On this page
- Departments (3)
-
Text (22)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
€ijnvtmt Xnttiligmcs
-
jiattonai liann grompftm)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
n ~~r o'C OXNOHVILLE LOCATE?* ?° ^ J1EUBEES.
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
Vy FliirxDS , —1 shall be very happy to , ^ j vour ineetiug on Monday next . I a leave London by the half-past-ten Mock train ; and I hope some of the mem-Lrt will meet me at the station at Watford , f ' . i assure you that I shall have great leisure in visiting the first estate that 1 pur-C 5 "here is no news now of any importance ; therefore I hare nothing more to say except L a , that the ministers were beaten by a large epjority on Mr .-Berkeley ' s motion for the jjsllot . Tour Faithful Friend and Advocate , IFeahgtjs O'Coxxob .
Untitled Article
THE LASD DIRECTORS . TO THE EDITOR OF THE KOBTHERS STAR . ? : s , —It mu 3 t be fresh in the recollection of your reaauir , that : i few weeks ago a letter appeared in ttc- bailv Sews ( a journal by no means favourable to -Mr . O'Connor , the Chartist cause , and the "e < 1 ;> Uii , ) from the Directors of the Land Comps- }" , and ibat , since then , similar letters have appeared in a Jess respectable paper , indignantly re-Pndiatiag the . idea that they sanctioned , in * the « tgtwst degree , the closing of the Land and iibsur Hank , although it ia well known that their 2 Dv : ce was tantamount to the same thing—namely , we _ dismissal of the manager and clerks of the Tom . Subsequently , they have taken considerable J&ifcs , both in the public press and before the Commute on the bill for "Winding-up the . Affairs of the WMiipany , to show that the bank had no legal eon-*«« . with the Land Company , that it was alto-KeilR-ra . separate establishment , and that it was the private property cf Mr . F . O'Connor .
It is not my intention to offer any remarks on fair statements ; your readers , and the Land memtare , well know how the bank became established toa * by it «•« necessary to separate it from the MA Company , and they will draw their own conwns : oa ? , and no doubt justly estimate the honour « nd iiitegriiy of the Directors . Hut what will your readers say , when they learn »* these immaculate gentlemen , who blushed at Vk * il f , of *> : tTiDS counselled the temporary stopi ?* oi the bank , have not only caused all the f ur-™™» mthe Land Office to follow the clock , but I *?' ter k ^ ing written in the Press , and Bworn w-tire ihe Committee of the House of Commons - , ; the bank was the private property of Mr . j Lotnor—what , I ask , will they say , when they j ** 3 that the Directors nave £ ained admittance rf- ^ e ban k and taken away all the furniture it Gained ? aJf ^ ' laS Jour readers to give to this act its proper Wilati on , 3 remain , yours , ^ n-lebon e , July Sth , 1851 . Observes ,
Untitled Article
Oa . ' os 3 iRAT ] os at O'CossoBVUiE . —The commI . e / f'r String up the demonstration to welcome aorVn unor *? the Pe"Ple ' s First Estate , O'Con-• rT u > e , near Rickmansworth , inform those intend' wi 5 ? - ? " il tliemselV 65 Qf tuis opportunity of raiu ^ u . ii oelig |] tfal spot , that the allottees Trill meet W a ^ onni > r > - ?• Sewell , Esq ., and numerous other ^ . p » he people , at the Swan Inn , Rickmans-W *} twe ^ Te o ' clock precisely on Monday , July « aia arui /? lUtliei > ce proceed in procession on to the & J hose friends who have not made prior arf Srd -f ° ? are informed that return tickets to Wat-Cfe < f le from Saturday to Monday ) can be pro-* o-.-, '" 2 s - - ' the distance thence to Rickmanstr ,. ' ^ only lhree miles , through a pleasant coun-5 hl ^ " ^ yances can bB procured , if dearesi ) . —John , * ; v * mtar y-Ctv ^" ' ? ° « nuwT asd Pats iuve nrEcrcii . LT At- J ¦* 'tAll Itfi rttJ Trfini ^ - W « tie GrwcDivc 11— 1 \ T it j luao VLff&aittUi
* U «; .- i -t . —— . **•» . * . a ^ iUI It . it }? ' : ™ ' * ar , of Ga 3 Ovens , Itushcliffe , near Hudders-* lii i . ' w , ! ! rrt : dfv ' P ? riod of thirty yiars from a bad leg , Hi ; . ' . ' , Js ac * " « nij ( anied by strong scorbutic symptoms . * utT Jt ^ . ^ - etOTarious medical mea for advice with-* Js . u r , " igrd ' ' was told b J one of tllem thatthe i ^ j-. / ' |* am putated ; nothwitbstanding all this he has * U 2 i- ; V , hien l cafed b y the use of ttollowaj ' s Ointment * rrt , , "'"• 'wugh he has attained the venerable age of * } Jlr v , * i * Tlie trnth of ^' ^ statement can be verified '• Mid aud , chemist . Huddersfielil .
Untitled Article
NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . Offices—14 , Southampton-street , Strand . The Executive Committee of this hody held their usual weekly meeting as above , on Wednesday evening last . Present—Messrs . Arnott , Grassby , Jones , and Milne . Messrs . Harney and Reynolds heing in the country were absent , Messrs . Holyoake , ( compelled to attend other committees , ) Hunt , ( from indisposition , ) and O'Connor , were also absent . The correspondence received during the past week was very satisfactory .
The discussion on the necessity of inviting the Trade to concentrate their energies for the purpose of obtaining their political and social rights adjourned from the last meeting was then resumed , and it was resolved that the concluding paragraph from " The address of the Executive Committee to the Trades of the United Kingdom , " iasued in March last , be reprinted as follows : — " We now invite you to join in the task of regenerating and emancipating industry . Detail yonr grievances—propound your remedies . Chartist organisatien will give weight to your demands . From every part of the country
the cry for your rights shall roll upwards to the government . All your several trades have their several grievances—now , they go singly before the Legislature , from isolated bodiesand , therefore , are disregarded . We will make of each a National Demand , and back it by a national agitation . The complaint of the weaver , or the shoemaker , shall not be his alone—but it shall be the complaint of the Chartist body throughout Ihe empire , pervading all Trades and all localities . To the work , then , men of the Trades 1 Unite ! unite ! unite ! The Conventions of the people must he the Parliament of Labour . ' The Executive tb . eMhmtiA of the Unenfranchised ! " .
On the motion of Messrs . Arnott and Grassby the following resolution was unanimously adopted : — " That the Executive Committee put themselves into communication "with the several Trades in order to obtain an embodiment of their grievances and their demands , and that a series of public meetings be held , to which the trades be specially invited , each meeting to consider the wrongs of the Trade addressed , and the requisite reform demanded by their body ; and that the Chartist councils throughout the country be requested to adopt the same course . "
( In accordance with the above the General Secretary is solicitous of receiving communitions from the several trades , at the same time assuring them that such communications shall meet with prompt attention . ) The Secretary was instructed to state , in reply to several friends , that the publication of the Monthly Circular was postponed until the first of August , in order that the Committee may a scertain the amount of support that will be afforded to them in the publication thereof . Agents , sub-secretaries , and other friends are therefore solicited to use their utmost energies relative thereto , and communicate with the General Secretary .
Tiie Committee then adjourned to WedQBS day evening , July 16 th . Signed on behalf of the Committee , John Arnoxx , General Secretary .
Untitled Article
SEwcAsrtK-upov-TxsE . —A public meeting was held on the Quay , on Sunday morning , which was addressed by Mr . 'Watson , who alluded to the Copyhold meeting held in London , and the active steps taken by the Chartist leaders in regard to defacing the monument erected to the memory of Sharp and Williams . He made a strong appeal to the people to join the Democratic Reading Room and Charter Association ; after which a number came forward and joined the good cause . —A very interesting discussion has been going on for the last fortnight , which was brought to a close on Sunday erening—subject : " The Relative Merits of the O'Connor Land Plan and the Leeds Redemption Society . " Mr . M'Leod in the chair . The speakers
who defended the Land Plan as a more speedy and effective system to accomplish the political emancipation of the people were—Messrs . Murray , Charlton , Brown , Cock burn , nnd Kain ; and the speakers who defended the Leeds Society were—Messrs . "Woodrow ( agent for the society ) , Watson , Gunn , and Ritcheson . As far as argument went , the telling speeches of Messrs . Cockburn , Charlton , Kain , &c , had a powerful effect on the meeting . If Mr . O'Connor had been present , we feel confident he would have been delighted with the arguments brought forward by some of tie speakers on the Land Question . As far as argument and eloquence went , the advocates of the Land Question won the day . —Asocs M'Leod , Corresponding Secretary .
Fissbdbt- —The weekly meeting of the Finsbury Democratic Association was held last Sunday night in their room , 21 , "Vine-street , Iforth end of Hattongarden . Mr . Cater in the chair . After the usual routine of business was disposed of , the chairman introduced Mr . William Worseldine . The lecturer was greeted with marks of high admiration , and his lecture , on the " Life and Genius of Longinus , " was listened to with profound attention . He said that it was impossible to read and contemplate the " Treatise on the Sublime" without experiencing the glowinns of enthusiasm , and , at the same time , deriving some useful hints for the cultivation of rhetoric , by guarding writers from oddness of Style on the one hand , and inflated metaphors on the other . But it might be objected—why study
precision of langunge , rotundity of periods , and all the rules with which rhetoric was replete ? Follow nature , and discard art . Kow , he might meet that objection by speaking of the moral excellencies of rhetoric , and its identity with civilisation ; and he might tell how that , with her sister poetry , she eradicated and charmed the republic of letters ; but he would answer the objection iti the words of the Romau orator : — "Eloquence was not the offspring of art , but art of eloquence . " The lecturer said tnat it was a fault to estimate an authQt ' 3 g % - nius by the voluminous works he might have produced , as Eome of the suns in . the intellectual firmament would thereby become eclipsed ! The proper course was to estimate every work of the mind bv its real worth , and that aloce . That was
the standard by which the work of Longinus wag tested , and stamped with its true and lasting value . In concluding that series of lectures—although he had been a gratuitous lecturer for twenty years , and was still struggling with adversity , he had to return his gratefnl thanks to the public for the kiad manner in which they had received him ; so that , whilst he had been gratified , numerous proofs bad been afforded that his labours had not been devoid of good . Mr . Worseldine bad , two hours before , lectured at the Finsbury Scientific Institution , on 'The Life . Genius , and Philosophy of Aristotle . "—The lecturer courteously received an unanimous vole of tbanka for the services he has so frequently rendered to this rising association ; and the chairman announced that Mr . H 3 ggis , of the Pronapanda
Society , would lecture on tha following Sunday evening—subject : " Past and Present . " f » 5 bcet . —The members met on . Sundav evening last at the Finsbury Literary and Scientific Institution , Leicester-place , Ray-street , Clerkenwall . Mr . Weeden in the chair . The usual business having been transacted , on the motion of Messrs . Winmill and Batchelor , it was resolved : — " That a meeting bp convened in the above hall , on Tuesday evening next , for the purpose of adopting a petitiou to parliament , praying for a searching investigation into the unjust and cruel treatment of Mr . Gorney during his incarceration in Tothill all the
Fields' Prison , and that political victims of 1348 be invited to attend . " On the motion of Messrs . Osborci and Sewsome , it was resolved : — " That a Convention of the Democrats of all parties be convened ia the Hall of the Finsbury Institution , Leicester-place , Bay-street , Clerkenwell , to consider the present state of the cause of Democracy , and the best means of furthering the same ; no person to take part in the debates except members of some Democratic or Reform body . Such meeting is , therefore , convened for the first Sunday in August , at three o clock in the afternoon . The public are respectfully i&vued to at-
Untitled Article
tend . " It was also resolved , on the motion of Messrs . Oaborn and Bafccbelor ;— " Ttat the members of this locality recommend the Executive to reorganise the delegate council , believing it would beproduciive of much good to tbe Chartist cause . The meeting then adjourned till Tuesday evening . The members again assembled in the Hall of tne above Institution on Tuesd . i } - evening . Mr . Winmill , who wa * called to the chair , briefly stated that the object of the present meeting was to consider the right of open air meetings ; he observed , that it was an important subject ; . the right of nnd
public meeting had long been acknowledged , it was necessary they should asaert and maintain it . Several persons addressed the meeting , aft « r which it was adjourned till Sunday evening nexfc , at eight o ' clock ; when it was announced that Mr . Winmill would deliver a lecture on the physiology of the earth ; on which occasion the interesting experiment of the ociUating pendulum would be exhibited , proving the diurnal rotation of the earth . Manchester . —On Sunday , evening Mr . Thomas Dickenson lectured to a numerous audience on tbe above address in the People ' s Institute . A vote of thanks was unanimously passed . to the lecturer .
Untitled Article
—^ BF " MR . ERNEST JONES FO HIS FRIENDS ^' Some kind friends are , I learn , interesting themselves to ameliorate noy circumstances , by . means ' of a subscription on my behalf . ¦ 'S ^^ x ^ diAy-I am not ashamed to own that I am poor- ^ very poor ; for when was a soldier of democracy otherwise ? And I recognise in this kindness of my friends another instance of that fraternal spirit that should animate all who struggle for truth and right . But I leg moil VRsptttfully and gratefull y , yet , at the iame time , most decidedl y , to BKCIWB THK ASSISTASCB ynOFFBRED . My dear friends , believe me , it is not pride as to myself—but pride as to the great cause of Chartism , that induces me to decline that mark of kindness . There are but too many in the ranks of the
aristocracy and middle class , who are ready to throw the insult of " demagoguism , " and " living on the movement , " in the face of the advocates . They know that persecution makes and keeps us poor—then they abuse us for the poverty they themselves have caused ; and even taunt with , sordid motives those who might be rich , if they were not honest . I , at least , will give thorn no handle . I feel convinced that nothing is more injurious to our cause in the eyes of the world , than that its advocates should be pensioned on its charity . I seek to work , not to pauperise ; and , therefore , it shall never be aaid that I lived . Otl the Sub 8 Crip « tions of the people . The noble generosity of tbo Chartists of Halifax honoured alike the donors and
recipients ; but , now that I am at large , I cannot consent to receive that for which I am not performing actual labour . In the publication of my Notes to the People I am performing a work in which I am hopeful of rendering some assistance to the democratic cause . Your support to that can be consistently given and honourably received ; but , even here , I would wish no one to subscribe or read , ' who does not think that he receives the value for his time and money . I trust my friends will not misinterpret these lines—they come from a full heart—they are written in a thankful spirit , but with a firm will to battle on as I have battled , with that independence which is a shield against all calumny , Ernest Jokes .
Untitled Article
AN APPEAL TO TIIE ELECTORS OS THE UNITED KINGDOM ON BEHALF OF FIVE MILLIONS OP THE UXENFRANCHISfiO . By Thomas Dickinson The following address was adopted by a Meeting of Friends , at the People ' s Institute , Manchester , June 29 th , 1 S 51 : — "In addressing you on the present occasion , we are neither influenced by passion , springing from the excitement of political agitation , nor urged by commercial depression and pinching want , but from a clear and - deep eonviction-of -the in } tiry done to us by the laws of our country , in shutting us out from all participation in the privileges of citizenship and the rights of freemen , from these motives we appeal to you , and kindly solicit your consideration of what we may advance .
"Ifc is a common proverb that the will of the majority should rule tbe minority , the practice of whicn has antiquity- for its authority , and justice and reason for its supports , It is the common and daily practice of men of all conditions , in their private and public relations , and is the final and conclusive appeal to which all differences are referred . Whether in the private club , the civic council , or the august assembly of legislative wisdom , it is used as the fairest method of human decision . All we ask of you , then , is , that you carry out this just
principle in the national franchise , and open the door of exclusion to your humble brethren , who , with all their poverty , are still men , like yourselves . " Electors ' . —The law of tho land bases British freedom upon the insecure and absurd foundation of property—which may either be acquired or lost without its possessor being one wit more worthy or wise . Property has no virtue that makes its owner more than a man , nor has poverty any influence in making him less . Bricks are not the creators of brains , nor can mortar produce mind ; and yet tflO unjust property law declares in its practice the
reverse . " Of the six millions of mature men in our king , dom , only gome eight hundred thousand can boast of being freemen ; and when we deduct the effect wealth and power has in overawing and curbing human volition , together with tho open and notorious bribery and intimidation so prevalent at nearly every election , you will find the real number of voters to srow finer by degrees and beautifully less , ' until British freedom becomes a shadow and a name , but not a substance . Brethren , we outnumber you more than sevenfold ; vse arc the nation ' s drudges , the creators of its wealth , and the untiring and active ngents of its fame and prosperity : we till its soil , we embellish its cities , we rear
its palaces ; our industry is spread over our island , and finds its way to the farthest corners of the earth . If a foreign foe should menace ourland and make a breach on our shore , we throw our bodies in the gap , and resolve to die sooner than our country shall be enslaved beneath the yoke of a stranger . AH this we do , and in return for our exertion , disinterestedness , and patriotism , the British constitution degrades us with the titles of ' non-electors ' and ' unenfranchised' common people . " Electors , —Are we not possessed of instinct and feelings like yourselves 1 Are we not members of the same human family , and children of the same universal father , whose sun shines upon all alike ? Why should we thus be dealt with , and what great committed that should suffer ch
crime have we we su heavy penalty ? Have you a chim to yow country ' s protection , and a reason to give for the rights you hold , that we cannot bring with stronger force ? Is it not a serious crime to deprive five millions of your brethren of those rights which you hold so dear , and which they are equally entitled to ? Away with such cruel law , for reason and justice cry aloud that it ought never to disgrace the statutes of any nation , savage or civilised . We appeal to you , knowing that if you have the will you possess tho power to consign such a law to' the tomb of all the Capulets . ' If you complain of heavy taxation , of governmental profligacy , of misrepresentation and a corrupt senate , of bad laws and partial
administration—all these thinjrs we feel keener than you , but who is to blame ? We , who are as aliens in our own country and strangers in the land of our birth , without power , without protection , and without name in our country ' s annals ? Is it with us the blame rests ? if so , dash down the barriers that pride and folly have erected , and we will soon rid ourselves of the foul imputation . But , alas . cool iudement and calm reflection will tell you , that you iloEe are to blame for the evils you complain pf , and that had you done your duty at the polling booth , you would have had a wiser and more virtuous senate . The taxe 3 are imposed , and the laws made by your own uelegatea-ttie men of your own choice ; if you have been deceived and abused , you may shortly have the power to rectify your affairs in tbe opportunity of a fresh to t
election , when you can send them parliamen who will represent your wishes and the national weal , instead of being the puppets of a party or the tools of a faction . 1 ' ou have the power to cause the laws of our land to acknowledge ua as men ; you can break the chain that binds us to slavery and degradation , and we ask you as honourable and just men to do so . We are no humiliated suppliants begging charity without a claim , or asking a boon without a virtue . It is not with ' bated' breath or bended knee we present ourselves : but boldly , openly , and respectfully , as men addressing thew peers , conscious of the justice of their demands and the righteousness of the cause they are engaged in . Having full faith in the Omnipotence of justice and truth , full faith in the spread of knowledge and the healing effects of general enlightenment , and , more
Untitled Article
of ? EDSi ? f {! U faith in the h 6 nfe 3 ty ™* "ono « r of ^ Dfflishmen , when rightly and properly appealed % JJ We five mim ° n 3 ° men asking you to do to ?? tK much for the uso of » P lace to dwell in u y S 2 ' may not have an income of three hundred pounds per annum , like those you send to parliament are supposed to possess ; we may not be able to win those luxuries and comforts of life that many of you enjoy ; but what then ? If our fare a poor and our toil hard , and our dwellings humble , is it our crime Or our misfortune ? Reason and charity whispers no ; for it is no more a crime to be poor than it is to be rich . We hope then , confidently , mat la the next narliamentavv l-fififisa . wfl
snail nave your cooperation in preparing tho national mind and influence to act upon the senate of our Kingdom when if-ahall assemble in 1852 , that r m «! i P f qualification may be erased from tfc& 6 t&lv » te book , and tho door of ouv constitution open wide to admit those who have too 1 od » been without its pale . ; . "In conclusion , brother electors , we heartily join with you m your wish to " curtail the national expenditure and li ghten the burden of taxation ; we bog no rationality in granting salaries and pensions to those who have done nothing to deserve them . We hold it a serious joke to make the nation maintain masters of hawkB and hounds that have no existence , or « to maintain our ambassadors at
foreign courts ra the splendour of eastern princes , We are averse tp war and the shedding of human blood , and hold it criminal for men to either lend or borrow money to promote that which is nothing less than wholesale murder . We should like honestly to rid ourselves of the gory war debt , the interest of which robs us yearly of thirty million pounds , the produce of hard toil * " We think standing armies or warlike fleets a stain upon our civilisation , inimical either to the safety or prosperity of a nation laying claim to enlightenment , and infidel to the benign doctrines of Christianity , whose motto is salvation , and not destruction , We look upon the soventeon millions per annum we pay for our army and navy as the
dai'Kest item in our national account , pointing with index finger to pages in human history that we would fain hide from our view . We are favourable to free and unfettered trade , and in a fair and equal competition we dare depend on our own resources without appealing to cowardly anil pitiful ^ i-o ^ ct fow . We are favourable to the spread of national education and an untaxed press ; and we would rather build a college or a school-house , than rear a barrack or a gaol . "Brother electors , we appeal to you now when the political horizon ia calm and tranquil ; wo are averse to national agitation and the fermentation of party strife , for we fuel deep and speak earnest , and are always the greatest sufferers by any thing that impairs the energy of trade , or obstructs the operations of commerce . We earnestly call upon you to
do us justice and yourselvea honour , by obtaining for five millions of your fellow-countrymen that franchise without which they are tho veriest slaves . " Many good and wise men , both in and out of parliament , are now stirring in our behalf : the First Minister of the Crown has declared his intention to make the suffrage a Cabinet measure in tho nest parliamentary session . Come you then to our aid , and do for us what we have done in times past for you in your hour of need , —lead us your influence and co-operation , and our brave old land shall indeed be the birth-place of Liberty and the land of Freedom . " Yours respectfully , % On behalf of Five Millions of much wronged British Subjects , " Thomas Dickinson . " " 30 , Wood-street , Dolefield , Manchester . "
Untitled Article
* P NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY . A meeting was held at the City Chartist Hall , Golden-lane , on Wednesday evening—Mr . Endean in the chair . After the regular routine of business had been gone through , Mr . G . Wheeler was appointed agent for O'Connorvillo and district . An immense mass of correspondence was read , all favourable to the interests of . the Society . Loans to a considerable extent were ^ granted , and numerous applications received . Scrip to the amount of upwards of £ 100 waa deposited with the Society , and instalments paid on numerous shares . One
shareholder advanced £ 10 towards furthering the objects of the Society during its infancy ; other members expressed their intention speedily to assist it in a similar manner . The Secretary was in-Structed to correspond , or have an interview with Mr . O'Connor , urging him to take active steps in promoting its interests ; the Secretary and Treasurer were also instructed to make the necessary arrangements for depositing the scrip in their possession into the hands of tho Trustees . Friends anxious to join the society are urged to do so without loss of time , as the affairs of the Land Company will be speedily wound up .
Untitled Article
ASMON-UiVDER-LiNE . —At the usual weekly meeting of this branch of the National Land Company , held on Sunday last , the following resolution was passed : _ " That we , the shareholders of the Ashton branch of the National Lund Company , do most cordially ; approve of Mr . Sweet ' s suggestion for tho Calling together of a Confereence ; and we further adviso the Nottingham members to call a district meeting of the branches comprising the Nottingham district , in order to discuss tlie question , and to make arrangements for holding a Conference in Nottingham as soon as possible , in accordance with the vote of the last Conference , which decided that the next Conference should beheld In Nottingham .
Untitled Article
Immense Success of the Co-operatiue Principle . —Tbe Pimlico Working Builders' Association have just concluded the first year of active operation , having erected a large clump pf buildings in Upper Tatchuroote-straet , aud having a large quantity more in the course of erection in the same and the adjoining ( St . Leonard ) street . They have established a spacious wharf on the Grosvenorbasin ( Bridge-row Wharf ) , which is well stocked with building materials , &c , and commenced operations as wharfingers . They have also executed a considerable number of extensive orders in their capacity of builders , and possess a stock-in-trade of more than two thousand pounds . They give em-Dlovment to more than forty persons : in addition
to which they hnvo been the means of establishing a Co-operative Store on their premises in St . Leonard-street , and doing therewith a considerable business . They have also a Coal depDt at the wharf , and receive from their several friends orders to the amount of forty tons , doubtlessly to be much increased by the coal clubs in course of formation among the Democratic , Trades , Social , and other Working Men ' s Associations , with which the metropolis abounds . The principle on which tbe association acts is an equal division of profit . The associative principle is extending itself rapidly . Several conferences have been held ; and , us 'Mr . Labouchere on Saturday last avowed himself in favour oi » law for their protection , their ia great hopes that
the principle will he ultimately nationalised . Secular Education and Democratic Popular Progress . —A People ' s Institute for the above purposes has just beeu called into existence for the district of Westminster and Pimlico by means of publio meetings , held at the Lecture Rooms , Vauxhall-bridge-road , on the 2 nd instant , and by adjournment at the Clarendon Hotel , St . George ' sro ; id , on the Sth instant ; Lawrence Heyworth , Esq ., M . P ., presiding at the former , and Mr . John Nottage at the latter , Many shares are already taken . The intention of the shareholders appears to bo to erecct their institute on ground in the possession of the Pimlico Working Builders , in the immediate y ieinity of the Westminster improvements ; the institute to contain all the appliances of such a building ; to be devoted during tiio day to
secular education , and to be open every evening for public meetings or lectures in connexion with what may be designated Popular Democratic Progress , — such a 9 Chartism , Teetotalism , Financial and Social Reform , « tc . The property is proposed \ f ) be invested in six trustees , three from the wealthy class , and three from the wealth producers . The three nominated for the former class are Charles Lusbington , Esq ., M . P ., Lawrence Ileyworth , Esq ., M . P ., and W . J . Fox , Esq ., M . P . The honourable member for Westminster has done himself the honour of volunteering a subscription in favour of the object . Large as is the number of residents in the City and Liberty of Westminster , yet not one People ' s Institute for the purposes indicated do they possess ; and it ie hoped , with land availably and so desirably situated , this great want will speedily be supplied .
lusowis . —m 154 $ , there were imported into the United Kingdom ° , G 51 , 95 G quarters of grain ; in 1850 , 7 , 920 , 804 . Of meal and Hour in 1849 , 3 , 511 , 840 hundred weight ; in 1850 , 3 . 838 , 008 . The live stock imported , ia 1840 , was 185 , 363 head ; in 1850 , 211 M 1 .
Untitled Article
GEORGE T ] TCWPSON , ESQ ., M . P ., AND HIS CONSTITUENTS . [ Tho following letter has appeared in tha daily journals ] . - — imu ^ 'rF I " i mo > thl 0 « gh the columns cf youi ? . ««!? « i I ° tho ej » riicsD opportunity and tha nost efficient means of announcing to tlm electors and i . on-electors of tho Tower Hamlets , that X yes erday reached London , afifir an absencfi of eight months , sjxait in the United States and Canada .
My stay abroad having been protrneteu much be * yond the brief period which I had assigned for my visit , I have been prevented , thus far , from attend * ing" the sittings of Parliament during the present ; session , Having returned to ray duties In the Hoaso of Commons , I am most anxious to meet my constituestSj . that I may fully explain to them the cireumetances in which I h « ve been placed and the 1 course- which 3 have thou ^ bS it right , in those circumstances , to pursue . This-1 will do silhor at an aggregate meeting , or in dis * sict meetings , as may be deemed most advisable . On the shores of a distant country , and'amonssfe
a great and free people , 1 h ; i 7 e boon the-hinnbler but sincere-advocato of the principles on which t was ¦ elected to Parliament , t return ,. IuSrQF ardently than ever , the devoted friend of progress , and of peaceable and wholesome reform ; sad ^ wha * ther the reasons t shall bo ablo to give be held suffi ' cient to justify a temporary suspension of my duties at home or not ,. I shall not bu the less zealous ia that cause , nor iesa solicitous to advance tllO JUS& righfca and interests of that great constituency through whoso independent vot ^ s snd- exertions S was elected to the honourable position- which J at present occupy . I am ,. Sir , your obedient servant , _ George Thompson House of Commons , Tuesday evening , July Sth . i _ fc
Untitled Article
MURDER NEAR IIO-LKUA . M , IN NORFOLK . ' . Scarcely has the excitement consequent : upon th » &P cent discovery of human remains in the neighjMufhood of Norwich subsided , when tho news of m l coM-b ! oodod murder , perpetrated at mid-day , near the princely seat of tlie Sari of Leicester , has-spreadi consternation throughout the county . Tho murdered man , nnnied John Ayton ,. was em « - ployed by the Earl of Leicester as superintendenfc of his lordship ' s extetisivd bvick &nd ul& works afc Zlurnliam Overy , a distance of about a mil 9- . and a
half from Ilolkham Hall . It was Ayton ' s usual custom every alternate Friday to go , with a donkey and cart , to the hail , between eleven and frwelva o'clock in tho morning , in order to receive money With W Ilicll to pay tho workpeople and other charges * Ilolldiam Park 19 very extensive , being fourteen miles in circumferenae , and the hall i 3 in the centra of the park . On leaving tl . e ball Ayton had always to proceed in a direct line through the park gate to the brickworks , passing a plantation which , encloses a sand pit at a shore distanco from tho road 8 i ( ic , and about a quarter of , i mile from the- park gate .
Lately , a man named George Groom , residing a& Wells , which is about two miles from Holkhant Hall , wus employed at tho brickworks ; but haying been discharged , it is supposed time lie entertained a revengeful fueling towards Ayton , though he was still employed as tv Ja * m labourer on tho IIolWlani estate . Groom was well aware of Ayton ' s custom : of going to the hall ev > ry alternate Friday to re * ceive money , and also the direction and time of his returning to the works , Ayton weut < 13 usual to tlie hall on Friday last , and between twelve and one » o ' clock he received from Mv . Sl > cl \ abear , the chief clerk to Mr . Kuary , tho Earl of Leicester ' s steward , the sum of £ 25 5 s . Cd ., consisting of sovereigns , h . ilf-sovercigns , some silver , and a £ 5 note of tha hank of Messrs . Gurney . After receiving tho mo *
ney he proceeded along his usual route to tha brickworks , but did not arrive there at tho usual time . Soon afterwards a lad named Savory , who was visiting in the iieighbourhood , and who had occasion to pass through the sand pit before vcferred to , to tho farm of Mr . Dogffotfc , Liar uncle , saw , as he supposed , a man asleep ia tho pit , and he incidentally stated this to four men in his uncle ' s employ , who were working in an r . djoining field . These men then remembered that they had . between half-past one and a quarter to two o'clock , as near : ia they COUll judge , heard the report of fire-arms , and mudesoma remarks to each other at the time upon the si bject , but had thought nothing of it . Tho men requested tho lad to go buck to the sand-pit , and ascertain whether the man renlly was asleep or not , but the lad , it appears , did not < lo SOand on their
, leaving work at five o ' clock , one of them saw Ayton's donkey and cart in the road , without a . driver . Thinking this circumstance very strange , and remembering what the lad had said , ho went into tho sand-pit , and there discovered Ayton , lying on his side quite dead , and a small spot or two of blOOd On tho sand . Thoi'a w .-. s a wound on the lower part of the back of the head . Dr . Young , of Wells , who afterwards examined the body , found that there was , at this wound , a perforation , into which he could introduce his finder . On taking off the skull-cap ho found there was a bullet embedded in the brain ; that it had entered above the occipital bone , passed through the brain , struck the soul , bone , and recoiled into the central lobo of thcbrainl causing instantaneous death . Several shots of No . 4 size were also found in the brain .
The man who first discovered that Ayton waj doad immediately hurried to Hollihain Hall , and informed Mr , Kenry of the circumstance , and that pentlenian lost no time in proceeding to the spot . Having seen the body , ho sent the news to the police at Burnhnm and 'Wdls , and took down tha names of all the persons he eouM moot with who were likely to be able to give any information . As soon ns the intelligence reached the police , they mustered nt llolkham New Inn ; and upon making inquiries tiicy learned that Groom lad been seen , near the Siind-pit by Dr . Young , who was passing " in his carriage , and by some labouring men , very near the time that the murder had been committed . Police-constable Gcorno LatnUoy having information of these particulars , went at eight o ' clock in tbe cyoBing to the houso cf tho prisoner , and found him at tea . lie appeared greatly confused when the officer entered , but no words passed , except a icqu < -st by L-unblev , with whicli the
prisoner Complied , that he 9 hould Accompany him to his house . On arriving fcbwe , the officer told him the charge on which he was apprehended , but Groom denied all knowledge of tbo matter , and declared that he had not seen Dr . Young that day . During the evening the police searched the prisoner ' s house , and found a large pistol which had been veccntly discharged , together with a quantitv of shots and powder , They also found a box secreted under the bed containing fifteen sovereigns and twelve half-sovereigns . The half-sovereigns were wrapped in a piece of paper , which turned oub to be a memorandum in Ayton ' s writing in reference to some payments made l > y him during tb © previous fortnight . On searching the prisoner ' s person a £ 5 note of Messrs . Gurney ' s bank and Ayton ' s watch were found in his possession . When he was asked where he obtained the note , lie said that ho had found it about a fortnight previously . The clerk at the hall beiieves it to be the one thafc he paid to Ayton on the same morning .
The prisoner lived with his father-in-law , wh » keeps n . garden , and who used tho pistol which was found for the purpose of scaring birds . Tho fatherin-law so us ' ed it on Friday morning early , and then replaced it in its usual position . After Groom hud gone out the father-in-law missed tho pistol from its place , and searched for it all over U 19 premises ; soon after Groom returned , however , the father-in-law again saw the pistol in its proper place , On the evening of his apprehension , the prisoner was taken before the llcvereud 11 . Collyer , exajnined , and retuunded to Walsingham prison , and on Saturday the evidence of twelve witnesses , who
proved the details above narrated , was given before H . E . Blythe , Esq ., the Reverend R . Collyer , and tho llevurend Mr . Methwold , at Walsingham . The inquiry lasted the wholo day , arid the result was that not the slightest doubD remained of the prisoner ' s guilt . An inquest was also opened at Burnham Overy on Saturday , before R . Dench , Esq ., but great delay and confusion were caused by the magistrates' examination being held at Wal-9 ingio « at the same time , and the necessary witnosses could not all be obtained . The magistrates * inquiry stands at preaent adjourned for Dr . Young ' g evidence ; when that has been given the prisoner will be fully committed for trial .
Untitled Article
JvosacTii .-A letter , dated Constantinople Jur . 3 25 th , says : — "You may consider the Refucee affair as good as settled . Kossuth and his party have received authorisation K to prepare to quit their piriT-rn , s ^^ ^< A SS ^ SfflMSL . * * iU bc ^ Racing on the ATusnc-The United States mail Btoam Ship Pacific , Captain Nyo , left tho Mersey on lueaday afternoon , at four o ' clock , for New iMfe du-oct , having on hoard the mails for tho wilted States , Canada , Newfoundland , &o .. Tha relative merits of this vessel and of the Asia , in regard to the speed of thuir several vdvages , has given rise to much di * CU . « sioti in Liverpool , and has led to heavy wagers . On the last voyagt to Liverpool Captain Nye ran the Pacific inside-the SRer i ries , to save time ; a coin-Be which is stated bysoma of the most eminent nautical men to have , been most dangerous , and that a schooner of-100 . . tons ) , scia leas so lavgo a ship as the P * citic , oug litiiottohava been taken through those aboi'ls . ^^ -1 r ¦ „ On Tuesday the Shtrbome and reovilMrrtrui * sued its last paper , after an existence of Uj 7 «^
Untitled Article
TIIE NATIONAL REFORM LEAGUE . i public meeting , convened by the Council of fje . Xatioaal . Reform League , was held at the £ ;} ectie Institution , Xo . 18 a , Denmark-street , So ' ao . on Monday evening last , for the purpose of ra tioning parliament for inquiry into the cruel treatment experienced by Messrs . Jones , Fussell , Jjezer , and other political prisoners . Jiter a few remarks from the Chairman , Mr . CCDDON , F . O ' Cossor , Esq , M . P ., exhorted the working classes to unity of action , the waut of which had hitherto impeded their cause , but which he would still hope soon to see achieved . They had Bronterre O'Brien with them , than whom no man was
be tter Qualified to g ' we them good advice—a man 5 fho had sacrificed his prospects in life , in order to detore his powerful mind entirely to the advocacy of their cause , but for which fee mio-ht at this mo-Eciit have been at the head , of his professionperhaps a judge—and certainly a fellow in Trinity Ginie-ie , and concluded a very energetie address by oroposinf the following resolution : — " This meetino observes , with indignation and regret , that of late vea-5 ( especially since the Reform Act gave increased political power to the middle classes ) there has been manifested , on the part of judges and jarie * and of the crown also , a , growing disposition to confound differences of political opinion with criminal and illegal acts , and to punish the ; former { when expressed against class legislation ) with as crcatand eren greater rigour than the law awards
, to crime itself . Such practice this meeting holds to he disgraceful to a civilised country , and dannerons i ( TthD public safety , inasmuch as it stifles the free expression of individual opinion , closes the legitimate channels of public complaint , and tends , throug h tbe preventing of free discussion , to force the injured and discontented classes to have recocrie to secret and illegal combinations . For confirmation of these alleged truths this meeting appeals to the harsh and cruel sentences passed in 1 ^ 5 upon 31 r . Ernest Jones and his fellow prisoners : and that these sentences were carried out in a maaiicr eton more harsh and eruel than the Jaw or ? he seatcaces warranted , we may infer from the pciiliou of Mr . Ernest Jones to the House of Commons , praying for parliamentary inquiry into his case
Mr . O'Bsiss , in seconding the resolution , explained that , however proper it Blight be for Jlr . Jones to confine his petition to his own case , yet tie . National Reform league , as a body , could not but take up tl e affair on public grounds , and include ail the political prisoners who were sentenced at the same time , and for the same cause . Several of the ex-prisoners were on the platform , and expressed themselves highly gratified at the op portunity thus afforded them . ifcisrs . Bezer , Fubseli , Bktsos , and Gcrsct , entered most feelingly into various minute details of t ' ue inhuman treatment they had endured , and which made a deep impression on the meeting .
Mr . Uezer moved a vote of thanks to the CoancD ei t ' ne Sational Reform League for their patriotic conduct on this occasion , which was sewniii-d by another of tbe victims , and enthusiastically accorded by the meeting . . 4 " petition , founded on the above resolution , was read , and unanimously agreed to ; aud also , that Lord Stanhope hfi requested to present the same in the llnuse of Lords , and Mr . Wakley in the House of Commons . Tiie resolution and petition were drawn up by Mr . G'Britn , and gave universal satisfaction , to tbe vici ' : ais and their friend 3 .
Untitled Article
THE NEWS AGENTS . 70 THE EDITOR OF THE 5 ORTHEHN STAB . Sis . —Iii your paper of last week I saw a letter ficned -James Brown , and headed " Snafees in the Gfa ;; . " Ik tells you , "that James Boltongavs up liis Stir in consequence of his not receiving the E W- oi the Interior of the Crystal Palace , which e or-iercd several times from me . " In this be epe . iks tniiy . James Bolton has been a customer cf mine for many years , and always took the Star till thia disappointment . Ifc aYwaja ttmi TOO he wanted it , not only for its merit , but to pay his shilling for it , to encourage Feargus . " These were his words—he always being a great admirer of that
gentleman ; and that agent who would attempt to suppress the Scar , by withholding ais orders , is certainly a "' snake in tho grass , " as well aB a contemptible being , merely because fee differs in opinion withihe proprietor of any paper . I would not do it with tLe most rampant Tory , much more with one whose political opinions I have advocated and admired for upwards of 40 years . Of this the people of Preston—and James Brown in particular—are well aware ; but that the real defaulter should be made known , I believe , was the object in view in writing that loiter . Sow , sir , I eider my papers from Mr . Hnrkness , in Preston ; and he positivelv declares be
ordered that plate many times for me from his ast-hts in London , but could never get supplied ¦ R itV . it—consequently , I stand acquitted or being instrumental in attempting to destroy the $ iar ~ ; but th « t the attempt has been made , both with tbe Star a > . d other democratic works , I fully believe ; but I Lope ; lie time ia not fur distant when the Democratic and Social Reformers of this and every other Wintry will have a fair field and no favour . It is $ * e ask , and no less we intend to have . Br . 'kve me , sir , your ' s in the cause of freedom , Edwjihd Swinglehcrst , Newsagent . 22 , Bridge-lane , Preston , July 7 tb , 1351 .
Untitled Article
Patent Law Amkndmknt . —A third bill of the present session , to amend the patent laws , has just been printed , by order of the House of Lords . It was brought forward by Lord Graimlle , who mtroducod ono of the other bills , and Lord Brougham the other , making the third measure in the Lords . The present bill contains twenty-two clause * and a schedule of forms . It is proposed to appoint cornmissioners , who m » y appoint examiners and officers ; may mako rules , and are to report annunlly to parliament . By one of tho clauses in this bill , the use of inventions abroad are to have the like effect on letters patent as to the use or publication in the United Kingdom . Mkssks . T ? airbairn aro constructing engines which are to run express trains between London and Birmingham in two hours .
€Ijnvtmt Xnttiligmcs
€ ijnvtmt Xnttiligmcs
Jiattonai Liann Grompftm)
jiattonai liann grompftm )
Untitled Article
AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .
Untitled Article
wygjyiL- ymmnumi , mi ft iw . , —assest .- ..- '
N ~~R O'C Oxnohville Locate?* ?° ^ J1eubees.
n ~~ o'C OXNOHVILLE LOCATE ?* ? ° ^ J 1 EUBEES .
Untitled Article
EIGHTH ANNIVERSARY OP THE UXITED PATRIOTS' AUD PATRIARCHS' BEXEFIT SOUIETV , IX CONNEXION WITH THE BRITISH EMPIRE FREEHOLD LAND AND BUILDING SOCIETY .
On Tuesday , July Sth , a numerous party of members and friends of this flourishing institution sat down to an excellent dinner at Highbury Barn ravern . An excellent band gave an air of cheerfulness to the scene , and many well-dressed females added an aduitioir . il charm . About four o ' clock Mr . J < m . v Ssrrnr was catted to the chair , and proposed tbo following toast : — " The United Patriots' Benedfc Society , and the British Empire Land nad Building Society-Long may they flourish . They had met to celebrate the eighth anniversary of the society . He could state tliat it waa ma most flourishing condition : and the
amalgamation oi it with the Building Society had been productive of the best results . They were all aware of the good resulting from such societies —they made homes happy , by assuring the wives and families from distress , and givin g them a certainty that they would he protected from the horrors of a Union workhouse . Tlie speaker complimented Prince Albei t upou the example he lwd set to all classes of his subjects by becoming patron to such Bocieties , and trusted that he would look equally to trades , and similar institutions . He concluded by expressing a hope that each succeeding yje # they would increase in numbers and prosperity . ' N Tho toast was drank with three times three . ;
The Chairman then pave " The Health of the general secretary , D . TV . Ruffy . aud tho Agents of the Societies , " in a speech highly eulogistic of his abilitiea and character , and pointed to the flourishing state of the societies as sufficient proof of His being worthy of their respect and gratitude . Ho was a man who devoted all his abilities to tho service of his fellow men , and that was the noblest character a man could receive . The members were so aware of this that they were anxious to express it by "lOl'O than mere words ; and ho now , on their behalf , presented to him Chat piece of plate , to be kept by him as a token of their esteem , that when ho looked
upon it , he might per ? evero in the good conduct that had hitherto so distinguished him ; and that it might be a memento for him to hand down to posterity , to cause others to follow in tho same course . The chairman then presented D . W . Rutfy with , a massive silver cup , worth about £ 50 , bearing the following inscription ' . —" Presented , on Tuesday , the Sth of July , by the members of the United Patriots' Benefit Society , to Daniel William Rutfy , its founder and secretary , as a testimonial of their esteem for the intelligence , zeal , and integrity , displayed by him in his arduous task of bringing the society to its present flourishing condition . " On our founder we depend ,
He has proretl a faithful friend . " The cup was tlwn filled with port , and each of tho guests partook thereof , drinking to tho hoalth of the Secretary . Tho Chairman then sung a song appropriate to the occasion , which was rapturously applauded . Mr . D . W . ItuPFY responded to the toast . It afforded him much pleasure to again meet them ne was a steward , and as such came to render an account of his stewardship . T / iey had had many difficulties to contend with , but by good conduct and courage they had overcome them . Many had predicted that tho societies would soon become extinct , but they wore still young and in full vigour , and each succeeding year added to their flourishing condition , until they were an example to all other benefit societies . lie did not say that these societies would remedy all the evils they endured , or a
tithe of them , but they did remedy many . He could not agroo in aU tuafc their Chairman said relative to Prince Albert , but ho knew he spoke with honesty according to his opinions . He did not think that patronage was a benefit to societies of working men . The working of their own society had shown a contrary result ; yet if a man was anxious to do good he was wilting to give him credit for his intentions . The speaker then adverted to the prospects of the Bociety , and its income , expenditure , and benefits , and also that of the Building Society . Since the commencement of the society they hud expended for—Sickness £ 7 , 853 16 8 J Superannuation 59 2 2 Funerals 1 , 818 8 1 Fire 01 6 5 & Accouchments 2 , 147 0 0 Total Expenditure ... £ 11 , 989 13 0 Total receipts from the above funds 15 , 004 10 4 J Expenditure ... ... 11 , 939 13 0
Capital in hand .,. £ 3 , 154 17 4 * It also appeared that the receipts of the Building Society were £ 2 , 265 lls . ll * d . in addition to the above . The number of members was 2 , 247 , and their average age thirty-five . Sinco they had List met they had found out a more secure and profitable way of investing their fund 9 th . in in the lmnJs of tho government , viz ., by placing them in the hands of their Building Society . True , all could not become possessors of houses or land , but many could , and the funds of all were benefited thereby , The speaker then dwelt upon the advantage of their new regulation relative to tho superannuation of the old members , a » d stated the progress tiiey wore making towards the erection of an asylum , and pressed upon them to join the Widow and Orphan ' s
Funds . He concluded by calling upon them to set an examplo to their fellow-men , by depending upon their own exertions . "Working men could achieve any result provided they banded themselves together . He felt most deeply their kindne 33 in presenting him such a valuable testimonial ; he should never look upon it without feelings of respect and gratitude . ( During the whole of a long address the speaker was much applauded . ) The following appropriate song , the composition oT Mrs . Allbon , was sung by the husband of that lady : — There is not in Old England , our own beloved land , A more hearty , benevolent , nourishing band , Any better conducted—with a . nobler end—Than the ' United Patriots , ' the working man ' s friend .
It prepares for the periods of trouble and grief ; Ana supports us in sickness , by bringing relief : For old age it provideth , come woe , or come weal—Thus guarding its members from the ' poor Jaw bustilo . ' Oh ! there ' s one glorious truth , with a bright lustre glows : 'Tis our own honest labour , whence all this good flows j And no freezing qharity shall make our hesu-t moan , Far with proud independence we boast it our own . Then , a health to the ' Patriots , ' united and true ; Our watchword is' Union , ' tvhate ' er may ensue , We'll adhere to « ur motto , and proclaim unto all' That' united we stand , ' but' divided we fall . Mr . Gardner , rice-Chairman , in an excellent and humourous speech , gave an account of the raising of the testimonial . The Chairman then gave the health of George Bird , Esq ., and all the medical attendants of the society , which wa 3 drank with the usual honours .
Dr . Bjrd responded on behalf of himself and brethren , and dwelt with great power upon the good effects of benefit societies in general . Several excellent songs were sung by ladies conneoted with the society . The Chairman then gave as a toast , " The health of the Ladies and ¦ Visitors . " Mr . D . W . Rufft proposed tho health of the Chairman , which was drank witu all honours . Mr . Smith responded . Mr . D . W . ltuFFYgave the toast of " The Press , " and alluded in favourable terms to the Northern Star ; to that paper the society owed a deep debt of gratitude , and however they might have differed in some respects from them , they ought never to forget the obligations of the past . Mr . Emaob responded to tho toast , and spoke highly in favour of the benefits of the Press to the people , and alluded to the speeches of two of our Judges , who stated that the liberty of the Press was next to tho liberty of trial by jury .
Tho toast was drank with enthusiasm , and the business part of the proceedings concluded . At nine o ' clock dancing commenced , and was continued with great spirit until an early hour ia the morning .
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), July 12, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1634/page/1/
-