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THE KOSTHERIf STAR. -~ _ j^ T W? AY ' MARCH 27, 1841,
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Bie ADVENTURES and SUFFERINGS of JAilES WuuD , * Native of Ipswich , &c . LoeCo ^ : Simpkin , Harshall , and Co . ; Ipswich Ifcmoa . If those who think of emigrating were to read ibis book , ibey -would be very cautions and conliderate before doing eo . T ' ne writer is a irorkiug man , who was compelled , as many o ; her man have been , to think of bettering his conditioa by em . gratiae . He first intended
procetdiEg to C ^ sida , bat ifterw&rAs altered his intention , and silied for a province in the Southern p&rt of > " jrih America , owing to the very flattering pictures drsTfu of the settlement by the agents in London . We need cat derail all the-occurrences li « happened u > the writer from bis embarking to Ms 1 mding in America , tor seed we notice in detail the privations he and the party endured before reaching ; fce Beitlemeat ; we will , however , just notice a few of the very agreeable circumstances wikh sarnwaided ibea at ** the settlement . " He
te&sseds . — "We flssn iralked throngh the road -which led to fbs settlement . At the . very first sight of it ve discovered hot much we had been Imposed on . It -was & wild forest , inhabited by all sorts of irM beasts , and Ezroaaded by rocky mountains , higher than the cloud * We afterwards foond It -was Tery sntgect to storms ; indeed the thunder and lightning were most dreadful , so ihai the grouad would sometimes snake beneath our feet ; and there were nine months" rain during the year . She agent wa 3 there , and had hired a body of Indians , lio hid felled the trees , on a space extending about laSf & mils is leagth and a quarter in breath , leaving 2 l £ Kemps standing , and the trws lying one across KS 5 h { f , The brush- * v > 03 was slightly burnt Off ; and
I Jew ivis had t&en erected , trith the stumps of trees rtttsicg in the middle of them . These were intended &ff us to lire in . We found •«¦* had been deceived , but * J there waa no vray of getting to a better place , we » ae forced to stay ; yet we did cot now foresee the a&a> we should have to endure . In a few days Us remainder of the people came np , and tfce first tiajf that we employed oureelves in , "waB taking the fcffipg tip in the huts ; but the flies were as annoying ie 2 i £ settlement as they had been in the river , so that "p eosld . not jet any rest in the night This fly , which u » l > csu the size of a gnat , would bite through all our soihes , -nr . v-ng great holes in our legs , and causing S * m to swell . The insect called the chigre would » & get into our feet , and make us m lame that we
« wid fcardJy walk . This insect is Tery small , but it P * i into the feet and produces a bladder about the * e of & pta , which afwr a time bursts . They filled ofeet so fall , that we had to take needles and prick « ea out , or they would hare destroyed our feet . The fnsad iFi ^ also coTsred -wish * nts of all sorts , which " *?* & get into OUT tuts and swarm onr beds ; and the ?** " * as also infested with scorpioas , which annoytd « eontiDnally by ge ' . ting into our clothes . There was « £ Tise a fl ? , - . hat won : d bite and breed a worm in the «* i , « al 3 ed the beef-worm , which grows as large as " 6 B 2 ci the little Zzgei , and would torment as in a ** i ensoul manner . Cock-roaches would also get « Sfl xmr K-xes and destroy our clothes . In addition j ? •«« sources of inse 3 sant molestation and pain ,
*** ^ tre also snakes , which in the rainy season £ *» harbour in the thatch of the huts , and somejed «* drop cowti upon ear beds in the night , when we *» to li ght pine torches and hunt them . There were ~^ Kris , the barber ' s pole , the coral snake , and w * ton o £ 93 , or black snake , whose bite is instant ***¦ Ois cf our people , when about to put on his ?*• fomd one of thes « snakes coiied up inside of it f « besides tbe Enfferings caused b 7 the insects , and « e o « ijer we were ezpo » ed to from the snakes and *** oj * sis , we had other hardships to endure ; for ¦*•' Jl cur people caught the fever , which was a bad ^ K ague , &nd made them shake terribly ; and what ~~* f ctcr sitaa-ion much worsa . was , our having no ^ Ji ocb ! of tsr kind , except a small quantity we had "artofffrwn the ship . "
j £ & T , aad not only to contend with these annoy-^* i tat with positive want of provision * , and iwL Kere ^^ giad at lasl t 0 eat tte ^ k of ^* P , which they did not altogether relish at w 7 , " ^^ it not been for Indians supplying them J * food , they would have died of 6 tarTation , the ^ EaVE . It v - not fol ^ ow & "writer throngh his pa ^ es . j . ;^* said amply Eafi 5 . eient , allowing eerUin 1 r Jf » aek 3 foi natsments wnich appear to us some-^ v ex * Kera !« d , to disabase the minds of those
!^ seductive promises , to think of emigrating . g « tf ) ject Of fte 5 Uvhor R to expos * a syatem of Jr ~<* * ad croeity prxctised by » comp * ny of ^ aia ^ rB on a ntunoer of indiyiduals and families ^ eomparatiTely defenceless condition , " h * s been JS * a « ned , as far as his n&rmiTe goes ; * nd we n ^^ earnestly reconuaead » bj frorkliig mia who S ™ of perilling the happiness of himself , or his ?• * &
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' vffiETE AND CONVINCING ARGUttbNT AGAINST SOCIALISM ; ortheper-Di nous pnndples of Eobert Owea , completely « Posed . By a aerical Gentleman . London « etherington ; and Bold by all booksellers * nd Newsmen . j ^ tlerical ^ enlkman a ^ re named baevrrittentMs Zjwwrc to expue that « abomiiublo and atrocious * 2 e ?» ^ by the dis ^ sting naiae of SociaTum , *^ a Wor d isr «? pjijnj ? in the Tery face of it . "
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Of coarse we need not say that the Rer . Gentleman has noet ably managed to effect his object . Erery ; friend to " thingB as they are , " eTery admirer of existing institntions , erery lover of our glorious constitutions in Church and St * te , erery one who rereres the exalted actions and virtues of the ancient Jewish leaders—the Da-rids , the Joshuas , and the Solomons—will admit that justice has beeu done to all these subjects in succession . To satisfy eren the most soeptioal upon these points , we will make a few extracts . First , then , forth " eTirtue 8 of a few . ancient and eminent characters , who were the advocates of sound creeds , in preference to the mere proprieties of moral conduct : —
"I trill hare eite a few ln » Unoe » of purity and virtue on the part of creedA&a that must , inevitably , pat to shame all the Social fools in the world . I commence with the Jew * , who , from Moeea , throngh Samuel and DaTid down to Solomon , w « r » of the most spollest character , in the scale of humaxiti / t that can be imagined ' . In the ' first place , then , " Moses was the meekest of all the men that were upon the face of the earth . " He was , besides a man of great and praitewortiijr temerity and went through many courageous va& fatiguing acts of Iravay , in » rder to b * pare before the Lord ! Example : ' Now , therefore , kill every male among the little ones ; and kill every woman that hath known a man by lying with him : but , all the women children that have mot known man by Ijing with him , keep alive lot yourseJre * . '—Numbers xxxL 17 .
" Now , I question whether all the Social miscreants put together eonld produce one such act ef courage as this—e- »« n ¦ with their champion , -Owen , at tflfcir head i Bttt . this is Only one iostaisee of bra Tery on the part of religionists . There is no paucity of such deeds on the part of the ancient Israelites . I could reTert to Borne score * of equal weight ! But , as my limits in this place will not permit such a display , I shall content myself by citing only a few that happen to bo of the most striking character for tbeirpxrtfyand sublimity . From the evidence of Joshua , aj well as that of Moses , we know that the brave Israelites came by Btealth upon whole n \ tkms of the Gentiles , and put tbtm to the sword—that they spared neither age nor inf « ncy—that they utterly destroyed men , women , and children— ' and left not a soul to breathe !'"
- Our author does not confine his illustrations to the children of Israel alone : he is most careful that a few of the distinguished " good works" of more modern days should be brought forward . He proceeds : — " HaTing clearly shown , from the few examples onJy which I haTe quoted , that the children of Israel were persons of exemplary character , I shall now expatiate upon a few of the most prominent virtHes that have shone forth , with redoubled splendour , in Christendom . In running the mind over the long list of briUianl acts on the part of oar Christian progenitors , and afterwards looking upon the supine and bravele 38 inactivity of the Owenites , one cannot help eTJncing a feeling f deference towards ihe fermer , and just contempt for the latter . Lst it be remembered , ttat it is not the
tremulons coward , Robert Owen , or bis colleagues -in principle , that can boist of . having conquered Chili , and other parts of South America . No , Reader , the claim of that meritorious deed lies in a purer quarter . It was Gur Christian ancestors "who , about three centuries ago . so bravely cut to pieces the Peruvians ami their neighbonrs , for the love of that metal which their gedly vanquishers conceived to be the ' root of all p ? x > —who manfully hunted the natives through the woo < 5 . s with blood-huunds , for daring to suppose that ihe natural riches with ¦ which ths strat * of that neighbourhood abounds Were all Ui ? ir own ! Aal serre them justly right : TTlat bnsines * had ihfy to suppose , for a moment , that Gold ( the production of t ; eir native conn try ; was ever intended for such copper-coloured wretches as themselves ?
" The -worthlesscess of Socialism is here , at once , exhibited : for , had the ' conquering heroes' of South America been fraught with Social ideas , the conquest of Chili and Peru would never have been effected . They could not possibly have gone hul ? way through their glorious task—their ever-memorable pleasure of hunting human beingB would have been thwarted— their hands and faces could not then have been distineuishf d from those of mere pusillanimous texture , by the lustre -of crimson bus given to thtra by wailing through heathen gore—anil the dreadful eonscqutr . C' would h » Te been , that the aboriijines and their posterity might have remained in quiot possession of toeir native homes , to this day , with impunity ! All this valour was . exercised to the glory to God : for , the conqueriiig Saints , on the 8 th of January [ 1533 , 3 la : d tbe foundation of the city of Lima , which they afttrwards called the City of the Kings , ' as a memento of our Saviour's receipt of presents to the Eastern kings in Btthlem on that day of the year . "
He comes gfcul nearer the present day . AJIudmg io th * known disposition of the sceptical lo pretei . d that they can discover fault 3 in the "' unco' guid a ^ d rigidly righteous , " he says : — " These free-thinking wretches will , perhaps , upbraid me and my colleague * widi the forgeries of Dr . Podd , and the Rev . Peter Fvim , of Bloomsbury : but , are not these Social loggerheads aware that the unfortunate gentlemen in question dike the on © previous !; - spoken of ) were but nurslings of ' Mother Church . ' and therefore in snch pitiable circumstances of penury as to cliim our commisseration for their misfortune ? Now , had they been more acciab ' y situated in life—i e . kau they been psrsons revelling upon the voJuptn&us eDj .
jyment of eighteen hours' work per day , and the wholesome perspiration that usually accompanies such healthfal exercise—there might then , indeed , be some grouinl for censure oa the part of my opponents ; and I myself would sot go out of my way to pallitte the crime ! " My tale would be endless were I to name ail tLe persons who have perfumed the atmosphere of Christendom with the sweet tCuvia of their virtues . T £ w most striking example of the kind that now occurs to ane is , tbe eminent Bishop of Clogher—a personage who , fur purity and delicacy , was never equalled ! An ; l , if newspaper reports may be relied on , another reverend gentleman was lately within a bow-shot of attaining the same degree of celebrity . "
And-he makes the following jast remarks upon tHe aaparalieled effrontery of Owen and his disciples i" 3 Ir . Owen and bis admirers have more than once bad tbe daring impudence to make remarks cpon tbe incomes of the bUbops and other dignitaries of the Church ; as though they ignorautly supposed that the corpulence necessary for a prelate—a servant of God - eouiil be supported without turtle ! And they have endeavoured to shew that the yearly incsraes of some ol the rich are too enormous , and consequently snch as to add to the miseries of the poor—especially as the partakers of wealth ' are uselt-ss men , and do nothing tot wha £ they receire . ' * Sow I will prove this Owen to be a liar ;—What man ot sense , for example , would
question the utility of such an ecclesiastic as tbe Archbishop of Canterbury ? And , having admitted the utility © f the man , who in the world could think of offering him leas than such a thing as £ 40 , 000 ayear and 176 livings ? Then there is the Bishop of Durham—a very useful and necessary officer , this : and I do not suppose t > . at tbe poor gentleman receives above £ 60 , 000 a year ( which is very l ' ttle more t ^ " a £ l , 06 » ptr week ) for all hia trouble ; and Little enough too , God knows . Besides tbsse , there are upwards of a score more bishops , whom 1 have not named—to say nothing of deacons , areh-jeacons , rectors , and other clerical officers in great abundance ; and their dignity must be supported—and that , too , in a niannsr befitting their several stations , according-as they rise in office snperior te each other .
Yet , 1 suppose that if a parcel of Social devuxrais , or even half-Social dissenters , h :-. d their own way , they ¦ would cat down the income of the head primate to less than £ 6 , 000 per year ; and how would a bishop be able to live at tkis rate ? Why , good God ! it would be scarctly sixteen guineas per day ! and what would this bo to support a' jpirti-ual pastor V Such a mean salary would evidently starve him by inches ! Can tbey imagine , for a moment , that because the CLiurch has recommended , for the subsistence of the poor , ' a crust of bread and a cap of cold w » ter , " with plenty of grace / ^ by way of dessert , J that her own txistenee csa be sustained by tbe same paltry ineana ? Jf&thing but the m- ^ st consummate ignorance can be accepted as a plea for such a monstrous idea . "
We shall make one more extract jast to show how e&sj h wou ' : d be to barke Socialism , if one xuh were invariably and constantly acted upon : — " Listen to me , y « graccfHl antagonists of the abominable ejttini of free discussion ; and , as a brother in principle , I will put you np to one move , at any rate , how to endeavour to burke Socialism , and thereby dissuade the public f .-ora embracing the same : —Whenever that ye may hear of an instance of an Oicenite becoming cognizable to the laws of his country , by any misdemeanour—though it were only once a year , or even ancein seven years—take especial care that each and every of you have your eyes directed towards him with an eagle's glance , so that the minuted peccadillo in his character escape not your ocuieness . Let yonr
united exertUns be employed in an endeaveur to rake up all the most trivial faults be has committod from his cradle ; bo that these , added to the one with which he nay stand particularly charged , form a preposterous mound that shall appear hideous in the eyes of the community at large . Hold him up to public view , and tell the world that the perpetrator of these crimes is a Socialist : but , forbear , I beseech yen , to offer the slightest remark upon the manifold delinquencies that are—hourly , daily , weekly , monthly , and perennially committed by persons who are aot Socialists . For example : —Courvoiaier , who was recently executed for
the marder of Lord William Russell , gave us no provocation for spleen , beyondib * commission cf his crime , except that he was a foreigner : bis haTing been a Pro-Usiasi precluded the necessity of our evincing any party feeling towards him , in 5 religious point of view . But , mark : —Had he been a Socialist , it would have been ova nnbounden duty to expatiate more f aDy upon his tJbealogieaX aentimeots than upon the enormity of the cnmfl at which he « tood convicted -, till the fact of hi * being an Ovsexitt became resounded , not only from John e' Groats ' s to the Land ' s End , bat through every country and erery clime , from the world's girdle to the frozen pole !"
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The FLEET PAPERS , No . } 2 . London : PaTey 47 , Holy well-stress , Strand . This number gives a portrait of * our bid King " siting in his cell . Ab a lithograph , it is well executed . . . ¦ ¦ The topics adverted to in the " Papers" of last Saturday , are the oonduot of Mr . Thornhill , and the various measures of the day . la alluding to the spirit which prompted his persecutor ., Mr . Thorabill , ( o immure him in the Fleet , Mr . Oastler thus describfsit : — " I followed it , Sir , through all its ramifications , Into its lurking places in the meeting-tiouaes—the markets —tlie exchanges—the institutes— to political dinnerion to the hustings—Into * the House' up ' the back * Stairs '—to the Cabinet , and from thence , with Borrow ,
I traced it even to the bench of Bishops 1 Then its bloc * i- $ t ps shewed me the path to the factories—tbe New Poor Law Buttles , and to the dungeons of its deUded victims , in the difiarent prisons of the kingdom ; \ mtil , at last , I found that it had successfaUy seduced snd deceived you , and in the vain hope of crushing me , it had persuaded you to find m « a home in this cell It haa not , however , as yet , found me a grave ! It has only furnished me with a new storting paint , after giving me a little breatlung-time . • • " It is all one and the same spirit which insults royalty , deludes and defames the aristocracy , degrades the clergy , robs aud oppresses the working classes , and insults woman ! - ^ it is an evil spirit of covetousness , which can knsw * no rest , until it hasdestroyed all that is
religious , virtuous and noble , and has encircled in its irou clutches , what it terms the " respectability" England j It has pertaa < l «< l our governors that nature h&a made a blunder , that khe can no longer be trusted in the matter of population , but that certain rules and tests of its ovra , murt be applied to diminish "the multitude of the people . " She hag discovered that the Bible is not tro « , aud that now " in tbe want of tbe people is the king ' s honour ; but in the multitude of the people is tiie destruction of the prince J" Sir , to this lie against nature—thi 3 treason against God , may be traced all tbe evils which afflict this country—all the difficulties which annoy and perplex our governors—all the oppressions and wrongB of the poor—all the danger to the rich .
" It Ls becose oar governors have Relieved that He , that tbe rich and the poor are now ' alienated heart and «« ul "—that the Guvermvient and the people are mutually j ^ lous of each other— that the Church is in danger , and that the aristocracy is doomed ? That lie , sir , is the caube of tbe- extcrab ! e New Poor Law . "It is because 'the multitude of the people'is believed to be too great , that measures hostile to nature are attempted to be enforced : it is because the Bit > le is thus declared to bo a lie—that religion' Is set at naugLt . It is ( hat war against nature , which bewilders our miitakt-n governors , and forces them to acts , of which no other Government was ever guilty . They are all at seA , having thrown overboard Ihe
compasswhich is Chiistiauity ; they do not attempt to legislate for the people—their only aim is to diminish them Hence ttiey have persu ^ sii you , the landlords , that , if you do not send your ' surplus' po'm . 'ation to be worked up in thi-ir factories , or to be poisuned in the Union Workhuusej , they will cat up your estates . ' whilst , at the saint time , tbuy persuaile th ^ factory population , if ttiey aie not allowed to fvfed on foreign corn , they will be pineti to death ! They Lave , in a great measure , succeeded by the Xew Poor Liw , in separating the poor frum any coi ,: Hcli > n with the soil ; they huve , by deluding tho people , neariy iucceeueil in forcing them to prefer the prosperity of foreign agriculture to our own . ' "
We do not think Mr- Oastler s mode of accounting for tbe or . jcia of rhe Charter , 13 a correct one . It was not broughMorwrvrd by any Maithusian manufacturers , to sw . inip the cry tor tho repeal of the > 'ew f our Law ; r . u wore , it has failed in its effect ; for Mr . Oastler wv"l knows that , the Chartists h'ive been always the moat opposed to the tsew Poor Law , and hivj always a : < led him in his praisowuitjy tfiVrid .
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The Schoolmaster ' s £ xprdiem . —The able review of iii : lira ' s . L : le ct Biatnp Burgees , in the Eeiccticvt' this icomh , relates U . e following story of Dr . Joseph War . oE , wheii master of Winchester schoo- : —•* War-w-ii v . as a inuii oi taste , and bad no mean tulent iw poeiry ; but , iikc uiosi men of the same clu ^ a , he disliked philology , and that dislike entailed ignorance to an txte-V which incapacitated him for his hi # h vocation . Of this fa « t the work before us supplies examples . He was sometimes sorely put to it to get through the chorus of a Greek tragiiuy ; and his vrit but ill sufficed to conceal his
embarrassment . While a scholar waa reading the puzzle passage , and was juoi on the eve of ' sticking fast , ' the poetical preceptor would break out with a loud voici , and demand au accouut of noises among the boys , which nobody heard but himself 1 So uniformly vraa ihia method of s « iviu ^ difficulties resorted to , tbat the late Bishop Iluntingford was WOfll to Say , ho 80 well knew tvjiac would happen on the approach of a dark passage , that he ofu u taid to the boy next him , 'Now we shall have a noise . ' Duriug the settlement of the' uoiac , ' ihe reader was allowed to proceed as he best could : thus the plough was passed , aud the wo / k went cu . "
The Poor i . \ China and the Poor in Britain . —It would not bs easy to draw a comparison between tho habitB of the pour in tliu conut y and the cottagers of China , re « pectiug the state of their household , because it is difficult to come at an average ; but I think that wh : io tiio poor at home are tar less happy , they are far more clvauly than tbe poor are in China . There is , perhaps , thrice as much contentment in that land among the villagers , but only ouethird of the mind which is displayed by the lower orders in England . I will not be lionmatic in these
remarks , ami proceed no further iu prescribing an opiaion than the enunciation of this fact , that careworn and half-rta . ved faces are rare things in China . A plumpness of feature , cheerfulness of mien , aud a gait full of animation , though without hurry , bespeak a condition of mind thai looks on to-day ' s supply with complacency , and forward to to-uiorrow ' s chances without apprehension . The happiness and goaeral prosperity of tne Chinese are so conspicuous that thoy merit a short analysis . —From a icorkjast published .
Ceohwell and Charles xnE First . — Nor will his participation in the King ' s death involve him in condemnation wiih us . it is a stern business kiliiug of a kiug ! But if you once go to war with him , it lies there , this and all else lies there . Once at war , you have made wager of battle with him : it is he to die , or eise you . Reconciliation ia problematic ; may be pos . 'ibie , or , far more likely , is impossible . It is now pretty generally admitted , that the Parliament , having vanquished Gharles the First , had no way of making any tenable arrangement with him . The Jar ^ e Presbyterian party , apprehensivo now of the Independents , were most anxious to do bo ; anxious , indeed , as for their own existence ; but it could not be . The unhappy Charles , in those final Hampton Court negotiations , shows himself as a man fatally incapable of being dealt with : a man who . once for all , could not and would not
understand ; whose thought did not in any measure represent to him the real fact of the matter ; nay , worse , whose irorrf did not at all represent his thought . We may say this of him without cruelty , with deep pity rather ; but it is true and undeniable . Forsaken there of all but the name of kingship , he still , finding himself treated with outward respect as a king , fancied that he might play off party against party , and smuggle himself into his old power by deceiving both . Alas , they both discovered that he was deceiving them . A man whose word will not inform you at all what he means or will do , is not a man you can bargain with . You must get out of that man ' s way , or pui him out o £ youra . The Presbyterians , in " their despair , were still for believing Charles , though found false , unbelievable a ^ ain and again . Not so Cromwell : " For all our fighting , " sayB he , " we are to have a little bit of paper J "—No J—Carlyle on Hero Worship .
The Tbuth of Cbomweix . —In fief , everywhere wo have to noiice the decisive practical eye of this man ; how he drives towards the practical and practicable—has a genuine insight into what is fact . Such an intellect , I maintain , does not belong to a false mas ; the false mm sees false show *? , plausibilities , expediences ; the true man is needed to discern eveu practical truth . Cromwell ' s advice about the Parliament ' s army , early in the contesthow they were to dismiss their city-tapsters , flimsy , riotous person ? , and choose substantial yeoznen , whose heart was in tho work , to be soldiers for them ; this is advice by a man who saw . Fact answtr 3 , if you see into fact . Cromwell ' s Ironsides were the embodiment of this might of his ; men fearing God , and without any other fear . No more conclusively genuine set of fighters ever trod the soil of England or of any other laud . —Ibid .
Anecdotes op the French Revolution . — " What is the guillotine 1 & tap on tha neck , " said Lamourette , as be gaily took his last meal with his comrades of the game chamber . Then , warming by degrees , like a true Catholic priest , he enlarged upon the immortality of the soul and its consequences . It vras & common thing for the prisoners to light their pipes with the copy of their indictment . The official defender of Gosnay , who had been an officer of hussars , in order to save him , wanted to call evidence
to prove that nil head was not sound . " My head , " said the accused , " was never cooler or sounder than now , when I am on the p * int of losing it : officious and official defender , I will not be defended by you ; let them lead me to the guillotine . " A mob of people surrounded the cart into which Custine was climbing to go to the scaffold , and shouted out , To the guillotine I to the guillotino 1 "— " I am going there , you noisy rabble , " said the old general , ** I am going—Htan ' t you have a little patience VMonthly Chronicle for February .
The Kostherif Star. -~ _ J^ T W? Ay ' March 27, 1841,
THE KOSTHERIf STAR . - ~ _ j ^ W ? ' MARCH 27 , 1841 ,
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MR . STANSFELD . -tIMPORT AND EXPORT DUTIES . We promised to examine this subject , as soon as time permitted ; we now redeem our pledge . At » mooting ot our Soldns , lately held at Leeis , Mr . Stansfsxd , in pitying support for a petition in favour of * remission of oertaia import and export dutiea , did , as ia th * t gentlemas's custom , produce for tho mystiBcatibn of his aucKonce ,, a statistical taWe of profit and [ loss , ;
As Mr , Scanbfeld professes to be an orator of the Ciceronian - school ; he endeavoura to dtride his speeches into the three required parts , a beginning , a middle , aud an end * In the instance before us , however , he supplies tables for rhetoric . In his first section of table No . 1 , he asserts that a removal of lhe import and export duties would effect a saving to the inhabitants of Leeds of upwards of £ 300 , 000 a year . In his second section of table No . 1 , he contends that the whole population of the Empire , estimating it at twenty-four millions , is taxed £ 2 per head annually for State taxation , and £ 2 per head annually for tho benefit of individual
classes , making a total of ninety-six millions annually . In his third section of Table No . 1 , he assumes that each working man , in Leeds , earns twenty-four shillings per week ; and , allowing each family to consist of five persons , that the effect of the import and export duties is to impose a tax of four shillings per week , or one-sixth of the whole earning , upon each working man . Thus Mr . Stansfkld proceeds ; in the dull path of arithmetical calculation , but being more of an orator than au arithmetician , he closes his remarks upon Table No . 1 , aid at the same time introduces Table No . 2 , ia the following glowiug terms , well worthy a disoiple of the fructifying school . He says : —
"I have stated the saving to the borough , by the removal of tbe protecting duties , to be £ 300 . 000 a year . t have supported tbat statement by the evidence given before tho committee of tho House of Commons , and it is on tho strength of that evidence that I ask your sauctiou to the petition X shall propose . But , Sir , that estimate , in my huuibe opinion , it much underrated . 1 have no hesitation in * xpre ^ sicg my belief that the odv&utageB to be derived from tbe change to this borough -would amount in money to one million a year . S . iiue gentlemen may be astonished , but let them consider that this sum u only £ 7 a head on the population , and that tha difference between a good and a bud trade would soon make this . 1 hold ia my hand a rough estimate , " &c .
xsuw this is reversing the Mokpetu plan , of asking for a principle inovo exteusivo than facts warrant ; for Stansfeld , to insure liis petition , assures hi 3 tuppurtera that facts go three tunes as far aa ihe lablcs upon which he is ready to rely ; and he sa > s that a removal of tho import aud export duties would t > u a relief to a working man . with a family of fivo , aot of £ 10 a y < Jav , but cf £ 35 . Stansfeld , iu supporting Ttiblo No . 1 , has not iho fear of thu last section ot Table No . 2 beforo his
eyes ; for after appropriate tbe S ' dVing to tho respective purposes of each family , ha proceeds to give 4 , 000 adults , not oi the work tug , hut , of the shopkeopiug classes , au annual increase of income amounting to £ 4 'JO , 000 ; in short , ho adds £ 60 , 606 to his million sterling of annual saving . Now , suppose we were to admit Mr , Stansfeld ' s first section of Tabio No . I—that is , that the removal of import aud expert duties would effect a saviug of £ 2 per head to working men , aud taking his
census of 112 , 000 of a working population to be correct , we have a saving of £ 224 , 000 per annum ; and wo may , according to all middle-class practice , justly adopt the last section of Table No . 2 , namely , that upon this 6 » ving of £ 244 , 000 per annum to 112 , 000 of the working population , 4 , 000 of the idlers would make a profit of £ 400 , 006 per annum . Tnia position wo Bhall presently maintain by facts ; while we deem it but common justice to our readers to give the whole of the fabulous table , Which is as follows : —
£ . £ ¦ 8 aving as per Table No . 1 819 , 950 The calculations in tbe Table are founded on the average consumption of the empire , >> ut it is manifest that the inhabitants of a manufacturing tow >> . consume more food than tho 8 »; in ihe agtlcultutul districts The average consumption o * sugar in the borough of Leeds , as computed by five of the principal dealers , ia 4 lbs weekly for a family of five persons , tbi duty on which on a population of U 0 . 000 , would be annually £ 102 , 317 , being an increase on tho statement of Table 1 of ... 59 , H 7 The average consumption of ooffee , estimated by the sam * paitits , is 6 oz . weekly , tor u family of five persons , acd the duty on tae population of tht-Wou » h would be £ 14 , 589 , or an increase on the statement of Table 1 of 10 , 839 It is difficult to form an estiniatt on brsa < l , and mestt , and v « je tables . Ace , but take the extoi consumption at ls . 3 d ., und you have 76 , # 00 Increase of wiifita Is . per hea bad trado aud partial employment , The population being 156 , 000 Of -which threequarters are the working classes ... 112 , 090 Dec ! ue t one-ihirdfor Children under thirteen years of age . 37 , 0 * 0 Leaving men , women and children 75 , » 00 At ls . each por week would bt per annum 185 . 00 * Increase of profit to shopkeepers , manufacturers , and merchants , and such as are not included " amongst the working classes . Suppose that out of the remain ing population of 38 , 900 , tfcar 10 , 900 are adults , and that 4 , 000 of these realise £ 180 a year more under an improved trade , you have 490 , 000 7 * 0 , 659 £ 1 , 069 , 606
Now , in tke above table , we see as much ignorance , folly , wickeducss , and deceit , as could be well crammed into so many lines . First , what does Mr . Stawsfbld say , snd how does ho introduce his " extravagant" and " absurd " calculation 1 Why , he eays that his plan , instead of £ 2 a head , will give to the working classes £ 7 a head per annum ; and how does he preserve his calculations t Why , by giving £ 400 , 000 , or nearly one half the whole sum for the whole population of 150 , 000 , to 4 , 006 of the male adults of tbe mosey-mongering class !! that is , instead of £ 7 a head to each working man . he gives £ 100
a heid to 4000 of the idlers ; or , in other words , admitting tho third section of table No . 1 , to be correct , and ready to swear , as we are , that the l » st section of No . 2 vreuld be rather under the mark , Sta * sfel » has the old calculations in his head which tho twenty-three moaey-mongorg who voted for him well under stood , which may be thus trantlated : — 112 . M 0 of the working population , save £ 2 a head by transferring them from tho import and export sharks to the master sharks ; and you see , gentlemen , plainly , that if we can effe $ so divine an object , 4 , 0 W of our order will pocket the whole £ 224 , 000 of saving , and £ 176 , 000 into the bargain , for our trouble !"
Htr * E , before a committed of the House of Commons , makes use ¦ of these remarkable words : — "Certainly ; I conceive that having paid the priyate taxes , they are the less able to pay the public taxes . " What a fool Stansfku * must be to tell the people , in plain English , " You see that the scramble is between the local and tbe represen-
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tative tyrantet Whatwe leave , the State will hav «; and what the State leaves , we will have ; so whoever puts the load on the ass , you must bear it . " The orator , however , proceeded with his speech , to which he attempted to give a beginning , a middle , and an end ; but we must begin whore he left . off , in order to pat the gibberish into English . He concludes with as admission that his calculations will appear " extravagant" and " absurd" to every one but himself ; and then i © mouths Ottt A bit of the usual stuff about" an all-wise Creator , " always forgetting that an all-absorbing sat of devqurera mar that * tl-wise Creator ' s erery benign and wise intention . ¦ "'¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦'¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦ , ¦ .- ¦¦ - ¦¦ '
Mr . Stanspelo , in his exordium , tells his hearers that" this is hoc a party question ; that Liberals and Conservatives in Glasgow and Manchester , and tba Times and the Chronicle , all advocate it . " Now , if we had not direct evidence furnished by facts before us , we should rely upon the very circumstance of such a junction as the very strongest proof of condemnation : for , although all political parties have united in its support , it by no means deprives it of its distinot class suspicion ; as politics are always forgotten when profits are under consideration .
When did Whigs and . Tories , the Times and Chronicle , separately , or jointly , advocate any one measure for the beacfit of the working classes ? And are they now , after never-ceasing hostility and opposition , likely to unite , for the first time , for the benefit of those upon whose ruin they have oao and all grown rich ? . ' . ' ... Mr . Stansfeld , having first comfortably established tke fact in bis own . mind , that every working man in Leeds earns twenty-four shillings a week , proceeds to argue as if each of the 112 , 000 of the working population consumed in proportion to
the remaining 38 fl % 0 of the merchanta , manufacturers , and shopkeepers ; and then he proceeds to rea 4 « x tracts from an examination of Messrs . Huub , Poster , and McGregor , before a Committee of the House of Commons , still going on the presumption that working men consume an equal Bharo , even of all imported luxuries ; and he selects one answer out of many thousands given by Mr . Porter , which answer numbers 2651 , and which goes to show that the reduction on the duty on sugar would " produce a great moral benefit . " The whole of the examination of these three gentlemen , who
don ' t appear to bows cow from a hay stack , is directed by the examiners to tho especial fact , that a repeal of the Corn Laws is of primary importance . And now we beg the most anxious attention of our shrewd readers to the following admission of Mr . Solon M'Gregor . Ho says that , " so far from a total and immediate repeal of all restrictions upon the importation of foreign corn having a tendency to lower rents , it would have a direct contrary ( ffijet , and would' considerably inc-tase them ; '' and he
accounts for it thus . He says that " tho land necessarily thrown out of cultivation would be devoted to the production of vegetables and animal food ; " und in the ^ e very articles Mr . Siv . nsfeld , iu Table No . 1 assumes a reduction of £ 225 , 000 annually , and , in Table No . 2 , he augments the reduction by £ 75 , 00 ( 5 annually , for the difference between good and bad trade , by a removal of duties . Now let us have & plain matter-of-fact word or two upon this part of tho Bubjjct .
What has been the great , the almost only argumont of tho League ! Why , that ihe Corn Laws raised rents , and thereby raised the price of food , and thereby threw the produce of English labour out of the foreign market , and sent tha che&pfood-fortign-produce at a lower price into our markets . But here we have the anomaly of dear land , whioh must produce dear beasts aud dear vegetables , aud which , we are told will lead to cheap meat and cheap vegetables I In fact , Solon Hume says , in answer to a queetiou put by the Chairman—but we give it all , question and answer ; here it is : —
" Have you ever made a calculation as to the amount of taxation which the community pay in consequence Bt the increased price of wheat and butchers' meat , which is ocoasioned by the monopoly now held by land ?—I think that a tolerable calculation may be made of that increased charge . It is generally calculated that each person , upon the average , consumes a quarter of wheat a year . ABsoming , then , the amount of duty that this wheat paid , or the price enhanced by protection , whatever that is , as far as bread goes , to be 10 s .,
it would be that amount upon the whole population . Then you could hardly say less than , perhaps , double that for butchers' meat and other matters ; ao that if we were to say that the corn is enhanced by 10 s . a quarter , there would be that 10 s . and 20 s . more as the increase of the price of meat and other agricultural productions , including bay and oats for horses , barley for beer , as well , as butter and cheese . That would be £ 36 , 000 , 000 a-year , and the public are in faot paying that aa effectually out of their packets as if it did go to the rerenuo in the torm ol direct taxes .
" And , consequently , are less able to pay any taxes tbat the state may require f « r its support ?—Certainly ; I conceive that having paid the private taxes , they are the 1 &B 3 abl « to pay the public taxes . Now then we have Mr . Salon M'Gregob assuring us that tho removal of all restrictions would increase rents considerably , while we have Solon Hdme assuring us that the offset of our increase of rent would produce a roduction of no less than thirty-six millions annually in the price of produce ! that it would raise rents by about thirty millions annually , and reduce produce by thirty-six millions annually !!
Seriously , will Mr . Ex-Mayor Stansj » ei , d , ( who surrendered that dignified -office with the philanthropic intention of becoming national schoolmaster , ) solve this riddle for us ? for we defy any man to swallow the pill in its present shspe . Wall , Mr . Stansf £ LD supposes each poor man ' s family to consume as much sugar , coffee , bread , beef , vegetables , and even timber , as any of the aristocratic families of the kingdom ; and , indeed , so minute are the Humane Society in all matters connected with the poor man's comfort , that Mr . Hume complains that the duties upon timber to protect our Canadiau produce , obliges builders to erect the roofs of poor men ' s houses without a sufficient pitch to keep out wet , but , on the contrary ,
they make them too flat . 0 , how merciful ! how very merciful ! . ' But Mr . Hume knows as little of building as he appears to know of agriculture ; for fiat roofs are now all the fashion , even for Prince Albert ' s Btables and dog-kennels , and why not for those who fead Prince Albert , horses , dogs and all ? It appears that the Tradesmen have had meetings » t Liverpool , Manchester , and elsewhere , upon the subject ; and at Manchester all Mr . Hcskisson's alterations were urged aa proof to show that the removal of restrictions led to an increase of production . Why , who ever doubted the fact ! But the orators forget to produce a table of comparative wages , and comparative comfort for the working producers , corresponding with the increased speculation—we cannot call it demand .
We fully admit that the removal of heavy duties leads to increased consumption , and that increased consumption leads to increased produotien , and even to increased surplus production above demand , which is the producer ' s ruin . We admit that taxes of any sort , injudiciously laid on , may lead to a prohibition of the nse of the taxed article . But , as Mr . Stan 3 FEli > and his coadjutors have stopped short just where working class interest commences , we take the subject up at tbat precise point .
What , then , has been the never-failing result of all Mr . HusKissoit ' s patching and botching f The removalof restrictions ha « led to increased speculalation ; increased iBsue of paper money , increased discount , commission , brokerage , and stamp duty upon bills ; increased insurances upon premises and shipments ; increased taxation upon the fictitious property produced by the fictitious show of increased national wealth , based on fiction ; increased influx of agricultural labourers from Norfolk , Suffolk , Dorset , Somerset , Devonshire and Ireland , permanently located to meet a mere temporary and unhealthy increased demand for the moment ; au increase in the price of raw material ; an increase of production ; an increase of surplusage over demand ; an increase of warehouses ,
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aid when all are fnlL an increase of bankruptcies a decrease of wages ; an increase of poverty , and an increased permanent labour . elass in the manufacturing districts , who are for ' ever Bhut out from their old employments , and constituted into a corps of reserve for the tyrant masters to hold theTod of cheap wages over those to whom a reduced tr ^ de , with less speculation ,, would afford employment . Bat w © will not £ » Mr . Stansfeld ' s round-about Way of giving each head of a family of five r an increase < ot £ 35 per annum : we give it to him at
once ; and eoJoBg as he has no vote to profit it , and Mr : Stasspkld has the vote , which is the license to steal tt , it is as sure to go into his breeches pocket as if the man gave it of his own free will—that is , in other words , suppose Mr . Stapsfbh >' s project to give to eaoh of 200 heads of families in his employment £ 36 per annum , Mr . Stansfeld and his class would have the £ 35 , and £ 15 of labour into the bargain , for taking it . In faot , the Ogres see that they have , lika the Abyseinians , eaten the prey in steaks , and now they want some one to put fat upon ths animal for them to devour .
We find Mr . Stanspeld is beginning to talk , the fend ; and , £ 0 me time ago , the Mercu . y b .-au to open upon the subject . Now , what does Mr . Stansfeld think of this direct mode of carrying out the benign intentions of " an all-wise Creator , " whosa name he dares to profane with his profkmon tiering lips . Let us for one moment suppose , - what we never for an instant believed , that the real object of Soripture Stansfeld and Co . is to serve the labouring classes . Now , what would he think of this simple process : —Two millionheads of families , ' of
five to a family , would pay a full rent lor ten million acres of land , would lire as well as Mr . Stansfeld , and would produce an annual overplus of the value of sixty millions sterling , in beef , pork , bacon , butter , milk , cheese , poultry , vegetables , dressed flax , linen , woollen cloth , and pp : m yarn * and , without any pay , would be ready to nieafca second Nafoleon , aye ,, and the great tyiaut of the North , and beat . them both , if they dared to invade their rights , and " , we should hear no more of army estimates .
Mr . Sta > sfeld only sees pimpJes ; he cannot set % wen . Let us , then , point out a few even of tha pimple * to him . Let us juat see how our laud at home is disposed of , —the only thing , let it be remembered , which the natives should refy spon . Allowing tha interest of the national debt , withcollec i ion of taxes , to amount to forty millions annually , —thai absorb * tUo vrhole valio of every acre iu EngUnrt . The Army and Navy estimates , and Sia ' . e Church of Ireland , fifteen millions a year , —thrre goos the whole rental of Ireland . The English Sta-u Church variously estimated , —we will take it low , —at eighfc
millions , —and away goes Sootland . Then for Wales , wo have King Cumberland , Kiiii ; LluPold , King Axbeut , Queen Adelaide , Queen Kr . xt , Queen Victoria , Duke Sussex , Duke Cambstcoe , Duke Gloucester , and thereat of the Royal Family , with the court , placemen , penBioners , cabinet minisierSjand socret service money ; we think th * t fully disposes of Wales . Then we have the Islo of Man for rwentyfour millions , with Judges , English , Irinh , and Scotch Barristers , Attorneys , Iteuker =, Insurance Companies , Poor Law Commimdonerst with tbeir staff of Metropolis * ami Rtirai
Police , tha Ariatooracy , with tho interest Of four thousand inillions of personal debt , io pay tor import and export duties , for class intor . rfi , and the whole local taxation of the kingdom ; that is , if John Bull aud Paddy and Sawney would j ^ t say "I ' m tirod working . " We ask Mr . Stansfeld what pays every mortgage upon every estate in the Empire ? What pays the rent of every house iu the Empire t for houses don ' t produce . What supports every aristocrat , parson , policeman , half-pay officer , soldier . Bailor , middle-cli ^ man , fat horse , dog aud bitch , in the empire , lor they
none Of them work in a profitable way 2 In it not tho lean , half-starved labourer 1 Nay , are not the labourers of this "improved" generation compelled to support the extravagancies of former geuexatiosB , and to keep up all the abuses of our un reformed times 1 and are they not nightly saddled with fresh burdens by the representatives of Mr . Stansfeld's class , who presumptuously . tell them , that they can pay all those burdenB , and compete , without protection , with the nations of the World , who owe not a
penny for our pound 1 We now tell Mr . Stansfeld that , supposing England to possess an operative class of two million ! five hundred thousand , it would b * wisdom in that class to allow two millions to remain idle aad to ba supported by the five hundred thousand at full work instead of constituting a competitive population in the labour market , underselling each other ,, for the benefit of any bloodsucking speculators iii labour and fictitious money .
Mr . Staksfeld ceasod to be the * Mayor of a faction , that he may be the leader of a party ; but he has become the mere pack-h ^ rse of a section . The firm of Marshall , Stansfeld , and Co . has been the greatest failure of all modem humbug *; ihey had many advantages , and unlimited credit , snd what has become of them ? Mabshall , stupid man , allowed his name to be pat to a letter , of which he did no ; comprehend a single sentence . The writer , in
his little vanity , betrays hiB principal ; Marshal * gets well peppered on al ! hands ; and thow he is , mum-chance , not able to eay a word in his own defence , or in support of his borrowed plumage . Tbe writer of J . G . Marshall ' s letter , and the writer of a very silly article in Tait ' s last Number , upon tha iaw of libel , is , we would lay a trifle , one and the uaine person ; and both productions boar evident marks of weak understanding , strong prejudice , de » vouring vanity , and unconquerable vindictfveness .
Marshall , Stansfeld , aud Co . have lo ; i ^ smoe discovered that a vote in the hands of a class is a genteel license to rob ; while the people are just now beginning to discover that without a vote to protect them , tho possession of life , liberty , and property are but so many frail tenures held by slaves for the benefit of slave masters . The people have now discovered that their oppressors stand eelf-convicted ^
Stansfeld and Co . coming forward , in the eleventh hour , with grievanoeSj a knowledge of which they confess to have had for years , but never divulged till they wanted to save the people ' s pound from one plunderer , that they may b * able to rob them of a guinea themselves . Are they so foolish as not to see , that in their expedition of abuse they justify a resort eten to physical force , while the Chartists are expatriated and entombed
for merely asking for future protection against what Stansfeld admits to be national plunder 1 But th » truth , like murder , will out ; ft day of retribution will come ! God grant that it may not be one of vengeanoe , when that " all-wise Creator , " whom snored name money-mongers dare to invoke , will scatter all the enemies of the poor with £ reand sword , and drive the oppressors from the land J ! If man may dare to guess at coming events , the ser ious and thoughtful must see evident signs of the near * the f&st and irresistible approach of the avenging ¦
scourge . . Thus we settle humbug the ninth ; and , we trust , satisfactorily , if hot flatteringly , to Mr . Stans * ku > . Just think of Stahsfrld talking of a . n ; mn « of £ 70 per annum for an Irish , Scotch , and English agricultural peasaat , by » remission of duty upo * sugar , coffee , meat , vegetable * , bread , and nmb « rt not one of which they ever use , not even timber is the roofs bf their hopes , nor would they , if it ml dutyfree ! How will Sw *» b . d take £ 70 * year from an Irishman ' s wages , who , Shaukas Crawfow tells us , can only earn £ 8 ; or from Ihe wage * of tb « Spitalfiulds and btner wearer * 1 For , be it remembered , Stansfjeid takes the whole twenty-four inillions into his jw . « eping , extravagant , " and " absurd" calculation * .
If he ( Staksfbld ) does not create too much irritation by the vivid picture whieh he pourtraya of big own . and MaYellows' by-gone foiliea , to call tneaa by the mildest name , we pledge .-randra to ^ Wy th » old system without a drop of blood being shed ; and , should conflict come , which God in his mercy forbid , let those who have confessed wrong , and resisted right , bear the full weight of their own temerity andinjttstice . The voTS ^ wesay , isaliconse to rob when confined to a cI&sb '; the totb is a title to protection when possessed by tha community .
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rA ~~ ' TEETOTAL CHABTIST SOXQ . rn rs—3 iU-i ' * " We ' re soldiers fighting for our ^• " rs « ober Chartirta , band in band , D -termined to be free ; Oar Voloe is bwd through all the land , That voice is liberty . Let Tories n * e xnd Whip asail , ¦ So defers will we dread ; Bat onward with the temperance « ale The glorioui tiding ! spread . caoavs . The Charto let all peopla slag ; The Clarter will oxa freedom bring ; Tis now our own—we see it near ; R-hiltt Temperance gc&rd * the frost and rear ; The battle ' B iron—our d * y * began ; Ha pot mhI filtiy pip « are gone ; "jeeU > t » VLgm shall be one ¦ fl- itfi the great Charter Union , So * , m&aftf-1 * ' we co 111 ? 161 * & > ' Out appeute * and all ; raj poison enp , and Ill-got pelf , 72 k worm wood and toe gaiL per oisery r etreats apaee , As drifting customs die ; Tin all » re found in freedom ' s race , To freedom ' s rescue fly . Chorus , ic 0 ur namoers we increasing fast , Tie piedge will millions gain , Ini raise a tigc-ty host to cast A wsy the tyrant * * ctain . Oar fcea&s aie cool , out bodies strong , jjid mind assumes ita reign—¦ R- eil aid no more to practice wrong , Bat love and trath iaainUin . Cnorus , &c O nr Cnsrter stand * each traitor shock , So &txd in reason ' * might ; iBd , based up . > a if eternal rock , It jitlds to ail its light , ¦ frith justice pois'd in every parV , To bieas taia woeetrack earth , jnd iindiir ? joy from heart to heart , To bsaltiJ and peace gives blrih . Chorus , 4 . c is brothers , then , "we'll brothers be , ind iand in tjiiid go on ; i . mam iaon § tie good and free , jjd soon the trork is done . rfe need no he ; p from class or creed , If verkznen are bat trae ; Ja , ocee from all isteraperaace freed , Aid then all freedom ' s due . Chorus , fcc Williak Hick , Leeds . ^ m
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A CHAKTIST SONGGod bisss our native land . il 8 j Haven ' s prc- ^ cting hand Srlll guird our siore ; Jlsy right its poirer extend , l& ' -as ' -ry to de ' end ; Soon ciay oppression end All Britain o ' er . ilsj jast aad ecnal latra rphold the people ' s cause , Aai Uess ts * 5 oii ; Lied of tie brave and free I G > i grist that it may be A liad of L- ' perty To ihose -who loi 3 . Ti .= Charter is our right , Althos ^ h oppo 3 'd by might , "We it demand . I / ord , msie oar rulers s * e Thit men should brothers be , And forn : one family Ail o ' er the land . W . E-, Kidderaiinster . Msrch 22 d , 15 « .
Iliurarg Gxtvaclg.
ILiUrarg gxtvaclg .
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11 ' ' ' ^ p ^/ i'V / Z ^ AO M . Rose , a Scotchman , who , in his capacity of Usher of the Convention , arrested Hbbespierre , died in Paris , on Friday , in the S-ith year of his age .
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THE NQ * ¥ M ¥ R ^ N STAR ; V iM , ——^^ ^ . ^— , ¦ i- . ^^^ . f - - - — - ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ . ¦ - ¦¦•' . ¦ _ .. . .. ... ¦ . ¦ ...... ^ HT .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 27, 1841, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct372/page/7/
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