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FRANCE . The' Official Gazette' of Milan reports that the courts of Europe have latterly received two important communications—one from Louis Napoleon , in which the result of . the vote on the 20 th of December is announced , and in which fresh assurances are given of a pacific policy . ; and another from Lord Granville , ion the subject of refugees in Eagland , in which the new Foreign Secretary says that he will da his best to live on good terms with the European Powers . Paris , Monday . —The'Patrie ' reports that a great fete will be celebrated at Paris on the occasion of the solemn proclamation of the constitution , and of theopening of the senate and legislative body . The President will give a ' grand ball at
the Tmleries . The same journal adds that it is rumonred that the solemnity will take place about the 25 ih of FebiHlr / . None of the journals seem to feel at liberty to dig . cuss the constitution . Even the Constituiionnel' is sparing in its praises , and gives only a few lines of dry comment . The « DebaU' afeds to speak with pleasure of Art . 1 , which recognises , confirms , and guarantees the principles of 1 ^ 98 . Various reports are current as to the personages to whom the presidency of the Senate has been effered . Jerome Bonaparte , who , as a marshal , is senator dejure , has been mentioned among the first . It is said that positive overtures were made to Count Mole to accept this leading post ; but that statesman maintains resolutely the attitude of stern reserve and protest against illegality which
lie adopted at once , without hesitation , in his letter to the * Dehats , ' on the 2 nd December . Baroche , it is said , is to be appointed vice-president of the Cenncil of State , with a salary of 50 , 000 fr .. Several archbishops and bishops are to be admitted into the Senate ; but all protestants are to be excluded . The President is said to be furious against the protestanfs , as they have invariably voted in the departments against him . Marshal Excelmans has alreay begun electioneering on behalf of the government . He is the president of a body assuming the inappropriate title of the ' National Electoral Association . ' The whole of France is
already divided by this body among five electoral committe 33 presided over respectively hy the following staunch Banapartist ? , MM . Charles Abbattucci , General Pelet , fioustain , Thill , and Napoleon de St . Albin . They will have canvassers in every commune , and inasmuch as no opposition committees will dare to canvass , there can be bat little doubt of an immense government majority in the new corps leghlatif . It is hot likely that many independent men will covet the honour of a seat in this bod y . The government nominees will probably walk over the course in nearly every district .
The secret deed naming the person whom the President recommends to the people to choose for his successor , in « ase of his own demise , is already drawn oct , and signed , ready to ba deposited in the archives of the Senate . Tbe personage named is Lucien , the younger brother of the Prince of Canino , and member of the Assembly . Curiously enough the Messager de Rouen' produced a codicil of the Emperor ' s will some time ago , expressing the wish that Lucien should succeed to him . This paragraph was preheated by the Paris censorshi p from re-appearing in the * A 33 emblee Rationale ; ' but it sli pped into the 'Presse . ' This irregularity frequentl y happens from the multitude of different censors and their diversity of caprice . Meanwhile , in order to encourage an illusion among the legitimist parly , and take in the nations of Europe , the correspondents of the German papers have been expressl y ' crammed , ' by agents of the government , to write that the President haB recommended Henrv V . for his successor .
A-gOOi deal of comment is current with regard to the apparent indulgence extended to two democratic chiefs who were among the most violent assailants of Louis Napoleon in the National Assembl y . These are MM . Jules Favre and Cremiens . This has been explained partially by the circumstance of their having been originally instrumental in procuring the assent of the democratic party to the repeal of the laws of banishment against the Bonaparte family . But it is now said that there is no doubt whatever of these exrepresentatives having sent in letters to the government disavowing in the most humble tone of abnegation all future connexion with politics , and promising to exercise their calling as advocates without meddling in any way with the proceedings of the government .
The following is a fresh instance of the persecution directed against the salons . Tbe Msrqaise D'Osmond , a legi . timist lady , who gives brilliant reunions at her house on the Boulevard de la Madeleine , received last week an official intimation from tbe Minister of the Interior that politics were not approved of by the government as a subject of the conversation at parties , and that as many other subjects gave equal scope for social communication , there existed no necessity for discussing the acts of the government . Consequently the marquise was requested to intimate to her guests that they mnst refrain from talking politics . Madame D'Osmond , after receiving thi 3 notice , invited to her next
party only ladies ; but the absence of the « lords of creation' did not prevent the company present from exchanging the freest criticisms possible upon the deeds of the government , and in particular from venting their indignation , in shrill chorns , at the invasion of private society by such monstrous prohibitions . The next morning Madame D'Osmond received a note from M . de Moray begging her to name which of her chateaux the marquise would prefer for her country residence , as her sojoHrn at Paris any longer for the present had become impossible ; and intimating that her return to the capital would not be permitted without an express permission from the President of the Republic .
Stones circulate in the salons , and are greedily listened to , of the snobs inflicted npon the courtiers of the new power , and even upon their ladies . The other day Count Flahault paid a visit to M . Mole . Upon the entrance of this diplomatic emissary of the Tuiieries two ladies rose and left the «» m . M . de Flahanlt looked surprised , and asked why the ladies retired ? 'For the same reason / replied M . Mole sternly , ' that I shonld have retired myself , had I not been fissd to this sofa by the gout . ' Here is another piquant trait ot the same kind . The Countess Le Hon , on paying a visit to Madame de Girardin , after the name of tbe latter ' s husband had figured on one of the lists of proscription , was received by the lad y of the house standing . The visitor seems , at first , to have taken this formal posture as a ceremonious deference to her influential position as one of the grandest ladies of the quasi-imperial court . She
condescendingl y invited Madame de Girardin to sit down , and asked wh y one who had been upon intimate terms with her should nse the ceremony of standing up in her presence . -Madame , ' replied Madame de Girardin very gravely , « I am standing np until you go away . ' There has been another story afloat , about an attempt made on the President ' s life . * nis is said to have occurred as he was leaving the Tnileries yesterday , to take a drive in the close chariot which now = eems his usual conveyance . As the carriage was coming out of the Carrousel , an officer is said to have snapped a pistou . Lows Napoleon . The rumour-mongers , not content with thu , go a step farther , and report , diversely , that the rresiuent was wounded in the shoulder , or that the ball was stopped by a shirt of mail . The only sort of importance we attach to these reports is the general tendency in the public mind to generate such sinister reports .
The rumours which have latterly prevailed about a ptoojble change in the ministry have been renewed . It appears that M . Fould , whose retreat is still spoken of , wishing to base it on an honourable motive , is strenuously opposed to the sequestration of the property of the Orleans , on ¦ which measure tbe President is said to be obstinately bent . MM . de Persigny and Drouyn de Lhuys are talked of as likely to come in . It appears certain that for some reason M . de Maupas , the Prefect of Police , is decidedly in disgrace . It is even rumoured that he will be degraded to the inferior prefecture of Versailles , now occupied by M . Arrighi de Padoue , who is once more talked of as the probable successor of Berger , prefect of the Seine . It is said that , difficult as it seemed ( o surpass in violence the decrees already issued , others , still more atrocious , had only been prevented at the last moment from appearing in the ' Monitenr . ' A confirmation of this fact has been
communicated from a reliable source . It appears that MM . CnamboUe andde Remusathad an interview with M . de -Moray after the appearance of the decrees of proscription , ana requested that they mi g ht be allowed some respite , to P . P lfleir affairs and make preparations for quitting J ans . The reply of M . de Morny is highly remarkable . Jia said that he should be happy to do anything that could sn any way mitigate their sentence ; but he recommended them , for their own interest , to depart . He said that it was impossible for them to know the exertions which bad deen made by himself and other members of the cabinet to temper the ri gour of the government ; and that it was only
ny the offered resi gnations of himself and General St . Arnaud that decrees had been prevented from appearing in -he « Moniteur' which would have made the severest ordinances which had been promul gated mild and merciful by comparison . If he ( M . de Moray ) was compelled , as he very likely might be , to resign , and M . de Persigny took his o'ace , no one could possibly foresee what might happen . He therefore conjured the two eminent representatives who wstened to him to lose no time in quitting Paris . This ad' Jce , delivered in the most emphatic manner made an im » Pression on MMrChambolle and Remusat , ana they embraced with less reluctance the only alternative left to them , "a t of immediate departure .
The other evening at a very distinguished house in the « ubourg St * Germain , a young man was expressing his political opinions rather freely . On the following day , " while he w at dinner , two of the police appeared , who said that he ® ° « accompany them on account of what he had said the j" | bt before ; he was immediately conveyed to tbe prison Most of the representatives sentenced to banishment * no yet remained in Paris have left either for England or Belgium .
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The milnarrcommission , ' acting for the insurrectional affairs in the Jura has terminated its examination It hai sentenced several prisoners .. to-transportation for various terms of years-some to : Cayenne , and others to Lambesaa , in Algeria . - ,.., . •• ¦ - i-Hi i ? ap s re rt numerous arrests all over France as still taking place . Advices from Bordeaux state that the chefcCescadron Peyronm has been found T gailty by the court-martial , and 8 i nte . nced to tr «» portation . This was of course expected . The judgment went oh to decree that he should be degraded from his rank of an officer of the Legion of Honour , and that his decoration should be torn off in open conrt . In pronouncing this latter part of the sentence , however , the . zjalof . the court exceeded its . competency . M . Faye , the counsel for M . Peyronni , observed , that his client had retired from the army , and the rules of the service did not
permit a court-martial to strip a man not actually in service of his decoration . The president felt compelled to admit this objection . During the trial an unparalleled outrage was committed npon M . Faye , whose house was searched under pretext of M . Vergne , a municipal councillor of Marmande , having been secreted there . This proceeding has roused public opinion the more from M . Faye never having belonged to the republican parly . The trial of M . Peyronni has produced an immense effect upon public opinion , in discrediting tbe lies of the government organs as to the nature of the insurrection in some of the southern departments , and in clearing the characters of the men wl ^ o headed the movement of resistance . Such has been the influence of the publication of the proceeding of this . court-martial , that no more judicial debates will be allowed to take place ; but a vast number of prisoners will be banished or transported without trial .... :
At Marmaude ( Lot-et-Garonne ) , on January 10 th . a decree was issued by the chef de lataitton , Sarranton , ' prohibiting the inhabitants from quitting their houses after nine o ' clock in the evening . Any person found in the streets after that hour will be arrested . All cafes , public-houses , and societies , without exception , are to be closed at eight o ' clock . The political prisoners ordered for transportation to Cayenne , and who were first embarked at Havre , have left Brest ; but instead of going at once to their destination they are to remain at the little Isle-des-Saintes , near Martinque , until preparations can be made at Cayenne to receive them . M . Mestro , director of the colonies of the ministry of marine , went to see them just before their departure , and ascertained that , the medical , service had been properly prepared , and all their wants supplied . :
The examination into tbe affair of the disturbances in the Yar is drawing to an end ; Out of 1 , 262 insurgents who have been lodged in the prison at Draguignan , between the 7 th December to the 12 th inat ., 1 , 239 have been interrogated by the examining committee . 245 . were set at liberty after this preliminary examination ; 599 , belonging to the categories of the arrondissements of Draguignan and Brignolles , have been transferred to Toulon . There now remain only 418 prisoners ,, of whom twenty-three are women , in the prison of Dragnignan , who will be removed to Toulon in a few days . Only forty-three remain to undergo their examination . ¦ : ; The number of prisoners in La Tour-de-Crest ( Drome ) increases daily . There are now upwards of 350 there . M . Vernet , the Mayor of Bourdeaux , in that department , and a member of tbe council-general of the canton , was arrested on the 11 th inst .
M . Eugene Sue has left Paris for the lake of Geneva , where he will continue his literary labours . MM . Victor Hugo and Alexander Dumas have written to their friends lo say that should , they be expelled from Belgium they will reside at Homburg . . A printed notice has been circulated , to announce that M . de Lamarline ' s new monthl y paper , the Civilisateur , ' intended to replace the' Conseiller du Peuple , ' will appear on the 1 st of the next month . Each number of the ' CivilisateoV will contain the life end the portrait of a grand Tiomme de I'humanile .
The' Moniteur' contains a decree directing that , in consequence of the recent increase of the militaiy divisions , the number of artillery commands in the divisions is fixed at eleven , ten for tbe interior , and one for Algeria ; and that there shall be an artillery Bchool in each command . The report of the Minister of War on which this decree is founded differs from all that have preceded it , by being addressed to the 'Prince-President , ' and beginning , * Monseigneur . ' . The decree of the provision&l government on the recruiting of the army , ordering that voluntary enlistments should only be for two years , is abolished . The duration of voluntary enlistment is fixed at seven years . The names of the banished ex-representatives , Charras , Cholat , Millotte , and Valentin , are erased from the armv list .
It appears that a change ha 3 come over the President ' s mind with regard to putting into execution the decrees of transportation . It seems at present doubtful whether any more convicts at all will be transported to Cayenne . Meanwhile , orders have been given for the Duguesclin , at Brest , and the other ships destined to convey the melancholy freight of political prisoners , to wait for further orders . This change of counsels seems to have been brought about by the marked disfavour with which the severe measures of the go * vernment have been received .
So great is the horror of the government of all free circulation of opinion , that a decree has just been issued by the prefect of police , prohibiting manufacturers and vendors of printing presses , lithographic presses , and copying machines , from selling the above 'dangerous machines , ' without taking down the name and address of the buyer , which name is to be immediately communicated to the commissary of police of the quarter . This regulation will be very effectual in deterring those who might be disposed to write circulars to the free and independent electors in favour of any opposition candidate .
The Brussels journals announce the arrival in that city of MM . Emilede Girardin , Noel Parfait , Saint-Ferreol , Pascal Duprat , Antony Thouret , Charassin , aud other ex-representatives ; and they add that 400 French refugees had arrived or passed through Belgium since the 2 nd . of December . They also say that M . Baze has applied to tbe Belgian government for permission to be inscribed in the list of advocates at Liege . Two sergeants have been condemned to death by the court-martial in Lyons for' cowardice , ' when acting against the ' insurgents' in the department of the Drome . The members of the conrt , however , immediately signed a petition for a commutation of the sentence .
GERMANY . AUSTRIA . —The Vienna Gazette' of the 15 th contains an Imperial Patent , dated January 11 th , abolishing trial by jury throughout the empire . It is understood the government have declined to accede to Louis Napoleon ' s request to be allowed to remove the remains of the Duke de Reichstadt to Paris . It is confidently stated that immediately after the retirement of Lord Palmerston the government sent despatches to Copenhagen , insisting on the immediate settlement of the Danish question according to their wishes , and threatening the advance of the federal troops in case of contumacy . Prince Schwarzenberg gave a ball
in honour of Lord Palmerston ' s dismissal from office . Neither the Turkish nor the American repre entative was invited . There appears to be a very hostile feeling growing up between Austria and America , and there ia a report about certain despatches of a very curious nature having been recently sent from the government of the United States to Vienna . This feeling is worth mentioning , because it has only arisen lately . But a few months ago very friendly relatious were existing , and one of tbe Austrian archdukes actually set to out on a voyage to New York , and was only delayed by a violent fever which seized him at Trieste . -
PRUSSIA . —On the 16 th inst . the Second Chamber was engaged in a constitutional debate . The report on the petition of Count Joseph Saurma , of Silesia , Etood on the order of the day . This petition concludes with the following prayer : — ' That the Chamber may undertake , in concert with the First Chamber , the revision of the constitution of January 31 , 1851 , and expunge every clause not in conformity with the situation , the traditions , and reminiscences of the Prussian state—that state which cannot maintain itself on the brilliant height which it has conquered by the firm adoption of the monarchical principle , and by the strong and excellent government of its Kiugs , except by the same means . ' Upon this petition the committee to which it was
referred proposed an order of the day , declaring that as a , total revision of the constitution demanded by the petitioner could not be considered the proper mode of attaining the desired modification of the constitution , and that as , on the other hand , the petitioner had not indicated the particular portions of which he desired the modification , the chamber passed to the order of the day . The report was supported by the Left and Centre , because they new that in a general unsettling the constitution must come down . The Right , for this very reason opposed the report and supported the petition . After a long and able discussion the order of the day , pure and simple , was carried by 147 ; against 123 votes . Thus the first assault on the constitution has been repulsed by the united forces of the left and
centre . HANOVER . —In its sitting of the 16 th inst . the chamber took into consideration a motion by an opposition member calling upon government to give to M . Bothmar , its plenipotentiary . to the Federal Diet , the most express instructions upon the necessity of maintaining the constitution of ; 1848 and the provincial organic law . This proceeding of the opposition owes its . significance to the fact that M . Bothmar is one of those who with other members of the equestrian order , signed the petition to the Federal Diet impeaching the constitution and the organic law as infringements npon their rights . The minister Windthorst maintained the prerogatives of the crown , in naming and instructing Us ro
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prejrcnyi ye ^ hut ^^ prehended thenecessity ofi . upholding the . constitution ; and would . act accordingly .: Tbe . motion was' carried' bv a ma . jority of thirty-eightto-thirty-foHp ; ^ !• - -. > -.,:.: . / ' ^ VARIA .-In Us sitting of the 14 th inst ., the Second iT J ? ft \ ty > ¦ ? & , 1 % ? majority ' a bill for placing at the head of each ; district a governor , assisted by a district council , formed of representatives of communes and towns of the landowners , and of the universities and 1 clergy . M " HUNGARY ; ; : A very angry feeling is stated to have been occasioned in Hungary by a project of the Minister of the . Interior to establish a penal colony , there . ; The resentment of the Hungarians , however , ; does not seem to have had any effect in averting the threatened indignity . The colony is to be established on the same footing as . one in Holland and guarded by a cordon of invalided soldiere , '
ITALY . PIEDMONT .-Thelntendant-Gen . eral of Genoa has issued regulations concerning the refugees residing there All ' politicaj emigrants' ; of whatever nation they may be ' are within ei ght . days from the 20 th inst . to present themselves at the office of the questorship , there to declare the time when they arrived at Genoa , the place of their domicile whether they possess the means of existence , and whether they exercise any-trade or profession . Allhotel keepers and proprietors of furnished lodgings are , within twenty-four hours , to send in the names of all the forei who ' ive
gners arr at or leave , their housds . A permit to reside in Genoa will be furnished to the refugees , in which the place of their domicile will be . mentioned . They will not be permitted to change their domicile without giving notice . They must always carry their permits about them . Searches will be made in hotels and lodging-houses , and all who may riot have conformed to the new regulations will be' arrested . No political reasons are assigned for these regulations The preamble of the decree stales that individuals usurp the quality of respectable emigrants , who are people of bad reputation in their own country , and come abroad to rob
. TUSCANl .-The Grand Duke is in ecstacies at Louis Napoleon s coup d ' etat , and his satisfaction shows itself on every occasion , and is founded on the comparative securitv with which , in common with other sovereigns , he considers his throne to be now environed . ' We breath freel y now ' said he to , the celebrated composer Rossini , < and you can remain quietly with us . ' 'I shall . stay no longer than the foreign bayonets , ' replied the satirical maestro . And well might he say so , for they alone form the support of the eovernment , and dearly are they paid for .
SWITZERLAND . By a law of the canton of Ticino all the pupils of the seminaries and public schools of the state are drilled and instructed in the military exercise . The authorities of the canton having lately attempted to enforce this law at the seminary of Polleggio , which belongs to the diocese o ( Milan , the rector of the seminary , Don Cesare Ben oglio , refused to comply , upon which he was put under arrest . This pa l ed forthi a severe remonstrance on the part of the
Archbishop of Milan , who ordered the seminary to be closed , and sent a deputation to the President and Council of the canton to demand the release of the rector . The ' Gazetta Tieinese ' of the 8 th now pubjish . es a letter from the archbishop , from which we learn that . Don Cesare Bertoglio has been released m compliance with the request of the deputation , but that the council has refused to yield on the point of teaching the manual exercise in the seminary of Polleggio , in consequence of which the archbishop still continues to keep the serainary close * .
UNITED STATES . By the Pacific we have advices to the 10 th inst . They state that a conversational banquet was given to Kossuth at Washington , on the 7 th inst ., at the National Hotel . About 300 persons were prf sent . The Hon . W . R . King , President of the Senate , presided , supported by Kossuth , the Speaker Boyd on his right , and the Hon . Daniel Webster on his left . Several distinguished individuals occupied seats near tbe chair . After the usual toasts , Mr . King gave the toast of the evening— "Hungary , represented in the person of our honoured guest , having proved herself worthy to be free by the virtue and valour of her sons , ' the law of nations , and the dictates of justice , alike demand that she shall have fair piny in her struggle for independence . ' ( Enthusiastic cheeiing . )
In reply Kossuth made a long speech , which he thus commenced : — ' As once Cyness , the Epirbte , stood among the senators of Rome , who , with an earnest word of self-conscious majesty , controlled the condition of the wcrld , and arrested mighty kings in their march , thus , full of admiration and of reverence , I stand before you . Legislature of thenew Capitol—that glorious hall of your people ' s collective majesty . The capilol of old yet stands , but the spirit has departed from it anil come over to ' yours , purified by the air of liberty . The old stands , a mournful monument of the fragility of human things—yours is a sanctuary of eternal rights . The old beamed with the red lustre of conquest , now darkened by oppression ' s , gloomy ., night—yours beams with freedom ' s bright ray . The old absorbed the world by its own centralised glory—yours protects your own nation against absorption even b y itself . The old was awful with
irrestiicted power—yours is glorious with bavin r restricted it . At the view of the old , nations trembled—at the view of yours , humanity hopes . To the old , misfortune wns only introduced with ' fettered hands to kneel at . the triumphant conqueror ' s heel—to youre ,. the triumph of introduction is granted to unfortunate exiles , invited the honour of a seat , and where kings and Cffisars : never are hniled for their powerB , might , and wealth , there the persecuted chief of a down-trodden nation is welcomed as your great republic ' s gnest , precisely because he is persecuted , helpless , and poor . In the old , the terrible vevictis was the rule—in yours , protection to tbe oppressed , malediction to ambitious oppressors , and consolation to the vanquished in a just cause . ' Kossulh then glanced at the / ate of Hungary , paid a tribute to the greatness of the United States developed by unioD , and touched upon the principle of nonintervention .
_ A correspondent of the ' New York Herald' sayB : — ' Previous to Kossutb ' s arrival in this country , I stated to you that despatches had been received b y the government , giving an account of his conduct on board the Mississi ppi , and which were calculated to damage him in the opinion of the people of the United States . With a view , probably , to avoid all appearance of hostility to the Magyar , the subject was dropped , and , when the Mississippi arrived at New York , one of its officers went so far as to denounce , in toto , the injurious imputations . But the subject is now attracting attention here , and there is no doubt Congress will call for
all the information in possession of the President . Tie most important despatches are in the State Department , and they consist of communications from Captain Long to Consul Hodge , and the Consul ' s despatches to the department . In addition to these , the navy department has on file despalches from Commodore Morgan and Captain Long . These despatches detail a series of insults , on the part of Kossuth and his suit , to the officers of the Mississi ppi , which nothing but the forbearance of those insulted , the peculiar position in which they were placed , and the partial apologies of Kossuth , could have prevented from being summarily punished . ' .
Kossuih had had an interview with Henry Clay , wbb welcomed him cordially to America , but deprecated any intervention in the affairs of European nations . The health of the venerable statesman still continues to decline . By the Canada we learn that a resolution to receive Kossuth had passed the House of Representatives . The exile had been received with an address of welcome , but was not permitted to reply . The steam-ship Cherokee had arrived at New York on the 1 st of January , after the quickest passage on record , having left San Francisco on the 5 th . of December . She brought two million dollars in gold dust . The mining accounts received by her were excellent . A telegraphic communication from Washington , of the date of
the 9 th aajs : — "Henry Clay has wrhtten a letter in favour of General Cass for President . I state this on unquestionable authority . It is also asserted that Mr . Filknore will soon bo out with « i letter declining to . be a candidate , but intimating in favour of Daniel Webster . Great commotion among the other presidential candidates . ' Ine report of the late judges and other officers of the territory of Utah , respecting the religion and polygamy , of the Mormons has been laid before the President . Accompanying this curious expose of the doings in Mor ' mondom was a counter statement from Governor . Brioham Youn " and his coadjutors . The latter party , of course , cbargo tho judges and secretary with official misconduct , but do not establish the . fact that the social condition of the Mormons is any better than represented by tho returned officers .
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i ; L 0 UIS NAP 0 LE 0 N S ^ 6 i 0 NSiTUTI 0 N . i The following is the " Constitution drawn , up : Ju virtue , of . the pp . wers delegatedlb y ^ the French peoplo to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte , by the vote of Dec 20 and 21 , 1851;— " . ^ — : ¦ , . ; ; ' . ; The , Presii > bst o * the B . kpublic , Considering . that the French people was called oh to pronounce bii the / following resolution : — ,, " The people / ' wills the maintenance of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte , and gives him the necessary powers to draw up . vConstkution , according to the laws established in his proclamation of Dec ^ 2 . " " ¦' ., ' . : * Considering that the laws proposed for the acceptance of the people were— ' , " ; : ' . ' " . ? ' . ' . ' ! 1 . ¦ A responsible chief named for ten years . ¦ 2 . Ministers dependent on the executive power only .
! 3 . A Council of State formed of the most distinguished men , preparing thethmand supporting the discussion of them before the Legislative Body . . ; : 4 .- ' 'A - - ' Legislative Body discussing and voting the laws , namod hy Universal Suffrage , with o ' uUmtttn de liitc , which falsifies tho election . . ' ' A' second assembly formed of all the illustrious of the country , a power intended to aot as a counterpoise and guardian of the fundamental compact and of public liberties ; Considering that the people has responded affirmatively by ; 7 , 500 , 000 votes . CHAPTER I . Art . 1 ' . The Constitution readmits , confirms , and guarantees tho great . principles proclaimed in 17 S 9 , and which . are the bases of the public right of the French . ¦
. : . . chaptbr . il FORMS OF TDK OOVKHSMKNT OF TIIK REPUBLIC . Art . 2 . The Government of tho French Republic is confided for ten years to Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte , the present President of the Republic . Art . 3 . The President of the Republic governs by means of Ministers , the Council of State , the Senate , and the Legislative Body . Art .-4 . The- Legislative power i ) exercised collectively ly the President of the Republic , the Senate , and the Legislative Body . . . .
CHAPTER III . : OP THE PRESIDENT OF THE . REPUBLIC . Art . 5 . The President of the Republic is responsible to tho French people , to whom he has always " the right to make an nppeal . Art . C . The President of the Republic is the chief of the state ; ho commands the land and sea forces , declares war , rsakes treaties of ¦ peace , alliance , and commerce , appoints to all employs , and makes tho regulations arid decrees necessary for the execution of tho laws . Art . 7 . Justice is rondored in his name . Art . 8 . IIo alone has the initiative of laws . Art . 9 . lie has the right of granting pardon . Art . 10 . He sanctions and promulgates tho laws , and tho senatus eonsvlta . ' Art . 11 . He presents every year to tho Senate , and to the Legislative Body , by a message , tho state of the affairs of the Republic .
Art . 12 . He has a right to declare the state of siego in one or several departments , on condition of rearing it to the Senate within the shortest possible delny . The consequences of the state of siege are regulated by the law . Art . ' 13 . The ministers depend only on the chief of the state ; they are only responsible for the acts of the government as far as they are individually concerned in them ; there is no joint responsibility among them , and they can only be impeached by the Senate . Art . M . The ministers , the members of the Senato , of the Legislative Body , and of the Council of State , tho officers of the land and sea forces , the magistrates , and public functionaries take the following oath , "Iswear obedience to the Constitution , and fidelity to tlic President . " Art . 13 . A scnatus corisultum fixes the sum allowed annually to the President of the Republic during the whole continuance of his functions .
Art . 16 . If the President of the Republic dies before the expiration of his term of office , the Senate is to convoke the nation , in order to proceed to a fresh election . Art . 17 . The Chief of the State has the right by a secret act deposited in the archives of tho Senate , to point out to the people the name of the citizeii whom he recommends in the interest of France to tho confidence of tho peoplo and to their suffrages . ' Art . IS . Until the election of the new President of the R ' . public , tho President of the Senate governs with tho cooperation of the ministers in functions , who form themselves into a Council of Government , and deliberate by a majority of votes .
CHAPTER IV . OF IDE SESAIE . Art . 19 . The number of senators shall not exceed W 0 ; it is fixed for the first year at eighty . Art . 20 . The Sonato is composed—1 . Of cardinals , marshaJs , and admirals ; 2 . Of citizens whom the President of the Republic may think proper to raise to tho dignity of senators . Art . 21 . The senators are appointed for life . Art . 22 . The functions of senator are gratuitous ; nevertheless , tbo President of the Republic may grant to senators , on account of services rendered , er of their position with regard to fortune , a personal dotation which cannot exceed 30 , 000 f . per annum . Art . 23 . The President and the Vice-President of the Senato aro named by the President of the Republic , and chosen . from among tho senators . They are appointed for one year . The salary of the President is fixed by a decree .
Art . 24 . The President of tho Republic convokes and prorogues tho Senate , no fixes the duration of its sessions b y a decree . The sittings of tho Senate aro not puiilic . Art . 25 . The Senate is the guardian of the fundamental compact and of public liberties . No law can bo promulgated without being submitted to ifc . . Art . 2 G . The Senato may oppose the promulgationi . Of laws which may . le contrary to or "bo an at-: ack on the Constitution , on religioD , on morals , on freedom of wership , on individual liberty , on tbe equality of citizens in the eye of the law , on the immobility of propeny , and on the principle of the inimovtibility of the magistracy . . ° ii . Of those which may compromise tho dofonce of tho territory , : Art . 27 . . The Senate . regulates by a smalm consultim ;—i . The constitution of the colonies and Algeria .
ii . All that has not been provided by tho " Constitution and which is necessary for its march . iii . The senso of the articles of the constitution which givo rise to different interpretations . Art . 28 . TheBe Scnatus Consulta will be submitted to tho sanction of the President of the Republic and promulgated by him . : " Art . 29 . The Senate maintains and annuls all the acts which are referred to it as unconstitutional by the Government , or denounced for . the same cause- by the petitions of citizens . Art . 30 . The Senate may , in a report addressed to the Presideht of the Republic , lay down the basis of great national interest . ! Art . 31 . It may also propose modifications in tho Constitution . If the proposition is adopted by the Executive Power it must be stated by a senatus consultiim .
Art . 32 . Nevertheless , all modifications in the fundamental bases of the Constitution , such as they were laid down in the proclamation of the 2 d of December , and adopted by tho French people , shall be submitted to universal suffrage ' . Art . 33 . In case of the dissolution of the Legislative Body , and until a new convocation , the Senate , on the proposition of the President of the Republic , shall provide , by measures of urgency , for all that is necessary for the progress of the Government .
CHAPTER V . OF THE LEGISLATIVE CORPS . Art . 34 . The election has the population for basis . Art . 35 . There will be one deputy to the Legislative Corps for every 35 , 000 olectors . Art . 3 G . Tho deputies ave elected by Universal Suffrage , without tho scnitin de liste . Art . 37 . They do not receive any salary . . Art . 38 . They are named for six years . Art . 39 . The Legislative Corps discusses and votes the projects of law and the imposts . Art . 40 . Every amendment adopted by tho Commission cnargeJ wi th the examination of a project of law shall be sent , without discussion , to tho Council of State , by the Presiden t of the Legislative Corps . If the amendment be not adopted by the Council of State it cannot be submitted to the deliberation of the Legislative Corps . '
Art . 11 . The ordinary sitting of the Legislative Corps lasts three months j its sittings are public , but the demand of five members is sufficient for its resolving itse ! f into a secret ' committee . ' Art . 42 . Tho account of the proceedings of tho sitting of tho Legislative Corps given , by tho journals , or any other channel of publication , shall consist only of the reproduction of the minutes faroces verbal ) drawn out at tho'closo of each sitting by the care of the President of . the Legislative Corps . . - Art . 43 . The President and Vice Trosidont of the Lcgislative Corps are named by the President of the Republic mu year tliey Sve" cliOTeffrbm amongst tho deputies . 1 he salary of the President of tho Legislativo Corps is fixed by a decree . ¦ " r Art '; 44 . The ministers cannot be members of the LegislativeCorpsi , . . Art . 45 . ; . The right of petition is exeroised as regards the benato . &o petition can be addressed to the Legislative Corps ; .....- ¦ &
Art . 40 . The President of the Republic convokes ^ adjourns , prorogues , and dissolves the Legislative Corps . In case of dissolution , the . President of the Republic is bound to convoke a . ' new one within the term of six months .
. CHAPTER' ; VI . . ¦ ¦ OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE . Art . 47 . Tho number of the Councillors of State in ordinary service is from forty to fifty . r > Ar h ? ? u ° CouKCillors of . State are named by tho President . of the Republic , and aro liable to removal by mm .. , 1 . .,. ... ; . ; . _ .. •¦ ,.: '' ¦ '¦ , p ¦ Art .: 49 . The Council of State is presided over by the iresident'of the Republic , and in his absence by theper-8 o X . . " . ' h indicates as Vice PreaidenV of the Council of . State . - , ' !"' ¦ ¦ •;¦ ¦ ' ¦¦'• " ¦; ' ¦< ¦ •¦! • . ( . •* . . ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦
! Art 5 Q . The Council . ; of State . is : charged under- the direction or the President of the / Republic , to draw up pro-] ect « of law , and regulations ; of . publio . administration and to resolve the difficulties that may arise in matters of administration ,
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1 Art . 51 ; - Ifc maintains , in the name of the government , the discussion of tho projects of law before the Senate and the Legislative . Body . The Councillors of Stato charged to speak in the name . of the government are appointed b y the President of the Republic . " ••¦ , ; Art . 52 . The' salary , of each Councillor of State is 25 , 000 franosi . . . . Art . 53 . Tho Ministers have rank , ri ^ hfc of sitting , and a deliberate voice in the Council of State .
CHAl'TER VII . . . . ' OP ins H 1 GB COURT OF JUSIICB . Art . oi . a High Court of Justice judges without nppeal , or recourse in cessation , all persons whoshall bo sent before Ri ' ifonf ? X orimes » attempts or p lots against ' . the Pre-S « f m e ? ePubli ° ^ d » B » inst tueinternaland . external Xl ! & $ **** ' II cannot be convened , but in virtue o £ a . decree of-the President of thollepublio . . tinn of thkt n- 'l ^' Conmltus shal 1 determine the organisation ot that High Court '
CHAPTER VIII . W '« sr ° J KERAL . * Kn IRAKS 1 TOBY PROVISIONS . rinM n £ '« u . r ° T ? the code ? . rules , and replagS . ' ln V ' g 0 Ur ml " ' y b 0 legally , abrpi , ^; 57 Thn A M , I sh "e ™ ine th (! municipal O 1 . g . isation . Iho M yor shall bo named by tho Executive SKSl . takeD flOrawilhout " ^ Sc £ l Art .-58 . The present Constitution shall be in vigour to date from the day when the Groat Powers of the Bute " organised by it shall be constituted . The decrees issued bv the President of tho Republic , to commence with the 2 nd of December to tbo present period , shall have all tho force of law . . Done at the Palace of the Tuiieries tbo 14 th of January 1 S 52 . ; .. . : Lows Nmvlbon Bonaparte . ' Seen and signed with the Great Seal , , The Keeper of thn Seals , E . RouutB
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THE UNION OF CAPITAL AND LABOUR . [ We have been favoured with a M . S . copy of the following admirable aud practical letter , elicited by the Great Strike , addressed to the Times , ' and which we regret did not reach us in tiino for our last publication . —Ed . N . S . ] ' Sir , —I have perused the mass cf . print which has appeared in the London and provincial journals , on the subject of the dispute between tho " Amalgamated Society of Engineers" and their employers ; with a viewof discovering
, if any of the writers or speakers—taking a comprehensive view of the subject—advocated , what has long appeared tome to be the minimum measure for securing anything like unanimity and real good feeling between . masters and mennot on . y m these , but in other industrial operations . & That measure I take to be suoh an alteration in the laws of , partnership as shall ronder it practicable really to unite the interests of Capitalists and Labourors . . I am glad to see that Mr . W . Bridges Adams , in his letter inserted in your paper of the 31 st ulfc ., has mooted this subject , and I trust that it will receive that attention from botti- employer and employed which its importance demands .
Notwithstanding all that our Political Economists may say to the contrary , tho interests of Capital and Labour , under Competitive Institutions , are , in practice , most frequently antagonistic . Without touching on the vexed questions of " overtime " and " piecework , " there are many others which vrould serve to illustrate this position . Every pr » etical man in tho engineering business knows that when an establishment is full of orders , and tho workmen have no fear , on this score , of losing their employment , the work goes forward with spirit , and considerably more is turned out by tho same hands in the 6 amo time . On the contrary , in slack times , when masters—from mere scorn , competition , and other causes—are more interested in economising cost , little energy is displayed ; too often , indeed , this gives place to " skulking , ' and jobs stick to the fingers of the men , when , they ^ find they are so-troe adding , 1 need hardly say , ccusiderably to their cost .
Again , —it is frequently tho interest of the master to have a number of apprentices , and to bavo them instructed so as to become skilled in as short a time as possible . The interest of tho men is the reverse of this , for having no share in tho profits of the concern and depending solely on their labour for subsistence , they see in every apprentice a rival springing up . The consequence is , tbat frequent disputes take place as to the number of apprentices ; and , generally speaking , they are taught as little as possible . 'W hat wonder , then , that the clase of bad and indifferent workmen is so large ? The master is , of course , deeply interested in the economy of power , tools , materials , &c . ; as also in the improvement , to tbo greatest possible extent , of his machinery ; all which are matters of perfect ind 'ference to themero workman , and much waste is the result .
! sow , for all these and numerous other evils , strikes of . tho men , and combinations of tbo masters will effect no cure ; and , until stops ave taken to give the man and the foreman as well as tbo master , an interest in the net profits of a working establishment , "we shall bo continually subject to these unhappy f « uds . Lasting peace and prosperity to masters and men , can only be rationally looked for in a scientific organization of labour .-md capital ; and this would be gradually effected , with the best results to all parties , were our Partnership laws assimilated to those of Belgium and America ; and I trust the coming session of parliament will see this effected .
Mr . Charles Babbngo , in tho third edition of his " Machinery and Manufactures , " has a chapter on " a new system of manufacturing , " in which ho points out tho benefits of such an union of capitalists and workmen as I have hinted at ; which I strongly recommend to all who feel interested in this question , lie sa . ys—" ' Convinced as I am , from my own observation , that tho prosperity and success of the master manufacturer is essential to the welfare of the workmen , I am yet compelled to admit that this connexion is , in many cases , too remote to bo always understood by
tbe latter ; and whilst ifc is perfectly true that workmen , as a class , derive advantage from the prosperity of their employers , I do not think that each individual partakes of that advantage exactly in the proportion to tbo extent to which he contributes to it ; nor do I perceive tbat the resulting advantage is as immediate as it might become under a different 9 ystem . " The general principles on which Mr . Babbage ' s proposed system is founded , are : — 1 st . " That a considerable part of the ivages received hy each person employed s oidd depend on the profits made ly the establishment ; and
2 nd . " That evenjperson connected ivith it , should derive more advantage from applying every improvement he might discover to the factory in which he is employed , than he could by any other course . " The results of such arrangements in afactory would be : — , 1 st . — " Tbat every person engaged in it would have a tf / recjinterest in its prosperity ; since the effect of any success , or falling off , would almost immediately produce a corresponding change in bis own weekly receipts . " 2 nd . — " Every person concerned . , in the factory would have . an immodiate interest in preventing any waste or mismanagement in all the departments . " 3 rd . — "The talents of all connected with it would bo
strongly directed to its improvement in every department . " i , — " None but workmen of high character and qualifications could obtain ndmissiun into such establishments ; because , when any additional hands were rquired , it would be the common intevest of all to admit only the most respectable and skilful ; and it would be far less easy to impose upon a number of workmen than upon the single proprietor of a factory . " 5 . _ " When any circumstance produced a glut in tho . market , more skill would bo directed to diminishing tho cost of production ; and a portion of the time of the men might then be occupied in repairing and improving their
tools , for which a reserved fund would pay , thus checking present , and at the same time facilitating , production . " Oth . — " Another advantage , of no small importance , would be the total removal of all real or imaginary causes for combinations . The workmen and tho capitalist would so shado into oacli other—wculd so evidently Lave a common interest ; and their difficulties and distresses . vrould be mutually so well understood , that , instead of combining to oppress one another , tho only combination which could exist would boa most powerful union between both parties to overcome their common difficulties . " I am , sir , yours respectfully , Seville Iron Works , Jan . 3 rd . Wiixum Pare .
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The Australian Diggings . —The . following is an extract from a letter dated September , nth , 1851 : — "There is a . gold field about fifty miles west of . Geelong , . which is drawing great numbers of people .. Last week un infinity of parties , varying from two to . twelvo each , left this town { Gee . long ) for the diggings , and next week it is ; expected , there will bo still greater numbers . Large quantities of ^ old have been obtained under tho most unfavourable circumstances , for the woatbor has been mo , st wet » cold , and boisterous during the last month , and still , continues so . There is a
large tract of land about the ' . diggings supposed to . be equally rich with them . All' the journeymen . carpenters , masons ^ bricklayers , and artificers of every description aro leaving-the town—tho butchers and bakers diUo , . aud sbopkeepers complain they can sell nothing . 1 am . happy tothink that this gold field , which is by far the richest in Victoria hitherto discovered , is forty milesnearer Geelong than Melbourne . , Sept . 18 . —The . gold , excitement is greatly increasing . , Tho town ia desqrted ,-and- " great quantities , of gold are daily coming in—some largo lumps—the ground seems full of it . ' , ' . •¦ : '• . ¦ .,... . ¦ ¦ _ - . j-j . .. .
Eoreios Police in EsoL . \ ND .-Tho V Hants Indpendont " mentions a fact which ought to bo fully . explained . " We are informed , on unquestionable authority , tbatnn Inspector of Customs was down , here on Friday ani . rigidly searched the captain and crew : of the Grand Turk * steamer from Havre , ; for tho purpose of endeavouring to find some private correspondence expected from Paris ! I but . nothing , was . found , lie . also .,. endeavoured . to stop the mail bag , but the man refused to allow , him to do so till he bad : placed the , nyiils in ; the-h » n ' da of the Post-offlce authorities , and . consequently the . Inspector , accompanied him to the . Post-offioe . j ' v A correspqndei . t of the if'JDailyj News »' . declares that the French refugees are harassedby the surveillanee of police , sent from Paris ; aud the M Leader " is informed that tho notorious Carlier . is now in London . ; . . .. ¦ . , , . Govebnmbmi Grant for a Catholic Chapel . —According to the " Morning , Herald , "; the Government has contributed towards defraying tbe expenses ofthentw Itoman Catholic chapel recently opened at Greenwich .
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The number of refugees from the Basses-Al pes who have taken shelter gt Nice amounts to about eighty , The Piedraontese authorities are about to assi gn them a place of residence in tbe interior of the country . ' The StatthaUer of Lombardy has published a notice , that all krezur coins bearing the date 1816 or . 1848- will be refused at the government offices ; but they are . still to be allowed a circulation in private transactions up to the end of the present year . The loss on these coins will be about , 2 , 000 , 000 florins to the public . : ;
From the accounts given in the Swiss journals , it appears that the winter has been ver ) Bevere in SWiizerlarid . On the 28 th ult . the thermometer stood at eighteen degrees centigrade below zero at St . Gall , and at twenty degrees at Appenzell . The lake of Zurich is entiVel y frozen over-At Fribourg , the river Sarine is saidito . be 1 frozen ' pver , except where it is very rapid . What is remarkable ,, is that { he cold is said to be less intense oin ' . the mountains than ' in the valleys ; the temperature . is . milder j ' n ^ the Gruyere J than at Fribourg , and at Altdorf than on the ' slopes of St . Gothardand the neighbouring mountains .
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January M , 1853 . .. .. . ; ¦ - . ^ ' TH : r " ff& ^ . , 7 ¦'¦' , ^ . v ,. ¦ '¦ : ] 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 24, 1852, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1662/page/7/
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