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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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t fjtflONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . ngceg _ i . l 4 , Sodthampton ^ streeti Strand . Tlie Jlxecutive Committee ; of this body j , ! d their usilal weeldy meeting , as above on Itdnesday evening hat . Present : Messrs . V juott , Grassby , Holyoake , Le Blond , and ikae . ilessrs . Earucy and O'Connor being the country were absent . Messrs . Hunt % & Jones , through engagements elsewhere , f ere a ^ 50 absent John Milne presided . Tne ! nrrespondence received was read . !
3 lr . Cr . J . Holyoake said he had been refl aeste 4 by Mr . J . C . Dobson Coiletfc , the « cti « Secretary of the Committee for the jjepeal of the Taxes on Knowledge , to state rtat that committee were desirous of obtaining # e aid of ike Executive Committee in getting sp vigorous agitation for the purpose of effecting the entire abolition of all restrictions . jfhich act as a barrier to the progress of free :
foug ht and intelligence . A long conversation ensued on the propriety of carrying out a series of public-meetings calling theattention of the people tcKthe various political questions of importance in-which the body politic were deeply interested , and it was ultimatel y agreed , on the motion of Messrs . Holyoake $ nd Le Blond , — ' That the Secretary be inctrucled to invite Mr . Collet to attend the
next meeting Bf theExecutive , in order to ex p laifl his views . ' . . After , the transaction of financial and other business , the Committee adjourned to Wednesday eteniDg , November 12 tti . Signed ^ on behalf of the Committee , John Abxott , General Secretary .. " i ¦ •* ' MANCHESTEK .- « id , ji , Sunday' evening last Mr . E . Lewis , better known as the boy-delegate to the ^ ctory fliers in 18 i 2 , delivered fa excellent and truly eloquent address , irijthe People ' s Biatitate , on * Tflef *»« tparat # fe * ondittoa of the Operative Classes in Great
Britain and America , ' in which latter twmtryhehas resided upwards of eight years . JfrV % erns set out by describing the many annoyances to which emigrants are subjected during the voyage ; and the various extortions practised upon them on their arrival . He then proceeded to describe the position of the factory workers at Lowell , contrasting the happiness they enjoyed with the misery and privations endured by the factory slaves in this country , and concluded with an
eloquent appeal to his hearers to endeavour to better their condition , not by forsaking the land of their birth , but by improving then ? minds , securing a bitter education for their children , and a more determined agitation for the enactment of the People ' s Charter , as the means of raising them from a State of vassalage to the dignity of freemen , and enabling them to enjoy all the blessings of liberty at Jiome , in the same proportion as their brethren across the Atlantic . Mr . Lewis sat down
amidst loud and long continued cheering from a numerous and respectable audience . BfiA »? OBl > - —On Sunday last the following persons were elected as councillors for the next three months : — -W . Connel , President ; W- Clarke , Treasurer j J . Heigh , Corres ponding Secretary ; B . Thompson , S . Clarke , It . Cameron , C . Boon , It . Milford , T . "WilcockjTV . Far , J . Hudson , "VY . Long , M . Browitt , T . Cameron , M . M'Cratb . Auditors for the past quarter—C . Boon , J . Heigh .
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- NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY . 26 , GoWea-lane , Wednesday Evening . Some interesting communications were read from the country , and several new shares taken up ; iusta ' mems were also paid upon a considerable number Of s ' rares . An animated discussion took place upon tbe figure prospects of the Compaay and the probabiii-y of ihe amount of dividt n < i likely to be paid . Mr . Wheeler reported the steps already taken lty the Official Manager to procure tbe books and docu . men-s of the Company . The Secretary was instructed to deposit the scrip in band with the trustees , and lo prepare the accounts { or the quarterly audit .
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HUSH DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE . Bradford . —On Sunday evening the usual weeklj raeeting of this body was held at the Neptune Inn , bridge-street ; Mr . 31 . Afoloney in the chair . Several new members were enrolled , after which the caseof Mrs . Quigley was brought before the meeting and 5 a . subscribed ! making a total of £ 1 53 . We hops the goad and true men who at the soiree some short time back cheered so loudly and encored so vehemently the beautiful song of " Who fears to speak of' 93 . " will not now betockward in contribuing their mite t 9 enable the venerable widow of tbe " Rebel Captain " to spend the remainder of hei
flays in peace and comfort , and free from the fear of breathing her last sigh in an Irish bastile . The election of three newspapers for ilie ensuing quarter was brought before the meeting by Mr . O'Sullivan , the lecretarv . The ' Nation " waa unanimously agreed to be one . The "Northern Star , " " Bradford Observer , " " Leeds Times , " and " Weekly Dispatch , " were severally proposed ; the " Star " was carried by a large majority , and the election of a third paper was postponed till Sunday evening aexu A committee of five persons were appointed to assist the council in obtaining a proper place out cf a publiC'bouse to hold the meetings of the Alliance in .
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? 2 "W" * *»* a , Dw . motta ^ -for , M , amb thehari ff tlm W » fc th * ^ veof . woman , and ntie ° P £ tran , smiW ^ to one ' s sou an illustrious name ? -Kossuth returned with renewed and dauntn \ h / £ * ° IV ^ tt liberty : < The Opposition iSJSt a T * " !* h'ra ^/ 'theirleade ^ the people nS 7 "' ° a ™ 8 as he en ^ ' « " »¦«» Kf 7 . a h ? ? s » bscriptiftnv « f . 10 , 000 florins was menced the editorship ' of-the » Pesthi Hishnr ; ¦' S , S ^' . 8 herOf Wl ? «^ glad to avail himself of i&w ? *""? , . ^! ent , and felt insured fronv hm possible impudence by the wafaifig bB-had-jDrt- receiredr'flut the editov although ^ J"iCI tT' - was a * D «> Jd as eJo ( , nent ,-and soon raised -, tbe journal toan ¦ : unparalleled circuit ' In » 3 colnnms 5 ) ie not onlruiGfeiidad __
,, n the rights of the comitat ^ and uyged thi formation oJ a great national party in opposition to Austrian oppression / but prepared the public mind for those great financial and civil measures which ot «« * ? s , hls f ^ > ' Tlw ~ Conservative patty started a nr ») jonrua ? , : ; but its talented young editor was prematorely cutoff by / death , and the whole power of the pre » 3 seomBti itfyje hand ' s of Hoss ' uth ; Ihe goveniment manafteft | few 6 very to defeat him as a candidata , for theDiiiSaifeiS . f and under tho ^ same . jnfluanoes , - r . t . h ^ uW 3 R « fto **« ie , Pesth paper displaced him from tcs control . Kossuth went to Vienna to solicit from the government the necessary permission to originate another newspaper , which was . of course , refused , but large offers ' were made for the service of his pen on the other
sidewhich were spurned as they deserved to be / On bis return , he commenced an agitation among the trading and industrious classes , in order to raiao an organised opposition to the Austrian tariff , which , m order lo make Hungary politically subservient , kept her exclusively dependent oh Austria for her markets , forbidding export or import through other obannels . It was in 1841 he formed the Yedegyet , " a league of 80 , 000 persons , pledged not to use , in any form , Austrian goods . Austrian manufacturers were obliged , in selfdefence , to establish manufactories in Hungary ; while the working men of that couatry were organised by this unresting spirit into trade-unions and co-operative societies . The year 1848 was signalised by the adhesion of Count Louis Batthyani , a nobleman wftose house
had given generals , ambassadors , archbishops , and eTen palatines to his country , and who had hitherto been the leader of the Conservative party . The Austrian government had made a bold attempt upon tbe municipal liberties which Hungary had enjoyed for eighteen centuries , by designing to substitute for officers answering to our lord-Lieutenants of counties , commoners appointed and paid by the crown . Under the presidency of the court , public meetings , op rather , conferences , were held in nearly all tbeoounties , at which Kossuth expounded with great argumentative power the constitution of Hungary , and rallied the proprietors in its defence
lliese meetings were continued up to the opening of the Diet , in the autumn of 1847 . To this Diet Kossuth was returned for the first time , a member for the city of Pesth . Count iouw and other of the Opposition leaders , with several noble ladies , exerted their utmost influenoe in his favour , and triumphed over all the arts of the government . They also proposed to purchase for Kossuth a handsome property ; but this he , who has been so UUliguantly accused of peculation and cupidity , declined , preferring to derive his support from the little estate he had procured by the proceeds of his pen .
lie at once took the lead in the Chamber of Deputiei ; and it was chiefly by bis influence that the Hungarian Archduke Stephen was chosen Palatine in the place of the Archduke John , who had died some mouths before . lie proceeded immediately to announce a project of reform which would have secured htm immortal celebrity had his career terminated with its adoption by the Parliament—a scheme to purify and re-invigorate tho municipalities , and to emancipate tbe serf peasantry . In the coraitatB , which we have repeatedly mentioned , it was only the nobles that were represented ; but tlie nobility of Hungary had no resemblance to that of England at the present day—the whole condition of society there , indeed , seems rather to have resembled that of our . own country in the transition
period of the rival roses , when there was a large class of freemen-rthe yeomen of the country , and the merchants , traders , and artisans of tho townsbut another class of agricultural serfs , op ' villeins " as they were called . So in Hungary up to the time of which we are writing . The nobility were all those who had descended from originally patrician families , however remote the lineage , and however reduced tlie descendant . This traditional aristocracy , mingled With the mass of the people—became merchants , manufacturers , farmers , or professional men ; and were only distinguished by political privileges . They amounted , in some counties , tons many as 25 , 000 or 30 , 000 in number . Now that the Austrian government bad resolved to subjugate the comitiUB , i > y substituting for tbe Count Palatine /
frequently absent in the upper Chamber of the Diet , a Royal Administrator—who would carry out the decrees of the government without submitting them to tbe county meeting—Kossuth saw that the only way to counteract them was by enlarging the constituency ;— " not to make the condition of Hungary such that thero should be no privileges for the few , but to erect a temple of liberty for all tho people . " lie proposed , therefore , to admit tho serf to the political rights of tae noble , But that serf must first bo socially enfranchised . Actual vassalage had been abolished under Maria Theresa in 1705 ; but the peasant still had to pay his landlord " robot , " or rent in labour or kind , and do service to the State—in the words of Kossuth himself , ' tho agriculturist had to work for his landlord
104 days in the yeiir . If you take off the Sundays , the festival days , and the winter , why what rctnitined to him ? But still he had to give a ninth of his produce to the seigneur , and a tenth , or tithe , to the bishop . " Iu 1830 , the party of which Kossuth was then the inspiration , hud proposed in the Diet , that tho peasant should have n right to emancipate himself from his ieudal and seignorial burdens by paying off the capital sum to which they amounted , " estimated at the rate of five or eight per cent . " At first it was proposed that this should be the independent rij ; ht of tho peasant , but as it was found impossible to carry that against the nugmates and the government , it was modified to a privilege dependent on the consent of the landlord . M CVfift IB that filllipo , the project , though agreed
to by both chambers of the Diet , was rejected by the government ; and there was an end of it for the time . Now , in November , 1847 , on the eve of the French revolution—but before its outbreak could have been forseen—Kossuth reintroduced the project . It was preluded by a sort of general declaration of grievances . " When w ' o came to the Diet , " 8 » ya Koasuth , " the first question I proposed , according to the instructions of my constituents , w ; is , that the municipal institutions of the country should bo upheld in their natural purity , aud that the system of arbitrators should be put aside , and that it' this motion was not carried no taxes should be voted . On this motion the House of Commons and the Houeo of Lords did not a » ree for two months . It was necessary that both should
agree to carry a [ bill or resolution ] before it could be laid before the king ; but there was no limit to the number of communications which might have passed between the two houses , so that they might go on to the number of 100 or 300 till the question was settled or abandoned . " It was during this struggle that the French revolution broke out . In his own striking phrase , Koaauch resolved to seize " the opportunity which God had given , not Hungary made ;"—he generously resolved—lie who has been libelled with having fanned the pride ol race in tho bosom of the Ai . ijfy . ir , and oppressed the Sclave—to demand of tho Ausiri in monarchy the restoration of constitutional right to all tho provinces of the empire . In a magnificent oration , delivered on the 2 nd of March , 1843 , he moved : u \ address to { the Emperor embodying this demand ; and Wag deputed , With Count Louis BattHyani to carry it to Vienna . Before he left , a national
imnatry was appointed , with the Count at us head , uitn .-elf Minister of Finance , and Prince Estorltazy of Foreign Afiiiivs—a national guard was organised at 'Prc-sburg—and patriotic associations wero esta * blished in all the chief towns . Above all , he hud carried , in a parliament of landlords , the unconditional emancipation of tho peasantry—that is , virtually unconditionally for the proprietors had only his assurance , as Financial Minister , that tho national property was rich enough to compensate them—and a measure of reform , admitting every one to the countj suffrage vrho possessed property worth 300 florins ( £ 30 sterling ) , or 8 acres of land . It was to obtain tho sanction of the Emperor to these large demands , and the ratification of his own appointment that , on the 13 th of March , he appwirod in Vienna , then in possession of the people , who had risen in emulation of the citizens of Paris . The National Guard and the students received the deputation in triumph , and threatened to storm the palace if their demands were nut granted . It was then , as ho says , that he held the life of the dynasty in his hand . Ho returned to Pesth a
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Min ^ erjOPthejflmpita and Hungary , 'authorized by the . aapn ^ rch ofvfepthjkingdomst <* , carry out the soheme ' s ; whiph . iadrs 9 ^ Jong , bropdert in hjs nobJe intellect' ^ ppmmahd ^ W ' * The Diet vfas . di 89 pl . vatf , ih ' a \ a , n ' otber Buiiimoned for the 2 hcT of Jqly—foV a"Siefe ' tl&t s ^ t from 1832 to 1836 , the Hungarians ( rall ^ hel ? I L&r tr Parliament ; So . ' similar is the spirit jrf ' fcbeir < co « siitution i to that of . our otto :. By thi *; time , "; ther sedition that bad ,. long beenfomenting ^ iwaongstlw savage tribes pf _ Qr . otia--a province of Hungary , separated from it by - ^ . ho river © rave—had - broken outfoto arrooa reb e llion , and' threatened ,. ia ? asioa under Jellachich ;; the ; recently appointea Baa ' : of Croatia . K was of course thongfe , by the loyally uKaos-f piciouo . ^ hat the-Emperor had but ' to d his
comman ¦ »* mw . toTptorej ham he-woq Mbe > : obeyed ; - Counfc Batthyani , wag . of : the 8 e ; and evetf after a Conference-with .. ; Jellachiob , at Snnspruck- ^ at which the atter ^ boasted they would nieefcfftgain on the Danotor ( that . » ,, within , ( for boundaries of Hungivn ) -eontjnued to carry on amicable intercourse with . ; tb » Court-. Kosauth . saw ; 4 ) ir 6 % h too- conspiracy , and resignetf . hfs pOgf . ' i » the ' Ministry . but was sqpucomptillea / by thb' po « War - ^ cw t ^' re " - sume it . The-B ( J 4 t ! haa removed" « 8 t ^ aWftom Presburg , a small tonxum ^ tiifr 40 nWmntier 7 to the noble- oifcy of 'Buda * P 6 s ' th . -Id " fftotherof Wsraott celebrated orations—every ose of which was an event— Kosauth demanded an extraordinarycontribution of 50 , 000 , 000 of fiorjss ,- and a levy of 200 , 000 men , which were voted by acclama .
tion . After a long and eloquent argument he exclaimed , " To-day we are the ministers of this nation , to-morrow there may be otbersv This is a matter of no consequence . The ministry can change , but thoe , o my country 5 must for ever endure ; and with thia or another ministry , the nation must preserve the fatherland . Therefore , to avoid all misunderstandings , I say outright , and solemnly that , if I ask this House for 2 G& , soldiers , and the necesaary sums thereto , iiud they do not— " Before he could finish his sentence the House ; worked up to an intense pitch of exeitement by the speech , rosa as one man , and shouted , "We give it , we give it t" It is said that all Eossuth could do in reply , was to bow low to the audience , the tears flowing down his cheeks , with the words .
"I bow myself before the greatness of this nation . If there be as much energy in tho execution aa there has been patriotism in the offer , hell itself could never conquer Hungary . " The effect of this speech was such , that the President of the AssembLj left his seat to embrace the orator , arid the House adjourned , unable to attend any other business . We cannot further follow one by one the steps of this great man—and we need not , for they are nOW imprinted on the memory of the i : » tion . We VfOuid fain tell how Hapsburg perjury became manifest , and the Jellachich conspiracy was defeated—how the Palatine Arch-duke Stephen fled from the head of his brave Hungarian army , and Kossuth was appointed in his stead—how Latour , the Austrian minister , fell a victim in Vienna to
his own attempted treachery upon the Hungarians and Viennese—how Lemberg , sent by tho Emperor to govern Hungary as his alter ego , was outlawed by the Diet , and slain by tho populace on the bridge that connects Bud ; i and Peaih—how the undisciplined valour of the Hungarians chased Jellachinoh to the gates of Vienna , and would have put that city beyond reach of Windischratz and bombardment , but for the timidity and indecision of tho revolutionary leaders—how , in ono campaign , the savage hordes of the Ban and the veteran troops of Haynau were beaten back from the Theias to the Danube—how , when a Russian array waa on tho frontier , the spirit of tiie nation rising to tho height of the great exigency , tbe Declaration of Hungarian Independence w : is issued from Debr ' eezin , on the JUth of April , 1 S 49—how the bravery of tho people , headed by Bern , Guyon , Dembinski , and Klapka ,
all inspired and guided by him whoso genius ' combined the eloquence of Chatham mtu the talent of Carnot ; and refuse to despair until the traitor Gorgey first took from the self-sacrificing Dictator the power to control , aud then' used it to * betray—how the Conservative patriot Schzeni went mad with grief , the treacherous Zichy was hanged , the venerable LouU Batthyani gibbeted at Pesth , and thirteen noble prisoners of war at Arad—arid , filially , how Koseuth and aiictle army of compatriots , escaping hither and thither , have pined in a prison-refuge , owed their liberation to the humane fidelity of a Turk , and now , superior to calumny as to ill-ibrtuiie , are the honoured and beloved guests of two hemispheres . On all this WOUld We dwell—buk time and space fail . May we have the happiness of some time continuing this brief biography of Louis Kossuth , to the day when he reassuunes tbe unadorned throne of Hungary , the ruler as well . as the idol of his noble native land !—Nonconformist .
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TRIAL BY JURY , On Thursday evening the fifty-seventh anniversary of the acquittal of ThotnHs Hardy , John Home Tooke , anil John Thelwall from a charge of high treason , was celebrated by the friends of parliamentary reform , at Radley ' s Hotel , Bridge-street , Blackfriars . About one hundred gentlemen sat down to au excellent dinner . Dr . Epps presided . On tbe removal of the cloth , the Chairman gave as the first toast ' The sovereignly of the
people / Pie said the people might sometimes be led into excess , but ) for that excess ' educa . tion would * be the remedy , and besides , their worst excesses , even during the first French Revolution , were as nothing compared to the cruelties now daily perpetrated in Austria , in Hung-ary , and in Italy . ( Hear , hear . ) There should ' be no despot but the Creator , arid after him the only safe depository of power was the universal people . ( Hear . ) The toast waa drunk standing with three times three . The next toast was ' The Queen . '
The Chairman said : Her Majesty was most differeut from the sovereigns of continental Europe , for whom he most sincerely prayed that for their misdeeds they might before long be brought before a jury of twelve honest men . ( Cheers . ) But although they were willing to have a queen bee , like the republicans of tho hive , they did not want an oligarchy of lords and bishops , or other drones , of whom tho Queen seemed as tired us themselves , for she retreated as often as sho
could to Osborne to get rid of their tiresome ceremonies aud importunities . ( Cheers . ) He hoped the day would como when our Queeu would be no longer the head of the church , but that we should have such a parliament as would sever the accursed union of church and state , as until that was done thero would be no true realisation of the sovereignty of the people . ( Cheers . ) The toast was received with the usual honours .
Mr . T . Hunt rose to give the Charter toast of the evening , ' Trial by Jury . ' He said he trusted that in drinking it they would not feel that they were toasting a mere institution rather than the action of a living spirit . Trial by jury was , in fact , tho best specimen of the English living spirit . ( Hear , hear . ) If the present generation acted only up to that spirit , they would not only retain the institution of trial by jury , but would obtain that perfect representation which would be their only sure means of controlling taxation . —The toast was received with much enthu « aiaa m *—Mr , J . W . Fox , M . P ., in giving ' The memories of Hardy , Tooke , and
Thelwall , ' said it was a remarkable thing that fifty-seven years after tho trial of those meu they were commemorating their deliveranceand why ? because their deliverance was the establishment of a new principle—because it sated this country from the doctrine of constructive treason —( hear , hear)—a doctrine which , by its cumulative process , would leave no man safe , however cautious or innocent . What was the promise of a new reform bill by the government but a concession to the principles asserted GO years ago ^? ( Cheers . ) There was at the present moment no excitementthe reform act hail turned out to be what it had promised to be 3 a compromise j and no-
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• , ¦• . ¦ . ¦• • • .. i « . , -. bfriJy . was surprised or disappointed . Whai Lord John IiusseJi took 20 years to find put he mi glit have asceftaiue ' d in 20 "" nnnutes / had " he-taken , tiie / trouble . ( Cheers . ) : But tha ¦ promised giiveriimeul measure was a secret , wiiHe the creed and wislus of the people were no secret . -What they wanted was lull / Tree , ' and falr representation , and the uprooting ^ f an . nsigmheant corrupt boroughs ; What they 2 S r ?'' * noveIties < ^ eMid , eveu SbJlnfh , amenls ' had be * n tried-before ^ il ^ . ^^« n ^ md ; before , l afad W ) 5 b ^ a » r-
tutional than-, the ; whig substitute thatthey had obtained ;^ y 8 ^ . . ^; ' f $ . instance , had they jfoiind the - ^ lO suf- [ ffage-r-where had they found the . principle ^ of substituting btkka for brains ? . ( Cheer « and laughter . ) By that franchise they bad let in the : most dependent and subservientclass , the smuU shopkeepers , and had kept out tbe'moat independent ,- the inUWigeat operatives , - " ( jLoudtcheers . ) But they were bound to wait with respect lor Lord John ' s measure ,
but not too'trmfcingly , and ¦ their distrust wou 2 < l !' be iuereased 1 by recent articles in . the 'Whig press . . HefiMiv Fox ) had hfeaself bin-n mia- , represented " ; to ( be effect that he . lmd pro > £ e 4 * . to exclude all Iord « from tbo Legislature . Ha wished to exclude no lords who ; like Lord Dudley . Stuart , Lord ^ Duncan , or ] k > rd John RusseU himself , Wi wo « the confidence of large constituencies- ;; but that was no reason - way lords and lordljngs should make their war fete-parliament b y means of ' Small andioowupt boroagfaa of . 200 or SOO ^ oters . He had-ntfcered " o ^ u ^ . ' 8 ehtiinent 3 at a" recent " meeting , & % \ ?' &rirjf ^ inS . Laucajhire ,. and-the' papers ba'd ' -t ? iuTonaerthe public ik was a smalf pt-ice ^ 'ao -f ^ like Bury St . Edmunds , TrueBurr St .
, Edmunda contained 13 , 0 Q 0 inhabitants , Bury ia Lancashire contained' 70 , 000 . Bury St . Edmunda- sent two Jordliuga to parliament , Bury in Lancashire aente only one , an iur telligent ironmonger , aud inhabitant ef the town ,. ( Loud elieeis-.. ) So it went on through the list . The large towns wera coinparativeiy unrepresented , while tllflsraalli and corrupt , ami deenyvi onus hud all the parliamentary influence . Let them , then , toast tflfr memories of tlifr early advocatesi of free representation , not in solemn silmce , but inifull cheerfulness for the hopeful future which most surely awaited their principle * , ( Cheers . ) The toast was , contrary to tlie annual custom , drunkswitn . loud cheers and three-times three .
The Chairman rend a letter from aperson named Hall , complaining Ghat Hardy ' s monument in Jiunhill-fieWs wjva ( , 'oift ) , ' to decay , and suggesting a small subscription for its renovation . The suggestion was well received by tho meeting . Mr . Parry gave the memory of the Scottish martyrs , Muir , 1 aimer , and others , with a warm eutogy on their merits and patriotism . ( The toast waa received with loud cheers . ) Mr . Masson gave— " Radical reform of all abuses , and a Ml anu true representation Of tl ) O people in pHi-liament . " " Tho Press , " " The Chairman , " aud the other toasts-on the list were then disposed of , and the company separated
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Frioiitfvl Beath oh Hoard a Ste ^ m Boat . — On Thursday afternoon , Mr . Caritar held an inquest ah the White Hurt , Evith , to inquire into tho death of George OtYen , tavern keeper , Bear-street , Leicester-squ ; ire , who was killed on Tuesday lasp on board tbe Queen of the Thames steam- !< oat . Tbe circumstances ( which will be found in our 6 th page ) w « re sworn to by the witnesses , when the jury re « turned a verdict of " Accidental death . " Tiik Alleged Mukdkji of a \ tii-n or her Husband . —An inquest was held on the body of . Mrs , Elizabeth Dorothea D ; iv ; s , age < J 32 , w / io it was al ' loge-i , had been murdered by Tlnmas IXwis , hej husband , who stands remasded from Clevkenweh Police Court . The jury , after hearing evidence , returned a verdict , " That tlie deceased dkd from inflammation of the arm , but how caused there vras not sufficient evidence to show . "
Dke-idfujo Steamboat Explosion at Bristol . — On Wednesday a steam tu * named the Lady Emily on the screw principle , blew up on ihe river Avon , with a terrible noise , and'on tho smoke clearing off not a vestioe of the steamer was visible . The ( leek had been rent to pieces ; the fragHwiit * were huvled into the air , and descended into the fields on both sides of the water , while the hull , shattered and torn asunder , sunk to the bottom of the canal , which is about twenty feet deep in that . spot , Ac the time ihe explosion sook place the crew con * sisted of fouv persons , three of whom were killed on the spot ; the other has since died .
FIRES . —A fil ' u huppuned at , half-past two o ' clock on Thursday mowiing , at No . 22 , Mint-street , Borough , in the occupation of Mr . John Courr , grocer . and cheese-mougcr , which w .-is ne . sr . ' y attended witUa loss of two lives . Tlie residents bilYitIP 1 ) 6611 ftl'OUSed , they .-ill sucueoiied in effecting a Bafo retre . 'if ., except two persons , who fell senseless to the floor , on account of the density of the smoke . Fortunately , tlie Itoyal Society ' s fire escape came down just in time , and tho conductor having mountml the machine , succeeded in saving their lives . Tho fire was not subdued until tho whole of Mr . Court ' s stock in trado was di'striiyud . Tho snffertr was insured in tlie British Kmpiro Firo-offiCO .
Another rook place in the premises of Mr . Miller , tobscconiss , No . 11 , Harking Church-yard . Tbe engines of Her Majesty ' s Customs , Brigade , and West Of England arrived as eaily as possible , and the flames wero extinguished after considerable damage was done . About the same time a iire happened in the premises <> f Mr . Bryan , Iso . 23 , Laiubethroail . Timely aid having been procured the fire was extinguished before any very considerable damage was done . Two other fires ' touk place about the same hour ; an > i one at No . 23 , Upper Chadwell-place , Myddletoifsquare , in the occupation of Mr . F . Tailis ; tbe other in the premises of Mr . J . Stebburn , Dalaiid-row , Cannon-s' . eeet , City .
Pitur-AY ai , l vouu Lkttshs . —All letters for the United Kingdom posted from this day , Nov . ' 1 st , must be prepaid by sUmpa or sent unpaid . The " Cape Town . Mail" announces tho arrival at the colony of Mrs . Pfeiffer , tho lady who has travelled round tbo world . Shu intended , it is said , to set out oil a tour in tho interior . pFFtcui . Announcements . —Mr . W . Corrie ia appointed police m : i » i . itme for the district of tho metropolis . Mr . Corrie was deputy steward of tbe Palace Court : it the period of its abolition ; and the aiillU . 'll COinpi-llsiition then aw . irdud bo him is saved to the public , and is to he deducted from his present salary according to the di-cision of tbe Treasury . Mr . William Follet Synge of the ¦ Forei gn office , has proceeded to Washington as attache to Her Majesty ' s mission iu the United States . — Observer .
The Newspaper Puess in * America . —The " Reformer ' s Almanack , " in an article on the T . ixes on Knowledge , says : — " America has fur outstripped England in the ditfusion of intelligence by means of the newspaper press . While London , with a population of two millions , has but ten daily papers ; Now York , with . 700 , 000 , has fifteen ; r . ono of dsem costing more than twopence , and the circulation ; of some exceeding that of the whole of the London dailies . Every county and town , and frequently village , has its newspaper ; and these aie ably conducted ; contain telegraphic intelligence to a hundred times greater extent than our own papers , anl are , generally speaking , free from objection on tho aeore of morals aud propriety . Threc-fourth 3 of Sill the families in America t . ike a daily piipcr . ifoarly every mechanic has one , and has ir , noo when the news has become stale , or after it has been thumped by a score of previous readers , but
on hu breakfast table botwoen six and seven in th * morning , and that , too , at a cost of butol . aweek ! All tUU is , no doubt , attributable p = rtly to other circumstances , but it is mainly due to the freedom Of tho American presss from fi cal restrictions . It pays neither paper , advertisement , nor stamp duty , and tho proprietors havo io comply with no other prerequisites , an-1 "re subject ' . o no > more liabilitos , "tban any ono starting a blacksmith ' s shop !" .. Death of Loud President Hcpk . —With deep regret we have to announce the death of ti . e ll'ght Hon . Charles Hope , who so lon ' , so ably , and SO acceptably filled tho office of President of I he Court of Session , and who has now expired ; it iho asre of nearly fourscore and ten , le ivinij he hind him a reputation wiiich his brethren or successors wiliHml it difficult tu rival . Tho lfi » l&iieholy eienb occurred on Fr ' nlay , Oct . 31 st , at Ms house in Moray-place . —Edinburgh Advertiser . Sift Edward E . Uisbrowk , IJristo 1 , Envoy Extraordinary an 3 Minister Denijiotentiiry fti tLfl Court of the Netherlands , died at the H igue on tha aJc !) ult . Messks . lU&cwrt and Pkrkins" hrewing firm pnv the Income-tax Commissioners £ 6 , 000 a-jcir tlev estimnto tlieir profits at £ 200 , 000 a-ve » v
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Take IIollowaVs yawta cure Asthniaticnl Compls-ints , Old Coughs , and Aftechons of the Chen . —The cst'inrdi-» ary ctaicy ot these invaluable IMisin tf . q cm-eofc-m-V nin' . s alteciing ilie chest , whether arising from asthma , ow eo'jj ; iis , or oceasiosal colils , is now bo will atii'Sted » y numbers of persons , fcotti at home and : ib » O ! .. l . tl . athiwo ueen vuimI by thiir use that HoUi . way ' 8 l * il ! s li : iv < = cecometnt-nioit pypuiar remedy fov sujIi tim&i . A few doses wiil remove il \ c plUfgffl . v « l ) 0 VU D ) 0 t p " pvcssi > n » ' tl ) O elli > st , aad ther « b > - produce a heal by notion of tb Ittiigs ; to assist it perfecting the mm , HoUoway ' s Ointiuvuc should he rubbed into tha enwt trery night .
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6 gfttftft $ nit \ U&m . .
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3 IR . ; T . BROWN A ^ D THE REFUGEES . IO IHE EDITOR OF THE UOBTHEBJf STAR . Sib , —As you and most of the readers of tlie * Star / are aVare of the great and gratuitous interest taken by Mr- Brown for the support of the Polish and Hungarian Refugees ,, it may not he inopartune , — now that most of the exiles are provided for elsewhere—to allude to the position in which Mr . Brown is left , after devoting the greater portion of his time to alleviate the sufferings of the late inmates of the Turnnrill-street establishment , it , Several debts were contracted to meet the Brants of the Refugees , which debts are unpaid , and devolve upon Mr . Brown , whose meaas are restricted to the labour of his hands .
It is most certainly right that the creditors should he paid , and it would be wrong to allow Mr . Brown lo sustain the entire burden . A little from each Chartist locality would satisf y all demands , and Itrustthat the appeal : will not be unheeded . The Refugees are too poor to contribute , or it would not he required that others should render aid in discharging the liabilities . Any trifle sent to this office will be appropriated to the purpose alluded to , and will be duly acknowledged in the columns of the ' ^ irthern Star ; " or any small donations will be gratefully received by Mr . Brown , 21 , Olerkenwell Green . Tours , trulv , W . RlDEK
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Redemption- Sociktt . —The principal subject * hich engages the attention of the directors at present is the desirability of taking larger premises , so that the co-operative ' store—which is progressing favourably—ihe Society ' s meetings and weekly meetings for lectures aud discussions , not confined to social topics merely , may be accommodated in the same building . A committee has been appointed for this purpose . Monies received for tbe we » k—LetdS , £ 3 19 S . \ M . n ^ e , per M . Bradley , 13 s . 2 a . ; Manchester , per M . Bloomer , 3 s . 5 d . Bniiding Fund—Leeds , la ; Hyde , 9 s . 3 d . ; Manchester , 2 s . Propagandist Fund , 5 s . lOJd . —J . Hexdbrson , Sec , 162 , BiiEgate . Leed * .
Wreck os the Goodwix Sam > 3 . —The luggers which came into the harbour on Friday afternoon October 3 lat , reported a fearful Io 3 s , iu tbe course of the night , on the north ead of the Goodwin Sands . At daybreak a wreck of a large TBBsel was discovered on the Sand ? , fast breaking up . Her masts were broken off close to tbe deck and part of Lsr stern was gone . From fragim-nts wiich were afterwards picked up there ia reason to believe that the iU-fated sbip was the Edward and aophia , from the north , for Soutbend . Ol the crew nothing baa been hoard , and we fear they ttoYe all mot with a watery gnve .
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THE JUDGE OF THEL 1 VEKPOOL COUiJTT COURT . THE JIIDfiR CiV THE T . TVP . TlTJnnY . rtrVTTXJ'PV
LORD CARLISLE'S COURT OF INQUIRY . At ten o ' clock on Wednesday morning , the Earl of Carlisle , accompanied by Mr . Eliice , the attorney general of the Duchy of Lancaster , and Mr . P . Dawes Danvers . his secretary , took hia seat on tbo bench in the Conrt-house , to inquire into the conduct of William . Bamshay , Esq ., judge of the Liverpopl County Court . For the memoraJists , Mr . Monk and Mr . Tindal Atkinson were engaged as connsel ; and for Mr . Ramshay , the advocates were Mr . Sergeant Wilkuuy' Mr . --Ovens , Mr . Sowler , and Mr . Thorburne . The proceediaga were opened by hi 3 lordship directing tho secretary to read the memorial and correspondence relative thereto . While the documents were reading . Mr , Ranishay entered the court .
Air . Monk then proceeded to state the oaae , and referred- to the various allegations made in the memorial . He next went through the proceeding of Rainshay , since he had taken Ilia aeat after the inquiry , in to his conduct , which took , place before hi * lordship in London , and especially dwelt upon the speeches made in bis court , where lie appeared to think ! himself an object of persecution , and seemed resolved to resist it . The first time Mr . Ramshay . tbok hia seat on the bench'after- tho former inquiry was on the 25 th of August , and it the
was of Ais conduct from that date th ^ fc memorial which , complained , of 'the 'Judge ' s conduct 53 | 3-xnore especial reference-. [ At this stage of the proceedings the witnesses were ordered out of the court . ] Mr . Monk then called hia lordship ' s attention to the mode in which the judge of the county court had proceeded to apprehend Mr . Whitty without a warrant , and went on to read the report of the proceedings , wherein it was stated that Mr . VVhitty refused to go without a warrant , but said he would wait an hour while the bailiffs went to
get one . The next circumstances was the apprehension of a loan named Hadden , who W 38 fined 5 s . for speaking rather loud in an ante-room of the county court , although he apologised , and certainly had never intended to insult the judge or the court . And shortly afterwards another , person , who was also talking rather loud , was brought up , the judge saying , " Bring him in here—I am tired of imposing penalties . " But this man was also fined , that being the sixth penalty inflicted on thesama day . The learned counsel then went through the evidence of the witnesses connected with Mr . WMttj ' s apprehension , and called his lordship ' s attention to the number of flues inflicted during
those proceedings for trifling offences—or , more strictly , for no offence at all . Reverting to the placard , Mr . Monk said the paper itself contained not one word of comment on the judge ' s conduct , Mr . . Rauishay ' s own decision was that the line ulone in the placard was the offence which Mr . Whitty had committed ; and it was evident that the whole proceedings evinced a want of that patience , temper , and impartiality which were indispensable in a judge . Aad he should place witnesses before his lordship who wonld prove that Mr . Kamshay had both decided caaea after hearing one side only , and also imposed a regulation by which the greater part of debts below 10 s . were virtually confiscated .
Mr . Sergeakt Wiikiks submitting that the learned counsel must confine himself to the terms of hia memorial , His lordship sided with the learned sergeant . A note .-vas handed to Sergeant Wilkins from Mr . Ramshay , who requested that the points refer * red to by Mr . Monk should be investigated . Mr . Monk resumed , referring to that part of Mr . Ramshay ' s address in court which stated that he did not care if it took a . regiment of soldiers he would bring up every man who laughed at his officers or was guilty of any insult to them or the Court ; he submitted that this showed a very great want of temper , and as to the words addressed to his witness , " Yonas 3 , do you not known tbata hand doubled is a , fist . " Mr . Monk said that he
would offer no comment on that , as it must be manifest the expression was wholly improper in a judge . The learned counsel then proceeded to read the reports of the proceedings in the case of Brown the tailor , who was committed by Mr . Ramsbay for contempt in applauding a sentiment uttered by Sir George Stephen . Here was a poor journeyman tailor dragged to Lancaster Castle in tbe middle of the night , where on arrival the Officer found he was without a warrant , and the gaoler refused to receive him as a prisoner . After keeping him about the town all night , the officer broa « bt him back to Liverpool , and was again shut up in the cell of the count ? court , and subsequently liberated « u a payment of OS , There was another man , a Mr . Caldwell , a flour-dealer
who was brought up for the same offence , but merely because he was a " more respectable" man , 31 r . Ramshay gave him the option of paying a fine of £ 5 , or going to prison for seven days ; and ultimately remitted it altogether . That seemed an odd way of measuring a degree of contempt j in which the distinction was made in favour of the man whose position rendered the act more unpardonable while the punishment was inflicted on the poor man with the utmost severity . But there was a small circumstance which ho ought here to mention , and he would give it in the witness ' s own words , as it would afterwards be given before his lordship . One John Jones was brought up for putting his hat on in an outer room , while leaving the court , without one particle of evidence of intention to do anything
wrong , and the judge said , " Do you know what I sit here for V I said , ' 2 fo , sir : but to do justice I suppose . ' The judge then said , 'I'll teaoh you what . I sit here for ; I'll teach the people of Liverpool 10 treat this court with respect . You are fined 10 s . for contempt of court . ' I said , ' I ' m a very poor man , and can ' t afford to pay it , sir ; I mean ' t no harm . ' But I was sent to Lancaster Castle for two days ; I had but eightpenee in iny pocket , and had to walk all the way back , more than fifty miles . '" The Juarned counsel said that such a punishment for really no offence , and after the poor feliow had apologised , showed that the jud ^ e was either unfit or incapable of fulfilling his duties with impartiality . But unfortunately it was only a portion of the system which that learned gentleman had
pursued ; as , for insiacee , his address to Mr . Whitty , " You look like a mar : in whose face the worst passions of our nature are pourtrayed . For the disgraceful offence of which you have been convicted , you shall be commuted to Lancaster Castle for seren days . " And that was merely for insulting a bailiff . Why , if it had been one of those cases which were tried in criminal courts the language could i : ot have been more strongly expressed to characterise a most disgusting crime . Mr . Ramshay had also said that he was not going to be bailiff and ju'igein his own court ; how much it was to be wished ( said the learned counsel ) that the judge had had as much objection to be accuser as well aa judge , as he had te being bailiff of his court . These circumstances would be laid before his lordship by the
witnesses themselves , and he submitted that they wonld fully establish the allegations of the memorial , that Mr . Ramshay had exhibited a want of proper temper , moderation , and discretion , in the exercise of his t . ffice , and either on the point of incapacity or misbehaviour , hia lordship would have ample ground for tue removal of Mr . Ram 9 hay from his office . The case might be safely left here , but there was another circumstance which must be presented to his lordship ' s notice . A person named Joyce , who had assisted at the attempted apprehension of Mr . Whitty—not a bailiff of the court—while giving his evideoce , was advised by the judge to bring his
action ia that court , and to lay the damages at £ 50 ; ' when , " said the judge , " if the ease should be tried before me , I do not know that I ought to cut down the damages . " Surely that was a most Improper exercise of the judicial functions ; and he ( the learned counsel ) would now take his lordship ' s direction as to whether this part of the case of tbe memorialists , which comprised the case of Mr . Whitty , sen ., should be established by the evidence , or if the entire allegations must be proceeded « ith . Mr . Sergeant -WitKlss reqnested his lordship to have the entire case which Mr . Ramshay would have to answtr , at onee before him ; but , perhaps he would permit an adjournment for ten
minutes . To this proposition his Lordship acceded , it being agreed that Mr . Tindal Atkinson should resume the case on behalf of the memoralists , proceeding with the reporter ' s notes on tlie case of Sir . Whitty , jun . The reading of these occupied a considerable
lime . The proceedings during the whole day were of the most prolix character , consisting chiefly of tbe reading of the various reports , which have already appeared ia the public prints , relative to Mr . Ramshay ' s court . It is expected that the investigation will last throughout the whole of the present week , unless his lordship fhould be inclined to afford Mr . llamsbay time to prepare for his defence , after heariijg the case against him , which it was stated would be applied for by Mr . Sergeant Wilkins aa soon aa tbe mtrcoriatiatt nave closed , their evidence .
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A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY Of LOUIS XOSSUTH . a rmiWTa t ) tV- \« t » < nn-ir An t Ar-rn
Great men are of a twofold utility to their age , besides the actual services they render . They at once elevate and embody the popular ideal of human character ; thus excitiug that tendency to hero-worabip which is an indestructible and beneficial instinct of our nature , and kindling aspirations after like excellence ^ They also , by the cariosity which they excite , greatly augment the aggregate of popular knowledge , and make the people of different nations better acquainted with each other's history and country , Ifc is to subserve , in some rneasare , both these ends—to make more familiar to our readers ilie person of Kossuth , and the facts of the Hungarian story—that wo weave into the following narrative particulars carefully collected from various sources .
In the Hungarian county of Thurvez , is a small town bearing the name of Koaauth-falva ( or vilJe ) , and the chief family of the place , wear on their arms , the ram rampant—Koa Being the Hungarian name for ram . But it was ; not here that the man who has given world-wide celebrity to the name was born . Like many who ' have risen to eminence b y public services , he came of a decayed family , his father living , at the time of hia birth—an event which different narratives aesign to the years 1802 , 1804 , and 1806—on a small estate at Monok , in the county of Zemplin , in the North of Hungary , between the great river Theiss and the western arm of the Carpathian
mountains . Here he was reared amidst influences in which the strength of the old forest barbarians mingled with the richness of orientalism—a combination that \ b strikingly visible in his person ; the oval face and delicate frame , the eyes of blue and grey , and features that seem ever trembling with seusibility , surrounded by a storm of black hair . The spot is spoken of as the Egypt and the Goshen of Hungary—the overflowings of the Theiss as fertilizing as those of the Nile , the mountain slopes bearing the Greek vine without and veins of gold within , and the sky ever bright and soft—and its historical associations run » g far back as the time when Attila led
from beyond the Danube the aveugiug destroyers of the Roman Empire . Besides the general traditions of the country , there was the family legend , that no less than seventeen of its members had been impeached of treason by the Austrian governments during the repeated wars of tho Hungarians , between 1527 and 1715 , in defence of their popular and Protestant institutions . And to these potent influences of climate and legend , race and pedigree , were added the most powerful of all influences on the character of the future man
—that of a high-minded and aftectionate mother—who has lived , as did those women of kindred spirit , the mothers of Cromwell and Napoleon , to follow the fortunes of her son to their height ; and alas ! to participate in . hia sublimely sad reverse . True to the memories of his house , the elder Kossuth took arms iu " the war of liberation , " as was called the crusade against Napoleon , in 1811 , and shed his blood in the battle of Leipsig . The younger was sent , in boyhood , to the ordinary gymnasia of the country , and in youth—now fatherless and poor , though of the rank of a gentleman—he entered the Lutheran College of
Potok . . Thence ho advanced to the University of Pesth ; whore he made the acquaintance of two distinguished writers , the brothers Kisfaludyi , and under their auspices cultivated as a branch of literature , hia mother-tongue , which ib had long been the fashion among the gentry to neglect for French and German , but in which his patriotic sympathies foresaw a sure way to tho hearts of the people , who loved their natire Magyar in proportion il 9 it Wfl 9 despised by the rich . Intended for the legal profession , he entered at Pesth the offico of a notary , worked there for several years , and obtained his diploma as an advocate—equivalent to our " call to the bar . "
It was in 1839 that he made hia appearance in ihe comitat , or county meeting of Zinnplin , wheve the deputies to the Diet were elected and instructed how to act . Two subjcctB gave immediate employment to the young orator—tho cholera and the Polish insurrection . The ignorant and superstitious peasantry had been persuaded that the many deaths and much suffering inflicted by tho mysterious malady , were the result of poison , sold by Jews to the nobles for the destruction of their serfs . Many of them rose upon tlieir musters , and it Was KoSSUth almost alone who had the courage and skill to disabuse and soothe them . Great w / is the sympathy of the Hungarians with the Poles ; and Zemplin was induced , by the eontageous ardour
of its native orator , to beceme the focus of sixteen comitats , who sent a deputation to Vienna , demanding leave to raise a great army in support of the Polish cause . Metternich and tho Austrian Cabinet , from jealousy of what Russia had recently gained from tho Turks , were not altogether indisposed to sanction this ; but before anything could be done , beyond sending a few volunteers—among whom was Perezel , a distinguished general in the late war , and one of Kossuth's fellow exiles—the patriotB were crushed , and Hungary , like England , then and now , became the refuge in flight of those it would fain have aided in the field . It is a peculiarity of the Hungarian constitution that in its Diet peeresses , or lady magnatessit by
, proxy ; and delegates may also be represented by deputy—and as tbe instructions of the comitats are very precise , tbe country gentlemen frequently employ advocates thus to speak for them . Kossuth appears to hare sat in the Diet convened in 1832—for the second time in a period of more than fifteen years , during which Metternich had wanted nothing of Hungary that could not be obtained without tho will of the Parliament—in both these capacities ; as the representative of a noble lady , and of one or more of the deputies . A public press existed , and professed to report the proceedings of the Diet ; but Austrian censorship—contrary to the Hungarian constitution—contrived to make both report and criticism a mere pretence .
Kossuthalready animated with hatred to this power , which had converted an elective and limited monarchy into a tyranny—conceived the project of inspirit the press with new life . Ho undertook , therefore , the report of the debates , and added to the record inspiriting comments . When this was { . lit down , he evaded the Government by lithographing his reports , and , to prevent them being stopped in the post-office , circulated them through the country by means of the officers of the comitats ; whose debates he also made public in the same manner , when the Diet had closed , Baron Wesselenzv—a man of gigantic stature , and indomitable spirit—was at ( he head of the party of which Kosautu had thus made himself the spirit and the tongue . Tbe former , the
Austrian government prosecuted , in 1837 , for a pretended conspiracy . Kossuth was his advocate , but unsuccessfully , and was soon his companion in imprisonment . Wesselenzi , Eljhnz , Kossuth , » n < l other * , were thrown into the Xewhauss , a fortress in Pesth , where Wesselenzi became blind , and another a maniac ! Kossuth was in prison two years without trial , was then impeached of high treason , and condemned to four years' imprisonment . The liberation of these captives became , at once , an absorbing question with tho comit . tts ; and when imperial necessities required the suwmoningof another Diet , the deputies were instructed to demand , in tlie first place , the revocation of the illegal proceedings under which the patriots had been incarcerated . When the government demanded 18 , 000 recruits ,
they found it , after half . 1 year ' s struggle—tuOUg " opposed by a very small minority in the upper Chamber , and a bare half of the lower—impossible to bo obtained without some concessions ; and , accordingly , in 1840 , an amnesty was granted , and the most obnoxious of the Ministry removed . Kossuth had put his imprisonment to no small ad vantage . He had studied , during his three years' detention , the revolutionary periods of French and English history enriched hia native eloqueneo from the worlumirroring pages of Shakespeare , and , moreover , wooed and won the daughter of a fellow-prisonerthe lady Theresa Meszlenyi ; whom he inanied in 4841 , tae authorities of the Frotestaut and Catholic Churches ( tbe lady belonging to the latter ) aauctjoniiig the union . Thug armed with new powers ,
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, AND NATIONAL TRAIJI . . miilifc i . r
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'P j VOL . XIY . 731 . LONDON , SATURDAY , NflVEHSER 8 , i 85 i ; : r ~ Wmt $ >^^ - - 1 ST—""— " «»—»» to——«^ - » A ^——^—s— . ^—_—^ -j- — - ^ , , _ . .
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 8, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1651/page/1/
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