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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, JANUARY IS, 1842.
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aTo aftiaiicrj? axitf Cot^^jSMonnent^ \
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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PROSECUTION OF MR . GEORGE WHITE , BIRMINGHAM . ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NATIO ^ AX CHARTER ASSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Brothers is ttte causk of Freedom , —Another aitempt is being made to imprison our patriotic and energetic leaders—a prosecution for libel against our ehampion , George White , and as he will have to appear , at the Court of Queen's Bench , to Bbow cause why a writ should not be issued against him , and as Mr . White has nothing to depend upon but his otto exertions , a Committee has been formed for the purpose of raising a fund to enable him to meet
Ms persecutors , and be prepared for his defence . We i therefore take the liberty of soliciting the aid of erery loTer of liberty . . I Brother Chartists , —Birmingham is full of hum-1 lugs and pretended friends , who do all that lies in their power to keep the people as divided as they possibly can , which presents almost insurmountable difficulties for us to contend against , and were it not for the exertions of Mr . White , with those of our talented lecturer ( Mason , ) we feel confident that we should not be able to maintain the position whicb . -we now hold . Shall this man , who has a doubl e claim to oar protectionin consequence of the dete r-
, uined manner in which he stood against a wh < jle host of gentlemen assassins at the late Cera . . Law meeting ia the town of Birmingham;—snail this tp « vp ^ who has been so useful to us . go agaaa tc- his dreary and ieaesome duageon ! He most as ^ -iredly ¦ wOL if Aei-pirit of liberty has so entirely iteft the hearts of Englishmen , that feey will not wsach an helping basd ; bat we know th * 6 it is not so ; and -we have no doubt , with the assistance of our brethren , be will be still * t liberty , aid , as he always ias done , will stffl < continue to rouse ihe ¦ people to a sense of their duty , and live ^ o be a determined enemy to sdl ^ opEessi on and tyranny .
Hoping this "wiU . be met with the spirit that it deserves , - W-e remain . « n behalf-af -the Committee , . W . Thom , Chairman , 11 , Bam Street . . H . Welsfoqd , Secretary .
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^> TO TEE MEMBERS , SUB-TREASURERS , SUB-SECRETARIES , AND COUNCILLORS OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATIOK . Brethhej ? —I wish to give some general instructions , as it will save me a vast amount of trouble that I should have by writing privately . First . AH remittances should be made per post-< ££ ee order ? the expence of the wrder is threepence for any swn coder £ 2 ; this is the safest method . When the order is Bent the seader ought to take < downthe date and number of the order ; and all Moneys should be made payable on Mr . Heywood , the < Seoeral Treasurer , No . 60 , Oldham-street , Man-« heste& No money ought to be sent in any other way . This is a most effectual method to keep both
the sender and the receiver honest , because , if the person who sends the money applies to the postcfnee , he can at any time prove he sent it ; and if any Bab-Secretary sbould be so dishonest fas to say he seat it when be did not , the General-Secretary has it then ia his power to prove ttat he never re-* eived it . Let their post-office orders be pent for the fatore to the General-Treasurer . Secondly , as to who are members and who are sot . If is the general understanding that taking oat a card and paying one penny weekly constitutes » member ; but if any person ean prove , after he Wg taken < mt his card , 4 hat he is not able to pay his weekly contribution , then he is to be considered a itonafide member . The members in each district 4 © be the judges when a man is able to pay and
¦ when not . Each district to make such local legal regulations as shall conduce to the forwarding the Association in the best possible manner , for while cur Association is one , yet in some districts they say be poorer than in other districts , and members thus find it more difficult to pay their subscriptions ; it shall then be for the members to come -to srrangementj amongst themselves ( when a member -who can pay , bus who does not ) how many weeks it shall be before such per 3 ? n shall be considered no longer a member . The circumstances of the Association are so different in different districts , that it is impossible for the Executive to make a positive inle on this head , but had rather leave this to the good sense of the officers and members of the Assoeiation themselves .
Thirdly , the balloting for the candidates for the Convention will be boldeu ou Monday , the 24 th of January . In each district where only the required number of candidates are in the field there will be no ballot , but where there are more than the number that are to be returned , then the ballot shall be resorted to in that district . All the members of the association to vote in such district ; the number of vote 3 to be forwarded by each local sub-Secretary to the district sub-Secretary , who shall immediately forward to me the names of the candidate ? , and the
"number of votes for each candidaia . All the returns to be in my possession by February the 1 st . Fourthly , public meetings shall be called betwixt fee 2 nd and the 11 th days of February , to elect the members for Convention , the final decision to be forwarded to me by Monday , the 14 tb of February , and a correct list of the names of the membere of the Convention to be published in the Northern Star , National Vindicator , and Chartist Circular , on Saturday , the \ 9 ih and 26 th days of February , and the Convention to meet on Monday , the 28 . h day of February 1842
, , . ... . . Fifthly , the Executive ought to meet immediately , which they will do if the association will only half settle its accounts wish them , at all events every nerve will be stra i ned for them to assemble in Bristol on Monday , the 7 th day of February . Those places that require cards must see that it is impossible for me to forward them just at present ; bat I will endeavour to dispatch all the cards that mb wanted in the courss of next week . Johs Cjlmpbexl , Secretary .
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TO THE PITMEN OF THE TYNE AND * "WEAR M 2 S or the Collieries , —By reference- to another « olumn of the Stir , you mil ste that a delegate meeting is called for the 22 nd of January , at Ctiester'le-Street . It appears that it is deemed advisable te call you togttfier by delegation , to mate a stand against the encroachments of your coal viewers . Tba " note of preparation" was sounded last week atThornley , where The most intsUigent men of the coal districts were sissmb ' . ed . Let every colliery ebey the summons of that meeting . The inroads daily made en the pitmen by their masters , Tenders it imperative that the standard of union should again bs unfurled in the If orth , and the jrigbts of industzy established onabisis too strong for local despots to EU . bVfcTU
To work , then , like men ! Xet your yearly bonds no longer be the bonds of slavery . Prepare for the delegate meeting . Let Mieroft prepare the South Dariam district- Tkere are plenty cf -warm hearts on *• eoaly Tjne" who will not fail to do their duty . Tke Wear is already alive to its interest ; and the delegate meeting for this month will determine the question of slavery or freedom . Your faithful friend , George Bi > SS .
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE FREEMAN'S JOURNAL . Sir , —The folio-wing passage occurs in the Daily Freeman ol the 29 : h ult ., and the Weekly of the 1 st instant : — *« A member here handed his Lordship a printed circoiar , which he said had been distributed among the eoal porters . " The Lord Mayor—Faugh ! is not it signed by Paddy O Hijgins , and does not everybody know who J ? addy O'Higgins is ? ( Loud cries of 'Hear , bear , ' and ltaghter . ) He is greatly mistaken if he thinks he can have any itfiaence among the honest coal porters . They understand him perfectly , and there is no fear that any of them will be got to follow his advice . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) I ¦ wish my recommendation should
Iw Dsrfectly understood . I announced it yesterday , and 1 repeat it to-day . Lit the people bring any wretch ^ "who attempts to cajole them iiito taking illegal oaths j before any cf the magistrates who have been newly ] appointed , or before any of the old Tory magistrates , i and I warrant they could do nothing ¦ which would I ? ex their Worships more t >»»» their doing so . iHftar , j hear , and laughter . ) The magistrate will be exceedingly sorry to see hi 3 friend there . He wonld much j irther see him in the witness-box , and be himself on the Jury -which -would convict the people whom he had deluded , on his evidence . ( Hear . ) Yon well j know how it would delight the Attorney-General and - Ms satellites to see the people convicted of such I crimes . \ Heai , hear . ) His Lordship then observed that tbe Repealers could have no connection with any illegal j Societies . " j It appears , as reported , in a rather more offensive j
-form in the Register of same dates . To that establish- ! asni was sent what was deemed a demanded exculpation i of the " Universal Snffrage Society , " in matter and ; form nearly as fol ow 8 , bnt which the editor ( not the * proprietor ) of that journal arrogantly , superciliously , ! and contemptuously refused to insert , on the ground i that " it came from O'Hirgins . " Such an assertion on ! his part was as gratuitously untrue as ¦ wantonly impertinent . It came from Irishmen "who thought themselves ' aggrieved , and had t ' le rpirit to defead themselves . BoJ if it even did come from " O'Higgins , " even from : "Paddy O'fllegins , " why is he to be acconnted an alien ; ' —an outlaw—a pariah in his native land ? Is the 1 Heffisler to insert every vituperation , evtry dennncia- ] tion ? Is Mr . CHiggius to be continually held np to ! the execration of his countrymen , and ytt to be refused j « tfh tbe pr ivilege of as . arraigned criminal—w be heard [
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in bis own defence ? xtta may bo the liberality of the BeffUler , but we nr , w appeal te the justice of the Fresmoa , and request / Our iesertie * of the following : — With the indir 1 ( iual censvee conveyed in the passage quoted , w « havf , notbfeg todo , further than to rtgret that any cause should Textile , or any individual be found to make such abusive personal attacks , in an age in which mr . anew , ct Jeaat , have been ameliorated , and in whicb , the progress of temperance justified Us in believing tb 4 t Christian forbearance , charity , and good will , were abeat to supersede the former substrata ef popular bs jangae , that practical good was about being prosecute d , and rhetorical artifice on the eve of being abandon' xL B * t as the card ( as it Is ia the Register the circ j ] ar ( as it is in the Freeman ) , is an emanation
of the »• TJaiversftl Suffrage Society , " of which we have 1 ; he honcm to be member * , and of which Mr . O'Hif ^ cs is the respected president , and as his lordship -was pleased to insinuate that Mr . O'Higgins had adnr mistered to « s oaihs ( of course MegaU *) , and further exp * / eased a -desire to see his " old friend" tarn comme a informer- ; and further his anxiety to " be himself or l the j « ry , vthat he might convict the deluded . " ( How ' vbaritable ?) We think it bat just to oarselvea to remove from'hls Lordship ' s mind any apprehension on ! the subject , bj declaring that we are bound by no illegal oaihs , and repudiate indignantly the aspersion . We o&ngregate for the purpose , as far as in as lies , of making , on Mr . O'Connell ' B own ( adopted ) principle of moral might , Mr . 0 Connoll ' s own draft of the People ' s Charter , the law of the land ; and to do this we are determined tokvally co-operate with the English and Scotch Chai& 8 is ,-whoreciprocate oar assistance by advocating tbe
Repeal of Ireland ' s unjust and baoef nl Union . We cannot sufficiently express our detestatisn of any miscreant who would dare to impose ou Mr . 0 Council ' s credulity , so far as to stake him the instrument of such anjust accusations , the author of such foul epithets , and the fulmio&tor ef sach -mischievous denunciations ; nor can we at all imagine how bo acute and experienced a politician could be made seriously to believe the ridiculous story of secret oaths , &c Many of us are members of the Repeal Association , and we are all the friends of the working classes , too long neglected , and the strenuous assexterB of civil and religious liberty , in its mo&t unrestricted sense , all over the world . With pity and contempt , then , for tbe venal and mac-worshipping Rsgisttr , with tft * " * " and respect to you , and with a confident hope that Mr . O'Counell will do us the justice to which we are entitled , by withdrawing his unmea sured , unmerited , and , we trust , thoughtlessly-conferred
oaoeure , We are , Your obedient humble servants , W . H . Dsott Patrick O'Conneli Henry Clark Edward Denapsey Thomas O'Brien Patrick M'Mahon Patrick Rafter P * trick M'Carten John Norton James Dillen John Ksegan Patrick O'Connor Patrick M'Mabon ( For nearly six hundred S , Donne men . )
P . S . —Ib order to avoid all farther misrepresenUtien , we enclose with this a copy of ear objects , and tbe reasons for advocating the measures here enumerated : — Universal Suffrage , Electoral Districts , Vote by Ballot , Annual Parliaments , No Property Qualification for representatives , Payment of Members of Parliament , and Repeal of the Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland .
The Northern Star. Saturday, January Is, 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , JANUARY IS , 1842 .
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WAGES OF LABOUR AND " EXTENSIONS " OF COMMERCE . The articles we have recently devoted to the examination of this subject have , we are glad to say , excited considerable attention even amongst the manufacturers themselves . In several instances have our statements been confirmed bj those who have , for more than , half a century , been engaged in the leading departments of our staple manufactures . More than one case have we heard of , where the
workman has taken his Northern Star in his hand , and requested his employer to read what we have had to say ; and the paper haa been kindly returned with the observation , that our " statements were but too true . " "We are bound to say , however , that we have heard of this occurring only with the Email masters . They are approachable . They do not turn up their noses when Bill cornea near them . They have a little fellow-feeling with the operative whom they employ .
We have heard , though , of the observations and conduct of one who once ranked amongst the " greatest" millowners in the West Riding of Yorkshire . He is a man who is well known both by masters and men . To him the woollen factory masters of Yorkshire are more indebted , than to any other person or causo for the immense sums of money they have been enabled to rake together by the employment of machinery . Perhaps no one in the entire woollen trade knows so much of the operation of our commercial system as the man does we speak of . Perhaps no one has had such
opportunities of seeing and experiencing so much of it as he has . He knew Yorkshire when the woollen trade was entirely in the hands of tbe domestic manufacturer . He remembers the time when the clothier was enabled to go to the woolstapler , and buy his " piece-wool , " and manufacture his own piece , the major portion of the work being all done on his own hearth , as it werein his own house . He knew Yorkshire when the fulling was done by tbe Master Fuller ; and the finishing by the Master Cropper ; and the dying by the Master Dyer ; and when all
these got good living profits for their work , and paid good wages to their workmen . He knows , too , of the introduction of the " swape shears , " or " cropping frames . " He knows of the prognostics of the men engaged in the finishing department , at the introduction of this first machine to compete with , and snpercede their labour . He knows of the times of " General Lcdd . " He knows when a confederacy existed amongst the workmen of an entire district , more formidable than any ihiDg of the sort ever known before , or since . He knows of the fight at
Rawfold s mill ; and he knows of the York Special Commission , and ihe hanging of seventeen men on one day ! He knows " of the inefficacy of such canfederacy to stop the progress of tke syetem then just begun . He knows of the introduction of the " Raising-gig , " and of the " Lewis , " - and of the "Perpetual . " He has seen the system gradually take root , and " extend" further and further , wider and wider . He ha 3 seen the " Master Weaver , " the " Master Fuller , " the " Master Dyer , " and the " Master Cropper , " all drop off , one by one ,
until there is scarcely a single one in some of these walks to be found ! He has seen their several businesses monopolized by one man , and all performed under one roof . He haa Been the woolsorting , the carding , the slubbing , the spinning , the weaving , the dying , the scouring , the fulling , ' the raising , the drying , the cropping , the burling , the fine drawing , and the pressing , come to be done all by , or under , one man ; when nearly each separate division used to be a walk for master and man
distinct to itself . He has seen monopoly-raise itself on the ruin of thousands . He has seen men enter the business with ' * capital" procured from a banker , and by hard-driven bargains in buying in , and by keen competition in selling , drive their less ** fortunate" brother-tradesman to the dogs ! He has known many , who , forty years ago , had not a shilling to }) leB 3 themselves with , become , by these
means , to be worth their thonsands ! He has seen ths comforts gradually leave the cottage of the workman , and the man ' s labour superceded by machinery so contrived as to drag into the factory the child of his heart , to earn a livelihood for its workless parent . He has Eeen and /« 7 / the operations of the entire system . No one in Yorkshire more so . No one better qualified to judge . No one whose opinion is of so much value .
What then is his testimony ? Is it that we have overcharged the picture we have given of the happy heme of the workman , when the eight-days' clock , the flitch of bacon , the load of flour , the good bed , and the " meal-kist" were dwellers in his cottage ? Is it that we are wrong in saying that the operations of our present system have fetched these out of the cottage , at the same time that they have sent hundreds of respectable and worthy masters into the ranks of the driven-down workmen ? Is his
testimony against us in these respects ! No ! He avers that our statements are true ! The paper containing our first article under the head " Wages of Labour , " was placed in his hands by a workman ,
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and his attention directed to it . His anBwer , when he returned the paper , was , It is true ! It is tra «! " . ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ .. ; =: ¦ : ¦ : : . . ; .:. ¦ . Apropos of the circumstance of a workman daring to approach hiB master , to ask him to read the Northern Star ! The reader will readily believe that the master was not like the major portion of our u great" masters ! Perhaps nothing that could be adduoed , so forcibly shows the bad working of our present systea , as the different ia the bearing and conduct of the employer towards the workman in past times and present . The terms upon which
master and aan formerly associated , showed that a healthy feeling subsisted between them . English independence actuated the one , and purse-proud arrogance did not actuate the other . How is it now 1 Do master and men now associate \ Does Bill and Tom go to crack their joke , or join in the sport , with Mr . Marshall ! Does Mr . Marshall treat Harry and Jack as if they were fcllovo mortak \ Do the employers and the employed meet to consult with one another , or to advise with one another ! Is that feeling of mutual respect and kindness which formerly animated both , now subsisting 1 The very question is a mockery ! G °
into the factory-yard and the counting-house now . ' See the puffed-up pride and overbearing arrogance of the " master , " and the timid , cringing , sycophan- tic , slinking manner of the slave ! This alone tells us the present commercial system is wrong ! If it had more of attraction in it ; if it drew the two parties closer together ; if it knit them in one bond , 80 as to make them like members of the same family , it would show that there was some good in it some- where , which worked for good . But it does not do this ! It drives them farther and further asunder ! It is totally and completely repellant ! This alone shows that some " organic change" is needed in the system !
During Christmas week , » middle-aged journeyman cropper called in at our office , to thank us for what he called our " meaVkist" Articles . His joy was great , he Baid , to see the cause of the workman taken up so spiritedly , so truthfully , and so homely ! The Articles , he avered , bad taken him and his fellows back to the old times , when the meal-kist" was filled , and the bacon and beef were found in their larders , and on their tables . "I was apprenticed i a Huddersfield , " said he , " and have been in the trade ever since . I know that what you have
said is true , both as to the past and present condition of the operative . When I was still an apprentice , I , many times and oft , earned a guinea a-day ! No journeyman cropper made less than ; £ 4 or £ 5 a-week . Now I would be glad to work a week for 15 s . ! When we made good wages , and were consequently well-off , the masters did not disdain to speak to us ! They would come amongst us , converse and joke with us , join us in our frolics , —( and we had many !)—and were not above taking a meal with us , nor asking ub to their tables .
So many years ago , this Christmas , if a master had not asked his workmen to go into the house , and partake of his Christmas cheer , cake and cheese with the other et ceteras , his conduct would have been a wholo conntry side ' s talk I But those days are gone ! and they have gone just as our wages have decreased ! As the latter got less and less , the conduct and bearing of the masters became more stiff and haughty ( A workman now liare almost as soon take an asp in his hand , as
speak to his employer . The feeling that once existed between us is gone . Neither of ub * like' one another . The masters look upon us as degraded beings , and treat us as if , we were thieves : we know them to be upstart tyrants and purse-proud oppressors . I will give you an instance of their dealings with us . Since the ' shearboard" was done away with by the * new and improved' machines , I have been glad , as you happily express it , to ha re permission to roast myself in a stove , ' or dance attendance on a Gie' or a 'Lewis ! ' Since I leftHuddergfield I have
worked in Leeds , at old Sheepshanks s , for eight years . And when at the end of that period of service he had no farther occasion for me , and I applied to him for * a character , ' the old lisping d—1 said , * I can't give you a cha-acktor : I never give cha-aoktors . ' And the old scoundrel will not set a neic man on , unless he can produce a character from his last place I I hafe for the last eight months been totally out of work , living as I could
I do not know what the present state of things will end in : but this I know , a change must take place . Whatever that change is , I hope it will not be another downward step in the road we have been going ! Let me beg of you to keep on as you have begun : tell us , working men , wkat the effects of our past conduct have been upon wages and living ; speak plainly to us ; come home to our understandings : and then we shall be prepared to act a right part for ourselves . "
Such in substance was the language of a man who may be taken as a sample of his class . We have given his words as nearly as we could , that the masters may see that their haughty , overbearing , and oppressive conduct is not without its effect ! This man loved and respected his first and early masters i he entertained no such feeling towards his later ones ! Let the " great" masters ponder over this It speaks volumes to them !
In our paper of January 1 st , we gave from the Nottingham Review a short article descriptive of the present condition of both masters and men in the town of Mansfield . That statement met the eye of a gentleman who has formerly been extensively engaged in the manufacture of that town and district ; and he has furnished us with particulars of his own knowledge , as to the state of trade , and of those engaged in it , forty yearB ago ; and of the causes which have produced the horrible state described in the following article , which we again insert : —
Never , we believe , was the condition of the poor at Mansfield so bad as at present Starvation is doing its work , and , as it is naturally to be expected , is fast reducing the middle classes to the verge of ruin . How harrewing is it to the teelinga of intelligent , honest , industrious , and © nee-respectable parishioners , to be obliged to submit to the embarrassing alternative , of either appljing to the Union House for relief , or actually perish in a land of plenty . But , is it not still more distressing to be told by the minions in office , that they have no right to relief while their homes posses * a remnant of furniture , by which they could supply their exigencies ? Wo know men , whose lives
are in every respect irreproachable , living in such a state of destitution , as to express , in the intensity of their sufferings , a wish that death might at once put an end to their struggles . We could ennmerate instances of the most appalling destitution , in Mansfield—where fathers are traversing the streets in mental agony , uuable to bear the sight of their unhappy homes—whilst the mothers , surrounded by their famishing offspring , have scarcely a morsel in the world , to appease their craving appetites—with scarcely any other covering to shield them from the inclemency of a winter ' s night , than-the scanty and tattered apparel which they have worn in the day . "
Nottingham , Mansfield , Sutton-in-Ashfield , and their surroundingdistricts , are well known as bsingtho principal seats of our lace and hosiery manufactures . It is well known too , that those formerly engaged in those manufactures , both masters and men , were * ' well to do" !! It is well known that the master could make a competency , —not in a- few years , as the '' great" masters in the cotton and woollen districts have lately done—but in a legitimate manner , by ordinary business-like attention to his calling ; and the workman earned , andreceived . yr&sea which made him
comparatively comfortable and happy . It is well known , too , that machinery has been extensively introduced into these districts , to aid in the manufacturing operations ; and it is equally as well known that the men resisted that introduction , some of them with their lives . w General Ludd " tried his hand in Nottinghamshire , as well as in Yorkshire ! The rememberance of this struggle between sinew and iron , flesh and steel , will be perpetuated so long as the works of Bykon exist to record his elcquent pleadings for the men , against j the iron-heart of the legislator and the halter of i the hangman ! But "General Ludd" failed ! The j " frames" were introduced . Then began that race I of competition , " and underselling , and producing I M cheapfc" and making trashy goods ; and along with
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- these things , reduction after reduction , —reduction after reduction , ^ r t ^ un ^ il at last it has > ended in bringing all concerned into the awful situation above described ! " Thirty or forty years ^ ago , ' * Bays the gentleman we have before alluded to , ( and who has been extensively engaged in the Hoisery Trade , ) " stockings oould could not be made good enough . The mannfacturer then could only seoure oustoiri b y servieg the merchant and shopkeeper with the very best made goods and the retailers could only give satisfaction in their dealings by supplying such as they couldhighly re « omniehd . T ^ n cpnfidenca was mu < tual , and dealings regular . The manufacturer had acertain business . There were ' slack' times and 'brisk' times , to be sure , just as the seasons came round ; but then the manufacturer could take advantage of the one , and get his stocks of the best made goods ready to meet the other ; No turning off of hands then ! The master could depend upon his custom too well to require that . But then he made no patohed-up-cuts , 'nor any thick-and-thin-oburges . ' His stockings . -wore' made well . Every inch of every
\ ' ' ' ¦ ' stacking alike . All the * narrowings' regulariy made . The ' bindings-in' in the heel , foot-bottom , and toe , duly attended to . Each size so arranged in these particulars , as to ensure ' afit '; and the whole made of ' double cotton '; and doubled again at the heel , foot-bottom , and aoross the toes . I well remem her those times ! Then there was Borne credit in being engaged in the trade : now it is a mass of cheatery and roguery from beginning to end .
• ' i ' -. " I well remember the years 1808 , 9 , and 10 . About that time we had a considerable trade in a sort of lace , called 'Spider Nett ' . To make this , a considerable number of wide frames were prepared ; and a greai number 6 f ' 30 gage , 30 inches wide Point Nett' frames appropriated to the work . At the same time was also brought out a hew desoription of stocking , in both siJk and cotton , with this new lace work round the Ismail of the leg and instep . They were called v Spider Nett Hose' ; and weremade of fine ^ quality' and ' bestmanufacture . ' I had none made lower than 36 gage ; and I paid
36 s . per dozen for workmanship alone , for womensized hose . This article ; took well , both at home and abroad , particularly with the Spaniards aud in the West Indies . I have a firm and satisfied opinion , derived from my travels abroad , and other circumstances , that had the trade continued to make this article in a proper manner , it would never have been out of demand . But as the Spider-Lace trade began to slacken , those who had frames applied them to the making of these ' Spider Nett Hose . ' Some . of' the frames were adapted to maie two stockings at once ; others three si once ; and others even four at once ! All these were ' cut-ups . ' Con 8 iderati 6 iis about shape
were quite out of the question 1 The ' Seamer' and the scissors had to form / W / Sutton-in-Ashfield had the honour of commencing ibis kind of game ; it was quickly followed by others ; and Nottingham was soon filled with cart-loads of' Spider NettHose , ' —material and workmanship altogether for 21 e . per dozen 11 The manufacturers of this trashy stuff were termed Bag Hosiers . ' The system they had entered upon soon found their pockets ; and when th « y came to Market , they , in a very little time , found themselves compelled to sell . They could not return without money . Prices , ruinous as they were , were thus again beaten down . A very short period saw these manufacturers compelled to sell for 12 s . per dozen , and even lower than that !
" This had its certain effect upon the other portions of the hosiery manufacture , It induced the like practices and the like results throughout all its branches . Plain stookings were soon made in the same infamous manner , and for the same infamous prices ; and this description of goodswere significantly named' blind spi ders . ' "So extraordinarily low has this system reduced
this species of manufacture , that , when pasaing through Nottingham six months ago , I was offered women-sized stockings , made of 30 gage frame , material and workmanship altogether , for 4 s . pee dozen pairs !! My price to o » y workmen alone , for the same description of article , made the old way , was 21 s . per dozen ! and I never sold them for less than 36 s . per dozen , even though fifty dozens were taken together" ! U
Aye , there it is ! There ia a picture , in miniature , of the whole operation of our commercial system Look at it , " lads" 11 Say , would not an " extension" of it do you all good 1 ! See the end ! Is it not desirable ? Look at it well ! Mark its progress through all its stages 1 It shows , at one view , the operation of the whole system from beginning to end . You pee it commence with the trade in a good and healthy state ; when all concerned in it are well-cared for , and well paid . Then commences the march of unregulated machinery , producing a tremendous , but inefficient , struggle against it , on
the part of the men . Then follows keen competition amongst the masters , and in its train the system of trashy goods , to supply the rage for " cheap , " cheaper still" ; producing " embarrassmeai" and " difficulties '' amongst the ; masters , whose necessitous situation is now taken advantage of by tho " great" buyers who have " capital , " and who thus sink him lower and lower ! At length the master ' s capital and workman ' s wages are gone Both are done up ! Ruin is their portion ! : See their condition , as described by the Nottingham Review !! And who has benefitted by all this 1
Has the master- ? No ! He is ruined Has the workman ? No ! -. / Zie . ' . is beggared ! Has the consumer or wearer ! No !! He is provided with trash , —dear at a gift J Who , then , has benefitted ? No one ? Yes 1 ^ the " great" capitalist He , aud he only , has made his thousands by sorewing the poor necessitous maker down below prime cost , when he came compelled to sell before he could feed his family ! Yes , this is he that has gained by all this ! and this is he , and only he , who bawls out for an " extension . " of the system . ! What say you , lads ? IS HE TO HAVE IT ?
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THE LATE " SLAVE" MEETING IN LEEDS The result of the late " slave" meeting in Leeds has chagrined the " humbugs" most woefully . The unexpected attendance of the " slaves" at the meeting upset all tho equanimity of the kid-gloved gentry "; and they have not yet ; recovered it . They had intended to have had a snug little gathering of their own , under the colour of " a public meeting , '' to which " every friend of humanity" had been invited ; and the attendance . of " tho public , " in answer to this public invitation ; disconcerted the
project of the paltry gang . Perhaps the most ludicrous evidence of their woe-begorie condition is contained in a lachrymose epistle inserted in the Leeds Mercury and Leeds Intelligencer of Saturday la , st . The writer there declares his intention of " taking the law" upon those who attended at this " public meeting , " and took part in the proceedings ! Jttutj urifortunateJy for him , he does not know what the law : is ! arid he implores of the people of Leeds to subscribe a sum of money to enable him to learn !!!
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Some kind friend of his bas also ^ published " another appeal" to the public to the same effect , which has excited much more attention than the original one . The latter appeal appeared in the form of a placard , posted in the public streets j and crowds of people were to be seen at every street corner , on Wednesday and Thursday , conning it over ! We hope it will have its intended effect ! A knowledge of the "law of public meetings '' wants " extending , " whether our commerce does , or not ; for had that 'Maw" been generally understood , and «/ r « c // j '^» - / brceJ . we should not have seen such strange vagaries
and antJcspJayed by Magisterial Chairmen , Mayors , and High Sheriffs , as we have seen ! By all means let a knowledge of the " / au > of public meetings" be •" ¦ extended f and we shall hear no more of the : «* hnmbugs" daring to insult the public , by inviting them to attend " a public meeting , " and then threaten to prosecute them ^ for accepting the invitation !! ! To aid in accomplishing so desirable ^ an object , we willingly give insertion to the following appeal ! and commend it to the best consideration of all interested in the settlement of the qaestion : —
WANTED , by Young Jabez Buntine , a sum of money , to enable him to finish his Education . ' The Law Staff of Leeds has lately received a most valuable accession in the person of Mr . Jabez Bunting , Jud ., son of the Methodislic Pope . His attainments are beyond compare ! and his demeanour as modest as that of a' maiden of coy fifteen . * The Rev . G . B . Macdonald describes him as ' an esiineNt legal gentleman . ' True , his oduoation has cost much money . True , the poor pennies of the Methodists have , many of them , been put in requisition . True , the * Paternal Fund' has had to sweat ! VVhat of that 1 Have we not the worth of our money V Are not his ' eminent legal attainments' more than aa equivalent 1 We do not often meet with 'eminence '
so great in lawyers so young ! We have a ' prime pennyworth'for our penny ! Jabez , however , labours under one defect—Only one . He has * studied the law / and his 'legal attainments' are ' eminent . ' Yet ' he does notknow thelawdfPvhUC Meetings f He wants to know this law . He wants to ask the Judges . He wants perfecting . But he has not ' pennies' enow ! The 'Fund' is low , or is not nowcome-at-able ! It is important that Jabez shonld find the bottom of this intricate question ^ therefore he is compelled to appeal to the public for means to enable him to put the finish to his education . A penny subscription will do 1 None of the Jabezes ever turned up their noses at Pennies : therefore , good folks , do read
Jabez's appeal to your pockets in last Saturday's Mercury and Intel :, and fork out the blunt ! It will not do for Jabez to be deficient ! He must learn the law . Do afford him the means . Stump up I in good earnest . Let Jabez ' have the brass , ' for he is totally devoid . ! Do , good folks , let him thoroughly learn the law ! He must know all about it , or hiis ' eminence will not be satisfied . He cannot fathom this deep subject till you afford the ' means ;' so , good people , make haste ! Jabez is extremely anxious to get Wld of the inoriey ! Meanwhile , he is conferring with , and receiving excellent preparatory instruction from , Mr . Gillvabd Scarth * Jabex has already learned from that gentleman , that it is lawful ^ ; when Dr * Warren takes and pays for the Music Hall for a private meeting of his own , to conspire , beforehand , to fill
aud pack the Hall with creatures of your own , to ' violently and tyrannically interrupt' the intended proceedings of the evening 1 Jabez h&s also learned from Mr . ScARTHy that it is lawful , ' , ' wheii pr . Warren's friends proposed a Chairman of their own , to preside over their own private meeting , to so arrange , beforehand , that he Mr . Scarth , shall be proposed for Chairman , as an 'Amendment . ' Jabezhas ^ also learned from the sam » teacher , that it is lawful for Mr . Scarth , under such circumstances , and without the putting to the vote of either Motion or Amendment , to clamber over the railing in front of the Orchestra , and take possession of the Chair , and ' violently and tjrranuically' and forcibly kept possession of it , until two distinct votes of the meeting have been taken and recorded that he shall not preside Jabez has also learned from Gill yard that it ia
lawful , when you are thus foiled in one of your objects , ( obtaining the presidency of a meeting ) , to ' violently ' and ' tyrannically ' interrupt the speakers not on your side , eo continually and in such earnest , aa to mako it neoessaTy for ' Brother Burton / of Roundhay , ^ o hold you , to prevent you from fighting ! Jabez has also learned from Mr . Scarth , that it is lawful , whenyou have no other means left of defeating the object of those who . have taken , and paid for , the meeting place , for a meeting of their own , to move a resolution totally irrelevant ; and when the Chairman declines to entertain it , because of Us irrelevancy , to usurp his functions , and insist upon putting it yourself . All this has Jabez learned from Gillyard Scarth ; for Mr . Scarth has assured him that he knows it is lawful so to act ; for so he acted towards Dr . Wahrkn and his friends in the Music Hall / Leeds , on the 17 th of Dec . 1834 .
But then this lesson of Mr . Scarth ' s does not meet Jabez \ waats . This was only a private meeting of Dr . Warren ' s own ! which Mr . Scarth thus ' violently and tyrahnically' interrupted and broke up- It was not a PUBLIC Meeting , to which the Public had ; been invited by public placard ; and where , when they assemble , they have a right to deal with the question they are called on to consider , aa a majority of them think fit . It is the 'Law of Public Meetings' that Jabez has yet to learn . The' law' and * experience ' of Mr . Gillyard Scarth only applies to jortta ^ e meetings , uot to pdblic ones : so Jabez is still : as fast as ever ! He cannot gain his end , unless he gets the Pennies ! It is the money he is fast for . J / e knows it is that which makes the Mare to go . Let him have it then
HASTE ! HASTB J WITH THE BHINO J ' Down , down with your Dust / and * finish' : Jabez !
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THE "RIVAL DISSENTERS" AND THE " RIVAL EDITORS . " A very edifying squabble has , for the last few weeks , been raging between those two " organs of Dissenters , " Mr . Edward Bainjss , of the Leeds Mercury , and Dr . Samuel Smiles , of the Leeds Times . It is not our purpose to interfere in the quarrel . God forbid ! The two may belabour one another as often and as hard as they like ; and no interference shall they have from ua . Our mentioning the subject at all is for quite anotherpurpose . InlastSaturday ' sAjrercury . Mr . BAiNEs gave some lessons , and laid down some principles of
" civil and religious liberty / which we deem worthy bf being generally circulated , with a view to their being geueraUy acted on . If they were so , we should have 7 c i * of ¦ ' " toleration" in the world than we have ; for we should have perfect freedom of thought , and perfect liberty of expression ; a state of things as much opposed to " toleration" of every sort as light is to darkness . To aid , then , in the promulgation of these principles is the object of pur present notice . Our paper circulates where the Leeds Mercury is never heard of , savo when we happen to mention it : and this proceeding of ours will place Mr ; Baines ' s lessons in the hands of tens of thousands who would oth ° rwise never have heard of them . ' : ¦ .
We must . premise , as a sort of key to the due undorstandipg of the matter , that we have lately had a sort oi contest about a new burial ground in Leeds . The old ones are Just filled ; and their state is such as to threaten a pestilence in the town , if some speedy means are not taken , to revaedy the existing evil . The burial grounds attached to churches , and in which alone an interment can be forced , are generally purchased by means of a church-rate laid iu the usual manner by the rate-payers . In this part » -
cular case , Mr . E . Baines saw no objection to the laying of a rate for such a purpose , Dissenter though he be ; and , thinking so , he gave expression to his opinion . Dr . Smiles thouxat differently ; aud he not only gave expression to his opinion , but very roundly accused Mr . Baines of desertion from the camp of Dissent , and of " . betrayal of the cause of the Dissenters , Hereupon followed the " stock" epithets used on all such occasions . Not one of them was a-missing . It has been a regular quarrel !
Out of it , however , We shall be able to pick one or two good things—things woRTH . PRESERyiNG ! They will be useful to refer to another day , should we ever find Mr . Baines forgetting his own lessons . Mr . Baines , then , in his last missive , thus discourseth : — ' . ;; . ¦' .. ' . - ' . . ¦ : ¦' < ¦¦' ^ ;' .... . : ¦ ' ' */ " Thereisone particular feature about Dn Smiles ' s zeal for the rights of consciencej which the Dissenters would do well to note , as it may turn out t « be of consequence to some of them . No one so great a stickler as he for conscience : but if it should chance that any other person's conscience does not scruple and boggle at the same precise places with what he calls ' -his conscience , then , that other is forthwith to he denounced as void of all principle , and a
downright traitor to Dissent ! This , we say , is a peculiar feature in zeal for the rights of conscience : and it might not be amis 3 for the Dissenters to inquire how far and how long this kind of zeal for consoience will square with their principles or serve their cause . For , if we mistake hot , this conscientious despotism over conscience , this intolerant support of toleration , this tyrannous zeal for liberty , are nearly akin to the spirit of Holy Inquisitors , and are more likely to light up the the names of persecution than to render service to the ; cause of Dissent . Dissenters , above all men , are bound both
by their principles and b y ' their ¦ interests , to regard conscience as a sacred thing , —never to be coerced or dictated to , T-and sever to be prostituted as a plea FOR THE INDULGENCE OF ANY UNWORTHY PASSION . '' ^ Wb respect , naytee ADMIRE true sensitiveness of conscience in others , —especially in the Editor of ihe Leeds Times ; but we might have hoped that forbearance would have been sliOwri us , if with our inferior light and less ¦ exquisite sensibility , wa had not felt the same insurmountable objections on such an emergency . We endeavour to follbw our consciences as far as they lead us | bulifanymantellsus that we ought to follow ms conscience , and not our own ,
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then we must defnur , and saythat [ we have Hot so learnt the principles of religious liberty ,, " . ; N » w these passages , we repeat are geod , excellent ! If they were redaced to practice we should enjoy universal freedom of thought anid expressioD . No one would be so presumptuous or so impious as to arrogate to himself the power of ¦ tolerating" his fellow manl Civil and religions liberty would indeed universally prevail . , , . . . True , in reading the above , the aind is irresistibly filled with recollections that seem to favour the idea that Mr . Baines ' s conduct has not always been in keeping with his teaching . True , ire are compelled to remember that A « has riot always paid that
" respect" and " admiration" to •' sensitiveness of conscience iu others '' which h& here claims for hi 3 own . True it iai that the mind is filled with suspicion that Mr . Baine 8 has not always regarded " conscience as a sacred thing , never to be coerced or dictated to ; and never to be prostitdteP as a plea for the indulgence of an unworthy passion . ' * Triie , the recollection of Mr . Baines ' s conduct towards some of his Dissenting brethren ; whose " consciences did not scruple and boggle at tho precise places with what he oalls Am conscience , " rise uppermost , as we read his now admirable teachings . True , his commendation and open support of the ruffian Bbindley , In his crusade against Mr .
Baines ' s brotherDissentere , the Socialists , is irresistibly recalled to memory . True , the turmng away from their ' . .-work , through the instrumentality of IMessrs Brindley and Baines , of scores of upright and worthy men , merely because their " consciences did not scruple and boggle at the precise places with '' the consciences of these two gentlemen , forces Usclf upon the recollection . True , bis designation of Roberx Owen as a " beast , " and his followers as a " society of beasts ; " and his invention of a Ue that Mr . Owen bad been excluded from the Commercial Room of the George Inn , Huddersfieid , as a sort of cover and warranty for his foul attacks : true , the recollection of all these things , and many other such like , irresistibly rushes upon the mind , as we read the teachings of Mr . Baises » respecting tbe rights of conscience and their sacred
nature ; and involuntarily force the questions , —• " has this man ' s practice been anything near a hundredth part like his teachings 1 " " has he endeayoured to serve out to others a modicum only of what be claims for himself 1 " , True , all these thoughts pass iu the mind when we read Mr . Baines ' s admirable defiuitions of the rights of conscience : but no matter : wo endeavour to repress them with the hope that the gentleman has seen " the error of hisw ays ; " that the attempt , or fancied at tempt of others , to " coerce his conscience ; " the denunciations , and scorn , and obloquy to which he haB been subjected , because of his difference of opinion with some of his brethren , will have bad the effect of shewing him the wrongfulness and sin of a similar course of conduct by himself towards others . We endeavour to drown all recollections of Mr . Baines ' s conduct in the past , in a bright and beaming hope of an altered future J
We do not file the Leeds Mercury . The last week's number , however , is too good to be lost . We ihall carefully preserve it , bptb for the purpose of refreshing our own minds , occasionally , with the excellent teachings of Mr . Baines ; and of reminding Mr . Baines himself of those teachings , should he ever happen to forget them ! We know not that the Socialists could do a better thing than adopt Mr . Baines ' s own definition of conscieDce-liberty . This would secure them , at least , from any attempt on his part , to again trample upon them . We advise them to place over the doors of their * ' Halls of Science" the following motto : — ; '
; "We endeavour to follow our consciences as far as they lead us ' : ' ; but if any / man tells us thai we ought to follow his conscience , and not obu own , then we must demurs and say that we have not so learnt the principles of religious liberty . " —Edward . Baines ' . ' ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ . '' . ¦ - • ¦ ¦ ' ' -:- ¦ ¦ ' . "¦ - " - . ¦' ¦ ¦ . : ¦'¦" / , ¦; . ¦
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Mr . Edward Clayton and the charge op Drunkenness against Mr . O'BRiEN . —We suspect that our readers must be pretty well sick of this heading . At all events we are—and nothing should have induced uaa ^ ain to recur to it but the pertinacious determination of Mr . O'Brien's friends to represent ua as indisposed to do justice to that gentleman . However , as we think it just possible that even "Huddersfield Fair Play" may be extended till it becomes foul play , we shall certainly with this noticedose the discussion of this very agree able aad edifying subject . We give below , then , the communication promised in our last It Is aa follows : —
. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . We , tbe Council of the National Charter Association of Hudddersfleld , feel it our duty to reply to your attack upon the character of our worthy secretary , Mr . Edward Clayton , in the Star of the 24 th of ¦ December , in which charges are nude , which , if true , would cause us to epurn him from our ; body instanter , but knowing that all of them are utterly false , and therefore untrue , which though known to the Chartist body of this neighbourhood , may not be so to those who do not know the circum-¦ stances of the case . : : :
Mr . Edward Clayton Is accused of being " vain , * " indiscreet ; " and because he could not be allowed . to cut a caper in the Star , tried to make a fiigure somewhere else . We meet the charges as we arrive at them . Firstly , then , Mr . Hill says that Mr . ' Penny contradicted the assertion ' of fht LeedsTivie& . With all respect to Mr . Penny as a gentleman , we . have nothing to say , but the contradiction from ¦ him was no coutradiction at all . He was a private individual , and of course If he . thought proper to write to the Star he had a right so to do , with that we had nothing to do , but we , by the orders of the Chattist body , engaged Mr . O'Brien to visit us , we therefore were tho proper authority to vindicate and defend Mr . O'Brien while amongst
us ; and as Mr . Penny was a stranger to us , his con * tradiction was to us Jioifttny . Mr . O'Brien demanded that we should vindicate him , this we did , and Mr . Edward Clayton in bis official capacity as secretary , and not aa a private individual , as the Editor knew well , as a letter was sent and duly acknowledged by the Editor / stating that a resolution was come to by the Chartist body ia public meeting , and that Mr . O'Brien himself reqnested us so to do ; thus Mr . Edward Clayton ' s wish to cut a caper'in the Star was no wish of hia nt alL He was only faithfully discharging the duty imposed upon him by a resolution come to by a public meeting , &c . So much for his vanity , && Again the Editor says , no new point was mooted ,
we say there was . The immorality of his lectures Were denied . Ag ; ain the Editor of the Star charges E . Clayton aa having the " meanness , the insolence , the audacity , the dishonesty" to represent ; the Northern Star ba having along with the Leeds Tim * , originated and circulated the infamous lie with an : intent to do Mr . O'Brien an iDjury , and refused him the contradiction , && , &c . Again in the above , Mr . Clayton is charged as baving , from personal motives , acted as stated by the Editor , and is assailed by the lowest epithets , &c , that can possibly be found in the English language . Agaia we distinctly state , that Mr ; CJayton wrote not to the Scottish Patriot upon hiai own authority , bui by the wish of the council , and when rtqaested so
to do , distinctly stated that he had not a correct copy . of the letter sent to the Stor , but that if it was wishedi he would write as like the original as possible . That if the words were not exactly . alike , the argument should be the same . This we sayia tnie . tf they are riot word for word , the facta are the ^ same \ ih the : Patriot as that sent to : the ¦¦* . Editor of the Star . ¦ The next charge . " Is not this a most perfect specimen - of impotent malice , arising from mortified vanity and overweening self conceit . " The above is the language of the Editor . Mr . Clayton neither has , V nor has he had any malice aginst the 5 / ar—hia whole conduct proves to the contrary : his labours in the cause have been , as far as his means and circumstances would allow , second to no man . Tae ' : ¦ charge of malice pte perm , and pverweenibg self conceit are only charges which we defy , either the
Editor or any other liviug man to prove . He did ' not write upon hia own authority , but by command of the ChartUt body , and in his official capacity ; which we again assert , was well known to the Editor of . Star . If any mal ( ce exista , It ia apt on the side of Mr . Clayton ; and as for the other charges of self conceit , &c . they are as utterly : ¦ ¦ ¦ false as the rest . ; ' .. ' ' : ¦ -, "¦ ¦ - " . Again , the Editor says , that the Utter to the Patriot purports to be a " copy ; " we defy him to find the word in the note te the Editor of the Patriot ; we knew that it was not a copy verbatim , therefore restrained froiu saying so . We do say that the facts and the arguments are the same ; therefore , we are justified in saying the following was sent . This the Editor of the Star is aware of ; and if . there exists any malice it is manifest here , if n « Were else . . - ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦¦ . -. ¦¦'" : ' " - '' . ' . " •• ... ¦ ¦ .. ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦• ¦ : - '¦
With regard to the two extracts which are given , we have to say , that they are both quite true and ¦ the manner in whicli ^ the Editor has given them . reminds us very forcibly of drowning men catching at twigs ; for It was never more veiified thaa in this instance . { . ' .. '¦¦'' . '¦' : : ' "I " : : '¦ v ' : V- - • . ¦ . ¦ '¦' . The first extract given is from the Patriot , which says that Mr . O'Brien uever taated any intoxicating liquors . ' : ¦ "" ¦ : x ¦ -- ¦/ ' ¦ ''' . ¦ " : - ¦ . ¦; " ¦• '¦¦ ' . - . " . ¦¦' ' ' '¦ ' . ' - . - The second , froin the letter sent to to the Editor of the Star , says that MrJOBrien drank fouipennybe
wprth of brandy ^ being taken ill . Now ; we asserfc that Mr . O'Brien never tasted any ia * ; tbxicating liquors , as a beverage , whatsoever / on V the Sunday ^ This ia what every thinkiDg man = will see j for the paragraph itself proves the same , for it distinctly gays , that Mr . O'Brien was take * ill ; and so it was . What ha took was recommended and taken as medicine ; and all who are acquainted with the viitues of brandy inpw that it is so used in many cases . Thia the Editor could . not be ignorant of , for he had the pluiu bla « kand white before bis eye *
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THE REJECTION OF THE NATIONAL PETITION BY ONE HALF OF THE SCOTCH CONVENTION . We refer attention to the manly , sensible , and dispassionate letter of Dr . M'Douall upon this subject , elaewhero inserted . We had purposed to make some comment upon this extraordinary decision ; but we doubt not that this letter , and the succeeding ones to which it is preliminary , will save us the trouble . Meanwhile we do hope that no absurd fastidiousness , will prevent the
Scottish people generally from joining ia the national movement . We cannot afford to have the cause suffer in its most vital points because of the morbid sensitiveness of some few thin-skinned individuals . The idea of a whole people taking fright at three lines On the Repeal of the Union , and fifteen lines on the Poor Law Amendment Act , is a little too rich ! We give the Scotch people credit for more sense than to permit that unity of action which is the very life of our agitation and soul of our success , to be thus paltered with and destroyed .
Ato Aftiaiicrj? Axitf Cot^^Jsmonnent^ \
aTo aftiaiicrj ? axitf Cot ^^ jSMonnent ^ \
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_ 4 THE NORTHEly STAtv -- __ ¦¦; - - ' ¦ ^ '; ' ' ' :: " ;;; ¦ ^ - ^^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 15, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct413/page/4/
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