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THE SttRTHEEN STAR. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1842.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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fContinzed from our Seventh page . ) HOUSB OF LORDS . —Tcesdat , Fsb . 15 . Oa the 'presentation of a petition from Hull for % e repeal of the Corn Laws , by the Maxquisof TSorasBby , Lord Brougham declared his opinion , that while fte oaly legitimate object of taxation was revenue , the very -rc-orst mode of raising a revenue -was by a tax on food . He was far from approving a fixed < tety on corn , bat he did not therefore like a sliding scale . He a > ked Lord Ripon a question respecting the towns which wera proposed to be added to those ¦ which now m&ke the returns .
The Earl of Ripo . v replied , that the object of adding those town was not from any disposition to lessen the averages , and thereby exclude foreign corn , but to obtain the averages in a fairer manner . The Earl of Rajjxor considered that the proposed new sliding scale would be more siriu ^ em and oppressive than the present Iix Why , therefore , the measure had been introduced he could not understand . Preserved turtle had been admitted by the Government duty free . That was a step in the right direction ; and they mi & ht extend the application of the principle to corn . After some conversation on the topics stated by the Earl of Ripon , and one or two other , subjects ,
JLiOrd Mokteagle postponed hi 3 motion respect ing the Exchequer Bill Fraud until the 23 ih . The House adjourned till Tirorsdaj .
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HOUSE OF COMMONS , Tuesday , Feb . 15 . The adjourned debate on the Corn Laws -was begun by Sir W . Clat . Af : « r arguing in a low and inaudible voice upon the arithmetical parts of ibe ease , he told ihe Government , that it would not be in their power to make the arrangement thry Bought , for that the people had now taken the subject into tbsir own hands . Captain Hamilton said , that the fanners in the district which he represented did not think the Government measure adequate for their protection . They approved the siidiug scale , but they th ' ou = jbi that at tne pries of 55 s . the duty should have been 20 s . The protection proposed by Government vra 3 in his own opinion sufficient for the li ^ ht , " but not , for the h » -avy soils , and ha preferred the scale of which Mr . Christopher had given notice . Bnt he felt that the Government measure ongbt to be laken as a whole ; and though he believed that his own constituents and those of most members mar him
• would have been better pleased wi : h a higher . duty , Jie was per .-uaded that the loyalty-of tha agriculturists woald induce them to considerable sacrifices for the p * . ib'ic £ ood . He intended , therefore ; to , sup port the resolutions of Sir R . Peel . Mr . Chu-bess congratulated the country that the Minister had already been able to dispel prejudices which had so long resisted the efforts of their opponents . He himself wished to see a fixed duty , which lie thoughx would make the supply more regular , and therefore the priceonore equable ; but he wished to see h rhi-Sy because it wou } d be a step to a total repeal of cuty upon corn . That duly had this ill efTec ; amon . g othus , that it slacktEtd the endeavours € t" the a ^ ricar . un ^ ts to brin g the land to its u ; most productivi-ness . He hoped the time wj 3 coming when JEnibnd , instead of trusting to Navigation laws er Corn Laws , would trost only to her- own resources asa energies .
Captain Rous remiDded his hearers of Lord Melbourne ^ declaration , thai a man must be insane who son ^ ht to repeal the duty on corn . If the seaeons were Sxed , he should think it reasonable to fix the duty ; but nos otherwise . He believed that Sir 3 L Peel in this measure had considered the interests of all classes equally . When gentlemen opposite expatiated on the advantage of cheapening a loaf by 2 d ., he wished to ask them , was the 2 d . to go into the poor man ' s p&cket cr into theirs ? Was the
object to lower wages ? Ha had observed ths : in all ola countries the people ' s wages were proportioned to the price of the food they lived on . -On the continent , where food ws 5 cheap , wages were-low : in England , triere" food was dear , wages were bigb . Gentlemen liked to draw parallels between this country and America , bat did America pay her debts ? Was not her defalcation the primary cause of ou ? present distress ? Sir Robert Pt el cad A : ] y to pursue his present impartial course , and he zhighs retain office as long a ? he pleis'd .
Mr . Williams was of opinion that tha people had better pay a direct bounty of 20 s . per quarter to the landlords than centime the sliding scale . It incr ; ased the price of bread to the working classes ; but it produced still worse consequences by its derangement of the currency . He did not grudge the aristocracy their property ; but . they had no right to increase their property by taxing tke people . The people would not bear it ; and the aristocracy had better take warning by the fate of the same order in Frar : C 3 .
Mr . Ormsbt Gore gave a calculation ,- to . show Low small a burden per head was imposed on the labouring- classes ty the existing Corn Law . ' He read extracts from a letter addressed to him by an operative cotton printer , purporting that the Corn Laws had nothing to do with the distress -of the working people , which was caused solcjy by machinery . The propsssl cf Mr . Yiliiers for a total repeaTwas a manly one , but the fixed du : y was a deceitful suggestion . Mr . Ward argued , that according to Mr . 0 . Gore ' s own calculation ? , the tax levied by the sliding Eeale amonnted to £ 5 . 000 , 000- sterling per annum . Be complained of vrha ; he designated as the scandalous levity exh ' . tr . td en the preceding night in-Mr .
Ferraiid ' s speech , and of the mischievous cheers with which thai speech was received . He denied that Lord John Ruiseil had en this occasion proposed S =. as the amount of fixed duty ; and , indeed , the time TT 35 passing away when 8 s . would bean aceeptajle anroant . 1 j always happened , that when the mode rate concessions asked at first were met by a reiu .-al , icuch larger concessions were ultimately demanded a ^ d obtained . The new proposal ot Government went in reality upon , the principle cf prohibi : ion , and relinquished no proteition but what experience shc-w .-d to b = inoperative , and ; therefore useless . It merely avoided a wa ^ te of power and an ¦ unnecessary odium . H e must confess , however , tha t he liked the reduction of duty from 8 s . to nothing , as proposed by Sir R . Peel , better than the reduction froni the same point as proposed by Lord John ,
• who certainly Lad h-. re fallen into a trap , and must get out Gf i : as he could . He then entered upon the snr-j ? c ; of general distress , and ur ^ ed the impossibility that the people co : ild Huntings to endare the incubus of this oorvi daty , illuatra . tin . 2 £ * s view more particularly from ihs sufferings of Hh- field . Sheffield , ind- ed , had obtaiue-i some relief from its trade with Canada ; ba ; ev * n this rer . i-f would be withdrawn if Gjv-muien : persisted in the plan of-a-3 ? dntv on lie unpoTtiiic-n cf corn into Canada from the " United States ; -and , by the way , why a fixed duty in Can&ca . and a sliding fC 3 le in . Hr . gland 1 He did not ascribe the dis : re = 3 to over production , nor ; o pint-stuck bank i ? su :-s , but to- the want of power of consumption . Moderate Eta would t'ladJy have accepted any Teal concession ; bvr t : i - _ s proposal disappointed everybody , and the flimsy pretext of disinterestedness on the part of its -supporters was
seen through . Sir E . Ks-vtciibi-ll observed that the tax on the i psop'e , which Dr . Bovrricg had the Hi ' sbs- " before e-fimsted at £ 50 . , 000 , was bow put by Mr . ; W ^ rd at onlv £ 5 , 000 , 000 . Be cemended : 3 ; a : Lord j John ' s speech , in iairoducmg his s ^ endnsfi . i , had ' gireu . the Roase toun < iers ! snd tLst 8-. wa .= » the fx ^ d cuty he meant to rcccTtmend . Sir E . Kna : chbuil dii-hre-i his own coi-currtnce in the doc . rine of a ! £ xcd d-uty . provided it were possible to isiaintain : £ nch a du ' iy ' ia times of scarcity ; but i % could not be then Ea . ln : ained : srid if once removed , i ; would j
be gone for ever . He certainly wouid Eot r .-. mselt : have concurred in Sir E _ Peel ' s plan it he b-d not ie ' . Jcved it to furnish just and fail protection to the \ landed interests , and security to them , for tiieirj station in the community . The agriculturists , a few ¦ vears ago , had been distressed ; but they had not j therefore asked relief at the expense of ether v ^ zLSses j of society . If now the relief sought by the repeal "; party we ' granted , tha poorer Isnds mast at once j oe thrown oui of cultivation . Us had felt it 'his ; duty , however , to consider this subject with refer j ence to the interests , not of the agriculturists alone , j but of all classes ^ and he was happy to fiad f iat ] iis ccnstziuenls concurred witii him , and were j > re- Pired to support the plan now proposed . After correctin g an important error in one of the state- ; ments of Dr . Bowricg , and holding it- up as a warn- 1 in < j a « ainKt , careless assertioE , he cited the authority ; of ^ Mr . Kuskisson acd other competent judges in j favour of a protection upon agriculture . that he had
Dr . Bowbing € xp ! air . ed , and said himself taken the earliest opportunity of correcting ids own mistake . Mr . LiBorcnEBE said , that Sir E . KnatchbuU had always been an advocate of high protection , and now , as a Minister of the Crown , had fully maintained his old opinions . Sir E . Knatehbnll had stated the object of tne proposed measure to be the maintenance of the landlords in their station ; but the object ought to hive been the interest of the people at large . The question now to be considered was , whether , on an average , England grew corn * nc-cgb . for her own consumption . He showed , in figures , that this -was not her position , and that she ¦ was annually importing lsiser a ^ d larger quantities of foreign corn for h :-r still increasing population . Ireland was no longer able to supply the ctlicijncy : she consumed more ^ wheat herself lhan heretofore , and appiisd more of her land , with larger pn-S :, to grazing . He woald admit that lbs proposed plan liad seme merits : it diminished what were called it aia d
the jompSj s ^ a - pr ^ babij yie . someincre&se 4 » f rev ^ enne ; bn : it cidro ; give to * , reat iatere = ts any Jbenefu which e : £ < 2-= i : wonh while to a ! : er the law at all . The proposed addirion of 155 towns , ehieflj in agricultural diitrict ? , jnuit iaTe some effsc ia lonering the adyertised
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averages ; and u further effect wculd be produced in the same direction by the change in the class of officers appointed to take the returns . The diminution in ths averages from all the nevr arrangements would probably be not less than 5 g . Fluctuations in the prico of food might be great in other countries , bat the extensive trade and general cirenmstinoes of England ought to protect her from such vicissitudes . He then read some extracts from a petition of the Liverpool merchants against the prin ciple of a sliding scale , as affecting oar commerce with America . From Russia , likewise , and other corn-growing ^ BQuntries on the continent , he apprehended that this > filicy woald produce retaliations , which would still ffiikh _ er narrow our export of mannfacturea . In general ; a duty should bear some proportion to the value of the article charged with it : but the sliding scale produced an inverse ratio
between price and duty . Under a different system , he believed that London would become a great depot in the corn trade , to the great advantage of British shipping . H e did not mean , by voting against the Government measure , to go the length of declaring himself in favour of a total repeal of duty . He knew that many objections were urged against a fixed duty ; but at least we had not , as in the case of the sliding scale , an actual experience of its mtfficacy . Mr . Huskisson ' s authority was adverse to the principle of the present and proposed Corn L 3 W ; and Lord Stanley some years since had expressed his favourable opinion of the fixed duty , provided it were practicable . It had been said that at high prices the fixed duty eould not be maintained ; but if it were remitted , the remission would benefit only the speculator and corn-hoider ; and as soon as this should be understood , all clamour for such remission would cease . He did not know
whether the policy of Government in other matters was to be more liberal than in tbia . If it were not , all would be alike delusive ; but if it were more liberal , there would be a suspicion that the want of liberality online Corn Law was owing to the superior power of the * parties interested . Sir E . Ksatchsull explained , that he had not spoken of preserving the Etadon of the landlords as a pirticular class , but of maintaining the whole agricultural interest ; and this only in consistency with the welfare of other classes .
Sir James Gbaham said , that the agitation of this question had been begun by the late Government and it then became impossible for their successors to avoid dealing with it . This measure was produced by Ministers as the lowest duty which could be taken consistently with the due protection of the agriculturalists . The fixed duty would not have conciliated the parties opposite ; to ; have adopted it would have been , in Lord John Russell ' s language , to disturb without settling . After his own experience , he had no faith in finality , he would never again recommend a concession larger than he thought jast , in thohope tiat it would be conclusive . What he now tendered was . iu hi 3 opinion , equitable for the consumer on the one hand , and the producer
on the other . He quoted from Lord J . Russell's historical work , a passage showing that the principles of free trade must be controlled by certain excep- j tions in the case of certain interests . Lord John had i himself , in Lord Grey ' s Government , supported the j sliding scale . The scale had been called slippery ; but ; there sesmed to ba some lubricity even in tho fixed j cuty ; for the Noble Lord himself had proposed on i the preceding night to relax it . It had beeu put by j him last summer at 83 . ; but to night the House was 1 told that 8 s . was no longer the amount patronised I by him . In answer to the citation of Sir . Huskis- son ' s opinion upon the existing Com Law , Sir Jas . Graham read a passage from a speech of that states- j
man in 1828 , absolutely rejecting the Bcheme of a fixed duty . He next entered into calculations to ; show at what prices foreign corn would come into . competition with British , and to evince the advan-1 tage conferred upon the consumer under the pro- ' posed scale ; after which he recurred to the incon- j venience of the opposite plan , when high prices J should call for remission of dutiep . . The parties interested directly or indirectly in the culture of the ' land were , he observed , a majority of tho wholo people . He then quoted official reports , setting i forth the operation of machinery in producing goods , and displacing labour , and concluded by a short recapitulation of his arguments . The debate was then adjourned .
The Sttrtheen Star. Saturday, February 19, 1842.
THE SttRTHEEN STAR . SATURDAY , FEBRUARY 19 , 1842 .
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"WAGES OF LABOUR AXD 'EXTENSIONS ' OF COMMERCE . " Is the Northern Star of Saturday , Jaauary 15 th , we gave , in an article under the above head , the statements of a gentleman respecting the condition of the manufacturers and work-people forty years ago , in the districts around Nottingham , Sutton-in-Ashfield , and Mansfield ^ the great seats of our laco and hosiery manufactures . The gentleman who furnished us with the statements in question , had been extensively engaged as a manufacturer in the town of Mansfield . He knew the business
from " thread to needle "; had his eyes open to the system of trade we have been pursuing ; saw the causes which Lave operated to produce a state of things the most horrible and unparalleled ; and ho enabled us to show , clearly , the progress of our whole commercial system , from that healthful Elate when all connected with it were well-to-do , down to the trashy productions , the race run by ths manufacturers in ruinous competition , and tho end as evidenced in the present prostrate condition of both employer and employed .
The main portion of this article was recently cxtTacted into the Nottingham Review , after the Editor had gravely rebuked us for what he designates the ' 'fieioo onslaughts we have lately made upon machinery , attributing to it the distresses of the country . " The charge thus parroted forth , as to our attacking machinery , needs no further notice from us here , than just to refer the reader and the Review to the article in" the Star of Saturday week . There it is sufficiently met , and set at rest . After the Editor has given the whole of the statements of the gentleman referred to above , and the observations with which t ' aey were accompanied , he thus discourses : —
" We admit there is a great d » al of trutn in this extract [ the article from the Nortlicrn Star ] ; but we hold that it is mixed with no inconsiderable portion of error . An extension of trade must be a good . R is asked , who lias benefiited by the system ? We acknowledge it is not the master , or the workman , or the consumer , or the wtarer ; nor can we see any ' great capitalist' that has gained by it . It is not so in the hosiery travle , for many of the greatest houses engaged in it 30 or 40 years a ^ o were ruined . Those who are calling out for an extension of trade in the hosiery branch , are not great capitalists , or little
capitalists , but the workmen , because many of them feel and know to their sorrow , that trade is so ' narrowed doivn , ' that there is none left for them ; their framesjin which they worked , are standing still ; they are idle for want of mis extension of trade ; because the trade has failed , and thtre is no demand for the produce of their industry in the market , many oi the hands are , this inclement day , at work on Nottingham Forest , with a spade or a pick axe , digging a hole , « r exterminating the roots of a gorsa bush . These want a revival , an extension of trade , for they know tl . at this would make them more comfortable than they are now . "
Let the reader ponder well over the above luminosity ! It is one of the most " iplendacioiis " " pieces of writing" it has ever been our fate to meet with 1 And this is one of your " beit possible public instructors , " ye advocates of "free trade" and " extensions of commerce" ! Hear the sage . "An extension of trade must be a good . " So saya the Nottingham Free Trade Review ! The italics are hk own , too . " Extension of trade must be a good . " Why " must , " Mr . Wisdom ? Where does the " must" come from ?
Harkee , poor numskull ! " Must" an extension of a lad trade be " a good" ? What a fool it is ! Hear him further— " Who has btnefitted by the [ present ] system ? Not the master , er the workman , or the consumer , or the icearer ; " and yet an extension of trade , which benefits none of these parties , " must be a good 1 " So sets forth the Nottingham Review , the u best possible public instructor "' on free trade and " extension" doctrines ! He goes on : " Nor can -we see any ' great capitalist' that has gained by it . " Then it is " good "
for nobody , nor nothing ! But did Mr . Dulbeb-TfKtTi ever hear of a London " capitalist , " who once was a shoe-black , and is now raised to be a M . P . from the immense sums he has scraped together by his " slaughter-house" practices ? Has this man not benefited by the trade which ha 3 reduced all others csreerned in it to begeary ? Has he had nothing t : > do with the lace and hosiery business of Nottingham and its neighbourhood ? When the poor maker was compelkd io sell , was he not reaiy to buy , at his own price ? Has not he " chopped" ? And have not these means raised him to be one of our is-
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lators ; one who is ready to vote for an " extension " of that system whioh has already been of such " good" to him ! The conclusion of the Review , that the workmkn " want a revival , an extension of trade ; for they know that this would make them more comfortable than they are now , " is a worthy match for his sequiter , that "aa extension of trade » iw 3 < be a good , ' the trade they have been engaged in having benefitted neither the workmen nor their employers , nor the wearers of the goods they have produced . And yet an " extension ' of it " would make them more comfortable than they are now" !!! The " writer" then proceeds to say : —
" We mutt ent ? . r our protest against teaching tho people that machinery is tha cause of : the evils of the community , for it is notorious , that there has been very little new machinery for the making of stockings . The stocking frame is scarcely altered since its first invention . Thirty or forty years ago . when good prices were given for the making of hose , there was a brisk demand for them ; hew frames were made , the number of hands employed in the manufacture was increased ; almost every framework-knitter brought up his children to the trade , and even their daughters and their wives wrought in
the frame . During the war the price of food was high ; the passing of the Corn Law , in J 8 I 5 , matte it higher still ; and the framework knitter , in order that ho might live as comfortably as before , worked more hours , by which means the hosiery market became overstocked , and reduction after reduction followed , so that wages became lower and lower , the masters being willing to make , eo long as they could sell , and in order to sell , they reduced the wages . Had they not done so , the alternative would have been , that tho frames must have stood years ago , and the distress would have come at an earlier period . "
Was there ever seen , upon the face of the earth before , eo strange a jumble of words and muddimss as this ? And these are the teachings of " an Editor" These are the lessons of one of England's " best possible publio instructors ' ! ona of the freetraders ; one cf the school who alone know the philosophy of Trade , Commerce , and Economy ! Let us pit a working man against this Editor ; a real working man ; not one of the Morning Clironicte sort—who does not know what he is
taking about : and let us see what this working man has to say about " no new machinery for the making of stockiDgs "; and about " the high price of food during the war , and after 1815 , making it necessary for the framework-knitter to work longer hours , that he might live as comfortably as before . " Let us see what a man who has toiled in " tho frame "; who has . experience to guide h'm » Q what he says ; let us hear what this man , although Eot " a writer " , has to say to Nottingham ' s " beet possible public instructor" : —
SIR , —In the Nottingham Review of last week I perceived a sort of an attack on an article which appeared in tne Northern Star the week preceding , on the subject of machinery . Some of the remsTlrs of the Editar concern tbe framework-knitt ' ng trade , and from them I have quoted tbs following : — Thirty or forty years 830 piices were high , and there yea a brisk demand for hosiery goods ; new frames weie made ; the number of hands employed in the manufacture was increased . During the war tha price
of goods ran high ; the passing of the Corn Bill , in 1815 , made it still higher ; and the framework-knitter , in order to live as comfortably as before , werked more hours , by which means the hosiery market became overstocked , and reduction after reduction followed , so that wagea became lower and lower , the master being willing to make so long n they could sell , and in order to sell they reduced wages . Had tkey not dons so tho alternative would have been that the frames would have stood still years ago , and the distress come on at an earlier period . "
" Now , Sir , this is not the tiatb . I am of opinion tbat ' cheap production' bn rained the stockingmater , as well as the bandlooni-weaver , and tho cottonspinner . I believe it "wrs not in consequence of the high price of gooda" that framework-knitters were obliged to-work more hours ; but in consequence of 1 improvement' ( 1 J ^ in the manufacture of hosiery goods , ani ' competition amongst the manufacturers . " Soon after the time alluded to by the Editor , the jack-tickler machine was introduced into the manufacture of stockings ; previous to thia , " shammies" were made by the hand . The invention superseded the former msde © f making ' shammies . " The race of
competition then begar . Hosiery goods were produced in greater quantitiep . ' Shammies' were made faster and cheaper ; and the ' plain hands' were obliged to work more hours , because they could not earn near eo much money as they formerly could on fancy work . Still there was a market ; and , as ' cheap production ' was now the ord * r of the day , to supp ' y that market , new and wider frames were modi , to make two stockings at once ; then three at once ! and now we have frames making four and five stockings at onco ! . ' Cotton stockings are making at the present time in Nottingham , at tho low price of fourtc 3 n pence per dczsn pubs ! and silk stockings at six shillings per dozen pairs !
" Will any reasonable man eay that it i 3 no injury to the trade to mnlre twenty dozen of cotton ttockiugs for the same money as was paid for one doz ; n thirty years ago ? " Silk gloves at that time were twelve shillings per dozen at the warehouse ; but at the present time they are only five shillings and threepence per dozen ! This is in consequence of ' improvements' (?) in the niakiDg . Silk glo 7 es were made out at once thirty years ago , anrt ficgered frtm the same frame . Now they ere made two hands at once ! and figured on the backs with a inachiue ; and fingered from another frame , sis at once—a machine laying all the threads at once , which threads were formerly laid by the hand ! When this '
improvement was made , there was a market found for the extra quantity produced , for a time ; perhaps on account of the cheapness of the article : but when the manufacturers found that silk gloves had become the fashion , they began to endeavour to outstrip each other in tho race of competition , The warp frame was set to work in the making of gloves ; and now they ara made for little more tuan the price of the silk ! The markets arc glutted ; and the plain sUk glove hands forced to subsiit on less than half work eight months of the year . " You are , perhaps , already aware , that the bobbinetmachice , or what is called the . twis > t-machiue , has
nearly superseded the making of cushion-lace . When this machine was first invented the workmen got enormous -wages , six or seven pounds per week . Some , I beiieve , got as much as ten pounds from narrow machines . Now , the narrow machines are ail done awaj with ! machines four times their width being worked by ste . im ; and I believe I am speaking the truth when 1 say , that the s ? . aie quantity of lace which was pakl £ 5 ft-r twenty years ago , is not paid one shilling for at the present time !! I At that time females could earn from twelve to fifteen shillings per week at embroidering tho lace ; Lut r . ow tha machine does the greatest portion of this work !
Tne invention of embroidering tho lace on the frame has reduced to poverty and wretchedness thousands of industrious females who formerly lived comfortably and respectafe y by their trade . Will auy san-i man say that a repeal of the Corn Laws would remedy this ? I am of opinion that a repeal of the Com Laws would not remedy the evils attendant on our present system of trade . They are attributable to class legislation , and the all grasping avarice of the manufacturers , who have deprived the poor of the means of subsistence ; and they now foolishly talk to us workmen of an ' extension of commerce , ' aa the means of getting us out of tho situation they have brought us to ! If they had the markets of the whole world , they would , on their present system , soon overstock them ; and then have to open a communication with the moon , in order to find out a fresh market , to relieve U 3 from our further difficulties .
" Sir , you may be already in possession of the statements herein contained ; if not , you may do as you like with this ; I shall not be offended if you do not retain them . Jonathan Barber , : Framework-knitter . Now , what can " the Editor" of the Review say to this ! What can he urge in support of his muddy reasoning , and in controvertion of the facts
adduced by his Reviewer ! Is not the tale told by the "framework-knitter , " something more like truth , than the hodge-podge of "the Editor" ? At all events , the workiDg man is consistent with himself . He does not say and unsay in a breath . He does not contradict the first seatence by the second ; and the second by the next . His tale is straightforward , and hangs together . How far " the Editor ' s" does so , the reader has seen from what has been given , and will see from what follows . The Review thus
continueth : — " We contend , thai could the workman have obtained his food at a less price , he would have worked fewer hours , the over-production would not have been so great , and the supply being not more than equal to the demand , the trade would have been in a healthy state . We contend that the cause of distress i 3- not in machinery , but in the high prico ct provisions , and principally in tkose absurd hwvs which prevent the English merchant and manufacturer from bartjriDg the produce of ths liiachiue av ; d the frame for corn and beef from any country or climate in the world . Andeven vrere it not so ; couid it now be demonstrated that machiuery bad been tho cause of the evils under which tho nation labour ^ - , the destruction of that machinery wonld liot help us ;
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were the earth to open this morning and swallow * eyery'iramein'N <) tiing ^!^ s 1 iue t ^ W : IIi ^ e ] 7 ' ' ^ 4 ' d ^" tress would bo vastly increased rather than , diminished . The poor man "knows * notwithstanding his education hag been neglected , and his knowledge is contracted , yet this he fcnbws , that his ouly hope is in machinery—that this is the instrument with which the British m ' eoh ' a . njp . can ^ by his skill and industry , ope with the whole world . All he asks is a clear stage and no favour : ho seeks justly for the abrogation of those laws which prevent him from taking his skill and industryto ' the-best market , and which compel him to buy hi 3 food at twice the price for which other countries would gladly supply him . "
We have noticed this senseless emanation of the Muddle-Head of Nottingham , mainly because it affords us an opportunity of exposing ona of tho grossest of the fallacies of the porn Law Repealers ; one which they have in constant use . Complain of the abuses of machinery ; show the operations of the present Bysteni of commerce ; point to the fact that as that commerce has increased , in exact ratio have the heurs of labour increased , and wages decreased ; point to the other fact that had we hot been so
commerce-mad as wo have been , but have rather declined it , letting it seek us , instead of us seeking it ; that had we kept on as we onco were , making good articles of clothing , instead of trash ; maintaining good wages by maintaining good prices , and maintaining ^ both by giving tho workman his sharc of the benefits of machinery in decreased labour ; fostering and keeping up a good home trade , instead of funning over the whole world to .. find a naked back on a shoeless foot , we should have been in a far
different situation from that we find ourselves in : point to theso things , and you are instantly met with the cry , "It's all the-effect ' of our dear food /' " If we had our food cheap , we should be all right . " "The hisli prico of food compels us to act as we do . " "The cause of distress is not in machinery , or in our commerce , bufc in the hi « h price of provisions-. " Theso are the parrot phrases that meet you at every turn . Let us examine what they are worth .
" Thirty or forty years ago , '' quoth " the writer " of . Nottingham , " whpn good prices were given for the making of hose , there was a brisk demand for them . " Exactly so ! When good prices were given for the making of hose , the workman eould afford to make them ! and ho could also afford , with his good wages , to purchase some of tho hose when made , aud enough of flour , and meal , and beef , and bacon for himself and his family . Exactly so , Mr . Review ; " thirty or forty years ago , when good
pmces were given for tho making of hose , there was abri . skjdemand' ^ for all these other articles of trade . Why is there not that brisk demand now ? Why is not tho framework-knitter of tho present day ablo to buy some of th « stockings lie has made , and the same plenty of flour and beef thai ho did thirty or forty years ago 1 Why is ho not able to do so now , Mr . Review , or Mr . Free Trader i " O ! the high prices-of food prevents him . " Does it ? Then food is as high note , or higher , than it was thirty or forty years ' ago ! . "To be sure , it is : higher . "
Thus , then , we get fairly into the que&tion . Now , what are the facts ? Tho average prico of a quarter of wheat ; and wheat is the best standard of prices that can be taken ; it ? governs all the vest ; the average price , thon , of a-quarter of whiaA for ty years ago , when " good prices wore given for the making of . Lose " and all other descriptions of manufactures ; the avercge prico of a quarter of wheat then , was-83 ? . That is to say , tho average prico of wheat for the ten years from 1799 to 1809 , was 83 j . the quarter . The average price of wheat , for the seven years ending Christmas 1841 , as set forth in the returns just published in pursuance of the Act . 6 and 7 Wm . IV ., is 58 s . 6 d . per quarter !!!!!
The " high price" of food in 1841 , with wheat at S 83 . 6 d . per quarter , causes the labouring man to have less of provisions , niiy , oven to starve for Want of them . ; ' whon he could purchase in 1800 enough and to . spare , though wheat wa 3 then 83 s . per quarter . ' . ' ! : Ay , indeed , it is the " high price" of food , in one sense , that has occasionedthis .- ¦!¦ ' But not tho relative nominal price . The nominal price shows a reduction of 24 s . 6 d . the quarter : that i 3 to say , wheat was 24 ? . 6 d . tho quarter cheaper in . 1841 than in 1800 . Bufc the means of tho labourer to purchase it in 1841 had gone ! The " scod price given for tho making of hose" was no
longer given ! Wheat was dear , and high-priced , though 24 s . 6 d . per quarter cheaper , because the workman had not wherewithal to purchase it . It was dear to tho workman : it was cheap to tho man of fired income : for he could , in 1841 , make his money go nearly half as far again in the purchase of provisions , as ho could ia 1830 ! Tho pensioner and the sinccurist , aud the official with a fixed salary , and the anuitant , and tho dmdend-ondebt-receiver have not to complain of the "high price" of food ; for the £ 100 they received in 1800
was worth nearly £ 150 to them in 1841 . That is to say , any of these partiesof fixed incomes , received in 1 . 841 nearly £ 150 worth Of provisions for their £ 100 ; as estimated by the prico of wheat in 1800 Theso parties have clearly bentfilled by the fall in pricas , of produce ! Who else has benefitted Has tho workman ? Has tho master ? Has the wearer of articles of manufacture ! No , says the Nottingham Review . And yet , the Saity proposes , as a remedy for tho present state of things , a measure which will reduco prices and wages still lower ; and , by consequence , again add to tho value of these fixed incomes !! The men with fixed
incomes out of the taxes , are no mean , number Wo raised £ 53 , 000 , 000 of money last year in taxes ; aud , nearly the wholo of this enormous amount ; an amount exceeding by £ 2 , 000 , 000 tho whole of our foreign trade for that eamo year ; nearly the Whole of this monstrous sum is applied to the paying of pensioners ,. "allowances , - deadweight , sinecures , grants , salaries , dividends , and annuities . Reduce the price of food , and you add to the value of theso incomes ! In fact you add to their amount—and to the amount of your taxation ! ! Taxes are fixed money amounts .
They do not rise or fall with theprices of produce ; but they have to be raised from pi oduce . It is unnecessary to say that we do not in England ¦ grow the " precious metals , " as they are termed ; nov do we find " money" springing up spontaneously fionv the soil . But we do grow wheat and rye , and barley , and beans , and beef , and mutton , and wool ; and we produce woollens , and cottons , and stockings , and hats , and shoes : aad it is out of the things we produce ; it is out of the things that our labour make to be ; it is but of these i that the taxes ; .. a . t «^ taken 1 or , to speak more correctly , perhaps , it is so much of these as
answers to the amount of money in the current prices of the day , that is taken from the producers as taxes . The taking may be circuitous ; it may be and is indirect ; it may be and is unseen ; but still it is a taking , and a taking from tho producer . Let the prodHcer cease to produce 5 let the land cease to be cultivated by labour ; let the mills cease to teem out their how endless streams of manufactured wealth ; let labour stand idle , and we should soon see that tho taxes and a great many other things would cease to be paid ! We should then soon discover where they came from . ' We should find but who paid them I
Taxes , then , and indeed all other heaps of wealth , However accumulated together , come from labour . The labour of the country pays the taxes , pays the rents , pays the profits , pays the per centagesi , and we were going to say , pays the wages ; but these latter have mainly to go unpaid . But the taxes are not a certain fixed amount or quantity of labour , any moro than rents are . Both are fixed amounts of ' money ; or rather such amounts or quantities-of-labour ' as answer to . fixed amounts of money . Lst us illustrate . In 1800 ; -. wheat sold for 83 s . the quarter . la 18 . 41 ' , ' wheat sold for 58 ? . 6 d . tho quarter . It is clear : that the £ 53 , 000 , 000 > oi taxes raised in 1841 would haye purchased less of
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wheat in 1800 , when the pnee was 83 s . the quarter , thatt it would in 1841 , when the price was 583 . 6 d . In other Words / the farmer in 1841 would have to giye nearly half as much again produce as his share of the taxes , as he had to give in 1800 . So with the producer of hats and stockings , and all other articles . Prices of all these have fallen ; and j by consequence , more of each has to be given to the taxgatherer than had formerly to be giyeiu Every fall in the pric 33 of' . articles ' of produce must entail upon the producer more / a&our for ^ ibo tax-eater ' s use , as long as the same amount of taxes , valued in money , are raised ! This must ba . p lainly apparent . There can be no gainsaying it .
What then i 3 it , in reality , that the advocates of "Extension of Commerce" propbse ? A reduction in the prices of food ; and , by consequence , a ' . reduction- in the prices of all other articles of produce . This involves an increase of taxation in the exact ratio that prices of produce are reduced ! Whatever may be tLat reduction , whether one-fourth , one ^ third , or one-half ; jutt so much more labour will have to be given by the labourer to the taxeater . And this will cause the labourer to have " cheap food" ! Out upon ye , ye varlets ! ye know better !
Were tho measure of " Extension" to pass , and were it to effect a reduction of prices in one-fourth , that reduction would cause us to have to give to tho taxeaters , produce ( valued at our present prices , ) to the amount of £ 66 , 000 , 000 annually , instead of £ 53 , 000 , 000 . . . ' If the measure effected a reduction of onethird in prices , we should have it give produce to tho amount of £ 70 , 000 , 000 for taxes , " - instead of £ 53 , 000 , 000 !! Should tho redaction-amount to one-half upon the present prices , wo should be taxed to the tune of £ 79 , 000 . 000 annually instead of £ 53 , 000 , 000 1 ! ! >
O ! rare " cheap food" ! Famous and "cheap " for the tax-eater ! famous and " cheap" for the men with fixed incomes . ' famous and "cheap" for the pensioner , the salaried drones , the dead-weight men , the half-pay men , the annuitants , and the debtdividend recipients ! Famous and " cheap' ? for these parties ; but how * cheap" for tho people ? How " cheap" will it be to the producer , already bowed down to the earth with taxation ; how" cheap " Will it be to him , when he has more of his labour to give io the tax-eater than he gives now ? How " cheap" will it be to the workman , who has to produce more before he can touch for himself ? We should like to see Sappy try to answer these questions .
No wonder that the means of the working people to purchase food and clothiug are gone ! Every reduction in the price of produce has been accompanied by a more than corresponding reduction tn the wages of labour ; and every reduction in . both , of these has enhanced the rea ^ amount of taxation upon the producer 1 ! He has , in every instance , had more to produce to pay the tax-eater , before he could put one mouthful of what he produced into his own stomach ! Thus have his wages decreased and his taxes increased . And yet our fools of manufacturers ara not content with what has already been done in this way ! They want more of it ! They seek for further reduction in prices and wages , and for increased taxation !
In 1841 , the nominal amount of taxation raised from the producers of wealth , was , aa has been before stated , £ 53 , 000 , 000 . But the real amount of taxes ; that is to say , the amount of produce taken to pay the taxes , when valued in the prices of 1800 , was £ 75 , 000 , 000 ! ! ! Is there any wonder that the meaks of purchasing food are gone \ Let the labourer and the shopkeeper and the manufacturer ponder over these facts . Let them look into the question of high and low prices . Let themget some little below the surface ; let them dive into it in all its bearings ; and we fancy they will come to a far
different conclusion from thatwhich the " great" manufacturers have arrived at ; that another reduction of prices and wa £ es , and an increase of ' taxation will be a good ! They will eeo that common justice points out that before any steps be taken that will reduce the prices of produce and the wages of labour , an equitable adjustment must be come to with the tax-eater , and tho fund-lord . Bare , naked , common justice points out this as ihs very first step ! If the Corn Law Repealers aro prepared to entertain and grapple with this question , they shall have our aid : if they do not do it ; or
if they are not willing to do so , every obstacle that we can throw in thsir way , to prevent them from giving more of the labour of the workman to the taxeaters , shall bo so thrown ! These are the parties who are Bucking the little marrow left in the bones of the working people out of them ; and we are not inclined to join those who are for giving them greater hold !! Equitablb adjustment , master , millowners ; and then for a Repeal of the Com Laws . Here are the terms of union , if you please ; agree upon them ; ratify the bargain ; and then at it we go to get power to do both the one and the other 1 What say youi Messrs . the millowners \
Iquitable Adjustment : this is imperatively needed . If the taxes in 1841 had been adjusted only to the prices of produca in 1841 , as compared with tho prices in 1800 , though the amount of thes . a taxes is ten times more than oughfc to be raised ; but if the taxes in 1841 had been adjusted to tho prices of produce , we should only have had raised from us the sum of £ 37 , 000 , 000 instead of £ 53 , 000 , OCO !! ! Adjustment is needed !
Wo have not done with thi 3 subjeefc . We are in possession of some strange information as to the attempt of a Mr . Heard , of Nottingham ( one of a recent deputation to Sir Robert Peel , to press upon him an alteration in the Corn Laws ) , to furthur reduce the wages of labour paid to his framework knitters ! We are in possession of the tables or scales of wage 3 promulgated by the masters themselves , for a considerabls period passed . These tables we shall endeavour to use , in proof of our positions upon this question of questions ; and we shall also have something to eay of and concerning Mr tiEARD , the anti-Corn Law deputy , who is trying to prepare himself to meet the " new ciroumstauces" of the labourers by reducing their wages . ' Mr . Heard has begun tco soon ! He has let the cat out ! He should have waited a wee !!
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THE NEW CORN BILL DEBATE . The reader will see that we have given at considerable length the " debate , " as it ia called , that has been had in the "House" on the new Corn Bill . Whether a perusal of it will repay the trouble , is for every ono who takes that ( rouble to say : but there the " wise sayings" are , for him to read and reflect upon ! One thing is certain ; the new Corn Bill will pass into law . This is acknowledged by the Morning Chronicle , theorgan of the Leaguers ' .. ; and all the bluster and vapouring of the anti-Corn Law gentry out of doors will not prevent it . Then , where 13 the use of it 1 The fact is , Peel for the present ia safe with his majority in the Commons .
and his whole House of Lords . Hewill carry his measure : and this will show the trading classes , that , if they want to grapple with the landed interest ^ tho mu 3 t join the people for the Chahtek . Wil l they do this noio ? Or ^ will they wait and see whether Peel has anything more insulting in store for them 1 In either case we Bhall be satisfied . We know they can do no good either for themselves or the people with , the House coiisii'ivT&n as U is ; and we have long been busied preparing the people generally with this belief , and for the course of action resulting from such belief . If the trading classes choose to join the people's movement , Well and good . If not , the people will go oni and do icithoutthem ! . •' - ' -. ¦ ' - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦' . ' ; ' ¦"' ¦ ' ; The Chronicle of Monday says : —
" Sir Robert Peel ' s Corn Bill does not appear likely to lead immediately to any serious division in his party , or to bieak up his Government . The ; Uuke of Buckinghani ' B retirement turns out , as we always supposed it , a mere part of the Ministerial arrange-
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ment for carrying it : the sincerity of Colonel Sft . thorp ' s opposition will bs neutralised by his absur . dity ; and Mr . Christppher ' s amendment only sag gests to us a notion that , fired by the Duke of Buct ingham ' s example , he thinks that he may get * garfcorv QlkBonie'hing that'It is as valuable to him fj a garter , outof the crisis , by pntting himself at the head of tho sqnires , and delivering them into the hands of Peel . With some half dozen exceptions the helpless sqnires will growl and succumb ; ana Sir Robert will carry his Bill and retain office . We should grieve if wo thought it would turn oni otherwise . " ; ' " ' ' ¦/ : ; - ¦;" - ¦ ¦ - ' , " ,. ¦ "¦;' :
There is ^ comfort for tho Corn Law Repealers { Maugre all their antics /* ' Sir Robebt . will carrj his Bill , and retain offic 8 ! " So says the Chronicle . And he says also h 8 should grieve if he " thoughts would turn but otherwise . " What will the " free , traders" think now of their pet organ ? Has nothi driven them to a pretty market ; 1 . - ;^ One speech ; in this debate we cannot but call especial attention to ; the speech of Mr . BrsFiELD FekraAj . His style of oratory , for > . ' that House , " is new . There is a great amoant of truth in it ; and it is plainly told .
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Brief Rules for the Government ofall whs write for this paper : — 1 . Writs legibly . Mako as few erasures and interlines tions as possible . In writing names of persons and places be nipre paiiicular than usual to make every letter distinct and clear—also in using words n . 96 English . ' : ' ¦ : ¦ . ' ¦¦' -, .. ; f r 2 . Write only on one side of the paper . ' 3 . Employ no abbreviations whatever , but write put every word in fall .. -.. 4 . Address communications not to any particular pewon ' , but to " The Editor . " , 5 . When you sit dovra to write , don't be in a hurry Gonsider that hurried , writing make 3 slow printing . 6 . Bemember that we go to press on Thursday ; that one side of the paper goes to"pres 8 on TrVednesday ;
that we are obliged to goon filling np tho paper tte whole week , and that , therefore , " when a load of mat * ter conies by tie last one or two posts , it unavoidably happens that iiinch of it is omitted ; and that it J 9 therefore necessary to be prompt in your communications . ¦ / - . "'; ¦ . ¦ .. '¦ ¦' . ¦ ' ,. '¦; ' v '' . ¦ ¦' - '¦"¦ . ' ¦ : ¦ . ' ¦¦ . . Y \ . AH matters ' , of news , repoita of meetings , kc , &r . referring to occurrences on Friday , Saturday , or Sunday , should reach na by Moaday ' s po ? t ; such as refer to Monday ' s occurrences by Tuesday eveniiig ' a post ; Wednesday ' s occurrencea by Thurtr day's post ; and Thnrsday ' fl news by Friday morning s post , for second edition . Any deviation from this order of supply will necessarily Bubjtct the matters so received tp the almost certainty of reject ' tion or seriaus curtaiiment , and we take nd . blamefor it ¦ ¦ ¦ ' : ¦¦ .. : ' .. - ¦ . ; :. ' ' : - -:- ¦ : - ¦ ¦¦ - - - ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ' ' /¦
All personal correspondence , poetry , literary communications , and articles of comment to be heie by Tuesday , or their chance of insertion for that week will be very small indeed ; if not here by Wednesday we don't hold ourselves bound even to notice them . ' : , ? : ., " .: ' 7 . Finally , remember that we [ have only forty-eight colnmna weekly for all England , Scotland , Wale ? , and Ireland ; that We have no interest in preferring one towii or place to another , be cause ours is not a local but a national paper ; that we are bound , therefore , in dealing with the masses of matter whick . ' come to us , to hold the scales of Justice evenly—our first object being tha promotion and enhancement , according to our otcn test judgment , ef the success of the great and good cause ; and our second , tiie distribution of bur time and space bo as . to give least cause of complaint
that we are alike bound to this courEe of aeiion fey inclination , interest , and duty ; and that , therefore , it is useless an < i senseless for individuals to fume and fret , and think theiuselveB ill ustd because their communications may not always be inserted , or for societies to trouble their heads and waste their time in passing votes of censure npoa us for devoting tco much space to this , oir too little to that , or for inserting this thing which they think should have been , omitted , or for omitting the other tbiug which they think shonld have appeared . AH these are matters for out consideration , and for ths exercise Of our discretion and judgment , which , we assure all parties , shall be always used , so far as we ate able to perceive , honestly for the public , without fear or favour to any ona , and without being allowed to be turned for one instant from its course by ill-natured snarls or bickerings .
Books fouReview may be left for this Office at Mr John Cleave ' s , 1 , Shoe-lane , Fleet-street , London . Public Funds ; --To prevent mistakes , let it be especi" ¦ ally noted that all monies receivedby ' . our Ctishier . for the Viirious Chartist fundB are acknowledged by hiin in the column of " Notices to Coirespon' dents , " and that he is answerable only for Hit : sums there advertised . to have been received . Money Orders to tiiis Office . —Our cashier is frequently made to endure an amount of inconvenience utterly inconceivable : by those who have not multifarious transactions like his to attend to , by , the negligence 6 f parlies not attending to the piain instructions so of ten giveii i to make all money orders sent here payable to Mr . John Ardill . Seme , orders are made payable to Mr . O'Connor—some to Mr . Hobson—some to Mr .
lull—some to Star \ Office : ; ali ' these . requirethe signatures of the person in whose favour they are drawn before the money can be got . This causes an attendance at thepost-office ofySometimes , several hours , when a few minutes might suffice if all were rightly given—not to mention the most vexatious delays of payment sometimes caused by it . Several old agents , who certainly ought to know better , have often thus needlessly inconvenienced us ; we ; therefore , beg that all parties having money to send to the Siar Office for papers , by order , will make their orders payable to Mr . John Ardill ; ifthey'neglect this , tve shall not hold ourselves bound to attend to them ; if , ' thereforey they find " -. their neglect to produce inconvenience to thernselves , let them not blame us .
To Agents . —A great portion of the Orders of our Agents which should be in pur office on Thursday , at latest , have for several weeks back cotre on the Friday ; nearly all the Scotch Agents ' Orders have come on the Friday often . Tins may be occasioued : by . tho delays ol ths , niaiJs , orrhiz to tho weather ,, but there certainly 13 no reason why the Agents at HuH , Liverpool , aud even Barnslcy and Bradford , should send their Orders to reach the . Office just at the time the papers are going out of it . Any OaDERS not i . v the Office on Thursdays cannot , be a ^ tended to : and any pacers . returned in co nsequence of orders being ^ lata will not be credited . .
CORRESPONDENTS OF THE NORTHERN STAR--London—1 . M . >\ Thee ; er , 7 , Mills ' . ' . ' . 'Buildings , Knightsbridgo .: Sluncliesle ) - — W . GrifSn , 34 , Ldma 3-. street ; Bank Top . BiiTiiihghain . —G \ iovgQ White , 29 , Broiiisgrove-streeti Neiccastle—Mr . J . Sinclair , . GateshcaJ . Sunderidnd—' ilr . J . Williams , Mesar Wiiliams and Biaug , rbooksellers .: Sheffield—21 ; G . J , Harney , news a ^ ent , 33 , Campo-lane . Chartist Addkesses . —Tiie General'Seci-etai-y- ^ lt ' John Gatnpbell , 18 , Adtlerley-atreeti Shaw ' Brow , Jilanchesttr . Chartist Blacking : Manufacturer- — Mr .. Roger Piudcr , Edward ' s-square , JEdward ' splace , Pbttery . UuIl . Secretary io the Frost ,
Williams , and Jones Restoration Committee—J . Wilkinson , 5 , Cregoo Terrace , BilFs ' Barn Road , Birmingham . . Notice . —Any Stars , ov ol' aer paper ? , sent to the Irish Universal Suffrage Association , to be address-jd to E . F . Dempsey , No . 14 , N Ann-straet , who hrs been elected ia the room of Mr . P . M . Brophy , who has resigned . . . Derby .- ^— -The friends of this neighbourhood having communications : for the Star , or other * wise affecting , the Chartist movement , are rtquested to send them to Mr . Thomas Briggs , care of Mr . John MosSishoemdkeriPlumptre-squatet Barley-lane j Derby *
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M ^ N . P . Rodgers and the " Unanimous '' Vow ¦ OF THAKKSi— -lyie received , on Frlduy morning a tetter from Mr . Con Murray , in reference to the violation of his instructions in the Convention by Mr . Rodgers , delegate for Bridgeton , in which he says , distinctly , that Mr . Rodgers was iv tructed by a vote of the meeting wKich appointed Mm to vote for the National Petition ; cautioning the English people , however , against drawing U P any other petition of a like kind without con ' > suiting Scotland , and that this course he certainly did not pursue in the Convention . Irithematter of the " vote of thanks . " Mr . Murray sayst that so far from itsbeing ' " unanimous" a strong resolution of censure was moved by Mr . Ewin < h and only withdrawn in consideration of the past services of Mr . Rodgers ; end that on the vote of thanks being put , fifteen voted for it , nine
against u , while a much greater number dtd not ¦ ¦ ' ¦ . vote at . alf ; ¦ The O'Connor Triumphal ^ Car . ——Those friends who are desirous of obtaining a chance for this splendid car must forward their subscription ( six * pence ) immediately to W . Cordexix , 26 , Mickte * gate * , as but very few \ chances remain unsold . The lottery will be drawn on Tuesday , the first of March . . ' . ^ \ . '¦ .. ' ¦/¦ ' . ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ;¦ ..,.. . '' ,. ; , - ¦ ¦¦¦ -. T . M . Wheeler , London correspondent of the Northern Star , would feel obliged by Parties xcUhing his attendance at any meetings to iriforni him thereof at'his residence , 7 ' , Mills ( Bitildafgr * : Knightsbfidge . ¦ " . ; As : ; this'isitbo often neglected , and he is left to hear of ihem by chance , by so doing disafrpdintvieni will be prevented , JOANf : Wjllxajis , wife , of' Zephuniaji Williams , returns her warmest thanks to the female Chartists of Selby for their kind favour . . ¦ : ¦ ¦] :
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 19, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct418/page/4/
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