On this page
- Departments (3)
-
Text (13)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
ftetmfoa.
-
Farfetfea.
-
|l0£ttg. 33H£ifV«
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
"HiECTI , KOS FRANGI . " - "BENT , BUT KOT BROKEN . " A beantifal lily bent its fair bead , "White the rude blast swept o ' er its earthy bed , Bat with morning sun the flow ' ret sight , "The storm is past , and the aenre skies Shed over my leaves soft dewy rain , Bent , bat not broken , I'll charm again . " Yon vessel seems doomed for the ocean s grave ; Her shivering masts touch the briny wave— - Though the sea runs high , and dark the afey , " Bent , bnt not broken , " the mariners cry ; . And the stately bark once more doth ride Onthe foaming billows in fearless pride . The midnight storm howled fearfully round A lonesome 3 pot of sepulchral ground , Where a verdant willow shed dewy tears , Irani drooping bows , o'er early biers—And its leafy sprays were prostrate laid Oa the clayey turf which it loved to shade . The treacherous winds have passed away . And the willow shakes off the mouldy clay , While it raises once more its stately head , And friendly whispers the silent dead , " Bent , but not broken , my sprays wave wide On the morning breeze in my native pride . " The British , Journal
Untitled Article
Tut fs Magazine . For February . London : Simkpin , Marshall , and Co . YOLTOflABHSM , in other words laissezfaire , in education , is cleverly handled in the first article of tins month ' s Tait , on ' The Manchester Edncation Scheme . ' The writer shows that the connexion of sectarian instruction with general education is artificial and arbitrary , and we think with him It is both an insult and an injury to a working man practically to teU him that his child shall not be taught the multiplication table unless he at the same time learn the Athanasian creed ; and that his child shall remain all his days ignorant of his endowments as a man , and his duties and rights as a citizen , unless he be surrendered into sacerdotal bands , to be tinctured , as locality or chance may determine , with the deep dyes of Puseyism , the imperial ecarlet of Rome , or the dark shades of Geneva . "
The Leeds clique , who preach up the doctrine of ' "WiUinghooaV will have some thing to do in cracking the following nat : — Bnt what is Voluntaryism ? Is it the absence of co-operation ? Kb . Is it the absence of organisation ? Ask its pa-d officers . Does it leave each one to do as he wills ? For an answer , mark the bustle and hear the thunders of its agitation . Perhaps it recognises the wOl ( voluntas ) of the parent . The parent ' s will is subjugated to the will of the sect and to the will of conmittees . What , then , is Voluntaryism ? Voluntaryism is a system of will , but it is the will of a few sectaries who form a cannon centre , and compass sea and land to force their will on others . In troth , Voluntaryism i 3 a misnomer . As it actually exists , it
mean 3 " My will and not your will . You shall be educated , if you come to my-school and frequent my chapel . My chapel and my sect are my ends ; your , education ib xny means . Be an Independent , be a Baptist , and you shall learn to read : otherwise , go your own way and remain ignorant . " If the ^ ift of the propagandist cannot prevail , the will of British' heathenism continues unreformedand unqualified . ^ VWUi in ghood ! " Why , if only the willing , the really willin ' g ^ -that is , the spontaneous willing—were to contribute to popular education , miserably small would the number of the supporters be . Take away the fictitious stimulus and the indirect compulsion of
thoBe auctions of benevolence itr which one Voluntary (]) bids for fame against another , until the sum assessed behind the curtain is , after hours of excitement , at length made up ; let those reciprocated goadings cease to be ; and Tery , we opine . " Willinghood " would dwindle to a name . In troth , we have had far too much willinghood in education . The will of the parsimonious has kept his pockets closed ; the will of the selfish has kept the school empty . The will of individuals is good only so far as it is a righteous will ; and , until men have risen so as to be a law to themselves , they and society at large are advantaged by being under the control of outward and written law .
The comparison between the relative merits of the National School plan and the local measure by which the Manchester sectaries seek to supplant it , is well deserving the careful perusal of all who wish to have clear ideas on this important and practical question . The new story * Norman Hamilton' exhibits the same quiet perception of character , especially in varions grades of Scottish Society , which distinguished the former production of the writer , ' Oraigallan Castle , ' and promises to be as interesting . If we had room , we should extract largely from a capital paper , entitled 'How to Teach and Preach to Colliers , ' by a writer who thoroughly understands his subject . As it is , we can but advise our readers to get the Magazine and read it carefully . We promise them amusement as well as instruction . ' The Health , of the Metro .
polis , ' by a medical man , broaches the theory apparently sustained by the Registrar General ' s returns , that its defective sanatary arrangements have generated what the writer calls 'The London Blood Taint / or predisposition to disease , which in warm weather becomes Cholera , in cold Bronchitis , and in these two forms carried off last year 5 , 000 more persons thaa even the high averages of former years . Cholera , therefore , instead of being intermittent in its visits is now a permanent resident amongst us , though many medical men disguise its ravages under other names . * The "Working Man's Way in the World' gives a spirited sketch of the production of a Blue Book' in a hurry to meet party or parliamentary exigencies . The evils of protracted labour were never more graphically portrayed . The sketch of the Printer ' s reader' is also capitally done . The other articles sustain the general reputation of ' Tait . '
Untitled Article
The British Journal February . London : Aylott and Jones . As agreeable , smartly-written selection of topics characterises the second number of this new candidate for public support . In the opening article , the demoralizing trash which constitutes what is called * The Literature of the Streets / in other words , the low-priced , and deleterious publications which are sold by tens of thousands among certain classes of the population , receives merited censure . Few
subjects are more worthy of the attention of those who sincerel y desire to elevate and improve the condition of the masses than this . Hitherto the at- tempts made to counteract the vitiating influence of I this low-priced rubbish have been made by well-intentioned , but inexperienced persons , who knew little or nothing of the kind of mind they proposed catering for . The consequence was , that their good books ' fell stiH-bo n . Let all who may feel inclined to embark in such an enterprise ponder on the following suggestions , which conclude the article we refer to : —
The present success of these works should teach us one lesson , —that the people will not be satisfied with reading of a purely utilitarian character . Something more than a-eful knowledge they will have , and why should it bewithleld from them ? The very popularity of fiction , points it O it as a proper agency to be employed in the culture of the national mind . If romantic literature of a good and wholesome kind were placed within reach of the poor , we may be sure they would not choose the bad in preference . That which is now supplied to them is really not so cheap as it seems . It would take fifty penny numbers to form a decently sized volume , and at that rate the works not only of Scott , but of our best living novelists , might be supplied to them at a handsome proSt . The number of readers in
this country is rapidly extending ; a largely increased sale would more than compensate for a great reduction in price , and we hope the day is not far distant when the original works of our highest minds , —the fictions of Bulwer , and the histories of Macaulay , —will be published in shilling volumes and penny parts , and the poorest reader in the kingdom , have thus an opportunity of sharing in a luxury now reserved only for the rich , or the comparatively rich . It is when a book is new , that it is most keenly relished , and as the mind of the nation i 3 continually moving onwards , one class of the community should not be left , in intellectual taste , a generation behind another . We wish
we could persuade one of our great publishing houses to venture on a bold experiment , and issue two editions of the next fiction by a popular writer . - ^ -one in penny numbers for the millions , —another at the old rate of 31 s . 6 d . for circulating libraries . We have a shrewd suspicion that the sale of the latter would not be greatly injured , —while the former , taking the place of the wretched publications we have noticed , would be called for by tens of thousands , Would Bwell the gains of both author and publisher , and form a new , an important , aud most gratifying era , in the annals of what may be termed " The Literature of the Streets . "
Untitled Article
The Frkni of the People . No . 1 . London : J . Wation . Mt . Habsey takes the field in strong force with his new periodical , which is ably written throughout , and if continued in the same spirit and with the same ability , will be an honour to the Democracy of this c ountry . To those who know how earnestly the conductor has battled for freedom , itis unnecessary to "escribe the opening article on « The * State of Europe , and the Proscription ofFree Thought . ' Never were
Untitled Article
the tyrants who aim at crushing all free thought and speech mow forcibl y exposed , or more powerfully held up to public execration . Gerald Massey contributes a useful paper , elicited by the Engineers ' btnke , in which he advocates the practical adoption of the co-operative principle as the cure for all auch unfortunate occurrences , With respect to Suffrage Reform and the manner in which the conductor proposes to advocate it , we quote from the leader one sentence , in which we entirely concur , and commend it to the attention of those who , at the present mothe twantB who aim at CrnaWnw all frnA tlirnicrVit . and
ment , are playing the game of the enemies of popular soverei gnty , b y mistaking men for principles , and names for things . As regards names , if we must have some party designation , we shall prefer to all others that of " Democrat ; " a name unsullied , pure , and respected even by our enemies . As to questions of conduct , we only need say that we ignore both faction and compromise , lift us add that the resurrection of the Past we hold to be neither practicable nor desirable . "Let the dead bury their dead . " To the exponents of Democracy we say , help us to inaugurate the living , the regenerated , the young , strong , and omnipotent Future .
Untitled Article
Pictures of Life in Mexico . By R . H . Mason . With Illustrations by the Author . Two Vols . London : Smith , Elder , & Co . ¦ A series of sketches , intended to exhibit the scenery , the society , and the various classes of Mexicans in a dramatic form . The author is well qualified for his task , from the rapidity with which he seizes upon the salient points of landscape or character ; and the sketches themselves have the freshness of aspect derived from the comparative novelty of the topics themselves , though Mr . Mason furnishes little new information to those already acquainted with Mexican history , geography , and statistics . It may be argued , indeed , that bis pictures of Mexican society throughout are of a darker and harsher character
than some travellers , quite as capable of judging as he seems to be , have left us . But society has probably deteriorated , through the violence and anarchy consequent on the American war ; or it may be that Mr . Mason correctly describes the society that fell under his observation . The priests , especially , he paints in the worst possible colours , as ignorant , licentious , gluttonous , and avaricious ; and to their debasing influence he traces much of the degradation and vice which , unhappily , are the most prominent characteristics of the people . How , under their sway , the worst results have ensued , may be judged of by the fact that , for some time past , the people have actually been lassoed by thieves in the streets of the capital city of Mexico . Mr . Mason narrowly escaped on his first entry : —
entering the city of Mexico by the Puerto de San Lazaro ( gate of St . Lazarus ) , with my moso , I was startled by cries of " Stop , Senor ! the lasso—take care ! Madre di Dios ! he is upon you . " "The lasso ! To the left ! Holy Virgin , stay !" I had just time to wheel round the pony I was leading , when swift footsteps approached from behind ; a sound as of rustling whipcord rushed past my ear ; something ap . peared to hover for an instant over my right hand ; and a wild and crouching figure on horseback thundered by me , with the curse of disappointed villany upon bis lips . " There is another ou our track , " exclaimed my attendant . " The plundering rascals ! But no—blessed Mother ! now he turns away , discouraged by the ill success of his
companion . " We had , indeed , narrowly escaped being corded like a couple of packages , thrown down and robbed on the highway ; for this second ruffian had doubtless intended to secure my fellow traveller , had his comrade succeeded in ruling my person and saddle-bags . This system of lassoing in the public streets of the capital is still pursued ; although the authorities pretend to prohibit riding on horseback at night , that the practice may be suppressed , and endeavour to persuade people that mounted vldettes are posted at the corners of the streets for the same purpose . The crime and negligence continually lying at their door 3 are wofttl : yet they have the assurance to give out that every precaution is taken to prevent the depredations of both ladrones and leperos .
Dishonesty and lawlessness seem to pervade all classes . The late President Santa Anna was as great a thief as the ladrones who tried to pin on Mr . Mason ;—In one of the last years of Santa Anna ' s power , an English merchant and traveller , about to quit Mexico , haying some very valuable goods in his possession , and being aware of the unsettled state of the country , desired a private audience of the President , in order to solicit his advice and protection . An interview was granted , and the merchant had , as he thought , the good fortune to communicate his position and wishes to the President in confi . dence—no one being present but Santa Anna and bis secretary . The President received him most graciously and condescended to caution him emphatically against making his journey known , or communicating to any one the secret of his wealth ; further advising him to secure his
treasure in secret boxes , and proposing to provide him , as an English merchant whom he highly respected , with an escort of his own trusty soldiers . The escort was duly provided , and the English merchant soon began his journey He had not proceeded far , however , before his guards fled , at sight of a band of heavily armed men with blackened faceB , who seized upon his goods , and quickly discovering the secret boxes and slides , despoiled him of all his treasure and decamped . The plundered merchant oomplained to the President of the treatment he had received , and many protestations of indignation and sympathy were made in reply : nevertheless , he had shortly ample reason to believe that the whole affair had been covertl y planned by President Santa Anna himself : that the robbery had been execnted under his private orders , and that the proceeds had been devoted to the enrichment of the President ' s treasury .
If the sway of the priests be injurious to the country generally , they are not exempt from the consequences . In the story which follows , the morals as well as the incidents are purely Mexican t ypes of a land of ignorant monks and lazy ladrbnes . During the troublous and sanguinary times that preceded the first Congress of the Republic in 1825 , it was judged expedient by the authorities of a distant provincial cathedral , that the gold and silver utensils and ornaments , with the precious stones and other costly moveables , should be removed , for greater safety , to another church in the interior of the country . To this end , boxes and hampers , with false slides and secret contrivances , were made ; so that , in the event of their capture or examination by robbers , tho most valuable articles might remain undiscovered . The
treasures were packed with the utmost care and secresy ; and much deliberation was exercised in the choice of an escort to accompany the precious cargo . At length it was decided that one Tezarit—a worthy disciple of the church , who had been employed to command an escort under government—and his band , with several holy brethren from the cathedral , should be entrusted with the duty . The caravan set out in due time upon their journey , with the utmost caution and privacy : the treasure being disguised under the appearance of a common bale of merchandise ; and its guardians wearing the semblance of merchants with their escort . They proceeded for a considerable distance in security ; but on the evening of the second day of their journey , the party were assailed by a determined band of ladrones ; they were disarmed , and their luggage wascarefully examinedSot
. content with merely surveying the packages however , the robbers , as if by a strange instinct , broke the boxe 3 to pieces , and thus the hidden gems and most costly vessels were exposed to view . Everything was ruthlessly carried away ; the prisoners were left behind , bound hand and foot , and the robbers made good their escape leaving no traces whatever of their flight . For a long period , the secret of this daring and auccessful sacrilege continued an impenetrable mystery . The chagrined priests left no method untried for the discovery of the plunderers and their booty , and to learn how their secret expedition had transpired ( for it was evident that the thieves had been supplied with previous information ) , butall their efforts and inquiries were entirely unavailing . At length the immaculate Tezarin himself was apprehended , and condemned upon a
charge of theft and conspiracy ; and while nnder sentence of death for these misdemeanours , he confessed , among other revelations , that the unaccountable robbery of the treasures of the church just recorded had been executed under his own direction . He admitted that the time and place of the occurrence had been planned by him ; though he had submitted , for obvious reasons , to be bound as a prisoner with the rest . He also gave such information as led to the apprehension and execution of his accomplices . The punishment of Tezarin was mitigated ; and the principal treasures of the cathedral were , by his agency , recovered : but their history does not end here . " Although the jewels and golden vessels were restored to their old places in the cathedral , outbreaks and disturbances in its neighbourhood were of frequent occurrence . The hearts of the holy fathers were once more filled with doubts and fears ; and so bitterly had they earned the experience of the past , that they had scarcel y now the confidence to trust one another . While affairs were in this situation , news thatchurch at
came a no great distance from their own had been entered and plundered of its richest treasures , and that a series of such robberies was to be apprehended . This report , which they had every reason to fear was but too correct , had the effect of greatly increasing the consternation of the priests . The superior ecclesiastic and two of his favourites , had come to the determination , without the knowledge of their brethren , that a subterranean vault should be formed under a particular part of the cathedral ; where , in time of need , the most valuable of the church ' s possessions might be deposited . With much ingenuity the desired receptacle was stealthily completed , and the entrance preserved a profound secret among the worthy trio . They had decided that the only means of acce 83 should be by a trap-door from above , closed with an invisible spring , —and the trap-door was cunningly fixed , and the imperceptible spring duly set , accordingly . The disturbances in the vicinity increased . Insurrection followed issurrection ; outrage succeeded outrage ; pilage appeared to become the order of the day . Neither
Untitled Article
life nor property was held saored ; and . the cathedral itself was threatened with an invasion . " We must watch vigilantly and incessnntly , from night to morning , each in his turn , " exclaimed the affrighted- dignitary to his companions ; " for we know not at what hour the peace of our Zion may be threatened by these sacrilegious depredators " And watoh they did , night and morning , in parties ; in obedience to the orders of their chief . * * At length at a late hour , one stormy night , when the three ecclesiastics —to whom alone tho secret of the vault was known—happened to be on the watch together , a sound as of a throneing multitude arose in the distance ¦• which as it drew nearer was heard above the howling of tho wind and the falling of the rain . The tramp of heavy footsta ™ „„ . life nor nrnnnrkv woq ha \ A son ^ rl " onJ ti . ' . it .,.. i . ;_ . i »
proached the cathedral ; shouts and vociferous cries burst forth on every side ; thej-ed glare of innumerable torches shone through the emblazoned windows . 'At the first alarm , the trio of monks proceeded to carry tho portable boxes containing their ohoieest treasures into the vault below and by the time the building was su > rounded they had concealed the whole . Meantime , a series of thunder , ing knocks assailed tho door , which it was evident must soon give way beneath the repeated Btrokes : the massive bolts were forced , the hinges torn away , and an entrance effected . Just as the band of depredators rushed madlv through the opening , the shaven head of the last of the ^«? ?^ ieAt ! . d !! a PP ^ _^ L ow the e ^ ra nce of the vault the door olosed
trap- was hastily , and the spring was made secure . But this movement had not escaped the searching eye of a lepero in the crowd . The cathedral waB thoroughly ransacked ; many valuable articles were broken to pieces , and the fragments were passed from hand to hand but a murmur of disappointment arose , ere long , that so few available treasures were to be discovered . The idea of a subterranean concealment at once flashed upon the minds of the robbers , and the supposition was confirmed by the lepero who had seen the closing trap-door They im mediately tried every crevice and brokn stone , and beat violently on the floor with hammers and axes ; but so well had theppenmg been concealed , that they were compelled to abandon tho attempt in despair . Ventin g thm * His ™ .
pomtment upon the building , they demolished several of tho painted windows , and carried off tho choicest of the ornaments ; and it was a miracle that the edifice escaped conflagration at their hands . The beating upon the floor however , had broken the spring of the trap-door , the holy fathers only avenue of esoape ; and when , on the disappearanoe of the invading crowd , they attempted to emerge , they found themselves , in spite of every effort , hopelessly immured in a dungeon that must soon prove their living sepulchre ! The remains of the three monks were only discovered—fast beside the treasures which in life they had loved so well—when the marble floor was taken up by some workmen who were engaged in the restoration of the dilapidated and desecrated cathedral . ¦
The expulsion of Santa Anna by the Amencans , and the continued influx of the energetic and enterprising people of the United States have , however , opened up new prospects for Mexico . The Americans carried with them into several printing presses , -they established cafes in the towns through which they passed , —they tried to regulate the gambling-houses , —and they introduced the cutlery of Sheffield and the cottons of Lowell and Manchester , without those high dutieB which in ordinary times more than quintuple the market value of these articles . Mr . Mason assures us that their short occupation of the capital has had a great moral result . American manufactures have become popular . The shopkeepers have adopted American methods of dealing . The European costume is gradually growing into fashion . We are further informed that : —
Many young ladies , also , of the better class , 8 eem to delight in lisping forth a few broken American words , on particular occasions ; pronouncing the English vowels with all the fulness peculiar to their own magnificent language and making a most incongruous jumble of the whole affair . Many articles of established reputation under old Spanish names , with a few others-of novel construction now astonish their possessors by their new American appelmums , fcot a few conventional phrases and expressions also , may be traced far northwards ; and , upon the whole , an heretical traveller from Europe or the States , enoounters far more forbearance , and is thought less monstrous , at the present time , than might have been the case before the period of the war .
In ' due season' it is certain that Jonathan will ' annex' the rich and fertile territory of Mexico to his already gigantic federation . AH events tend in that direction , and there is no power in an ignorant , superstitious , and idle people to resist or prevent the extension of the Anglo-American republic ,
Untitled Article
A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Cotton Manufacture of Dacca , in Bengal . By a former Resident in Dacca . London : Mortimer . The beautiful and delicate muslins from Dacca which formed so prominent a feature in the Indian Department at the Exhibition have agaiu directed attention , in some measure , towards that peculiar district and branch of industry in Bengal to which we are indebted for productions so exquisite and so costly . It is admitted on all hands , that the finest of the Dacca muslins exceed anything which can be produced by the looms of Europe ; and when the Manchester manufacturer describe them as the merest shadows of a commodity , ' he pronounced , in fact , the highest
eulogium which they could receive , and indicated in a few words the deficiencies of the English when compare with the Indian manufacture of muslins . There have been several general descriptions given of Dacca and its manufactures in the books of travellers , and in papers received from their servants by the Eaat India Company ; but before the appearance of the present volume we have had no treatise on the question at once general and technical , and written by a person competent from long residence in the locality to describe the changes which have taken place in the Dacca district since its cotton trade was almost extinguished by the importations of British-made calicoes into India .
The Dacca district is situated in the eastern division of the province of Bengal , and is about 1 , 960 square miles . The population is composed of Hindoos and Mahommedana , in about equal numbers , and was esteemed in the year 1837 , at 530 , 000 . * * The business of weaving is carried on , to a greater or less extent , in almost ; every village of the district ; but the principal manufacturing towns ( aurungs ) where muslins are made , are tho city of Dacca , Sunargong , Dumroy , Teetbadeo , Junglebaree , and Bezettpore . Dacca is situated on the Booreegunga , formerly a branch of the Ganges , but . now onoof he several tchannels through which the Brahmaputra discharges its waters into
the Megna . It stands on the northern bank of this river , extending along it to a distance of about four miles , and is surrounded inland , partly by comparativel y high ground covered with jungle and partly by low rice fields , whioh are inundated to a considerable depth during the rainy season Like most native towns in Bengal it is very irregularly built . Its streets and lanes are long and narrow , and lined with brick houses and thatched huts , erected close to each other , and placed without any regard to uniformity . In some of the bazaars occupied by certain castes—as weavers , goldsmiths , and shell-cutters—the style of architecture is peculiar , many of the houses of three or four
stories m hei ght , having only a frontage of eight or ten feet , while the side walls , unperforated . by doors or windows , extend back to a distance frequently of sixty or seventy feet . The dwellings of the European residents are large and well-built , and give to the town a somewhat imposing appearance on approaching it from tho south . Most of them stand on the bank of the Booreegunga , and have in front gardens upon terraces , the wails of which are washed by the river in the season of inundation . The population , consisting of Hindoos and Mahommednns , with a few English , Armenians , Greeks , and descendants of Portuguese , was computed in the year 1838 at 08 , 000 .
It has been known for some time that a peculiar fine kind of cotton wool was employed by the Dacca weavers for their muslins ;—and of this cotton the writer speaks as follows ' . —¦ The cotton of which the fine Dacca muslins are made is produced in the district . The plant is an annual , and attains a height of four or five feet . It is a variety of the Gos sypium herbaceum ; but according to Dr . Roxburgh , it differs from the common herbaceous cotton plant of Benoal in the following particulars , viz .: — " 1 st . In its being more erect , with fewer branches , and the lobes of the leaves more pointed . 2 nd . In the whole plant being tinged of a reddish colour , even the petioles and nerves of the leaves , and being less pubescent . 3 rd . In having the peduncles whioh
support the flower longer , and the exterior martins of the petals tinged with red . 4 th . In the staple of the cotton being longer , much finer , and softer . " This is the indigenous ( desecj cotton of Dacca , which has been cultivated in the district from time immemorial , and which is generally known there by the name of photee . Another variety of cotton called bairaiti , which is raised in the eastern part of Bengal , has been regarded as yielding the material of which the fine muslins are fabricated ; but at Dacca it is considered as being inferior to the photee , and as differing from it , as it does from the desee cotton of Hurriaul , in having a larger pod , and shorter but coarser fibres . Cotton h raised in different parts of the district , but the photee , or finest kind , is grown only in certain localities situated alon g
the banks of the Brahmaputra or its bran ches , and the Megna . Speaking of the latter of these sites of cultivation , the Commercial Resident of Dacca , in the year 1800 , remarks : — " A tract of land extending from Feringybazar , twelve miles south-east of Dacca , along the banks of the Megna to Edilpore , twenty miles north of the sea , occupy , ing a space of about forty miles in length , and in Borne places as far as three in breadth , and situated in the pergunnahsof Kidderpore , Bickrampore , Rijenagur , Carticpore , and Edilpore , is allowed to produce the finest cotton ( kapas ) grown in the Dacca province , and , I believe , I might add , in any part of the world , since ho cotton that has yet been compared with it , whether the produce of India , or of the islands of Mauritius or Bourbon , whose cotton is celebrated for its superior quality , has been found
Untitled Article
equal to it . " . He attributes the su periorihT ^ TTi ; 1 — raised hero to the vioinity of this part ofth « L - the cotton sea- " the water of which , " he remark , . < £ - oymce to the tide rolls it in with the water of ™ he MeeSl whf \ the floivsthat part of the comity iutiim Sl ^ . meryear deposits , as it ^¦« W JffiJBaSJ ^ J tte which very considerably improve and fertalise thl ¦? which consists qfligbt sand and brown earth" Th ?? ' sites of cultivation ^ oticed b y him are " the ' banks of tw Luekia , from the Dulaseree river to a little above IW , gunge , abiont sixteen miles in- length , and a fa w miles on ? & banks ofthe'Brahmaputra , north of the Dulaaeree " which together with the country above ; mentioned , " furnish the greater part of the kapas used in the Dacca ¦ province Of the rest , some is grown in Buldeoal , Bowal , and AleDham * - -
and some imported from Boosna , in the adjacent district of Rajeshye . " Two orops of cotton are raised in the district . Oue is gathered m April and May , another in September and October . The formor yields the finest produce and is the crop , therefore , which is most extensivel y grown . " The following extract , which we put together from tho concluding pages of the volume , contains precise and acceptable informatiou with reference to the actual magnitude of tlie cotton trade of Dacca when it was most prosperous , and also with reference to the changes which have taken place in the industry of the Dacca district since its former staple productions have been in a great measure superseded : —
The aggregate value of the cloth of Dacea . in tho year 17 S 3 , was estimated by the Commercial Resident in 1800 at A root rupees 2 , 850 , 000 , or £ 365 , 250 as the prime cost * Prior to 1765 , the goods provided at the factory were purchased with bullion imported into the province from England . But after the Company acquired possession of the territorial revenues of the country , money was advanced from the provincial treasures for the purposes of trade The stock of goods thus provided annually , or " the invest mtnt" as it was called , was increased after that date to more than twice its former amount ; and private merobanta now began to trade with capital , borrowed in the country . In 1771 the Company exported clothes to the amount of ten lacs of rupees ( £ 125 , 000 ) , and English private traders that of twenty lacs ( £ 250 , 000 . ) The manufacture of muslins
had been attempted at Paisley as earl y aB the year 1700 but it was not until 1781 that it was permanently established and oarried on with success in Great Britain . On the expiration of Arkwright ' s patent , and the introduction of mule twist in 1785 , this branch of industry was greatly extended . From 1781 to 1787 , the cotton manufacture of Great Britain increased in value from j 62 , 000 , 000 to £ 7 , 500 , 000 . In the latter year there were forty-one Bpinning factories at work in Lancashire . In 1787 , the estimated prime cost of the cloths that passed through the custom-house of Dacca was fifty lacs ( £ 625 , 000 ) , while the value of the whole trade of the town for the same year was calculated at one-and-a-quarter orores of rupees ( £ 1 , 562 , 500 . ) This appears to have been the most flourishing period of the cloth trade of Dacca , os it was , at least ,
the year in which the amount of exports was the greatest . Soon after this , tho trade began to decline . In 1793 , tho total value of cloths exported to foreign countries was estimated at £ 170 , 269 . Tho estimated prime cost of the cloths manufactured at the stations connected with the Dacca factory , for exportation , from 1790 to 1799 , inclusive , was £ 1 , 703 , 252 . In 1807 the amount of the Company ' s exports was £ 107 , 690 , while in 1813 it was reduced to the comparatively small sum of £ 33 , 8118 a . In 1817 , the Commercial Residency was abolished , and the factory closed . Since the extinction of the trade to Europe the manufacturing industry of the district has , from the increasing importation of cotton-twist and cloths into the country , been deolining yearly . Native spun thread , with the exception Of very fine and very coarse qualities , has in
a great measure been superseded by the British yarn . The cotton goods manufactured at Dacoa in 1814 we valued at £ 94 , 000 . * * Deducting £ 40 , 000 , which is the computed value of the British cotton yarn into Dacca and the neighbouring mayts , and £ 5 , 000 as the value of the silk used in the fabrication of cloths of mixed texture , the amount of money expended annually among the manufacturers of the district does not exceed £ 54 , 000 . * * The experiment of growing cotton in the district suited to supply the wants of the English market has boen carried on by Government during the last seven years . It is under the personal superintendence of a gentleman practically acquainted with the culture of this plant in America . Though , indeed , little success has attended the cultivation of the
American or otheir exotic varieties of cotton in the district , yet there is reason to hope that the results of tho efforts now being made to raise the native kinds of the plant adapted to the above-mentioned purpose will prove more fortunate . The celebrity of the indigenous cotton used in the manufactures of the district , and the suitableness therefore of the soil to this cultivation , lead us to anticipate success in this experiment . Government have done everything in their power to promote the object in view , in addition to an expenditure of upwards of £ 3 , 000 on the experimental farm , they have held out encouragement to the ryots to engage in this branch of cultivation , by making advances of money to them for the purpose , and promising to purchase all the cotton that they raise .
Untitled Article
A Social Theory . By Arthur Bromiley . London : Simpkin , Marshall , and Co . The object of the author of this brochure is to explain what he conceives to be a primary law in Nature affecting social development , and to present an outline of a scheme of society framed in accordance with that primary law . The fundamental principle of Mr . Bror ailey's theory is not so new to the students of Social Science as he imagines . It is Bimply that , ' the social bod y , like the human frame , is a being of daily growth and " advancement . Its capacity , experience , constitution , and resources , are constantly expanded or being unfolded ; but this growth and advancement may be healthy or diseased . ' Starting from this point , the author proceeds toshow how private property in the soil , and in the raw materials of wealth , have caused society to become
unhealthy and deformed . Mr . Bromiley advocates the holding of land and capital in trust for public purposes , but stops short of Communism . He says : — The principle under consideration , while it forbids the appropriation of land and capital for private gain , or otherwise than upon trust for management ( that is to say , aa regards land , that which is used as capital for the purposes of production ) , cannot , like tho Communist principle , be made to include as a consequence tho negation of all individual vightsor private property ; for while it points to private ownerships of things in the course of production , or that are used in trade or manufacture , as impediments to productive energy , it merely requires necessaries and comforts , when produced and fit for personal use , to be distributed fairly as regards the amount duo to each person leaving them afterwards to be hold and enjoyed in whatever manner may best suit the natural taste of their possessors or which most accords with the nature of the thing to he enjoyed . b
By anticipation of the claims of the Employers "to do what they like with their own , " Mr . Bromiley ably argues , aud we thiuk , conclusively demonstrates , the right of sooiety to dispose of the joint product of all individual exertion , in the manner best fitted to promote the general welfare . There can be no such thing as absolute private right—no individual or class can call any thin * 1 their own' in the sense in which these terms are at present used by the holders of capital . On this point the author forcibly says : —
It is quite clear that however an individual may be employed he can act in no other way than by . contributing with others to produce a joint result . No one can satisfy himself with the proper produce of his own industry but each can contribute to a joint fund , out of which all ' may bo providod with what they require . The actual produce of a man ' s labour must in fac t go from him , and become amalgamated with - the produce of the labour of society generally , as well as with natural produce , before it can become useful , and then'he receives back not what his own labour has produced , but a part of the fund realised by the community jointly . This amalgamation of the result * nf
individual actions is a matter of necessity , independent al . together of any choice either on the part of the individual or even of society itself ; for whatever incongruous laws or rules the latter may have adopted , or whatever nny be the inclination of the former , the fact is so and cannot by an ! possible devico be annihilated : even now this process is every where going on around us , disguised as it mav be by the mumble inventions of past ages . Society ma / indeed 8 o . d , yido the sources of wealth , that this joint fuudTcreated by joint labour and the common gifts of nature , " shall bo divided in its creation and never pass entire into its own actual keeping ; but it cannot alter the fact that in every community , there is but one joint result of the labour and activity , whether for good or bad , of all its members .
No one oan so separate his work from that of others as to give it an independent existence , or point to any production or part of one as exclusivel y his own Thus men as individuals are contributors only , producing partial and incomplete results , which by a natural process t fif alg f lf tlOn hf | *?! make Up general whole for the benefit of all ; while all comple te results are the fruits of collective action and come from the community We are compelled therefore to attribute every eSactionand every influence over us not , to this or that person , but to society or the world generally : and if each influence and benefit is derived from society , much more nlainlv is the aggregate so derived in which all those influences and benefits aru intermingled and made to coalesce "
The community , therefore , having everything at its dlsposal , wealth , influence , honours , and the sourcis of wealth , must of necessity deal out its atores in some fashion to it several members , either for private personal use , or in trustfor management , according to their respective natures , and upon the proper performance of this function , all its prosperity and happiness depend . The individual , we know , can have nothing but what he receivesfrom the community there are indeed a variety of channels but only pno Bource and these channels , through which tho joint wealth passes in the distributing process , aro merel y the creations of the community and dependent on its will . Now if the channels are not well arranged , it is evident that the wealth and influence of the community will run too much in some direc-
Untitled Article
tions , and probably stagnate and do mieohief in others while par s of the community will be left parched ajffi titute . JSor are even those who gain the most really benefited by this arrangement ; but are in fact greatly iniured either by their very superfluity , or by the slow and vm . healthy circulition of wealth , as also by the want of aoma of tho greatest of social blessings which cannot now be had or purchased on any terms . - Nothing can be a greater mistake than to suppose that it I u scan b comericher ior happier by an unfair , than the Hi f m ? fair distribution , because every unfairness in anaik l nt ono > nJu « ously affects the contributions , mad « « 7 tlie wbol ° * ock of the community ; whioh is laws o ? , P ontributions , is vitiated and diminished . While / . ««*• ' _\ ra « ier customs and ants nf narliament . existwhinh
, that whZ L « P rivat 0 ri ? bfc in land and oa P ital » or at kast transm ttPrt t y i a PPr ° ximates to it , and allow them to be every conceivablfi n , 0 ent ° [ 5 ue 8 t ' and t 0 be fe / ttered in session ana £ ote by pvWate btere 8 ts » boih ' m P ° " is the power or wfeir - unborn Senerationa , where tion ? It has adoDtprt ' n the . lnfluonce of the living generato a great extentt ^ ente n I s&ruIe K irhioh ha ? ! l * % * \ caprice the distribution of tfl ° it ^ t ^ ™ W resources j and the manLli ¦¦ t lth •' the dls P 08 al of ^ suit is what might hTvo been « ° fA 9 affairs ; and tho re * of distribution ^ management ^ SP * ? u - Usine ? executed . fcement u blindl y or mischievously For the legislative and admini " otB r ,. . which the anW WPoJtS ^ t'SiS'fi bo clearly depicted , Ve must refe / to ftTjl ^ uS
Untitled Article
PUBLICATION S RECEIVED . The Dublin Rtvievi . Reports of the Zeed ' s Flour Mill Society .
Untitled Article
The only backbiters who ever did any good in this world Cons . —What kind of paper most resembles a sneeze ?—XiSsttCt fiHY isa . Eame at cards like a timber-yard ? -Becauae there are always a number of deals in it . raZ ! , ^ the mo 8 b intelligent , tho man who bwivs the most , or the one who has the most nose ? to h ? XT ^ T the women have not " "e hts" enough a smack ! eC ° me sailors ' they can . always command bu ? tSst l ^ U tl poor only wUeiv * e lack necessaries , supeSi £ . S nme Of poverty t 0 the want Q * bv B ath in ilf ngI r i ° f tVfe % -aeven of their number eieht&Jn U 7 dukes ' two ^ q ^ es , twelve earls , afti erdurin \ 1 hf yr . ° Unt 8 t Tw ° eldeStS ° ° » 088
^ w iL " A - Gander . - "Why , doctor ? " said a Sa ? i- ^? ap 5 KK . » -BSt fS gander ' . ' * U BaUC ° for the B ° ose is BaUc « for «» ,- n J 0 R ? i , N 1 ) SH u \ m ? firmlv seoured ° y lenity towards fail-11 , i aa ¥ attacbment to excellences . The former 8 IvKf 8 a klndneas wb -i <* cannot be claimed , the latter is a ™ as the P ayraent of a debt to merit . « n « , ™« ? f CER « FiCATE . -An Irishman being asked ona late tna for a certificate of bis marriage , bared his head and exhibited a huge ^ r , which looked as Egh it SfsatisSo ' r made With a file-BhOTel - The ™*™* A poweeioom . worked by steam , for weaving Brussels carpets , is said to be on its way from America to this coua " try . A steam loom produces 110 yards of carpeting a week , whilst a hand-loom only gives jibout thirty-six yard ! . Pleasures
. —We cannot multiply our pleasures as we multiply our possessions . We may indeed set no limits to our acquisitions ; but Nature sets limits to our capacity for enjoying them . Mrs . Boos , well know about town as the lady who boiled the outside cabbage-leaves , and threw away the inside , observes that she always shuts her eyes when she looks at the blind beggars in the streets , their appearance is so Qwruj * Salt Man \ j ? actories . —There are ninety-seven establishments in England , mostly in Cheshire and Worcestershire , which manufacture salt . These works produce , on an ! average , 800 , 000 tons of salt per annum . The town of Newcastleon-T yne consumes 70 , 000 tons annually . lHF CHURCH op Frome —A waggish printer , who inclines to Puseyism , pretends to see little difference betweea the Churches of England and Rome . A " thin space , " he says , is the only distinction between the " clevgyfrome" and the vicarofrorae "
Marriage . —A civic law has boen passed in Wurtemberg to the following effect - .-That no citizen shall be permitted to contract marriage , till he brings proofs to the authorities that he is possessed , if not of a competency , jet of the means ot supporting a wife . Emigration . - ^ said that the plan lately recommended for a system ot emigration to Australia , on sound , business principles , is likely to be attempted without delay , and that the Jjamily Colonisation Loan Society , founded by 3 Ira . Chisbolm . will constituted basis Mt " Uncle ' s NEPHBw . " -An Edinburgh pawnbroker , of short standing , has taken a long run-it is supposed to America . Having closed his shop " for the holidays , " it was opened , no more . "My uncle" had achieved a coup ( ietot-malung , hkeour " nephew , " a clean sweep of his unredeemed pledges .
> A v uw n T Es . ~ " Roy « what is your father doing to-day ?' - ' Well , I s pose he ' s faiiin . I heard him tell mother yesterday to go round to the shops and get trusted all she could ; and do it right straight off too-ior he'd eofc everything ready to fail up to nothin ' , ' ceptin' that . Cool . —A Beloochee , condemned for murder , walked to execution , conversing with calmness on the road ; when turned off , the rope broke , and he fell , but started up instantly , and , with inexpressible coolness , said , "Accidents will happeu in spite of care . Try again . "—Naweh ' s Administration in Scindc . Good Advice . —Hate idleness , and curb all passions . Be true in all words and actions . Unnecessarily deliver not your opinion ; but when you do , let it be just , well-considered , and plain . Be charitable in all thought , word , and deed , and ever ready to forgive injuries done to yourself ; and be more pleased to do good than to receive good . —Lady Fanshawk .
Considerate Bachelors . —There is a place in New Hampshire where they never have any old maids . When a girl reaches twenty-nine , and is still onthe ladder of expectation , the young fellows club together , and draw lots for her . 1 hose who escape pay a bonus to the one who gets her . There ' s gallantry for you ! Three ladies of our acquaintance would start immediately for the Granite State , but they are past the age . —American Paper .
EXTRACTS FROM PUNCII . Punch s Counsel to Louis Nap oleon . —Stop , thief . The Stampop a Swindler . —One who always carries a bill-stamp in his pocket . A Military Problem . —Given—A Kaffir . To find—A " regulation" musket that will kill him . The Bbau Ideal of a Cook . —One that cooks a rabbit to a hare ! Something Racs . — Numerous important subjects are now laid before us ; but the topic mosfc worthy of our attention , at present , we consider to be that of Goldner ' s Preserves , since we certainly could not fly at higher game . A Question for the War Office . —A young lady presents her compliments to J / r . Punch . She has heard of the Zilndnadelgewlw , or Prussian needle-gun , and wants to know whether they load it with a thimble .
True Patriotism . —Several noblemen and gentlemenwhose names we would give with great pleasure , if sve were able-have thrown open their preserves to all persons desirous of rendering themselves good marksmen—and thus defenders of their country in the event of invasion—by practising on the hares and pheasants .
SONG FOR THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT . Air- " The , Glasses Sparkle on the Board . " The musket , bayonet , and sword Assert the sway of Might ; The Reign of Terror is restored , Of Panic , Dread , and Fright . The prize is won ; the game ' s our own ; The troops at our control ; If men of brain or worth remain , We ' ve cow'd them , every soul . A truthful Press says awkward things ; Then surely it is wise To gag it , like despotic kings , Or make it publish lies . Oppose our power—your streets we'll Bcour , Our volly'd fires shall roll , And roar again until we ' ve slain Or cow'd you , every soul .
A French Card . —A certRin Professor in England advertises lessons in " Dancing and Deportment . " Professor Louis Napoleon , who gives balls at the Tuileries , and sends French citizens to Cayenne , may be considered as a teacher of Dancin ? and—Deportation . Dr . Darling Outdone . —Electro Biology . — m . Louis Napoleon Bonaparte will continue his series of experiments on the People in a Perfectly Wakeful State , who will go down on their knees to him at the word of command ; imagine themselves to be Negroes , and M . Bonaparte their Owner : believe him to bo Alexander the Great , JulnaUmr , the CalipU Haroua Alruchid , dso . 5 and exhibit , u every particular , the most perfect Subjection to the Wil of the Operator . Palace of the Tuilenes ; daily , till turther notice * . ,, ¥ * > i -VT- ii / i • Daily
A Perfect Character . - ' ^ " News" ( which , by the way , has been kept out of bad company , by being prohibited in Austria ) e « re « eB utounhm « iU tbat U » e French Thing-a-mee { otherwise President ) should determine upon confiscating all the proper ty of the Orleans family Now , where is tho matter tor surprise ? To make the character perfect , tho . assn 3 sin of the liberty of a nation , has only to become the robber of a family . The Defacer s of the Wooden Walls op Old Exes ' land . —Every new Government shi p , whether man-of-war or e team frigate , is always so pulled to pieces , and changed , transformed , and deiormed , after its construction , that one would imagine the Lords of the Admiralty were doing everything they could for the complete and entire break-up of tho British Navy .
Ftetmfoa.
ftetmfoa .
Farfetfea.
Farfetfea .
|L0£Ttg. 33h£Ifv«
| l 0 £ ttg . 33 H £ ifV «
Untitled Article
February 7 , 1852 . THB NORTHERN STAR . 1 ¦ ¦ f ^ M ^^^^ M - ^^^^^ ' III' A . ~ — ^^¦ —¦ —m———— -
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 7, 1852, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1664/page/3/
-