ,, __ ,.,,: evidence , well knowing his tool would endeavour to ¦ bring such evidence to condemn , the Company altogether ? Besides , this " Whistler" , was ; employed secretly by the Chairman , not open and honourably . by the Committee . Then , again , -why- ; did . the re- A gistrar allow provisional registration yonr after V ... year untiK the' Company became a powerful ma- / T } , chine ? Why , I say , did they counter . ance it at all ? VV Because it was weak it was legal ; whenit became r *<[ strong and powerful , and likely to ameliorate the ' fs \ V \ condition of the poor , and make a practical subdivi- 1 > . \ J aionofthe land ; it w . is illegal . AVe these fair and V ^ honourable means to try a principle ? Are tha - ^ :
Chartists , as a body , satisfied with such a trial ? .. \ If ths working classes wish to commence practical \\ operations "for their own redemption , they must V begin withthe land as a raw material , and expeot fi ' . government and political economists to throw ob « V \ stacles in their way , ny , and even persecution , too . \\ To the third proposition , ¦ 1 should suggest tha . ( N ^ S . propriety of placing theinatter on the programing ¦ \ ) f the proposed Conference , to see if the ^ Chartist body have confidence in the Land Plan or . c . O : opera- j ^ tion . As they , formed tho . body that gave it . exist- * V \ ence , it is they who , should be satisfied that the V \ \ J scheme has had a fair trial . If it should be proved \\ that it has had a'fair trial , and foiled , then abandon , ¦< ^^ it . If , it should ho proved that it has met with ^\ \ undue persecution , then endeavour to place it in a vv ^ \ healthy , position , and show the government and the " r \ ' political economists that Chartists are made . of - \ - >
sterner stuff than they imagine , and that they will \ not give up a scheme , which , if supposed according py to its merits , * would emancipate tho . working \ v classes , and ' create such a moral revolution in tba A ) '< physical , social , and moral condition of the people as . the world never witnessed . It would accomplish I this mighty change without anarchy , confusion , " 0 - " bloodshed , or injury to any class ; and these are ' "V powerful reasons why the next Conference of the \ t Chartist body ought to reconsider co-operation . ' ¦¦ ¦ ( amongst its own body ) for the land . . ' MkK Now the times are comparatively good , it is the ¦ ¦ < V duty of tho Chartist body , in particular ,, to . devtaa . P means for our present and future operations , that ' \ we . may be- ready to take' advantage ' ot" the corning struggle , and-be prepared with a practical example , of- co-opor ' ation i to guide tho public mind'to a- successful frsue . . ! Yours , & , % , , _ -, > y >¦ ¦ 12 , Byron-3 treet , Hulme ,: ^ \ 'j »/ JaiiES Alcock . ¦ ' . - "Manchester : . ¦• -. ' - ¦ ; ....,:.,- : . ¦¦ :.-. ' ;•? ' - -
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THE- MTIOXAL CHARTER LEAGUE AND ¦ THE REPORTER OP THE " STAR . "
TO THE EniTOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —Your last week's journal . contains a letter from Messrs . Allnut and . Kobbs impugning the veracity of a report of a discussion wlucli f furnished to your paper ; were my ov . n feelings consulted I should treat tho matter with contempt , but justice to the Somcrs Town locality compels me to refute the falsehoods contained in that document . Messrs . Hornby , Humphries , and Thurstou did not state that they agreed with the policy of the Leasue , it is well known that they have been among the sturdiest of its opponents ; they did state that in as far as the League agitated for the principles of tbe Chartor it was impossible thoy oould oppose it , but they would not consent to place themselves under the conduct of leaders . who had been guilty of political
suicide . . They did not state that they would never belong to the old association , neither did they agree with tlie policy of joining the Middle Glass Reformers , as laid down by the League . Mr . Wheeler did not oppose the Iieague , he spoke- for . a . few minutes in answer to Mr . WeeUs' condemnation of the French Revolution ,, when twelve o clock having arrived , ho was compelled to vacate the chair ; he is , ami has bten ever since his residence in London , a member of that locality . Gi'eat forbearatfee ' was shown to them , for they commenced a personal attack upon the private character of members of the Executive of the National Charter Association , and the insult was not retaliated , upon thorn ; forbearance was likewise shown towards them not only in allowing . them to choose which of the two should reply to each individual speaker on the opposite side , but also to exceed - the allotted ten minutes , whilst their opponents were strictly kept to time . I have thus exhibited the fallacv of each of their
separate statements ,: and substantiated the truth of my report . I know that in thus doing I am contributing to prolong their lingering existence ; they stated that the discuss-io : ; was tha 1-esi advertisement thoy had for a long time received . By mis-. statemonts they endeavoured to get up a personal discussion between Mr . M'Grath " and Mr . Hornby , and other members of the locality , failing in this thoy fall foul of the report ; they have thus secured a second advertisement , but shall not induce ir . e to favour them again unless they consent to pay . advertisement duty . ' TnoMAS Masti . v ' Wheeler , Chairman and Reporter of tho ulee&ing . We vouch to the correctness of tha previous report , and also of the present refutation . Robeut TnuRSTpN , J . IIonxEY , O . Humphries . . . - : ' ' 'JbiT . vWii . Kiy , Chairman . By order of ' tho ' Sriiners Town Locality . October Bj' 1850 .
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ME . BEATTIB AND THE' DI 3 C 0 N-. TENTED ALLOTTEES AT MINSTER L 0 V . EL .
TO THE EDITOR OF THE XORTIIERrv STAH . Sir , —I perceive , by last . Saturday ' s paper , that vou have beey , : fuvuisl : ed with a long rigmarole epistle . Ji'qub the immaoulate . old butcher , Beattie , iu -which ho states that eight distinct charges 'Were'laid by- him before the Nottingham me ' etiiig , aud -svhich , he eudeavours to make the public buiicve , was suppressed-by-me . In answer to such statement , allow me to say , that the report of that meGtiaa . v .- us correct iii every particular . Mr . Beattie and
Mr . Bradshaw were several times told by the members then assembled thai they hckzd iqjon them as siohidlers in withholding tho reut due to the Company . As I never courfc the auiiies , or fear the .-frowns of any man , or sot of men , but as I wish to be just to all men , there ought to be no fear in speaking or writing tliat which , is ¦ true , arid £ beg -to toil tliis hired miscreant , that he had Letter refraiu from telling more'lies , or , iii case of another visit to Nottingham , he will not fiud me standing between him aud dauger us upon the late occasion . ' : '
All that Mr . Bradshaw said was , that lie demanded the Nottingham members to send a deputation to Minster , to defend his character , which , he said , was a good one I I aui afraid Jig will not keep it long , if he associates with bad men . The allottees ( with some honourable i-xoL-ptious ) have broken faith with . the shareholdersi and such allottees o ; ight to be ejected forthwith , and others nccupy their places who would act more justly . The members will not submit much longer io be duped by them . Yours truly , James SWeet .
P . S . —Is the person signing hunself " J „ Wilcock , on beh'ilf of the Allottees , " is the same individual that paid a mere shilling or so in the is ' otti . H'gliahv No , 2 Branch ? If so , will he be kind enough to inform the members how he came iu possession of an allotment—whether by bonus , transfer , purchase , or otherwise ?
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. . TUB Iumston daily Mviftutf JStyS , ¦ ft . . COlO UKj woman ; named Moss , died in Kingston , on . Wf Cf September , at IHe extraor dinary ag e . of loO ; caw . She •¦ W nritil within a jUpi ^ tim . p g" £ tl r C £ rSSFi fim- " urini the . tot forty yews of ber existence .
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TO FEARGUS O ' CONNOR ESQ ., SI V , Dear Sir , —As tbe character ' of every public person , whether of enviable notoriety or not , should be generally known , that the public might be aware of them , I take the liberty of semlin <» you a specimen of the disposition of that Persecuted Ijiimb Beattie , of Charterville . Sir , perhaps you mi ght not rem ' ember my writiii ! , ' to you of his ^ braggjiig and boasting diivinc his slay here , after his paying a fr . iterhnl' visit to those beautiful boys at Lowbands , and consulting as to how they should keep their allotments , some of whom can ' raise between fovty and fifty bushels of wheat on an acre of their shocking bail " land , with other crops in proportion , yet cannot afford to pay rent to you , for tho benefit
of the Company . But , sir , to return to poor Beattie , a respectable tradesman ot , Cheltenham , in journeying to see . his relatives near Oxford , visited Charterviile on his way . Ilocalleil upon a located friend of mine , George Bubb , anil in looking over the estate they mos Bcattio , i-. nd when , after , of course , a round of abuse of you , hearing that that gentleman came from Cheltenliiini , Beattie said Iwa ? at Cheltenham the other day ; I looked out for tliat llemmin , aud if I could have found him I would have murdered him . Now , sir , thinking such a prowling wolf as thU'OUglit'tO bo exposed , I have only done my duty , by writing tins letter . I wonder , if Beattie felt very mueh for tho treatment of his brother llavnau bv those naughty brewerv .
Sir ,-with great respect , : " . I remain , yours truly , 17 , Portland St ., Cheltenham . John Memmis October 8 th , -1850 .
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< s& * THE ; PROPOSED CHARTIST CONFERENCE .
TO THE EDITOR OI THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —The Conference proposed to be held in Manchester seems te give great satisfaction in ray locality . I hail it as a means whereby great results may be acconiplished . I wislrto call the attention of the Chartist body to the following remarks respecting the National Land Company : — : 1 st . —By whom ; and through what body , was the National Laud Company brought into existence ? 2 nd . —Has the ; Xntio ' nal Land Company proved itself impracticable by fair and impartial meaiis ? 3 rd . —Is it the duty of the body that brought it iuto existence , and acknowledged its principle , to quietly see it strangled by a corrupt' government and swindling allottees ? To the 8 rst' question I answer , it was brought before a Chartist Convention in 1 S 45 , by the acknowledged leader of the Chartist body , viz .-, Feargus-O'Connor , Esq ., and by that Convention adopted as a means to draw ' the surplus population of'unemployed • hands to cultivate , by spade husbandry , the ' land ' of their birth—the land inherited by their forefathers—the country more congenial to their nature than the back woods of Aniex-ica ; '' . ¦ ¦ f To the . second question I say , that the Company was'first countenanced by government , —then opposed by it ; and political economists have thrown every obstacle in it ' s way . That the present Company must be wound up I do not deny . I believe there is no other way of getting rid of those vagabond allottees who have no regard for ; either principles or honour ; their late conduot towards the unlocated ; members in refusing to pay rent is of a fraudulent character , and their present , attempt to obtain means to throw it into Chancery is of a swindling description . Bas not this been brought about by our Whig reforming government in its opposition to the Company ? Why did the Chairman of the Committee , appointed by government , employ the notorious opponent of the Company , " the Whistler , " to furnish him with
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 12, 1850, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1595/page/1/
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