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_ 0 ' C 0 >* 2 fOR UPON PHYSICAL FORCE . TO THE FUSTIAN JACKETS , BLISTEBED HAXDS , AND UNSHORN CHIN'S . jjt 05 LT Fsiesds , —After jay two letters , intended for this -week , shall have been published , i know sot in what order my very excellent friend , Mr . . Hill , may feel disposed to lay the others fcefare yon- I mast enly ran . chance , and , u mDe time is allowed far making up -voluminous despBtfbes , hurry , much to say , and little time to say it jn , " must plead my excuse for all apparent inaccuraoes . However , stile being important , I shall , in mr speed , endeavour to preserve as food a style aa
posjjst me derote this letter to a defence of myself on tgTeral points , on which I have been assailed . Firstly , let me begin with the great gun , physical force , and w see flow , with one well-directed fire , I thai di » troy eTery attack of the enemy in that qnarter . Bat before I begin , let me be perfectly understood , as indeed I alwy * ^ s * re •* en ^ T men ° * P 1 ** 11 common jaue , « id by every ° except judges , barristers , and W en "wb ° ^* Te &n ^ I 1 ^ e 7 e *^ " * DOi comprehending
My opinion , then , with regard to physical force , isgt » i a resort to it , in case * of legislative oppression and tyranny , i * » virtue . I admit the principle ; bat somefbing lite success must be fairly presumed before the ^ pcrimeni is tried ; and , in truth , there i « much reason Jn calling a failure ( if a decided one , and occasioned by % want of due consideration of the means an 3 conse-^ aences ) treason ; or , perhaps , it would be more just to -21 it madness .
Again , as to the « fte « t produced by the introduction of fje qnestion of physical force into Chartist discussions , jBtSj I , more thin any other man , -would be justified in denouncing it , and in throwing the mantle of other ' s foaiei ovtr myself ; but I do not denounce it What I ( jeaonaoe is , the desertion of those who were loudest ja flj ^ i thunders—for , observe , t »« very mention , and fte wholesome an 3 constitutional dread of physical gtee , was a powerful auxiliary . The injury , then , was got so mndi in the talking about it , as in the ridicule which was justly cast upon it , by the desertion of the most loud of its advocates . I neTer knew a parcel of
gentlemen shuffle out of physical force , as the greater jjamber of its former supporters hare done . It ia my fessmess only to defend myself aad , inasmuch as I cast . gobkme'upon those who were conscientiously of the phj * k * l force party , and am regardless of the fame of ffee deserter , I raise no ground far opposition , ssTe my dscisratibn as to the part I hare token myself in the qnastkm . HoweTer , believe me , that the very agitation fl the question has done mnch good , however old women soy stare , aad the Hone Guards and our pacific rulers say be horrified at the report of the domestic pop-gun , vfeBe they rejoice in the report of the deadly thunder d mr foreign artillery , dealing death to uphold
ta potiEEL I wish , from my soul , that one million Chartists , from eighteen to fifty years of age , had all the necessary accoutrements of war , and I would stake my existence , got no more blood would be shed in Europe ; while jMeeurity of life and property would be words erased from the Tocabulary of the alarmist , and poTerty would fr > o lare of the poor man's cot I would gladly hold a eommisrion in such service for the preBerratlon of peace . Bat why waste words in setting before y « u the ioOy of attending to the denunciations of the enemy ! If tqu had proved that wearing white hats and short
breeches would effect your object , the wearing of white W % sad short breeches would haTe been reviled as a Uoodlhirsty and destructive prineipU , as physical itnee ha * been . It is not the means , belieTe me ; no , it is the end ; and de you once prove to those who buy ^ e > p iand sell dear , aad who make merchandise of your labour by holding a monopoly of legislatire power , th&t fasting and praying would gain the Charter , and th&t instant they will offisr rewards for blasphemy and gbrttosy , and petition thtir Bouse lot the suppression office , that is , for the stoppage of praying and fasting . My good friends , in ccnsidering man as a politica l
¦ instrument , I implore you to lose sight of both Tin and virtue . They an in political men , just what kind « knotty twd cross grain are in timber ; merely requiring more or leu of the hatchet , or a difference of Uuls in the working , to mould them t » the mechanic ' s purpose . Who , is this world , can contemplate , otherwise titan wttb horror , the idea of one ' nun tying a rope around another man ' s neck , while a sheriff , for honour , and the inferior murderers for pay , become partakers in the ecS&thoded murder , reconciled to the man of easy tmadoiU ) by the law ' s authority , n d the tyrant ' s plea . Who can reflect upon the barsarity of man towards
Ms feUow in a thousand shapes . ' Who can reflect pan the ditty of a soldier , which teaches him that he is bound , at his officer ' s command , to shoot his fellow ( Mature , without Inquiring into the provocation or jeitifeadon ? Who can look , without a shudder , at the hired perjurer , tHarrison , for instance , or scores of poBeemea , who daily perform the office , } swearing iwsy the life or the liberty of a fellow creature , for pis ? Aye , who e&n look upon such acts of barbarity « amoTed ? Ill tell you who can . Those who are paid ; while those who are aot , feel rathe ? jealousy than ^ sgost This is natere , and the man who begins 4 ttermg that is a fool ; but then laws should be made
to ihsrw nature off to adTantage , instead of to a disadnsiage ; aad I am one of those who beliere that the Tirtoes of mas , if cherished , and fairly displayed , very Bach preponderate orer his Tices . Sanctified hypo-•« 3 e » win tell yon not , and that , do what you will , 7 < a are all to go to bell in a hand-basket , thereby , in het , making you mere passive ereatores in this worldfSBB-re to their will . Churchmen call the Socialists fcfidels ; but what think you of the unnatural monster to would throw good works wholly out of the scale of alTation ? Noting could , by poasibility , go farther fc lerel fiee and Tirtue , thim tMs hellish tortuous ¦»!¦ 1 ITtl
Well , but I am preaching a sermon : —howeTer , one * ora before I conclude this picture . Now , obserre , 8 o « t of twenty-sir millioM , we require one million PBsaa to be paid for hanging , shooting , torturing , and ** Sroyiog their fellow men , we will find twenty-fiye ibB&bh to rerile th « n for the unnatural propensity ; *•* k * ti * ooe million , of offenderf all drop off , as ir&ko « i l « Tei in autumn , and the twenty-fire millions <* tt « rerilert will become competitors for the offices tt fiUed , aad so would it be if Bociety -wu reduced « fert faro nullionM , requiring still the oo « milliorr , or fteowaalf , Mttw ^^ tAiS > to ^ p ^^ others in y « ti « i to thtir vE Aye , and the two millions ** M fight ( vith nature in her uncuitaTsted form fcjiifigiaemj until , like the Kilkenny eats , they had ^•* rsd each other to the rery tails .
it Dona of these bloody offices were required to sup-P * t Bnnatural dominion , the mind , made more Tir-* *» J' » DBld , by degree * , begin to doubt that such a **« of things erer existed ; and the altered school **« M ttaen doetrioei which would render the re-a » - Minn of cruelty difficult , if not impossible . T ° b see , then , my Tiew is , Ik&t man is born with P ^ nsities which may be nourished into Tirtues , ot ^•• W into view , according to the training ; that ' ¦ " "Um i » Wtt » than compulsion ; that , naturally , fclores Tirtusjaare than Tiee -, but that , artificially , ¦? 1 »» been compelled to apply -rice to Ties , to preaerrfl *¦ sa existeoee ' trpon ewth , asd all in consequence * tos great distinafcioe , promoted and daily increased ' <* m iegislatton , whereby the fieea of the few * % extingtti * awiirtHM of the mtar .
0 ; ^ the tynali would bet aflow me to write and I * * » h * t I 8 « mgit proper , without persecution , •* * odd allow ine only fiTe years of that leisure 2 *?* » joy , aadte which I would mo * t willingly com-^ d ; » h » t beaaty ^ pot I vouW p « t on poor g" * * vonatod face , and how loraly I would make Pbra appav , dn » ed ia the grmi Mannfaetarert ¦*« ad gneefol zoboii aha il—Trl appear * U in ^ PM < iWM << JWHWf lHlM > rifWI
j ** 11 tWnp , let me aTdd bdafttimideEitood ; aad * " *» attend to me now that aw « mok » of tlw first J ^ of physiesiforee bM ^ m ^ sbed . I UH 70 m , than , 2 * * wo , rumr , nrrsr will y * o fkia ITiiiTeMal Saf-% » by other xmkm thaaphyskri tore * - , ja « t »» you ** Bef » m ; tat wife liuphysMl force . Obwrre , " * tia different tfiadea of physical force . To « qulre ?^ P ^» tioB for a panel of AngJo-rndi * a » , who chose W ? " * P **" &r the Cbineae on specalation , you ** * o use much and -rery expeasiTe physical force j ^ able tie King of the Gipsies , you have to bom-^ fcrtresses , Wow up thousands , aad run the chance * teiTersal war . To preaerre a State Church at ^* > you hare to keep the musket eTer loaded , and *« yoaei eter fixed . To starre the poor , and make
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the operatiYe sell his labour for the masters' price , -you haTe to pay a large , illicit physical-force party , all legal , all constitutional , because all required for the preservation of class legislation , to make the many work for the profit of the few . And now , do you suppose that the system , which can only be upheld by such means , will eTer surrender to less force , or to moral power . Pndge ! " What , then , after all , are we to hare ctril war , before we can gain 'Universal Suffrage ?'• asks some moral philosopher . No , not a bit of It ; civil war would blast the fruits . Bat I'll tell you what yon are to hare ;—a dread of « ivil war , —in which the people would be all united on one side , and the enemy not united upon the other .
You will carry Universal Suffrage , when the men who made you bom sad . dot to effect reform , are once more where they were before , upon the wrong side of the hedge . The very men who carried Reform , and from the rery same motiTe will carry Universal Suffrage , never doubt it . The time will come when the Whig * , who now persecute us , will be fliDgisg the dirt from « ne to the other , jnst as oar deserters are . It is nature , nature , nature ; and believe » e that , although a united House of Commons may safely " let slip the dogs of war" upon &n unoffending people , that it is an experiment which will require a larger majority than the hungry Whigs can ever again hope to command .
Physical force , ¦ wh en next used , will be recommended by Daniel O'Connell , Lord John Russell , and Lord Normanby ; and justified by Sir John Campbell , the Whig and something more ; and Edward Baines , the Tor ; and something less . For these reasons I most heartily rejoice , when I see the Tories beating the Whig * soundly with their own stick ; mind , with their own stick ; because they must be beaten well with that first ,- in fact , they must smash it on their own heads , and then they'll cut the universal wattle , the Whig place preserver , the Tory life destroyer . Every single Whig now persecuting us will make a capital shaft horse in the universal waggon ; but;—but;—BVT , —if ever they get a leg over the traces again , public opinion is a -worse driver than I take it for .
Is ow , for ray part , from the beginning , in the physical force department : — The first time the subject was hinted at , since Baines , and John Edward Taylor , and the " Reformers" had used it , was by Richard Oastler , at a great meeting in the Theatre at Halifax , and then only to declare the right of every Englishman to have arms . Every ¦ word that _ Oistler said was not only true , but good ; however , I knew what the probable result of the pnblication of the advice , may be without note or comment , and therefore , when I followed , and it is now nearly three years since , I used these very words : — " Two
things , and two only , can now impede our progress The one is , any , the slightest , recourse to physical force or outbreak ; the other is , any union , association , or connection with the Tory party . " Now all Halifax can testify to the truth or falsehood of this assertion . I have been taunted with telling the people tha * I would lead them on to death or glory . I admit it : they were my very words at hundreds of meetings . But just _ hear the text ; and then let one of the millions deny the very words : — " I tell you , that if every man
worked as I have -worked , or one half as hard , that we have moral force enough , and to spare , to accomplish our every wish and all that we ought to have ; and when every man has used his moral power as I have done , then , should injustice continue its unholy dominion , and refuse to surrender what is due to an united people , then , should no better general offer , I will volunteer to lead you on to death or glory , while I would prefer the danger of a soldier to the responsibility of a general . " Now can any man deny those very words , hundreds of times repeated f
Again : Have I not ever and over again said , " that nothing but the laainess , indolenee , » r betrayal of moralforce leaden , could ever drive the people to a physical catbreak ; that if they did their duty , moral force had strength enough to throw the onus of physical-force upon the real physical-force tyrants , who would be obliged to use it for the suppression of our moral union and power , and that then we should be better organised to meet it V
Again .: Have I sot told you to surfeiting , << that 1 moral power is the deliberative quality in each man ' s I mind , which teaches him how to reason , bow to I endure , and when forbearance become * a crime , and irben stretched to rt * highest , shoutatt faO , and&bould physical force be requiifed , which Sod forbid . Tt will 1 come to the aid of moral power like an electric ahock ; \ brat the man who marshals it destroys it , and the man who counsels it is a fool , aad will be tbe first to de-| sert f" Cannot every infant Chartist repeat these words , I so of ten repeated by their mothers and cheered by their ¦ fathers . ' The wives , 'the enthusiastic , virtuous , patient , patriotic , and cheering wives of the working men , have erer borne me a fond regard , because I never counselled evil to their husband * , 01 by my Advice Jed them into trouble .
How often have I said , " arms never yet gave the people right ; right gives arms , and arms protect right ? " ¦ Again : " I never will eountenance revolution ; not that I could not justify it , but that it would not mend the evil complained of ; the curse of a physical revolution is , that with tbe last shot from the democratic ranks , they think the th ' ng is settled ; they are never prepared with a good system , to replace at once the bad one far
the destruction of which they have risked their lives ; while those "who can affbr * t « live idly through the surf of the post storm , seise the opportunity of tbe propitious moment , and merely strengthen themselves in a newer , but not less powerful fortress ol oppression ; and , knowing wbete . ibe citadel was before weak and attacked , they mend it , and thus every revolution gives a glimpse cf hope , while it insures a fresh stroke of tyraaay . "
Again : D > d I not go to Barnsley , and Satten-in-Ashfifild , in the very height of the bustle of 1839 , and there , prosecute parties myself , fer drilling and training , and , in open court , lay down the law , poiqt out the danger , and endeavour to save the dupes of men , who , in my soul I believe , wished for blood while they nestled in conscious and cowardly security ? While I did these things , did I not also show my feeling for those who were immured by the art of the seducer , and give bail to the amount of several hundred pounds fur five poor operatives of Manchester , whom I never saw , but who would have otherwise lingered in prison for months before trial ?
Again : Have I not told you that " my pillow would be no resting place for my head , if I thought that I had recklessly induced a defenceless and unarmed people to rush into mad conflict with a disciplined and well armed force ? " and , have -I not pointed out tbe widow's sufferings , the orphan ' s state , and the condition of poor men banished from their homos , sheltering from the pelting storm under some cold rock , while the wellhoosed JOidJer was gaining strength for a fresh attack , wben day presented' his victims t « his sight .
Again : Whea asked for my . opinion upon the question ot arming , in tbe Convention , did I aot say that , " iadependest of the legal responsibility , the moral responsibility was enough to deter men from such advice because , report would magnify pistols into cannons , aad teach the people to abandon their real strength for a chimera which did cot exist—that tbe people were not armed , and were not able to arm , aad that the rery recommendation would famish to ttu lsjy » justification for doing nothing , while their « xample -would become contagion * , and infect the whole people with apathy . "
Again ; Did I not venture , wben no other person would , to denounce th « ssored holiday f stating , as my reason , that " the people would either starve , or be driven to aa unequal conflict with an armed and welldijctplined force . " Tes , if 1 have bo right to « laim credit for any other act of my whole life , I * ¦ entlUed to praise for that which , In the per formance of duty , I did not ( brink from , at a t ime when the nation was mad ^ and for which I had every reason to expect a result-most dreadful to myself . Bat I triumphed . No blood was abed , although the cannon and tbe musket were loadgd , and the capitalist * were resolved to embrace the Dpportonity of reading labour & lecture which it would never forget
Did I not denounce Musts and Douglas f » r selling muskets , and establishing rifle corps , which I knew ¦ well they would detert ? Did I not oppose thVlllegal parts of the manifesto , lest their ' adoption should briag the people into trouble f Such , then , have been vty 8 eattm « sts , delivered over and over again ta m ** x part * « f tbe kingdom , ujjan .
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the subject of civil war ; while , as regards the qnestion of war generally , I beg of you never to lose sight of my opinions thns expressed : —" War is to trade , what the hot-bed is to tbe plant ; it forces it , bat strengthens it not in its growth ; while peace ia as the pare air of heaven , which forces it not , bat strengthens it , till it arrives at a wholesome maturity . " Now , let us reason plainly together , for a moment , upon this subject . Whan I was called np to receive judgment , I was armed with affidavits from sundry places , aigned by over four thousand persons , each and all declaring that so far from encouraging physical force , my every speech had a direct contrary tendency . One affidavit , numerously signed : from A « ehdale , by
the very officers of the borough , stated that the speeeh * , which formed part of the ckarge against , me , bad , on their oaths , in their opinion , preserved the peace of the town , and bad prevented scenes of horror , which otherwise they bad reason to anticipate . Why do I dwell upon thaw affidavit ** Because the day is gone -when a man can rehearse one part before the public , and play a different one before tbe law . Because , if I had counselled physical-force , I would have scorned to plead tbe opposite upon tbe day of trial ; and , because the very fact of the whole people coming forward to bear evidence to the reverse , proves that my words were not mistaken by those for whose guidance they were solely intended . The people would not have allowed me to repndiate physical force for my own defence , had I urged it for their adoption .
Again : Did I not go to Glasgow , at a great expenca , and offer myself upon the hustings , and there sells the opportunity of the presence of the aristocracy and middle dosses , to repeat , in their presence , and before the people , the very words I had always used upon the subject ; and the people , the crowd of people , who had heard me when the enemy woald not attend , all bora testimony that my sentiments , as then delivered , had been those invariably laid down in the absence of the privileged classes . ' ¦ - ~ »
Well , but don't the prftat know this t Aye . mm % dl as yon do ; but observe , it it not their interest to wash the blackamoor white , if opposed to them , or to defend the character of the political foe . No ; and let me assure you that no paper of any character , that is , ef great corruption , either in England or Ireland , would publish this letter , even as a twenty guinea advertisement The English would not , the Irish dare not ; and yet , if the Beggarman , who has asked for » oo . ooo
fighting men in my presence , and who has threatened to crimson the green fields with gore , and make the rippling streams red with blood , or have justice—if he was to hint away my character , or that of any useful man—of any man really bent upon practical good for the people , every organ ef tbe " Establishment , " Whig and Tory , would publish and direct attention to tbe slander . But of this , its causes and consequences , I shall fully treat in another letter .
" There is , " said Napoleon , " but a step between the ridiculous and the subUme . " Let us see whether or not tbe ridiculousness of physical force , and th » sublimity of moral power , as taught by tbe legitimatUts , furnish any proof of this great levelling principle . Suppose , then , the following conversation to take place between a . liberal hembkb of Parliament and his patron t—Patron—Well , Squire , I am sorry to inform , you that our young friend can't have the living at Oatcjbpenny ; it waa promised to Mr . Stlck-to-na , dazing tie life of the late incumbent ; % ut I tell y * u what we can do for you;—your son can have a oometoy in a crack light dragoon regiment , with an assurance that well shove him along . ,
Squire— O , that's just as good—that will do ; indeed , I believe John would prefer it , and his coarse of divinity reading will do . hinvito barm I suppose ; Patron— O damn it , no , not a bit ; he'll soon forget that in barracks ; that wont ataafclahk way . Thus Master John passes trqmw the sublim # ; to the ridiculous , and , instead ot being a du « r o /« w « J # , becomes a skewerer of bodies . Bat this Is all patriotism : the man who bad a narrow escape of praying to be delivered " from battle , and murder , aad sudden death , " is now , by the perplexing current of patronage > obliged to change bia tose into , "auxfm-r ^ ad ^—^ reiMl—Are . " Now , pray obsBrni . thg ^ ate ^ s patriotjtnj , courage , honour , and Talour , all ^ iJ ^ snd , upon some six or seven ihilllngi a \ 6 & . - Htmnie * a Jong pole with —A .- * . * . «_ . _ __*« *« - - ¦ ¦ * - j-- --- " '¦> iaA a v & _^ a — *
hoisted , jti— —¦ "fi""" ^ mt 1 ¦ at igjS ^^ Tt TJM ^ Jfc proroc . oB , or wh * t ib * wMutf mstfoiffiiatfelfflSe a tree agent , and most order those unto ttia / to sboot his own brother , U dtily requires li , or , whaO * ^ roree , they may be compelled , in compliance with id » order , to shoot one of their own brothers for going home , witaout leave , to see a loved wife , or child , on tbe bed of death ! and this is physical force , directed by a strong feeling of honour , nigh sense of duty , and unconquerable love of country ! this is , in fact , a bravery , although tbe odds are ten to one that three in every seven of those sublime heroes , would not unfrequently give commission , country , honour , courage , and all , for a good start of a hundred yards , with a fence between them and the prying eye of scandal !
Now , this Is constitutional physical force . If an insult is offered to our flag , on the high seas ; if one of o « r Ambassadors is slighted at Court ; if one of our allies shall feel reasonable ground for jealousy against a rival ; if Mir Monarch shall be slightingly mentioned ; if our merchants shall be damaged in their speculations ; if ottr manufacturers shall be refused free market for their good *; these , all these , are fair grounds for war . but , if you , the whol « people , who pay the cost of all wars , ask to be relieved from an Ignominious slavery , and un-Cfiriitian treatment , and great oppression , new
forces are levied , for which you must pay , to keep down the spirit which persecution is likely to generate . Cruelty and cowardice , which the great Sterne nils " twin ruffians" . ' O ! nothing is more easy than to fiad a satisfactory reason for the exercise of cruelty and cowardice ! Just hear the language of Sterne upon this Bulgeet . You will find the following words In one of his chapters in " The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy , " where Eugenius thus speaks to Yorick ; he says : —
" Yorick , when , to gratify a private appetite , it is on « e rea » lved upon that aa ianocent and a helpless creature shall be sacrificed , tis an easy matter to pick up sticks enow from any thicket , where i t baa strayed , to make a fire to offer it np with . " Now , then , be assured , that the physical-force party , being the representatives ot capitalist * , ani capitalists Jiving upon what the law allows them to plunder item labour , rather than upon fair profit ; beasrared , 1 say , that that party will never lack an excuse , and a good one , to sacrifice you , the poor oppressed , to tbe unrighteous dominion of the rich oppressor . I wiU push
this flgare a little further , but not to iU utmost limits Fint , you are free men ; free-bom men living ta » ires country , and able to pay ( whether willing is an aMihec thing , for you have no will in these matter *) twenty millions for the freedom ef others . Very welL Now , attend to me . You are free , and yen are now only restrained from doing wkat the letter and tbe spirit of tbe law forbid ; but when your passivenesa renderseven that spirit too mild , and that letter too unintelligible , or susceptible of being , warped by an ingenious advocate now and then in favour of him who can pay five guineas to defend a farthing ' s worth of right ; and
observe , fou most have a new trial in every case ; tor the even-handed law establishes no mean precedent , no paltry guide in aught which a poor man ' s case can famish : no , do ; precedent ia for the rich , practice for the poor . Bat suppose you free men were to lay op six months' provision , and resolve , every man of you belonging to tbe operative class , to take a six months' holiday ; n « ver stirring out of your hsnset ; offending no man ; reading tbe Bible all day , and offering up prayers , might and manrfog , for
year Monarch and your rulers ; think yon that , constituted m the House at Commons and soetety now ^ is , yoa would be allowed to enjoy yoar h « Mm . mm diffMtmU t - Think you , yoa would b » mllevd to remain idle , and thus enjoy your eaV , without Interruption ? If you think so , yoa aw gnat big fools ; for , be aarored , that an act woold very speedily be passed , entitled an act' for the tnppressiea of idleness , and useless devotion ; and in which &pow »» would be -vested in the local authorities to press yaaOo work , u you ore liable to be pressed to fight .
My friends , I have inade man lny stady"throug ^ fife ; 1 have been ki all clssses of society from the ffjif aigjwst ta ta * very lowest ; I have the best memor j t perhaps , e £ any mam in tbe world ; I except none ,, vat ose > I ' haw an . observant eye , aad , I hope , soMdUerlsainalltf on . ;; and 1 have always looked cpqa tb * ) && * rifr
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of the wture . I love ' , I respect ma ^ ^ isittt all bis faults ; : W& . are convertible into perfections , if the rightcol W | te Sb ^ Mopted—that la , to take temptation aa * self-destroying ¦; pewer oat of bis / way . i look in men as to many planks in tbe bands of the join *; a good one will make from them a aigbtly a | b » useful piece of furniture , white the chopstick wi&aply use what comes easy to band , rejecting much ofjood , which , la other bands , might have been tamed ^ benefit The laws , < hen , are the joiners ; tne ' pladtji are the men : our joiners are chop-sticks ; we want some good and efficient cabinet-makers , to stake a piece of useful state furniture out of the planks j and these I defy yoa to have until , by Universal Suffrage , every plank shall find Its irorth in the estimation of the sabTnot-makera .
< iod bless you , my friends , and believe me that no power , on earth can save this Wttntry from a Whig c * Mtjtatlon * l revolution In England , and an Irish meral physical-force move , but giving eTery good memher an interest in the preservation of peace , law , and order . The machinery is gone too far to be regulated by any power short of the whole national strength , and the land must follow . I am , and tUl death will remain , Your friend and faithful servant , FEA&QC 8
O'CONNOBV . % . I with my reasons for thas breaking loose to be distinctly known , not that I either offer the slightest apology , or deem any requisite ; the apology is due to me for having been so long unjustly silenced . But I wish to state my reasons for addressing you just now . Firstly , then , I had supplied you with matter in my " Looking Glass , " while Parliament assembled ¦ " ; and , during the recess , I wisely sacrificed the pleasure to the dread of allowing a petty Junto , under the immediate oontrouWtf r » y oppressors , •' -t o tyrannise over me * lthout th " i ) illMniljJII , *> mpIal > h » TbUiv ^ d
not have brokffi my spirit , but it would have gnawed my . h . eart-aad sal heavy on my slumbers . I took care , like a pro * snt ) pmeral , to wait for the trade-wind , and , ingosd truth , my excellent and unflinching friend , Mtr , Hill , left me little deilre to add anything to what he bad so much better said . However , I . waited for the-, trade-wind ; and I have taken care to be enquired after b > two or three Members of Parliament , through whom I can sand my complaints , and my oppressors ' new inventions , before I again embarked , I hate giving a little tyrant the power to eppxess me ; it is like being held for a cur dog to bite too . ;
I bare other reasons . It is my right ; and I never will abandon a right , or furnish a precedent for others beingdeprived of theirs . It is not only my constitutional and moral , bat my legal right , and bos been withheld from me by direction of Lord Normanby , in direct violation of law , and in the teeth of tbe prison rules , which , incNo . 9 of rules for the Cfycsrno * , give him m < & power ' to examine and tranatolt TO bis prisoners , only such parcels and correspondence is lie shall think fit ; but ' It gives him no po ^ a * whatever to examine or withhold any parcel , letter , or communication Beat j FKok the prison—none : whatever—none throe ghout jhe "whole—they cannot show lt-4 defy thentT I biifci : them , then , on the grand principle of " «?» W ^ Wilia fl friT ri iriVi " iii V \\ " ' imSf ia my
1 *^ -l ! W * ** f £ * fc > own paper « -l ^ TwIvertSwraent , headed in thundering type , " TMJFi&te ' tMagazine . * ' Ho , ho , said 1 ^ some good aian af lajfe , come to the aid of us poor devils in bonds t but , jpjiotd my astonishment , upon discerning that tfre sai « Ba | adiSe was written by the Rev . Mr . Stephens , . s ^ jjiaaUa , by my publisher , whom I was not allowed »» n to see alone upon business . I » id , " this il a Opee of '¦> temperature above Irish blood . " Well , ia toBtfme paper , I saw that Vincent was
allowed to 9 P - ' ° r the public press , and all these things rttylflWKi me very much : because no man can establish ^ 13 ti > t for himself , without making it a stepplng-itoip to every Mans tight Stephens and Vincent lja « & perfect right to write ; there is neither pr ison ml a jS law to prevent them ; > ut I thought it rather hiiMtiiit I should be the very first msn in England HK treated , as I hare been , for libel mind libel , newKse sight of my crime ; because in anetber letter , I ^ Bk I have put anew face upon the grinning fionntenaaVot tbe old " EstaWisbraentJ" as regards myoffen <^ aninria ! rment > ' ^ / ' - ;
Welf&W 2 |) B « MMil a greater , pt rattier , ' a more toa ««» Wr * Krf ; <^« ddr ^* iM yoa at thU Weotical i ^^^*^ 4 t ^^^^^ m mi wtS ^ og MJ ^ U mess passage , «« r my yard has been gives ap to transported thieves of all sorts ; however , I war-WAlking ia the mess passage , and the Governor brought me my letters . Amongst others , there was one from Mr . Hobson sent to me by desire of my friend Mr . BUI , enclosing me a proof of an article , beaded " " The Question of Legality / ' and on which be
requested A WonD—just a word—as a lawyer , upon the tone of tbe article . The Governor might have suppressed the letter , as many others would have done , but he was too much the gentleman ; he handed it to me , accompanied with these words : — " Mr . O'Connor , this is a letter from Mr . Hill , containing a proof of an article for tbe Shir . I give yoa the letter and its contents ; but I cannot allow it to go back with any remark or any comment upon it
SIT INSTRUCTIONS ARK STRICT AND POSITIVE WOT TO A . LL 0 W YOV TO HAVE ANY COMMUNICATION wjiatevsr with the PRESS , and those 1 must obey . " J replied , "Such , Sir , are your instructions ; and , you say , you have a duty to perform—bo have I ; and now I will show you that a man who bos for six months been held with a silken thread , will not submit to be bound in the iron chains of tyranny . This , Sir , " I continued , "Is unparalleled . This is another drive of the new screw . I now . Sir , defy all unconstitutional restraint ; and , henceforth , if I am to be bullied , it . shall be by main force . I'll beat you all in the end . " In another letter , 1 have set forth the many indignities , illegalities , and impositions , to which I have been subjected ; bat Ink neither help nor sympathy . If I cannot beat them single-handed , I won't beat them
atoll . F . O . 'C ? »•¦¦ » ' ¦
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TO HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE
QUEEN . Madam , — -In pursuing the subject of our inquiry into the mode in which civil government most act , so as to secure tbe peace and good order of Bociety , we have next to notice those function * of the ruling powers , which are of a corrective and reformative character ; and which , in their denlopement , assume the ferine of criminal jurisprudence and assidooas civilisation . And here , let me remark , that in a well-ordered Btate , thai is , a state the laws and institutions of which are « o framed as to be in accordance with the nature of man , and to regard , with paternal solicitude , his future destiny ; these two objects can never be separated . We
ere , thank ( Jed , past that point , when it was eon * eerved that vindictive punishment was the sole end of tbe law ' s Interference . We have ceased to regard men as so many machines , and have fonnd out that our appeals and institutions must be , from henceforth , addressed and adapted to the coadition of beings who thiwk ; and this discovery onee made , though its operation may be slow , yet the moral revolution , which it will occasion , is certain ; and , by and bye , its effects will be felt , even within the precincts of your royal palace . It will force its way as a principle upon the attention of those who occupy the Chapel of St Stephen , and will , before long , be the guiding star 0 / the eoondls ia the cabinet ot Si . James ' s .
We have seen law , the protective and restrictive functions of tbe civil power , operating upon the portion of society , who are , in the main , disposed to act rightly , and to regard the dictates of * just and honest principle in their intercourse with ea « h other . Bat it is to be lamented thai , to evoy state , certain sad spirits are found to exist . Who earn neither be sihsred lato the practice of reetttude bat the stimulation of hope , aad the asturances . of Brotoetion , nor deterred freaa the eoounlssion si arima , by the ¦ opeiatlsw of
fear , nor the eonstraint of r «* rf « khrelaws . Meet ef this atanp neither fear Oodt , nor . legard man : self-love . In a more than orfinarj degree Of mUcbievous devslope n « nt , Is in them the wuling principle of the life ; aad any attempt to , I «<^ * hsm to the adoption of better principles ) sy other than coercive measures , would be as futQe as to seek to blot out the sun by a cloud of dust ta sttoh , then , the rod mast be applied ; the corrective function of the executive mnst be brought into , epetotion .
I am pede <; tty sensible that U »* formation of a system el etfarfpal jurisprodftape * wW * U . shall be at once «» lcvkWd to repress « boa > w&ftQfato > amlutarv
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reformation among the criminal population , is a subject of extreme difficulty , and of immense importance . It requires , _ I conceive , an extensive acquaintance with the minute shades of human character , to enable any body of men to legislate wisely upon the subject It is one , however , so intinutely connected with the general welfar * -so capable , if placed upon a right foundation , of producing the most beneficial results , and , if wrongly dbectod , bo certain of producing the most lamentable evils , both to individuals and to society , that it cannot fail to demand tbe most Serious attention of all wha * are at all anxious for the
improvement and prosperity ef their race . When we take Into oonslderatlon . the fact , that the same powers , capacities , and capabilities , which make a clever and expert criminal , would , if they had been properly directed , have made a good and useful member of sodetr ; we must surely regret ikat so much of what is good and valuable should be worse than lost , and become only a plague and a curse to the community . When to this consideration is added the conviction that a vast mass of that crime which , while public sympathy is compelled to mourn , publie justice is equally compelled to punish , ij
the result , in many cases the immediate result , —of arrangements which society has established for its supposed advantage , and that the crime had been to a fearful extent fostered aad increased by the operation of those very lairs , which mistaken policy has enacted for its prevention or suppression , is not the conviction forced upon us , that by some means or other we have been all the while acting upon erroneous principles , and that we are imperatively called upon to stand still and consider , preparatory to a determined retracing of our steps ! And when to all this ia superadded the awful certainty , that every one who holds a
place in , those ranks ; who . are deemed the outcasts of sc *« y >^( Jertme 4 for - an et « n » l fixUtftnw , and that tftef happiness oa m ^> ry | f Jpat existence , depends e « - tirely upon th * pi « va |« ee of good or evil , iibich become constituent . » f his character here , w ^ t . « r e bound by every thing we hold dear and sacred , as men and Christians , to do all In oar power to elevate the moral and intellectual sharaeter ot all around us ; and use our utmost endeavours , in accordance with the merciful designs of aa all-gracious Providence , to prevent those who are heirs , with us , of a common immortality from going down to the chambers of death .
In order to a right understanding of our subject , permit me , Madam , to remark , that while we lament the extent and the prevalence of crime , we must ever recollect that every effect must spring from a corresponding cause , and that , in order to the removal of the effect , the cause must be ascertained from ' which it draws its nourishment anA support One great oversight , which has more or less characterised the legislative proceedings on the subject of crime and prison discipline , is a want of attention to this simple , but comprehensive principle ; and hence our attempts at correctional measures have been crude and undigested .
Crime , however diversified its form , and . however numerous the channels in which it is seen tp flow , may , I conceive , be traced to three prominent and distinct sources . The causes which lead to the formation and developej |* P ^ Dt a T ^ us c ourse of action , arise either from conatitutt ^ deflden ^ the mlsarrangemenfs pf socteif or imperfect education ; and to these points , all acts , relative to the prosecution and punishment of offences , should have an immediate reference . First , the cause of vicious inclinations and propensities , may be some constitutional defect We have known persons of an amiable and exeeUent turn ot mind , who , nevertheleu , had » aph a strong and dominant predisposition to some one act'of delinquencyV some transgression
s ^ pdnst tb £ pj ^ and ? securrt ^^ was entirely beyond their own ^ controul , an 3 which , whenever the opportunity came in their way , was sure to hurry them faito inevitable ruin and disgrace . Sometimes we find , on some suhjecits , an entire absence of the sense of right and wrong , and an apparent indifference to the infliction of pain , injury , and mischief , which can only be accounted for by admitting that , on the points in question , the parties are subject tbiotne peeuUar species of mental delusion , for which they deserve pity , rather than harsh eensure and vindictive punishment The existence of hereditary diseases in a family Is well known-, and we are also , aw ^ re that disease Is , of a menOl , as wettjsiofja ^^ iJBlW Character . Henoe we shall . find it norbardtask'totrsee
wai >«< avaaeaiaft % aatsnaa >« dis ^ uaaulB ^ JBa WBawnif ^ smRU ture , an < Ttlinia « fest ^« oijJb « e ^ against the laws and institutions of aodetf ^ iffisibeen well observed , by the greatest phUosopher of snelwit or modern times , that man ia not life in himself ; but only an organised form , capable of receiving life from the Divine Author of all existence ; and that the life so communicated becomes good or evil , according to the nature and quality of the form or vessel into which it is received . ¦
This observation is as just as It is beautiful , and it involves a principle of human action which cannot be too closely attended to . We feel that it would be unjust to punish a musician , because he failed to produce a flood of harmony from an untuned or disordered instrument ; and it is quite as unjust to inflict vindictive punishment upon the unhappy individual , who , from no fault of his own , but from the inherited constitution of his nature , is on a given point rendered incapable ot acting right in his intercourse with the general community , of which he forms a part . I am not speaking of persons who are confessedly insane ; about the duties of society ,
as it respects their condition , there can be but one opinion ; they m » y be placed under such restraint as is clearly necessary to prevent their doing injury to either themselves or others . But I am convinced that a vast amount of our criminal population is mode up of persons , who aie considered perfectly competent to manage their own affairs , and , in almost all cases , really ore so ; but who , on this account only , ought net to be considered as proper objects , upon whom the law may justly poarout its vials of vindictive vengeance , but who , ona strict examination by competent authority , would be found fitter to claim the attention of the physician than the Judge , and who ought to become residents of an asylum , rather than inmates of a prison .
This , Madam , may be to you a new view of this momentous subject : suffer me , however , mest respectfully to press the most serious consideration of it upon your attention ; assuring you that it is the deliberate conviction of my mind that it is a view of the matter founded upon philosophical principles , which , the more they are examined , the more they will be found in harmony with pure and genuine truth . Before passing on , it will be necessary to answer an
objection which may be urged against tbe doctrine here laid down , and which , at first sight , carries with it a considerable appearance of plausibility . It may be said that if man be only an organised form , receptive of life , and that if the life becomes good or evil according to the quality of the form or vessel into which it Is received , he can only be considered in tbe light of a machine ; and that , consequently , he cannot be considered as responsible for bis acts to either God or man . This Is a conclusion , however , whleb the premises by no
means warrant Let us for a moment revert to o « r former Illustration The musician cannot be justly a » ld responsible for his non-production of harmony , or even' for his production of discord , from his defeetlve instrument ; but if the means of restoring the instrument to order , and of rectifying its defects , be plated within his reach , he may and will be held responsible for bis mon-appUca tion of those means . Now , tMs (• a ease exactly analogous to the condition of the man who commits a crime against society fiesta some defect in his mental constitution . Man * be it observed , has
two minds ; an asimal mtad , miade ap of sensations and propensities , which eoaaects him with the material world , and which Is operated « pon by fear , conjoined with hope ; and a rational min 4 , of whkh tbe constituents are perception and anfettaiV m ~ 'ikm . fa « altles of the anderstaadittg « ad the will , which Jsactasted by hope , aided bj- fear . * & latter mte « a « www » to the musician , and tke former Is the lnstroaaent on which he is to operate . The . former is ever active , and tending to some end ; the latter is passive , mtttil acted
upon by some force , out of . and distinct frem , itself . . Now who does not see that the rational « A * d has the power of either ; guiding aid seeking ta . rectify the 6 onstituti < jnal defceU © f the animal mini , or of submitting to the domination of its seaaBafeieos and propensities , ti » iksett becomes * eA . stuyid , and sensualisad to an incalculable degsw ^ a » d having this power , are not two things as clew aa . a mathematical den \«» atiatlont—First , —That w « 5 man who is not aJMolHl » lf insaaa , is aceouataVbbte / Mi Hakax for the
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use or abuse of those powers with which he has mercifully endowed him ; and , second , that in all cases , when it can be fairly presumed that crime is the resole of constitutional deficiency , it is the doty of society to adopt such a system of criminal jurisprudence ; as ehflU hajve a direct and powerful tendency to aid the rational mind in its endeavours , by the operation of hope and fear as principles , to correct the defects of the animal mind , by acting upon its fear and hope , ' as sensations , for tbe purpose of elevating them into principles , and then of bringing it into a state of harmony aud , acoo « lance with itself ; that so the being who . entered bat prison house a detested outcast of society , iaay return
to the world a regenerated , reformed , and rational man . I shall point out to your Majesty , by and bjB ) , how this most desirable end may be accomplished . ; . v | 4 The next source of crime to which I am toyd ^ jbl > your Majesty ' s attention , is the ralsarraugementa jof '< sodety . This is a cause so prolific , that the stoutest ' hejirt might well shrink from the contemplation of JaV , Buj , these are not the times , and , especially , this i s not the subject , when and on which , truth should Its ' called upon to veil her head before a shrinking am sickly sensibility . No , Lady , the foundations of al social order are shaken ; a moral earthquake Is approaching , which , If not prevented by timely and
practical reform , may Involve the throne , the altar , and the cottage in one common ruin . This is no time to prophecy smooth things . You are surrounded by base and 'Wicked factions , whose mean and selfish designs are alike treasonable towards their deceived and deluded Queen , and an oppressed and suffering people . I am compelled to state harsh truths , bat I am actuated , by the most respectful feelings , and those feelings impel me to try , if possible , to bring soots little of tbe true state of the nation beneath the ey * of royalty . I have no hesitation in saying , and I am certain that a Parliamentary inquiry ,, honestly can dusted , would establish the fact beyond question or dispute , that more than half the crime fwhich is eonv mltted in the United Kingdom' arises from k want of the comforts and necessaries of life ; and this . want
is the result of the arrangements of society : by which : various classes of society are made to have separafcM 4 Kb conflicting interests , and by which , in addition ' to this , vast numbers of the most Industrious population upon earth are compelled to steal , cbee * ,-or starve . You , Madam , know nothing of all tiUss you know not that , within sight of your royal ' real- dence , a mass of misery exists , which it would be inv possible to find in a community of people who wesfl in any considerable degree actuated by the just and generous spirit of that religion , of which externally we make such loud and boastful profession . Ourmerehanmt : are princes , and our traffickers , the honourable of tbv earth ; but , think not , Lady , that the amount of tb » revenue , and the vast quantities of our exports , aa » - true signs of prosperity , while children must labour and fathers , wander abont the streets In idleness t
. while we are sending clothing to every quarter of the globe , our own artlavu being in want and rags ; and while those who work can , in thousands of . Instances , by incessant toll , gain only a bare subsistence ; ten * of thousands being destitute of all employment , convpeUed to seek a shelter within the walls of : * VM * i Workboase . s ^ niMlrflmi ^ partners of ( heir Jafe / andthecUldrettrftbetole « , si 4 'te « p * s ^ tn tti « W *» i terness of theiru ^ h ^ fte v ^ - <^ -aiili ^ 0 e ^ This state of things will go on till the last spark of en- ; durance is burnt out ; and then come the hurricane which our rulers have not the sagacity to foresee , and . which , when it does come , they will , mest assuredly , : have no power to overcome . I feel a heart-sickness come over me , as I proceed in the contemplation of this appalling subject '
We have perpetual complaints , espedaUy from the religious public , about the terrible increase of crime , ' and the demoralisation of the people . But why so ready to complain , and so backward in their efforts to ' removeihe cause r I admit the existence of crime toy * , fearful extent , but I know what humau nature is ; aad £ while the people are starving , I « ee nothing to be ' wondered at in the increase of . crime . The land is ' filled with drunkenness , why t because tbe opening , ot dcunierias , In every street almost ^ Is en « raraged ? apd prometed for the sake of revense , and thus the nation's so-catled greatness , la sustained , upon the wretched fotmV datiou of the people ' s vices . .
pui gaols are filled with poachers and smuggler * , made i isad ^ bj-put laiquttoua and unjust laws ; Tho * - - 5 «^* fji »*^ . vice and iu'attaralU . y ;^ " thouBa ' nds of our onceinnooeBt and nappy maidfins eat the bread of shame y thousands of tfaeiathets and mothars , &Y qro ^ ar iUto bi ^ jjbwai ^ their heads witii sorrow to the grave frv ^ Wof ^ because the social , — -pardon me , Madam , lahonld bave said the anti-social arrangements of society
have paralysed tbe efforts of honest industry , so that marriages cannot with prudence be contracted ; an < I when their young affections ass blighted , and the hopes of domestic happiness destroyed , or the prospect of a respectable settlement removed to an indefinite distance , the natural . result must be that a deluge of immorality will overspread tbe land . If we will thus madly sow the wind , we cannot reasonably expect other than that we shall reap the whirlwind .
I bave yet much more to say on this momentous subject . I am , Madam , Your Majesty ' s faithful and obedient subject and servant , ; NUMA . London , January 9 th , 1 * 4 * .
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THE WELSH VICTIMS
Everything relating to these objects of Whfjf , oppression will be read with interest by onr readera . We therefore give the following letter , forwarded by Zepbaniah Williams to his wife , which has been handed to Hfl for publication : — Mandarin Ship , Hobart Town , 3 rd July , 1840 . Mt Dearest Joan , —We arrived here on the 30 th of June lost , after a very long voyage , but a most pleasant one . We are this day- 'to bo sent to Port Arthur , the penal settlement of this colony ; and , through the humane , kind , and benevolent intercession of the Doctor , 1 am given to understand that I an so be employed An mj old line of business , that is , looking after , or managing , coal works , &e . of
Unformed youinmy last , sent from the Cape Good Hope , that the Doctor had shown us every respect , and has done all that lies In hla power for us , both on the voyage , and since with the Governor of the colony , which prevailed in securing me the situation of agent , or , what is termed in this country , overseer . I am now writing in tewte , not knowing what moment w » are to be sent to Port Arthur . ' I shall , therefore , conclude hoping that you are all In good health , as this leaves me at present I hope and trust that the people of Great Britain have not forsakaa us , but that they will eventually succeed in . restoring me to your society once more ; -for without you nty life is most miserable , and ever will be ; Igrieve for nothing but the loss of your sodety , and the children's , to whom I am attached , with every tte rf affection , as man can be . Hoping the time is not far distant , when I shall once more be reunited- t » you , and never more be sepacated antil death , I
shaU write to you again the v ^ y first opportunity wben I hope I shall be able to give yon some consolation ; at present I ! can give you node , nor yet a description of the country , no more than it appears to be si beautiful country and elimate . Although now in the depth of winter , the trees are green , and as fine as it is in Wales in September . Provisions and clothing , I understand , are dear in this country . Bread 3 £ d . pee pound ; butter , 2 t and 2 s . 6 d ; cheese , la . 6 d , and 3 s , ; mutton , from 7 d . to 104 ; beef , 10 d . ; tea , 2 s . ; sugar , id . per pound . When I write next , I hope I shall be able to cite you a betteraeeountand description of the country and myself , Frost , and Jones . We are still together , and likely to be for some time , but what their occupation or employment will be , I do not *™ w , nettb « do they Jet I feel exceedingly anxious to hear from von ! ' Hoping yon will write to me as soob aspossible after receiving . tti * £ ^ - " £ »* ** S ^ of youiself and the country , likewise Meads , ttdw
lations , ^ I remain , dearwtfe , i '¦¦• ¦ Yourmortajfeetionatehssband , : T iBrHANIAH WILLIAMS .
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\ vwm ^ ' ^ ' -miiig ^ m ^^^ t ^ castle-upon-Tyne and S # * krtaed , ^ iit . ed m the storms of November . . ** A *^\ ' - - ¦< - ' - ' ¦ ' ¦ -. - . ¦¦ EKPtfBLiCANisit AJrr >; R »^ roW . —lne ~ jl <| pnblican 0 are the moat religious people in the wortd ; and they have no Established * . Cfiptcb ., . TitiieH , or Cburchratce ; and whilst eyerV inhabitant claims and exercises as a right the ututtnited freedom of opinion on all religion subjects ; no man in Great Britain dares to express an ^ pinion except at the riak of' ian indictnaenV , &t a » rait of the Crown , or at th&t of some concealW association of fanatics , taany of whom are , pa most of whom nuy be , the vilest characters in " society : On this point , which system is most favourable to religious liberty or to freedom of the micd!—RepublicaniBBftorMoaarcuy . —PttWico / av
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¦ ' -I - ' - ¦ ¦ : " - ¦ ¦ ; - ^ p- - ¦ ¦' •¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ -: ¦ ¦ THE NO R T HE Bp STA R . "SSiSf 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 23, 1841, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct363/page/7/
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