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THE PENDINa CRISIS.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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THE "NATIONAL LOAN ' SOCIETY AND THE MEETING AT GREEN * ; WICH . - TO THE EDITOR OF THE KOBTHEBS STAB . ' _ , SiBJ—Your paper of last week " contains a notice from Mr . Blign , impugning the correctness of my report of the meeting held atihe . Straits Mouth ,, on Monday , September 8 th . The name of Fusssll is a mistake of the printers for Foxwell . The assertion , that with the exception of one person , thereat of the meeting were ' decidedly opposed to the
scheme , ' is without foundation ; utterly from personal knowledge , I can positively assert that the majority of the persons present , were either members of the Loan Society or favourable to its objects . The discussion , or opposition which arose , was in relation to certain members of the Executive , whose conduct Mr . Stratton impugned , and not in relation to the National Loan Society / T . ' M . Wheeler ! -- 19 , Mercer-street , Long-acre . . *?¦ '
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k > .: -. NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY . ^ . Afc tbe usual meeting of this body , Miv Wheeler reported the '' proceedings in . the Master ' s Office on the previoua . day ; relative to the ^ inding-iip of the : Company ; Much dissatisfaction was expressed by the members at the delay and probable expense likely to be incurred by these protracted adjournments . - The usual- routine of business ytaa then transacted , and a large amount of country correspondence read . A long discussion took place relative to matters of general importance to the welfare of the Society , and an arrangement waa made for a meeting of the Directors , to discuss matters of private business . .
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. A Public Meeting of : Shareholders . waBvheld -on Sunday evening at the Hall , 26 , Golden-lane . The attendance was good .. Shortly after eight ' o ' clock Mr . Endean was called to the chair , and opened tbe businesss of the meeting . . Mr . Wheeler , moved the following resolution : — ' That this meeting , believing the appointment of a Committee of tbe Shareholders to be essential in
promoting tbe honest and economical Winding-np of tbe Land Company , hereby appoint twenty-one persons to fill tbat office ; sis to be elected by this meeting for tbe City of London and tbe National Loan Society ; five to be elected by the Tower Hamlets ; five for South London , and five for Westminster and Marylebone , at meetings of the Shareholders to be immediately called in those districts . ' Mr . French seconded the resolution .
Mr . Clarkson thought that five would be too many , if each of the country branches were to elect committee-men , expenses would be incurred , which mast be met either by tbe shareholders or out of the general fund . ' Mr . Wheelbr explained , tbat they did not expect country branches to send up committee-men ; the persons elected would form a central committee which mould correspond with any one who might be elected in tbe country . He did not expect that anv great expense would be incurred . Mr . Stbattox stated , that if any extra exertions were needed from the committee by the official manager , he of course would pay for them , which would be more economical than bis having to pay official persons , who would be utterly ignorant of tbe details of the affairs ot the Company .
Mr . Sham- thought tbe object very laudable . If they did not have a Committee , they would , in all probability , be put to great expense , and the Official Manager would also be liable to be imposed upon by interested parties . Mr . Savage thought that three persons would he found more effective than five . Mr . Hutchings moved : — 'That the present meeting elect five persons , and that each of the other districts elect four each . ' Mr . Clarkson seconded the amendment . The original motion was withdrawn , and the amendment adopted . The following persons were then elected by bal-] ot : Messrs . Wheeler , Stratton , Endean , Hampdec , and French .
Mr . Stkatton moved the following resolution : — < That this meeting of the Shareholders . of the National Land Company authorises the Committee to call meetings of tbe shareholders , when they consider it advisable ; also that , they correspond with ihe shareholders in the various branches in the country , and otherwise promote the speedy , efficient , and economic winding up of the Company . ' He was surprised at tbe apathy manifested by the shareholders " ; he believed tbat had it not been for the
Loan Society , no steps wou' . d have been taken to keep a watch over lheir interests . It was one great fault of working men , that they would not look to their interests , but left them to the care of others who might be interested in betraying tbe trust reposed in tbem . Ths principles on which tbe Company was started were truly great , and , by proper exertions , much might be done towards rescuing the property ' from being sacrificed lo tbe prejudice and malice of their , opponents .
Mr . Savage seconded the resolution ) which was carried unanimously . The meeting adjourned to Sunday , September 28 th , at the Whitiington and Cat , Church-row , Bethnal Green Road .
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———* & > The Doke of Atholl ' s Shiluxg . —The iVfortft British Mail assures us that the Duke of Atboll exacts one shilling a bead from every person taking a walk in his ground at Dankeld . This is rather dear ; but tbe impost would be insupportable if his ( Trace insisted upou also showiag himself for the money . —Punch . The Chair as the Old House op Commons . — When the old Commons House was dismantled , the fittin « 3 were put up to public auction , the Speaker's sold to honbaronet
chair " which cost £ 83 , was an . , who fancied ifc wonld be an appropriate piece of furniture in the library of a politician . It proved , [• owever to be too lofty , and was resold for a comliiritively small sum . The present possessor of hk time-honoured chair is Mr . Spencer , proprietor of the Ship Tavern , in K « nniogtpn-road , where a well-conducted debating society is held . The present president of the " Ship's company happen * tVte-ra ex-M-F ., so that be i \ a 3 now the honour te fiUrtJeSr to which te ^ » frequently made ohksauce .
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NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION ; Offices—14 , . Southampton-street , Strand . , The Executive Committee of this body held their usual weekly meeting , as above on Wednesday evening , last . Present : Mesws . Arnott , Milne , and O'Connor . Messrs Harney , Holyoake , and Jones , ' being out of town , were absent . Messrs . ' Grassby " and Hunt were also absent , through ninees . Thecorres . pondence received was read ; including the following note from the " Northern Star" ofr fice : — ¦ ¦ '¦/• . - ,- ' : " ' - ¦ " ¦ ¦ V / 1 V
• . ' 16 . Great ¦ W indmimtreet * ^ . .- * -.,. ... ,-..., . ; . . .-. geptf g . issir ^ : " ¦ But , —Iam " authoh " sed * tp say that your advertisementis -far too -longer the mere payment ' of the duty , ; and that if it be continued it must be charged according to the tegular scale . " " . You will therefore consider them % jtjfer . ••• ¦ - . .., :: j - ¦ - _ ¦ * *> ' ;• : •• Yours truly , ToMterJf Arnott .: / " ' WiluamUibeB ; . v The following lettersfroim Mr ; KeynoldawaB alsofe / Mi :- — . ' " ; . : . .: : ;> -. s ; .. .., , "• ' CleaBby Villa , TollingtonPark / Hornsey , , ¦
r t > ¦ •'„ W Sept . 23 , 1851 . ,-, Mt DEAR SlB .. « YoU ars Well aware that for 3 oine time past I have complained much of determiuation qi blood to the head , and that after attending public meetings I have frequently been unwell forseyeraldays . Upwards of ^ ayear ago Ienterained very serious intentions of retiring for a time ; from the activity and excitement of public life , and tw ^ ea I hinted at in a speech- 1 delivered at aigJiburxBa . ra ; whon occupying , the chair , in June , looV , at tho annual dinner of the . United Patriarchs ' Benefit Society . But the enthusiastic attachment waich . I experience forth * People ' s cause induced me to renounce the idea ; and I have accordingly continued up to" th ' o present time to attend public meetings , and take an active part in politics out of
doors ' . The great excitement , however , which I sustained ten . days ago at Bradford , compelled mo once . xqore to . look , my- former idea earnestly an < r deliberately lin the face ; and theadvice of my medical -attendants has corroborated the imperious necessity of a' temporary withdrawal from public life , so-far as public meetings ' and the active advocacy of my political views are concerned . For the present , then it is my intention to adopt tbe course thus enforced upon me ; and that under these circumstance I feel tbat I cannot , continue . to discharge my duty punctually and energetically as a member of the Executive Committee of the National Charter Association , I ' now beg to tender my resignation of that office .
. But in taking : this step , let menot be for a moment misundetstood . It is only from the active and outof-deor ( so to speak ) advocacy of the people's cause that I thus temporarily retire . In my own studythrough the medium of my newspaper and all of my other writings ^ -I shall continue to proclaim the people ' s wrongs and demand the people ' s rights . Whatever amount of zeal and energy I may have hitherto brought to bear upon this advocacy , will now , if possible , be increased from the fact of obtaining more time to elaborate my political views in my several publications ; and thus with my pen , as also with my purse , shall I be . ever ready to auYanco tbe great cause , of democracy to the utmost of my humble ability . . » . In retiring from the Council-board of the National Charter Association , J beg to tender the assurances ofmy highest esteem and friendship for those witb whom -I have"there co-operated , and
who will remaipto direct the popular movement . The Association is indebted to me to the amount of some . £ 20 ,: for which sum . 1 beg that the present-letter may be considered as a receipt in full ; Knowing , moreover , that the treasury of the Association is hot at the present moment iu such a condition as the true friends of democracy could wish , - ! herewith forward you a guinea for the use ? t your Tract Fund ... : ..... ' ... f . ^ watdsypuraefff njy dearTsir ,-1 beg to express individually those " feelings of friendship wfiiclr I have above proffered as the homage of an admiring heart towards the members of the Executive Committee collectively;—and I cannot conclude this letter without bearing my testimony to the unwearied perseverance , the fervid zeal , and the admirable intelligence , with which you bare fulfilled the onerous and important post of General Secretary , since the day of your appointment . .
Believe me to remain , My dear sir , Yours fraternally , , Gboroe W . M . Reynolds . Mr . John Arnott , General Secretary . . The Secretary stated that he had engaged the Lecture-hall , Powis-street , Woolwich , for a public meeting on Tuesday evening next , and that the concert in aid of the ' National Charter Fund , ' announced to take . place at John-street , on Monday evening , September 29 th , was unavoidably postponed until October 13 th , in consequence of several of the talented friends who had kindly volunteered their services being unable to attend on the first-named evening . There being only three of tbe Committee present , the transaction of business was adjourned to Wednesday evening , October 1 st .. Signed on behalf of the Committee , John Arnoii , Gen . Sec .
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The Political Victims' Association . — A meeting was held on Sunday evening , at Mr . Duddrige ' s . Mr . Irons in the chair , Messrs . Prouting , Martin , and Bezer , stated that on account of so many friends being desirous of taking a part at the first Concert they bad thought it advisable to postpone it for another week ; and as the Secretary had already received orders for more tickets than their present place of meeting would be able
to accommodate , they wished to have the authority of the Association to engage some other place . Leave grauted . —Tbe Secretary reported that , owing to tliQ Concert , the ihh-d address would not be published till Sunday , October 12 th . —The Deputies from the National Reform League were informed that , if their Secretary would write to tbe Executive on or before Wednesday next , their complaint would be taken into consideration . After
thanking the Association for their prompt interference ou their behalf , the deputies withdrew . Several honorary members were enrolled . Fixsbhry DBMOCRiiic Association . —Ata meeting held on Tuesday night , at the office , 12 , Comptonstreefc , Clerkenwell , the following motion was moved by Mr . Cater , and seconded by Mr . P . Johnson : — " That with a view to enable this pavty to bo in a superior condition , to prepare the people for the forthcoming momentous struggle for their political and social rights , we do nownppointa committee of nine members ( with power to add to its number . ) for the special business of convening ,
as speedily as possible , an unlimited numbor of public meetings of the people in various districts in this metropolis , to obtain therefrom an increase of members , in order to merge this body into a London Democratic Association , having for its foundation the following plan : —1 . For an unlimited number of localities of the said association to be formed in each of the seven electoral districts of this metropolis—2 . For each locality to consist of not less than fifteen members , and to be complete when thirty are enrolled . —3 . for each locality to be superintended by a sub-aocretary , and tbe association in all its affairs to be governed by an Executive Committee , elected annually by the whole of the members by ballot . —4 . The localities of each district to return one member only to the
Executive Committee . —5 . The Executive Committee to elect from their own body the treasurergeneral and corresponding secretaries . —6 . For each sub-secretary to be elected quarterly , by ballot , by tbe members on ) y o ! the locality to which he 13 a member , if the choice is approved of by the Executive Committee . —7 . E : ich sub-secretary to receive from the Executive Committee , at the expiration of his term of office , twenty-five per cent , of tbe whole of tho members' weekly . subscriptions he has received of the locality to which he had been the officer , as a mark of respect for the services rendered to tbe association . —8 . When localities are complete in their number of members , the sub-secretaries are not to relax in tboir energy i " obtaining fresh members , in order tbat other localities may be formed . —9 . The members" woekly subscriptions to be one penny , aodthree-fQru&a of
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of tract ? fb ^ f ^ * ^ *» - P « n * asing wl in Ji 8 . ratuitpws . distribDtion by the . jnem-E ^ t o ^^ P ^ Wtm * - ? P of puuHo KKeriffi ^^ ss ^^ ^^ iSSSSB ^ &ss torv fc ?^ ^; . He , said ; that ,. * ereora .. ^ M ^ WM JwUn ate ; provihce ,, Liberty Tml «* i e 3 t ^ ' ° i the car - of Truth / andride trfumphantly over * frrMmv » n ^ - ^ ftntnto ; . V . « £ . . ~ - ' - - - - - - - - ' ' • -
SKSilT * T ng'thMKWorf w 6 ul& ! b 6 ^ voted to in * l ? ik d ° ^ n of'th strongholds of tyranny v * & ¦ e £ ectlon of the temple of liberty ' . to the $ ffi £ ii ^ - """ ' and to ; the demonstration ^ fflffi& w ® &W &t : Ot . - t ice > and ; to ; the pvaise . of ^ K ^^* » Sw , u " ^ - - ed * hat Mr- . ¦ Womei dine . g [^ g 6 th . nst ^ eliver a lecture on " Tie 2 ^ ^ - ^ " ^ - ^ a meeting held on Sun- ' day evemngi Mr . * . FuZzen in the chair , the- following persons were eleoterf Council for the next three months s .-Messra . Atkinjon , Weedon , Live-£ S& 3 » irjejr , and ,, \ yinmilJ ,.... The Council then agrefld'tp meet on Wednesday evenings , and intend ,: to . ponsidefwhether the organisation ^ of tho Hoxtbn locality would , be effectual m its operatioiuf applied to us . The locality then adjourned' to Sunday next . > ' ¦ -: ' ' ' i ! - -- ! - >' - > ¦ ¦! - "• ¦ ¦ * ¦ - ¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦•¦ - *'
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THE LAND AND LABOUR QUESTION . TO TIIJS EDITOR OF THB NORTnEHN STAR . Sir , —In the " 6 t » r" of the 6 th I see some lengthy quotations from a lecture of the Rev . C . Kiiigsley , on "the application of association principles and the methofl to agriculture , " which gives me much pleasure . . If all the rey . gentlemen from the Land ' s-End to John O Groat ' s would take to that subject , and give a short lecture every week on tho evil tendency , and astounding and horrifying consequences which have followed , in natural order , the wicked practice of what has been called the consolidation of farms—namely , turning out eight or ten small farmersj and throwing all their farms into one—they would not only put , a stop to tbe
prevailing evil , but very probably turn the current the other and most natural . way . . I { is high Jime now , in this wonderful age of thought and discovery , when we have gone so far in our . competitive race , that we took a momentary breathing , and . looked ; back to see and consider what we had gained , or lost by our mad and frenzied career during the last half century , and try to estimate what our position is likely to be at the end of the now-entered other fifty > years . . ¦ It is now time . that tho press and the pulpit became serious , and arranged themselves in good earnest , either for or against the people : and , by the way , no country in any age had a bettor opportunity to set things in order , than we have at this '
time . "We have the most enlightened and beloved Queen on the throne , and her worthy husband , whom the . people .. . delight to-honour . They and their young family , , mix with the people in a rational and praisewbrtny tway , so that in their own merit they are safe ; anll rby their conduct hitherto , we have a right' to olainv ^ hem , and I am sure they will come * to < the ' p 6 puitar ^ ide ; so that there is only . a few venomous reptiles- ^" snakes in the grass " —that we have to overcome , and root out , to make this island as safe and healthy to livo in as any other portion of this planet . But the press and the pulpit must begin their work by teaching the people a few first principles—principles that hare been Jong hid carefully from their vievr , and on which both the press and the pulpit have laboured diligently to throw all the rubbish they could , in order to preclude the possibility of ever seeing them . The first lesson to be taught the people impressively and emphatically is , tbat the
Land i 3 their own—tbat those who have got possession of it , and grind its cultivators in the dust , have no more right and titlo to it than the murderer and robber has to the purse , goods , and gear of which he h » a robbed his victim . The land belongs to those who will-cultivate it , and produce food therefrom for man , and the beasts that he has subjected , and that rely on him for maintenance . The land is —as the ocean and ; air—necessary aud free to all that live ; and so ample that all can have enough and to spare—no individual or class of men can have an exclusive title to it , otherwise than by the appropriation through his labour ; and none can have any right to monopolise more than is requisite for himself while any one is in want . All have alike a lifo interest in the soil , and nothing more . This ia a right and title entailed on the posterity of man for ever , and no human laws can set it aside .
It is time an end was put to the wicked traffic in land . There is much can be said on that Bubject . What is the cause of so many houseless poor in this couniry , but the extravagantly high rents ? What is tho cause of high rents , when the material for building is so plentiful , and idle hands in that profession so numerous ? Why , the astoundingly high price charged for land , and equally extortionate charge for conveyance . So that even if a working man can save as much as would build a but , tbe land owner and attorney rob him of it . The time must soon come now , when a great portion of tho working class must fall back on their land for the means of sustenance , and the sooner they begin the move , the better . The great discoveries and inventions in machinery , together with the conspiracy of tbe capitalists and legislature against tbe producers of wealth , has reduced gradually the price of labour
to so low an ebb that , in some cases , it is absolutely impossible to support lifo ; and , at the same time , so wanv are thrown out of employment , that those in employment are forced to the utmost stretch of their physical and mental ability , to induce their taskmasters to retain them . Thus adding to the very evil they should endeavour to abateprostrating at the same timo their own proper dignity as men , and consenting to become the slaves , both in body and mind , of their ignorant , arrogant , domineering drivers . From the inadequate remuneration of our wealth producers , they are prevented . from being partakers or consumers of the wealth their own hands produce . Hence our dull home market . Prom near one-third of our able and willing workers being always out of employment , follows an increase of poor ' s rates and crime . We have seen enough—its continuance much longer is too terrifying to contemplate .
Iherc is , in tlie United Kingdom , many hundred square miles of land lying uncultivated / and consequently unproductive ; not to speak of what we call our colonial possessions . If ono half of what we pay in poor's rates and the prosecution of criminals was applied to tho building of cottages , a » , d cultivation of waste land , as also the reclaiming of land from the sea and rivers ; and if insteadofi mprisoning able-bodied men for crime and debt—to make them worse—they were classified and sent o work on the fields at a fair wag «—a moioty of which to be retained till restoration was made ' to those they had
injured , when they would be at liberty to go or remain , as they chose—there would soon be feiv poor to support , few criminals to prosecute , few insolvent debtors ; and the ]> riaons might be allowed to stand as monuments of our former folly—but they would bo emp 6 y . Como down , sir , upon that subject , set it onco fairly a going , and it will enlarge itself as it rolls on , like the snowball down tlie suow-clad mountain . If you will give a place to tbe foregoing in your noxt , I shall give you a few of my observations and reminiscences at another time . I am , Sir , Yours ,
... , J . T ., An Old Refoksieu Birkonhead , Sept . 15 , 1851 .
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HOW Ot / B ANCESTORS Sl'I-rniiSSED BlOOSIERISM . — At tbe present crisis in female costume the following extract from the Kirk Session Register of Perth , showing t \» o consequence in former times of ' putting on the hreeks , " may amuso our roaders :-" April lo , 1 G 32 . Uonforn to citation , compeared Jane Gibson , servant lass , and is accused ot indecent wantonness in putting on wen ' a clothes uno ; . her . She answered that slie Eimply drew upon her a pair ol breeks , and cast them off immediately , und she promised never to do the like hereafter . She is committed to ward , therein to remain ' tho space of three hours .
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- ; . ( From the lima . ] - What has appeared to be the extraordinary emigration of the last five years continues unabated ? -iJ l . mise - " ^ aILwe ri »* say threatens ?—to W the pevmaneftt drain of the ' Britiah popular tion . The number of immigrants at Nevf York fin i »« & Sfc - eight montb 9 f this Wr has oeenm , 836 , against about three-fourths of that number last year . -To this must be added theirumbers . that ^ tmiro by the route - Ar < th » St . T . nw ^ 2
ana ; thamereased emigration , • of - which Vthere ^ fe symptoms , already , inr the pert iof London , . to ' -orir # ? t r ^ c ^ o ni g , i ;! rhougS >; itkis . truetnat ; many & $ ??¦ ¦ £ *• § ^ ' aftd - > bat some ; tbbusanda % M& * " $ * * ' n ye ^ 'e ct from Bremen W » i ni e ? rCOnt ! nental POrtMtM by far the greater partare our own people . ' As for Ireland , wWtre k « 1 & f # «» f J'tafc , oven in fable , unWit be that vast and impatient multitude which Jlnsas ls . ^ ted . by the poefc to . haveibeheld on the store * of-the Styx : — , - •¦ .: . ¦ -...
Quammnlte ln » ivi 8 . aBtnnmi , « gorep «»« \ . ^ Lapsacndant folia ; ant ndjprttTingnrinteab alto ; XQuammulte elMfer&tuf aveS r i& Bla&Su 8 i * f Trans pontumfagat , ettemsinimittitapriciov \ Stnbant piAptea priini tranamlttere cursiim , - i >; ; . .. Tenaebantque manus vifios ulterloris amore . ' Navita aed trist ' s nunc bos , nunc aocipit illos , A 6 t alips longc summinotos ars » t arena . Everywhere we are told the farmers are Sitting with the produce of their crops , and the labourers with their wages for harvest work . Employers iiave been forced to pay this year a trifle moro . than heretofore ; and it now appears tbat , so far from this proving a temptation to remain at home , ifc will only increase the difficulty nest year . Though
this is the most unfavourable season of the year for emigration , the terrors of a stormy passage and an American winter seem to be lost on people who feel that no ocean or soil can ever be so inhsopifcable as that which has given them birth . The railways are loaded with emigrants , who , on their arrival at the port , race to the ship as if flying for their lives . Fortunate are they who are not left on the quays , to linger for weeka ia the hopo © f another vessel . It is not merely the bone and sinew , the rude material of industry , that is betaking itself elsewhere . Many of the vessels are freighted with a superior class , carrying often not merely their sayings but all the qualities also that belong to their position ,
When an emigration such as this has gone on for five years , it becomes a matter of great interest to inquire how ; long it is likely to continue , and what Will bo its probable effects on tbe country that suffers this drain ? As to the first of these questions , it is reasonable to suppose that so long as the United States offer the advantages they now do , so long as the transport is so cheap and expeditious , and so long as British labour suffers its present difficulties and burdens , there will bo no diminution , but rather an increase , of this wonderful movement . Unless the United States should quarrel among themselves , or any other great calamity should befall tbem , they must every year become inoro and more capable of accommodating and employing the stranger . Their greatest progress has
hitherto been in chief lines of communication , and Other such works , which most contribute : to future prosperity and grandeur . By means of those lines the valley of the Mississippi and the shores of the lakes are now brought as near to New York as if they were actually within sight of it ; and soil whioh twenty years ago was nntrod ia now traversed by a thoroughfare of nations . At this day , throughout the greater part of the United States , the cry is still for more hands ; and , as production is still rapidly increasing , it is evident that it must be long before there are too many mouths . As to the means of transport , every year now lines of ocean steamers are projected , of increased capacity and' speed , at decreasing fares ; so that it is not improbable that before long a twelve days' passage
will be brought within the means of the common run of emigrants . Meanwhile ^ many lines of firstclass sailing vessels are profitably employed in the service , and every week . during tho present year Vessels Of the largest size might be seen in our docks fitting up for emigrants under the eye of the government inspectors . If it answers the purpose of several thousand Germans every year to take a passage to this port , and to be at tlie cost of a residence here for some days or weeks , in order to avail themselves of our ships , it is cJoar that tho British are long likely to possess the greatest facilities for emigration in the world . As for the causes at home which havo imparted to the present emigration it 3 melancholy character , as a flight from personal difficulties and national ills , whether they are likely t . b continue , or even to increase , is a question of great delicacy . Kot to go further into it , we may reasonably doubt whether within the next twenty years the pressure of circumstances will- be
so materially reduced as to affect the calculations of tho would-be emigrant , oi- whether the avenues to wealth and position will be so much widened and smoothed as to diminish the contrast supposed to exist in this respect between British and American society . ' The institutions and customs of this country are all adapted to the supposition of a vast difference of classes—a lower claps , redundant , necessitous , ignorant , and manageable ; an upper class , wealthy , exclusive , united , and powerful ; and a middle class , struggling to emerge from the lower , and attach itself to the upper . This supposition must long hold good , and will probably reign as an opinion even after it has . been considerably qualified as ft fact ; but , whether ns a fact or an opinion , it will long exercise a repulsive influence on tho poorer , the less fortunate , and the more struggling classes , andj will drive thorn to seek their fortunes where society is imagined to be clearer of such barriers and distinctions .
Should this emigration continue at tbe samo rate for the next twenty years , it cannot have but important effects on this country . As it happens , the number happens almost exactly to tally with the natural increase of our population , so that a continued drain to this amount , and no more , would leave our population at a stand . Such a result , it might be supposed , is both natural and desirable . For a long time it has been firmly believed that we labour under a redundance of population , and that in one island , at least , we could well dispense with very largo masses . Accordingly emigration , even to its present' unprecedented amount , has been
hailed as the very remedy our condition requires . Nothing is more likely , however , than that tho experience of an opposite state of things , ~ such an experience , in face , as that we are now likely to have ,- ~ may disabuse us of this idea , and may provo that a country such as ours requires what is called a redundant population . An inexhaustible supply of cheap labour bas so long been a condition of our social system , whether in town or country , whether for work or for pleasure , that it remains to be seen whether a great enhancement of labour would not disturb our industrial , and even our political arrangements , to a serious
extent . 1 wo men have been after one master so long , that we are not prepared for the day when two masters will be after one man , for it is not certain either that the masters can carry on their business , or that the men will comport themselves properly , under the new regime . A great rise in the price of labour will affect the naval and military service , public works , the principal branches of national industry , the costof conducting railwaysiii fact , every department of public oi private business . It docs not follow that the present state of things will continue because population will be at a standstill . Commercial enterprise and social development require an . actually increasing population nnd also that the increase shall be in the most serviceable , that is the laborious part of the population , for otherwise it will not be sufficiently at
the command of capital and skill . These considerations assume no little gravity with the prospectbefore us—when we are threatened with a population , not increasing , perhaps even diminishing in the aggregate , while the most useful , that is the working cl . iss , is ccminuiilly becoming loss numerous , compared with the rest . Doubtless , a limited supply of labour may bo met , to u very great exteiii , by the many new inventions for economising it ; but it is scarcely credible that a country whicn haa enjoyed so long a superabundance of labour should be able at once , withouL inconvenience , to adapt itself to a totally different state of things . Man has not had his proper value in these ighmdafor the lasfc half century . It may be for tho ensuing half century to correct , perhaps very emphatically , the error of the past .
There are three parties among whom it should seem the expense of a woll constructed system of emigration from these islands ought to be divided , — the parish , the emigrant , and the colony . The first has hitherto been unwilling , and the second uuable to contribute , and it has therefore been oii tho colony that tho burden of supplying itself with labour has been , thrown . This process 13 effected according to the modern theory , by selling land at a price sufficiently high to import labourers , aud to
Untitled Article
prevent their becoiniiig pFOpf iotors soon afbrv / ihell ? importatierij The proinine ;/) fc defect of this system is , that by nsafciBg emigration purely ele ' embsy ^ mry > ib piaees the ? emigrant Q . n a degraded footing , and deals only with a class of which , although the o ^ r M ? ^ ™ y to very , bnjpj to set rid . tho XB . i " ° liaie I'easbrito- be proud . It is KKllT'W this ^ t ^ ow floater of the ten dS '" * , they condiicr , anrtie natural obtain ? n ? ^ "k ""! to undervalue that wBlofi the / eoSnVL mS ? ' a 8 wel 1 as to certain shortitS we * itri / r ^ " ? accommodation , with their host of of i , ? , ation Commissioner *) failed to eomrfii . ? er £ 8 and legion of touters , hare ^ KS £ o ££ ofT eIveB th , C 0 I £ " ° * ady , without official connexionofS SI has SUCGeecfed ia inventing . and in carryih e but a
now Uvafam rtf flalf . oiiAnAaliHi . » _ ¦ \ f . « . . _ new system of- self-supporting emigration which seems likely to b » a formidable rival £ o tbafof thff government , though- backed by tbe land fokug of ail the Au 8 | raJian coJsaies . ^ j . ui :. The principles on vrhioh this . system ' has ^ fc ^ ejof f ;¦ , constructed are thepajriaantofalargeproporBai .. <]' of his passage-money / by the . / intehdingr emigrant'T ¦¦ which is received in . TCeffl # iB 8 taJmentf ~ and ?; ' $ » :, '' advancement ef the' remainder Jjr " way ' of Jban , W . . be repaid- witbin ' tV 6 year » afte ? 'tbe ¦ emigrant ^ ' arnvalin fche- « 9 ldriy . ^ Tne ^ ecuHari # offteii » anF '< consists mainly In the means -wWefrare'aeVised fbff- ' > mawsiag thia . rep&jiaeBt . . The &stoeouritjr whio& ^ i the society , takes ia ; that of previou » goodrcharacter » - : ifioiiptended eipigraats are invited tf > form . tbem- •• selves
into " groups ' , " which are i * some dagrea . > answerable for the conduct of each « t their mem * ' . bets , and to these " grt > up 3 " is delegated the tastf- ' of inquiring into the character of eveVy candidate '" '"' ( "f . admiSBion into them , a task whick they iiava ' ' tutnwto discharged with much strictness and jus ^ r tice . ; liiereas the additional , security of . the ' -pr «» . ' . * SHS »« MMS : ^ m $ wmm&wmmt . 3 subjected to the influence 6 £ iBe - pubVopfc&n of ¦ ¦ ' !^ . ° r ^/ i ? ' ^ ever y defavM in iCaynient ' : would , * be Bute ' . t «> . , m p ] y » loss of castd ? AThothermd ' iice * - menfc to repayment is , that it will be in the-power ¦ ' ot any em ^ rant repaying the loan- to nomiHaie &- ¦ ¦ ¦ '' ¦ ' person in England towards the payment of whoso passage-money he would wish it applied , tjhder this- ' ' system tho society has in tho course of the last '
year fitted out three ships to Australia , at the ex « ponse of little more than £ 12 a head " for eaeh adult , two-thirds of which have been- conttibuftea by-the emigrants themselves , and dne-th'ird atf . vanced by way of loan out of the funds-of the suoiety . In these ahips the emigrants rtecfve acoo-: nimodation of a very different character from : fchafc ^ hitherto provided . Jnatead of giving uptho- jrHole after-part of the abip to cabin passeflgers ' , and crowding its living freight into the fosepart > the * vriiole vessel i 9 itfced up into cabins for the , use of , the emigrants , and air are permitted to ; takfe air and exercise on the poop . Each family bas- its separate cabin , children above fourteen years of agesleep in separate compartments from their parents * one" cabin is allotted to every six single . women ' , ; and those are placed aoder the special prOfceStiofty of . the married couples of tho groups to which they belong . "'" ''
We niention these latter particulars , because we believe-it is to them more than to anything eUe thesystem owes its popularity among the Working classes . It seems to have been hitherto assumeS ' by those-who build houses or . lit up ships for the > poor , that the lower clauses are without any feeling of delicacy or modesty , and while a siDgle dormitory is allotted to the inmates of a cottage , a Single cabin witb berths placed around it , has been considered sufficient for . the married and single of an emigrant- ship ; It was taost honourable to this > society to have suggested and carried' out this im > - provement , " and most ereditable to tlie woilung ciassosto bavo bo immediately appreciated it . Ia ^ stances have oceusved . and are every day occurring * .
of persons refuamg to avail themselves of the gratuitous passage offered by the government , andpreferring to pay , at ; the expense of a year ' s labour / - ' atld Self . deni ! il , lOr the Supeirior ' decency and comfort on board the ships of the Family Colonisation .. Loan Society . It ia to be remarked , to the honour Of Mrs . Clrisholm and of the committee which , under the presidency : of Lori ShaftcsbUiy , aS 8 l 3 tS he ? benevolent and disinterested labours ) that the > - society has been called into existence , and provided ' passages for upwards qt seven hundred emigrants ,, without incurring a single shilling of debt . Thedifficulty it had and still has to" contend with , " i » not on tl » side of . the -working clastes , who > are ready in thousands to contribute the
required quota of their passage money , but in the deficiency of contributions from those-who , iti-waa hoped , would have < ron \ e for warp to supply thwn " nda-Vequi 8 iie : for the loan . ^ hile ! tHQ Emiges ^ n Gpia ^ missioners pay a pound a head to their agents for every emigrant whom they can induce to accept & gratuitous passage , this society is besieged by ap « plicants whom it is unable to assist , from tho neglect of the wealthier classes to contribute to its funds . Nevertheless , we feel persuaded tliat the exertions of the society will bo evovmetl with success . Wo have the example of Irish emigration to tell us , tbat if the rich fail them , the poor will not . The same feeling which induces the Irish labourer to remit the passage-money for the rest of his famil y will have a like effect in Australia , with the addition that such a payment will not merely be art act of kindness , but a debt of honour . Anticipating , however , for this system great extension and
vast influence on the future destinies of Australian emigration , we had far rather see it conducted ; under the auspices of the rich than resting on the unassisted efforts of the poor . No opportuniD ought in these days to bo omitted of linking toga , ther by acts o £ kindness the different orders ot society . We should also have thought that a fewthousands from tho land funds of tho Australian colonies would have been better employed in pro- , curing the emigration of a very superior class of labourers , than in sending out at three or four times the expense the refuse of our great towns and villages . A little seasonable assistance to 11 ) 13 society would probably enable it to aveit in & great measure that dearth of labour with which the colonies of Australia are threatened . But ,, it this is not to be , und the government prefers . to squander the money its own way , wo believe that those who have thus shown themselves able and
willing to pay two-thmis ot their" passage-money will , by the exercise of a little more labour and self-denial , pay tho whole , and that wo aro about to witness the singular phenomenon of thousands of persons pvejerring emigration at their own expense under the auspices of a private company , - to a a- free passage offered in the vessels of the gcjternmeut . —Times .
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LATEST FOREIGN i \ EWS . . FRANCE . Paius , Thursday . —The trial of the-Avenement ended , as usual , in the condemnation of the editor to six months' iniprisonmenS . The publisher of the ' Fresse' hus been alike condemned by default . The opposition journals are afraid to express their sentiments on this tremendous persecution of the newspaper press , but avenge themselves by expiring- the unconstitutional character of the speeches of Leon 3 ? aucher at Chalons , who openly said tbat no obstacle should be allowed to prevent the will oi the people with regard to the continuation of Louis Napoleon in power , kossutii .
The following information has arrived at Paris . — . Smyrna , Seft . 12 . —Kossuth has been received here by the Mississippi . It seems that Sir Stratford Canning ' and M . Lavalette went to tlie Dardanelles ia the Growler to see Kossuth , who left on the 7 ch .
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LORD PALMEliS'rON'Tr ' riVEilTON . Lord Palmerston dined with his constituents on Wednesday . The entertainment was [ jiven in the Assembly-room , which was tastefully decorated , for the occasion , and where above 150 gentlemen , as many as the room could accommodate , sat down to an excellent dinner at three o'clock .- Mr . F . Hole , who was in the chair , was supported by Mr . Heathcoat , M . l \ for Howe , the mayor , Mr . Heathcoat Amory , and a number of the pi-in * cipal inhabitants of Tiverton and tlio neighbourhood . After the dinner the cosnfmny were addressed by Lord Palmerston and Mr . Heathcoat . The health of the Mayor and two or three other toasts closed the proceedings .
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The never-tailing cftcets of . Ulniv' s Gout and IUiaum-ittc . ^^^ nrr ^ A ^ sj fS ^ ^^^^ ^^ jX ™ S ^^ I « SKS » S . tin )« - ¦ ll'W "re equally si . aody and certoia minsh i ! oi ' " ftor , Tronic xr acute liimbugo , scialinj , _ pains in the head or face , and indeed for cvwrriicii ^ r tBi ^ . / oi gouty aftection j m fact , such h .-ig been > l . e r ^ iaiSy ,. ^ -- ' yei-tcet case , and complete safety of this inecti&iie , ' . Tiati * - " - lias astonished all who luivc tukeu it ; « "il tkeye is-Mr-ii , Csly a city , town , or villa « e in the ' kingdom l 5 t . contains ; . niany grateful evidences of its benign iiiHuenefl . - . sbolii by \ all inedieino Venders . l m-e ' - ' a . yd . per box . Obsit-iTe the , - . ¦¦ name « Thomas Prout , " . 'Sy , strand , LoaJ « i > , ' or , t ! . jc » overa- . ; . ; iueut stamii .
The Pendina Crisis.
THE PENDINa CRISIS .
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YOU XtJ P . 725 . IS iOMDOOlTDaDAY , SEPTEMBER 27 jif : ~*^ -- pb ^ wefehcbo / ' ¦ ^ LZll * * Fire 8 bil » , g , aiidSixpeacftpw Qiw . rlc l ¦ ¦ ¦ "' ' ~' ' " ¦ ~ ' -
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Vfr . Editob . ^ -To theiExecaH ? e \; omlS ! ! : . fthS ^^ aGonal Charter"Association I dedic 3 tetbis LDtter y not with an intention to mgfract nor condemn , but simply , tosiiggest to f ' jese- gentlemen the importance of a definite BnB of' ac ^ bn * during" the approacluug irinter * ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ " " ¦ " " : \ . ; " . ' ' The ypar 1852 vSU . be . the period for the occurr ence of one of " those great crises in a . . natfon ' s-liistory , the dne contemplatioa : of -which j , y themany must icertainly tend to ' - advance the political and social jjrpgress of mankind . . ¦ ¦; .-. / . ¦ -, ' , ; ' :.: 'Z' . - ' ¦
_ _ ,,, . It is , because the , working- classes of tbin country will he offered- some insignificant addition ' to their pois ? erin thfrrepresentative system , with tbe ^ ew of satisf ying a gromng dejjiaadramongBt ' them , fpfan enlaxgedequality " in tho government oflh ^ nation ; and because Opon what they . thenobtain willbebaaed , projably for another twenty years , the fight of £ ] , e Suffrage for Members of Parlianient , that jlarewittena ^ follo ^ ng remarks . '
Jiiow , itisjnBt that class of men ' whom the Executive may be fairly said to be the leaders of , that -wai . be benefited , more or leBa , by the pr opoaed change in our voting regulations ^ s faithful ministers , ; then ; it . pould seem to be lheir duty ' to . make the New . ReiForm Bill as Vlfreral in its dictates as theprincipleB of their creed ^ are ^ juMYerfiaV so | far as the power at their disposal will enable them to go : " " The workiiig ' mendfliondon are' exceedingly Spathfetic in respect tb ^ the effect of organised action . ; I speak of them , of course , as a whole . They " require to be moved j ^ for individual energy the majority of them do not choose to exercise . aieir / Jifitlessness-is constroed ; into md ^ a ^^ U ^ &i ^ i ^ noi ^^ 0-oi 7 it »
latter .. , TW JSetJis ^^ bifcofifliein ^ eZ thej Qugnt . tQ be bettor treated ^; yet in consequence of the disparity of power \ which prevails between them and those who" are ^ better situated in life , ihe j conclude that lheirenergies ,-. Aow-.: e rei' well directed , would be valueless in- re ^ torn ; that they-would be spent in Vain ' ;^ that their cry would pass / unheeded ; 'ItHsHhis " feeling which prostrates them ; but -they are not iudifferen t as to ; the possession or otherwise of political power . Itisaboontiliey may ^ be gaid to beanxioaslyawattingfor ; yetthey : anfortimately trust to'a delosive hope , thatthey can reap without sowing ? be" partakers . " in ' a-feast vrhich ; only husbandmen ( men who , have ¦ srorked 5 £ f < jr > -fhe . table is laid ) can be entitled
toenjoy , v _ .. - .- -. _ . - . .- - ; - . -- -- Appreciating this failing , a course of action jnimediately suggests itself ; Means [ mustI be Revised whereby their expression of opinion aiay be made public;—opportunities HlUBt be g iven them to transport "their feelings into yords of meaning . ' - I am most anxious in . the desire that the Ti-orJdng men of London . ( and my country leaders have but to supply the name , of their
own town for the place mentioned , in order io adapt ihe proposal to themselves ) should declare-what kind of reform they- are really ia search of .. I say working men of London , because whenever they ' get an' example , it is invariably ; the-pioneer of a greater 1 good worked oat by those who are Jocated miles distant from them . ' And to do this , as I conceive more effectually , the first impulse : should -proceed from the : Trades : as such , in * the ; foUQWr
ing way : — ..-,. - ; . ; . - . - - - . . . FirsUji-rA trade ; or trades , aecord&gVtfr their relative strength , should- invite any other bade or trades to . meet , in " a public way , . ' ft ) discuss and resolve tipon one principle—riz ., Manhood Suftage ; that , so meeting , ' * a petition to Parliament should be prepared for Bgaatufe , whicti sHonid declare the nnmbers present , and the ^ bomfide wants of the . getitioaers . Thus I - : would wish to .. see , r . the Tailors , for instance , call npon the Hatters And vorfdng men generally , " to meet themjjfor tbe purpose stated—to challenge opinion , "aod
discuss their gri ^^^ as menv Mwul . djao , ; with aliberaf spirit towards all who dissent from tLe princi ples propounded . The Tailors should call upon the Halters , not exclusively , but signalising them , because , being in numbers " large , this plan would give apracticability to their meeting that a more general expression Trould faU to bestow . The Hattere . shonld follow the example by inviting the Shoemahrs ; the latter some other trades : as also ly establishing complimentary visits , in the vav of returning the invitation—the Shoemakers meeting the Hatters , and the latter lac Tailors . The - greatest publicity should be
given to these meetings , and they should be always pronounced to be Public Meetings , so a ? to prevent exclnsiveness in the argument , as well as to ensure , the freedom of speech , upon such a theme , to all who may reasonably desire to give utterance to their thoughts . Spread over London as these trades are , nec : ss : irily , every district would be made interested in such a proceeding ; but , where it is : bu : > d that a particular locality is more than dually Blothial , then to such place should some of the more influential tirades proceed , ciUingtheirmeetingthere , andtrusttoitspub-] :- ; . idon iaducisg the men so resident to attend . T :. t « e movements should be arranged to be
LtM weekly ; not on a given night , but upon evenings most suitable to the trades invited ; aii-1 the expenses thereof should be defrayed Ijt the persons calling the meeting , who should l-c assisted , as far as their means will allow , l « v iliose who do not otherwise contribute , as lumbers of the trades convening the assem-Uv . The expenses , however , would not be sreat ; for the publication of a meeting in the K-. igramme of theweek ' s proceedings , by the Executive Committee , would serve for the
yuVac at large ; and itisnot difficult , through ilie agency of Secretaries ( where willing , and ^ here not by some influential member of the trade invited , ) to give the necessary information to those concerned . I do not apprehend the least obstruction to the fulfilment of the purpose here set forth ; but as I do not stickle at details , I leave the suggestion with those v . ho will bring a willing mind to bear on the tusk , confident that that same mind will easily remove any impediment , and thus tend to produce the desired result .-
Secondly , ~ — The Executive Committee should also call a series of Monthly Public Jleetings , in various parts of town , in which the speakers at the trades' meetings should tuke part , and report progress , and as much talent called into play as could be obtained , with the view of making each meeting a demonstration of intelligence and opinion . For liie Country , the Executive might similarly organise proceedings ; for though sitting in London , some of their members are always in the provinces , to whom this power might be
-s-ifdy delegated . At these meetings , petitions should be also signed by the Chairman , if not by those assembled ; and care should be taken , that the speeches made should be as unexaggenitive iu character as they are remarkable for the fixedness of purpose they keathe . I am well aware of this difficulty ; but I have found by experience , that a Gbairaiau can give a tone to an assembly , which , tbough departed from to a certain extent , will > et p \ rvade the great body whilst so assemliled . -
Thns would I wish to see the working men ' if London ( and of all towns and districts ) 'liiecting their movements during the next nine months ; by so doing , they may rely upon ^ t , a far more liberal measure will be proposed &r their acceptance , than that which , their ii-Jttce will produce ; and I submit the j . ropo-* si tothem , as one of their body , regarding it ^ eminently calculated to ensure one great ^¦ - ¦ s-alt , viz ., increased political power .
It is to the Executive of the National Cnarft i' Association , then , that I respectfully ap-V'n \ to , as men who should lead in such a ^• j vement . I ask them not to ^ spt
anything here -written , if they conceiteit to be ^ thing here written , if they conceive it to be prejudicial to ' . the ; great cause itself ., ' But I calL upon them , to . be fuUy sensible of the criaia that is fast appro jLching . I beseech them , as men of ability , to consider , "whether it is not likel y to be more conducive to the interests of the niasses , to rally the people to one standard ; viz ., Manhood . Suffrage , than to urge upon tho Government the . adoption of the Charter as a whole . God forbid I should be thought desirous of sinking the other five
parts of its plan each and all are important —must be struggled" for ; but I say they are not so important as the one above named ' . ' The crisis is now pending ; the perfect realisation of the Charter -is not within sight . That is the work of years to come ; yet not so-manyV when that the Suffrage question shall be- set-, tied as here described . : The Executive , ^ hen , ' have a great , work to do ; and it is the duty of-every man not only to encourage them . in their labours , but to aid them by suggestions . The latter , I feel assured ; they will receive as
. themi-f teieffii ^^ a ^^ etm ^ l ^ f ^ rSve written ifc in plain language , as ^ writing tipon . ^ ' batifieBS ' iSQbj ^; . . a pd % '&e 7 : ^ ' ^^ vd . ^' iWJth ' thejsme ^ kindlineBs' of . heart t ^ at ^ hafe moved its " author ,, they will peruse ife as . the production of . a friend , who knows the work- ' ing classes , and whose study it is to do them just as much service as God , inhisbenificence , hk ^ mercifully gifted him with the . power . ¦ ¦ ¦ " ' - - . Cessor . >•
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The ; Representation -of Br 4 dfobd . —Mr . G . W . M . Reynolds bas been compelled to withdraw from the contest for this borough , for the reasons which have ,. liWwise induced him to resign . his post as one of the me ijbeffof the Executive Committee of the National ^ Charter Association . For those reasons , entarel ^ iponnected with Mr , Reynolds ' s health , we refer ionr readers to his letter addressed to the Executive Committee , and published above . Mr . Robert-LeUlond ; 'who is one of tbe Council of Sir Joshua "VValnislfey ' s Association , but far outstrips that body in the liberality of his . ideas has been invited to take MJ . VReynbHs ' s place in ¦ contesting Bradford , and we sincerely Hope he will accede to the proposal . " . •' ¦ ' " ¦ ¦¦ ''
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1645/page/1/
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