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MECHA > : i : S' INSTITUTION AND LITERARY SOCIETY . . On Mcnrfay evening lss > , was held the first eene ^ il meev . ug of vhe members of the United Mechstka' Ius : iiu : ioa snd Literary Society . The r » e ; inK" 5 v- « lieidla the Saloon of tne Mechanics ' Hall , a : half-past seven o ' cioek ; there . wasis xery large au * --E-5 as : e- On the motion cf Mr . William West . £ -Koaeed by tho Rev . Charles Wieksieed , John Hope S .: aw , Esq . was ca'led to the chair . The Chairman expressed tie gratitude he-fell for ths honour of be ^ ng called upon to preside at the firs : -united Eieev . u ;* of the Mechanics' Institution and LIterarJ Society , and liis joy a $ th 6
consummation of the union—a joy winch was materially damped by a coie which ha 4 been ptr , into h ~ . iauds after he bad emtrad the room , and wh apologised for v ^ o non -atijaiatice of Mx . Bain ; .- , on accouas of a sirideu attack of ilinc ; s , umicr ¦ which his medical am had debarred him froia taking pan in thtir proceeding ? . The Chairman then eu ; ered ftuiy into * lie adyactages wh ; ch would ba" secured by their union , and then called upon Jir . E . BaiueSj Junior . llr . a . j ' ai . \ es , jan . read an elaborate report , ¦ vriiich at i ) . e request of the Commute ? he had djavra up . It was of very considerable lergih , of which we give t e laoit important parts . After some introductory m-ititr n proceeded 10
consider—41 I . THE PKZSE 5 T STATE OF THE TWO IJtSTITVI 1 OS 5 AT TUEIfi r ^ lON . " Ths MecLanics' Institution Iiis at this time on its boots— 7 T Proprietary members . 327 Y = trly and Hik ' -yeiily subscriberr . i-4 TctaL ' 'It is fouci tbr . t the rcrnber of subscribers fluctuates coss-. etrar-l-, ar-cor .-iipc to the attractiOES ¦ Rnicb
may frc-ai tiffi-2 tu vnic ba presented , in kcturca i-nd oth-: rvr > sa At prcs-nr , the nusnb-r is mo ; e than twice as great . is b i '> r- tfcs r . sw hail "kt-s rurchased . It may be booed that The in : rca .-s is cot in any ccnsiderable de ? Xce to b = ! asii : 5-i > d to tbi rova-ty of possessing this eXJcllilit hniidlns ; bu . t tb . % . it is rather owing So the sub-EtinlLil advsat ^ cts cnWitu ~ y the Lnititntioa , e = pecic .: iy in i : s v ? l , ' .-s-:. zi .- ^ ui c ^ issfs . Those classes contain the foilo-wir . g nasilfers of pspils : — The D awing Class , under the care of Mr . " i :. i . ¦ I . .. ~ _ _ — * * m * ¦ » » a > O
The ila . ibsrsatico . 1 end Aiitbmctical Cbss , tflder ihe C 3 re of 2 vlr . Saitle 103 " These inc ' ude the "srhols Eunibii" who liave attaclje . l tb . sas 3-i 7 wi to ihi respective classes stmeg the lasi half year , 'and the regular attcnduiice , p . s tariv be supposed , is bj no mains so izTgs . Accommodation has b = * n made by the CiininutvS for a Chemical class ; bat , owic ^ to rsriuss drcasisr . isees , tiist class , ¦ ffiic . i existed to the &zri 2 l ccTaEtj . ^ e of its iranibcrs iu the old Ins : Hti : i : n , hzs cot } vi b-. cn re-opened ia the new . ItTTill be one * . f lia nr = t du ' . icS < I the Co : an .:: tt-. e te V . 3 ^ ppo : ritctl this t ~ : nia ? , to form a C-= uii £ 2 i class , and a _ s" a class £ -it tcschiiJ ? the principles cf Mutinies . j ? be iniiri--t 3 of tbe tiTrn . -vs-h : ca 13 so dependant for its prcrij -riry up ? n iis isaTiTif&ctQTc 3 and its dy-ini . imperat-veij ca ' a fur thr establishment of these c . ass = s , and theraScS of the Ir . ; t tntion r-ositiTe . y require is .
" Tie propsrly of the Aleciianics" Irstitutjon coi : 6 : sts , First , in Its Hall , - which , was purchase-l fir £ 2 , 250 , and adapted to the purposes ot tb . e Institution fct an additional cost of £ 5 . 0- —Second , in its Library , "which cJtsis 3 if bet'xe ^ n 1300 ai-d 1-S 00 Tolxunea , of "wllich a gre ; t vest are iticiari trorks ot science ; and third , in an extessiTe ana valuable apparatus , cEkfl ? eiectcal , g ^ i , -iuic , pneunatis , an \ l chemical , the iivanincient donstisa cf Wel AiJam , Jan ., E-. g ., ilembii for the Borcsgh . " Tcere is a debt cf . £ 530 , "which is borrowed upon
mort -: ; 2 of tie bi . 'ii-Jizii :, and "which , as it eitails a conaidcKirsie ^ BTiiial ch-ir ^ e , yresses upou the resources of ths Institution . It is Loped thst a s-scond public Exhibition may ere lovs be heic , and "ffirh tnnicisjit scccess to diic ^ ri r ^ e the d = tt" Tas ijaaii i . a : ; ui 3 o : taa Instisntlon nearly equals is smv . " 5 . iHai ; tar 3 , r . at Witlioat allowing more t > ,- > g a very sij ' . ail siia f jr Ijctures cr for the purchase of ne ^ r fa > . is . Tie inadtqazcy of the funds would not have b = rn ri ' . isvtd , if tht : oiion "wi ' -h tte Litrfiry Init : t"aci a hr . i taken pi- _ ca oa the terms of subscrift ! on cr ;^ 3 ii : y prc posed . This appeared to thj EiLiiibtrs and £ n " b £ ct . be ; s of the iltchauics" Inttuntion sa scricus zn evil thit they rtcentiy—Teij much to their h-inour —resslve .: t > r : ;; i the asscal sarscription ; to which perhaps ii . n la ^ it v-y ^ ei ' u } iadBCrrcent was , the prospect oi tie ..=- * adV 2 £ t 25-s thc-y "wonid ei j : > y when the library oi ti . ^ Li . cxaTy iu ^ J . tation ^^ s aducd to thtir OTO . " The Litersry Institution has at this timci on it ; books— 5 L f - Members . 2 S 3 M-Jinbirs . 2 ? S Total . O" which Tiv-u \? 2 . r , boTrevar , thirty-tvra are-alfo Eceml > = T 3 of Vh 2 Sis-ii .-ViicV I-stimtion . A . Trry lar ^ a proportion tf tb ? i ^ vw ' r-cr ? a ^ re a = s £ ateu to tie nnicn , and fitci-iii . i thiLr iit-ii . ti ^ s lo i .-in tb . e united bsay .
" Ths property » f the L ' - ' . tr ^ ry Institstion cccsi-ts almost ta . irriy is its L : t > mry , a wL 01 5 eitre : t-d 2 U'i valuable coliecti : - ^ -f Eaal ^ i i : ' . r- at ; T ? . ccu 3 ; : ri-iD ^ Dea-jy 4 , 000 TjiuriKS , rurctssc- I v . ithic the last ekL : y ^ -ra . at a c -st o : n-t Ui 3 tsiar . £ 1 ooO . :-iiiin » every ailoa--ance for v'er ; rc : iit-. ya . . ar ^ : nz from " ^• c-r . r p . n l tear , th ^ a :-ta . J aliing tz ' . u- of the L ::-riry r ^ j , h U prtsumeJ , iw mocenitJ ? estitaiti-d at £ ' 500 ; but f ~ -r the use cf the Institution i : s value i-jnit fur mere ntar . ' y approach to its c- g : n ? . i cost . Tl . 3 lasti " . uiicn aho pcri .- csis a T > n ^ r . -rfiil Microsc- 'iy ? .
" T . d irc . ^ 3 Insiitntion r . i > t linTmg c-f late ea , ~ 3 ilci its txoen-iiture-, a deit cf £ -2 G 0 Las ssennm-Iat ^ rd . It is nrp = d tuar th . ia dtbt "sr-i be c-cii .-iitrab ' iy reuuetd ' . y tli- amrreaiat niaae ttat such niriabers cf the L t ri ? j Ia = titut ; on 33 become pr . " : priet-ijy i : iembe ; s of ths E 72- ; - - .-i bs-Jy shall psy £ 1 , or 6 * a yt ^ r fur four years , f < --r tbtlr proprietary ticket . It may perhaps be desirable to txpiain the reasons "which thou ' id induce the mem ' seis uf ths Literary Institation to become proprietary mesiberi " In the first pbee , they "will undoubtedly wish , to xecdrr thrir accession to the cc : Ud Irsi tntion as ffreat and cnai xe-i an adva ^ t ge is po- sl : > le to the ect re t > 5 j . Tiaty trocid be tlad to join it vithout br ' n ^ ing acy deb ? . ; f that conld b- do . e . Tzej fn ' rt also be quite aliTa to th ^ im r-ortatice cf h : r ? iEg tae rrsonrccs of the Institution naburienit :, so as to le ^ Te a handsome yearly L c -tb-3 f j ~ the purposes of adding to tho Llhmjand enz-z-. iq Lecturers . But faitUer , a menbf ? yf tte L ; t-: ririr Instittiticn , "who st this ti " is zviils Liiiis-: £ « . f ths cona . t-jni of -union , cn ~ o ' ^ n f-T £ 1 . the ticket of a Pr' - ™ ri-. t ry Memb-. r , ' nr v ,.: cl : tia existing mtmlisrs of the Me ; tacic 3 * I : stitutiua fcive paid £ 2 each , and "which ¦ s'iU entitle Mm to a &h"r ? in the "whole of the Tainahle property of the Institution—ths buil : inj . libraiy , and api-srains . Withc-ai that v : ~ k ~ 1 ha wcui-i be mersiy an annual Eubscriber , ecu "W'uld hnvti no £ uu . re in the j > ropir : y . t . ot , accorciicg to thi la" ^ s , any ri ^ ht to Tux * in qMcStk > n 3 a . SVct ; ni the property . Tne proprietary ti-. s-j t Hi ^ y b ^ s .-l 1 or bequ-ritlicd . It is j . - . uuiiajn = ; . t- ; l pri ^ cii-le of tha Iastitutisa that the property £ ha . i brioiig cx > . liilfcly to ths Members "Who h-j . va parch ^ i ^ ii proprietary titkets , —this class bting rcgirdca as mure periiis ^ cn " . asa iw 3 nnc ^ uating than t ^ e Euo-cribrrs . As . Ih .-rt fore , th ^ se r ^> T ^ i . tr . gea , of paiticip'Ai ^ n ia thi pror-crtj r . nd rank in the In&tnutloD , "Would ruiuU ro t ^ t , i :. c viiail , —^ s it w col J . be a piea-£ ilt ^ iu il ; - j n = 2 it- r 2 of tLe L ; era : 7 Xnstiiuti-ju to bnn-i "With . th-j :: i tb-.-smalieat possible uLCumbr ^ nce , — ut > i vn the ^ iLi- ; n _ t to be lai d on * ia bocis ana iectarrs \ riil be moie or less , ascordin ^ t 9 the anuunt of tne dett i : is Loped iha : all tLa U : e . ^;" . era cf tr . c L-icrary Institution "Bhu uin iX'BTvnicDi'y do it triiltiAf proprietary tk'k ; t--. It- ou ^ ht to bu disticctiv understood that the niarnocr ¦ who xULts to have 2 pr ^ i-rietary ticket must dbtai . i it "Witfiiu two ui ' -i' . L-s f- - - ra tbe 4-fe of Juiie , othttJT ; te 2 : c "vriun-jt ! t ^ : b 10 ^ bUiin it for It ^ 3 thin i ^ ro x < ¦ £ : / . ;*¦ . H ^ s ^ . rcx ^ r . ; t- ^ : r ; : s ari tr ; s p . und piid ro . rz , or ks thi . Iiiiti : ;; .-. ^ r t . ; ou . ' tL- - . : i ^ i ; - -I stibstriik -jq i- r f uye ^ rs . I \ o uou ; :, 1 L . 3 c ; : ^ :: j : t--e »? i ; l E-. ^ i-e tiirau > . ¦ - - E - ^ t < •'• - 7 vri-r-r ^ 10 cTcri t : ^ njt = ? c-f -he L : t . rj . ry itititnt--n ii ~ -j ^ .- > p . ;^»— —i : . } ot s . —a . ii-4 s pr jp-ri ^ . u . rv f . ckcr . i " j i .: t .::: ir .-ii j ta s di ^ :. ^; i 3 . : t shou ' u b = tistrd
tha ~ lis L t-r ^ ry lirrtr . a-. un h ^ s n-. t g . i ; j clus ^ ts f . r eTcrii » : g iL ^ : rac " -ijn , i . ut : L ^ z it Las by theta ! -cuu > tf its own M 3 Ei- « rr 5 hen : up lur year ; a goes Happly of papers . on a ^ i ; i ^ : y of iui-j .-cts , thitfly iitcraTy , Vfli ' ca' 2 : 37-. b-cii rv ^ : 1 at 'h- - > rttSjy u ; ect .:: i ; 3 0 : the laszua : iou , aai i , iT-l * tn fo ; io 3 r < ra by di ^ xr ^ sij-nB . Tctre c ^ n £ fc no U-. nt-t th-. ; ths prjetics of reading papers ¦ wul be kept U i' ia ihi ui ; t ^ i In ^ iiiuti ^ n aud th _ t th = Com-Hiittfa "si-. ! p . jfido icr an aoxuisture of sdt- ^ tinc . with
literary tu : j . sts . II . IUS ADVaNTaGHS " 5 VHICH THE VMXED I > "STI 1 V-11 ' jy TTI 1 . L OPiJiH TO ITS MiilttEIlSi " It is obvious to remark , that sftsr a 1 the advantages \ rhic 1 have bi-= a pr rcntvd by tacn Institnnon sepa .-lart ; y , "» 7 ut h ^^ cir . 'ita tte tr . j -yea by the members of bota . > iothtr c : ih-j unitui ^ fu- ' . iea pa . rts % rith anvt ' ni ^ -r tiiat tiAoDgea 10 ir . ror fu 5 "rs uny tiiKi ! i , ii . i ! t-ti "Eis or tBj-jyinert of its piifiicgw , vruiist sharicg th-m "wita tils other . KuU ; :: ^ Ls autrEated , nothing impaired . YVuen ito liiustiat-. ' suiaii ti : ings by great ) t * o De : ghi > ouring statc 3 ard u ^ itta tog ^ taer under L-n- _ goTer ^ miit—for fcxuicu . e—E ^^ laEd . and ScotlandterriUiries are not ietscojcu , tavu ^ a the boundary between them ia oblltsr-itsd . Eaca obtains a wider range , ampler scspe lor comrssree and enterprise , a
freer communion , and a more poweiful government . Inattaa ai being jealous competitors , they become brethren ; instead of « tokening each other ,- . they Etrengthea each ottitr ; ixitsnuaiy united , and having fiacniiced nothing but tbeir OiviBions , thej rise in the" scale of nations , and become greater and more flourishing as oue than they efti could be as ttco . In our hambie mfeisure , we may realise similar adTantagea irom our present union . If "We low nothing of onr separate possessions , and none of our mtmbea , tre gadn greatly In moral force ; for ' iron so&rpeneth iron , so tne countentnea of a man hie friend . ' - If we acquired nothing from our combination but encouragement and augmented spirit , that alone ¦ w ould-be a Talsafele acquisition , But we gain fax more ; ' each Icstitatioa . taa added to is all the isteikc-
Untitled Article
LABOURERS' FRIEND SOCIETY , For disseminating Information on the Advantages of Allotments of Land to the Labouring Classes , on Loan Funds , and on other means of / mprovirig their Condition , Under tho patronage of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen , and Her Majesty the Queen ij | owager . ricc-Presidents—Duke of Bedford , Marquises of Bats and Bristol ; Earls pf Shrewsbury , Mansfield , Cbiohestur , Easton , M . P . ; and Jermyn , M . P . ; Lords Morpeth andSandon , M-P . ; ' . the bishops of BatUahd Wells , Gloucester , Rochester , and Norwich ; Lords Dacre , Shorborne , Kenyon , Gage , Foley , Ashtown , Skelmeradale , Nugent , and Mountaandford ; Sir William Pole , Bart , &o . < 5 ic . & 0 . r
This Society was established in the year 1830 , under the patronage of his late Majesty , William the Fourth , and Her Majesty , the Queen Dowager ; the number of its members has gradnally increased in all parta of the country , amongst whom are many of the Nobility , Bishops , Clergy , and large landed Proprietors . It is instituted for the purpose of ameliorating the condition of the labourer ; and proposes to effectita object chiefly by disseminating information on the advantages of the Allotment and Cottage-Garden System , coiiaiats in letting to the labourer , at a fair rent , such a quantity of land as he ( With the help of his f ' amily ) can cuitivata by spade husbandry , without neglecting bis ordinary employment .
Wherever this system has been fairly , and judiciously tried , it has produced the most beneficial results- ; ., the means of Bubsistunceand the comforts of the labourer haye bten greatly increased , his character has been raised , anil he baarbecome more industrious , contented , and peaceable ; the ti ? k of mutual , good-will between him and his employer have been drawn more closely tojteihf-r , siiul tho labourer has become the protector , iijtftead of the destroyer , of property .
SOME OF THE PLACES , Where tho system of allotting . land to labourers has been triod , and the . resiilta that have followed . 3 IIDSOMER ¦ NORTON , HIGH LITTLErO . V , SXOKE easton , E . UBEKR 0 W , cLurroN , and eighteen other adjoining parishes . Grants —In the . se twenfy-three contiguous parishes , thore bavebt ' tn appropriated one hundred seventy-five acres of land to nine hundred families , by the zealous and indofatigablo cjrrespoiident of the saciety , Captain ScoboH , of Hich Littleton , near Bath , and other landowners , who bava libernily co-operated with him . Taking these families , which are partly agricultural and pirfciy coa ' -miners , at five to a family , it would make four thousand , five hundred persons , who are deriving the wholfc of their vegetable sustenance from , their own labour .
Results— In the division of Somersetshire containing the hundreds of Chow and Caewton , there are twentysix parishes , having 40 . 090 acres ; and 17 , 000 inhabitnntJ ? . Seven years ago , in this space and population , not on 3 rood w .-ia' Jet to the labouring poor on the allotment system . The experiment that has been made has tvsuiteii in most complete success ; tho rents huVe' been regularly paid ti the uttermost fiirthirig ; the Crops hive bten good ; tho altered looks of tho peasantry show them to be contented and happy , and they testify their gn . titu ^ o to their benefactors by occasional presents of vegetables , some of them of the finest description . RICHM OND , SURREY . ¦ . .
Grants . —Land in the neighbourhood of a place containing 7 i 200 inhabitants is in great request , and is ¦ with difSculty obtained forgetting in email . allotments ; but for the last five years eleven acres have bsen let to one hundred and forty tenants , in proportions , in general , often rods , or the 1-lGth of an acre , and in no case exceeding twenty rods . ¦ ¦ Resur'ts-. —The . gardens are let to every description of mechanics and labourers ; they are particularly well cultivated , and tha rent regularly and thankfully paid . There ave a great many candidates for - ' additional allotments , conld aDy more land be obtained for that purpt'se .
REDUCTION OF POOR RATES . In one pirish in Wilts ., the poor rates were £ 2 , 07-1 S-j . 8 d ; tbe Allotment System was introduced , and in a f <; W years tfcey were diminished £ 64 D . In asmall parish in ths snme' county , the poor rates were reduced from £ 200 8 s . to ^ l 1 2 s . fill . In a large parish in Eases , the poor rates amounted in one year to £ 3 , 200 ; by tho adoption of the system they were diminished , in the course of the following year , to £ 2 . 000 ., At the Bath , meeting , tha Ituy . Thomas Spencer , of Hinton Parsonage , reported that sixty tonants had a quarter cf an acre each , that the poor rates had been reduced from £ 700 to £ 200 per annum , which could not have been effected but for the allotments .
ADDITIONAL FACTS . Tho Association at Devizas state that , in that town and niiiglibp ' us ' hood , therep . are thirty-fuur parishes and hamlets in which tha Allotment System has been adop > c : i ; ami that the totsl quantity of land allotted bas been 903 r . cres . three roods , and twenty-nine poles , amonpst 1 &o 3 tenants . Thu Duke <« f Boilford has GOO allotment tenants on his ealato in Bedforilsl . ire . Tho Marquis of Linds / . ownc has granted allotments to more than TOO labourers , who are thriving , contended , and happy .
The Bishop of Batli and Weila has promoted the allct"iet ; . t ay ( jt ; : i ! i for thirty years , and has now above 700 small tenants enjoying the fruits of his enlightened philanthropy . E . irl Filz . vi'liam has now . between 400 and 500 allotmuat tenaiits on his extensive estates ,. and they sre still increasing , particularly in the neighbourhoud cf Sheffield and liotherliaiii . At Wotton-uii'ler-Eil ^ e and Horeley , both manufacturing districts , laud bus been let to 133 tenants , chiefly . nicrhanics , employed in the cloth factories . The allotments aru well cultivated , abundantly croppe . l , the rents punctually paid , ansi it is most gratifying "to wit-iiess the gladness of heart that has been diffused through s « many households , " and " to hear the grateful language of the tenants . "
Ciiown Lands . —Government have made four grants of Grown Latul for the purpose of being divided , on reasonable turii ; n , in ^ o allotments for labourers , &e . — nimoly , one at \ Voolwich ; oneat llford , in Essex ; one at Hilaea , near Poitsmouth ; aud one at Chelsea , for the uee of the pensioners . Charity Lands . —AtColeme , in Wilts , twenty-nine acrtscf charity land , which had been let for many years to a-farmer « at £ 15 per year , was divided into thirty allotments , am 1 , bas been thus occupied for a period of twelve years . By this wwuVa , thirty . . { amities , -whicb , including parsntn jiihI ehikti-Kii , afnount to 17 <> individuals , hnvo been kept free from parish relief—are rendered respectable , happy , hontkt , and useful -members of society , free from olKhces against the law . They have a siulce in tha country , a : i < i aTe anxious te promote the welfare of the whole community .
Since the e&t . ibHshinent of the Society , thirty-six counties hav-a been visited ; eighty public meetings have been held ; : md , ntznu > df > riilecvmputiition , nearly . seventy thousand famiUe-i have had allotments Of land granted , either directly or indirectly , ' through the agency of the Society . The S"cUty is now extending Us operations to Ireland ; sevw . il counties , have heea visitorf , and the publications are extensively circulated in that part of the empire . Any further information may be obtained from the Secretary , John Wood , Esq ., at tke office , 20 , Exeter Hi . ll .
Untitled Article
CARLISLE . —The council held their regular weekly meeting at the council room , No . 6 , Jdbaaieoti Caldergate . Mr * John Armstrong ia the chair . The Secretary read over the minutes of the last meeting , after which several sums were paid in to the ; treasurer from various ' , districts . Letters were read by the secretary , to Sir James Graham , Secretary of State for the Home Department , and Mr ^ Serjeant Goulbourn , in behalf of John Eirkpatrick . who is now undergoing transportation on board the Warrior hulk , Woolwioh , for the manslaughter of the late Thomas Jardine , police officer , at the la te election for the borough , when Serjeant Goulbourn , P . H . Howard , and William Marshall , Esquires , were candidates . The sentence on Kirkpatrick , which was passed by JLord Chief Justice Denraan , was considered a very severe one , under the cireumstances , which were not of an aggravated character , having transpired during the heat of a contested election .. It appeared from the facts that , after the nomination was over , the people assembled ,
followed the two Whig candidates , Messrs . Marshall and Howard , to the Crown and Miire Inn , hissing and hooting them in a very unruly manner ; that as they entered the Inn , some sticks and stones were thrown , when Mr . Grahame , the superintendent of police , who was in front of the Inn , with a number of his men ; ordered them to charge the people and drive them back ; ( a most unfortunate circumstance , for had he forborne for a few minutes , we feel couvinced the people would have all quietly dispersed ;) when the late Thomas Jardino rushed among tha people , striking them violently in all directions ; indeed , so brutal and indiscriminate was he , as to whom he struck , ' with his biudgebn > that he knocked down one woman , and struck another with a child in her arms ; that he also struck a little boy , who fell from his blow ; and when down , the same fellow pmched the btvy in a most brutal mamier . He also aimed two violent 'blows at tho
said John Kirkpatnc . k , ¦ warded them off j but who , from an ebullition of feeling at the savage and ferocious conduct of the poJioeman , struck hiai a blow in return , with a stick , vvhich knocked him down , and was said to have caused his death . These are the simple arid undisguised ' facts of '' the ' case ; for which , this poor fellow has been , deprived of hi ^ liberty , leaving a poor old father , who wholly depended on him for a subaistaiice , to tho mercy of an unfeeling world . It is hoped that the exertions which have been made in . his behalf may prove successful in getting his sentence mitigated .
State of Trade . —At a meeting of the Town Council , held in the Town Hall , a few days ago , after passing addresses of * congratulation to the Queen and Prince Albert on her Majesty ' s happy escape from tha hands of tho assassin Francis , Mi " . J ,. Steel . 'moved , ' *' That the . Mayor make a respect ^ ful application to the propor authorities -for ' a portion of tho money collected in conscquenco of the Queen's letter , lor Carlisle , as the discress is very great . " Wo consider this a very proper ami judicious proceudintf , for much has already been don ? by voluntary habscription , for the purpose of relieving the great suffering which has existed for some time , -in
Carlisle , and now there is a public fund to relieve the manufacturing distress , there is no place more deserving of a portion of that fund than the suifer .-ing and distressed poor of thia district , whose sufferings have f » r some time been most acute ; yet they have borne them with most exemplary patienco . forbearance . We consider that any money- which may bo obtained could not be placed in better or safer hands for disposal than in those of thc . M . ayor and Corporation , who might expend it in a very advantageous manner , by making improvements m the Borough , not neglecting , of ' course , ' , worthy objects who are incapable of labour . —Correspondent
STOCHPORT . —The work of desolation progresses hero at more than railway spoed . The operatives are famishing for want of the most common necessaries of life ; - It . was a favourite argument 'with Mr . O'Connsll that all he wanted'was'to 8 eo Ireland on . a level with England . Our gracious ruler 3 are determined to tavo that gentleman some trouble by reducing England to a level with Ireland . Your eorre ' spouddut has this day conversed with a man who ia in the habit of feeding pics ; consequently he is obliged to gather swill to" fatten them on . This swill he keeps in a back yard , locked up in a lar ^ je hogshead . During the last fourteen days the lock has been four times brolren off , and all the musty
crusts of bread , and any thing else , that even pigs could devour was stolen . He , however , was determined to watch . About three o'clock in the morn ing , he espied a pale , haggard , care-woru looking man , go to the tub , take a hammer and large nail from out of his pocket , and bre ? , k the staple ofF , pick the beat of the swill , such as broken bread , potatoes , &c , and put them in a tin can , " ana rcarched off . The man waited until he had got a little way from the premises , when he followed and stopped him , and charged him with stealing hi 3 swill . Tho poor fellow , without , hesitation , confessed that it was he thaS had broken the lock four tim ^ s before ; but actual want forced him to doit . Ho said , "Sir , if you allow mo to take it home , I will
then willingly po with you to prison , for then I shall be sure of something to eat , but as it is 1 have nothing . " He asked if his parish would not -relieve him ? Ho answered he had never tried ¦ thein , nor would he ; as he was sure ho shouM have to go into the .. Bastilo , and that , says he , I never will do . The man then "went home with him , and , oh God ! what a sight presented itself to his view !—a mother and two lm ! e children lying on the bare boards , with nothing to cover their nakedness save the tattered rags worn by them during the day ; tho mother , too , very lav advanced in a state of pregnancy . Tho father had been out tho day before cadging , as he expressed it , and had only got twopence . ' . In the course of his
ramble he met one of our great Liberals , of whom he craved charily : the gentleman very kindly condesct-nded to lecture him on the . conduct of the wore ing men refusing " cheap bread , " and ended a very eloquent aud patriotic address by assuring him that they ( the intelligent middle men ) would starve the working clasps into submission ; and also informed him that her Majesty wanted a few clever young men like him to go to India , to put doWii them cannibals . This poor fellow solemnly declared that he and his wifb had often been forty-eight hours without tasting anything but cold water : he had often , as he sat by his fireless hearth watching ¦ he hearings , of tho bosom of his emaciated wife , and heard his innocent lutlvj one cry foT bread , con . ls-inplated putting a period to their misery by destroying them , and then destroying himself . This is only one of . thousands of similar and many worse cases I'he shopkeepers are on their last legs ; not a day
passes without three or four public auctions of their goods . At the last term for granting licenses , nvj-ny landlords' were obliged to advance money to pay for licenses for their tenants 01 lose them , and it' ihey lose a tenant now there is every probability of their houses remaining empty for years ; or if they aro let at ai ! , it must bo at a reduction of perhaps 100 per cent . The house , now inhabited by your correspondent has , wiihin the last five months , fallon 115 per cent . This , 1 think , is the way for carrying conviction to th < ir minds ; aud yet , strange to tay , out of about 2 , 000 shopkeepers , all Liberals , and sympathisers with the ; people ; . how many , thiuk you , bfly « j < to the Chariist Association ! 1 , 900 ? uo ; 1 , 000 ? no . Guess a ^ aiu . 500 ? no ; there are three I out of a Liberal constituency of 2 , 000 ! !! Wever mind , the best way to their brains is through their tills ! In your next number you shall hear more of this state of things . —Correspondent .
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Closing of the Ikdfpenpent West Middlesex Ofx'ICE . —The prn . cipai office of this establistiiaetit , has been closed without any notification on the door , of the business having been removed . Some persons toil all their lives , and refuse the enjoyments which cau only be relished when life is in us prime , that they mav bo ricn whea the poirer of enjoyment is over . There are mauy evils inseparable from position ; but it needs very little research to discover that a large portion of man's misery is traceable to hia making other men miserable .
There are chords in the human heart—strange , varying strings— -which are oaly struck by accident ; which will ' remain CiUte and eenseless to-appeals the most passionate and earnest , and respond at . 'last to 1 he sliglitest casual touch . In the most insensible or childish minds , there is seme train of reflection which art can seldom lead ,-or : rkill assist , but which will reveai itseif , as gloat truths hava done , by chunco , and when the discoverer has the ' -plainest and simplest end in view . Fatal " Curiosity . —On Saturday a young man named Thomas Preston , residing at Wednesfielii ^
slid down the pit rope to the oottom of the shaft , ao Bowman ' s Harbour - 'Colliery , near ; Wolverhampion , with ther . ' intention ' , of seeing the cblliera at work . lie had riot been down five minutes bbfore a litrgo stone from the roof of one of the gate roads fell upon him , crushing him in so 'dreadful a manner as to cause his . instantaneous death . The stone is supposed to be three tons weight . Two other men were hurt , but not seriously . It is a remarkable cireumstance that , although the work has been carried on some years , very few accidents : had previously occurred , and those of a trifling nature . —Birming ham Advertiser . ' : '' ¦
ATbujsm—Were half the Jabonr exerted to place woman in her proper station that there is to lift her out of it , cases of seduction , desertion , or tyranny would almost never occur . It is the theatrical , apart from the real , idea of her excellence which induces alike thefppperies of gallantry and orueltiea of neglect ; it is because woman has been decked with foreign-instead of native witcherieB that the apex of her iDflutinoe has been reaced during the honey-moon ; it is beeause woman lends herselt to the deceit that-the punishment has securely come iuid . h £ en severely felt . —Chambers ' * London Jour .
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The Clare Massacre . —The Coroner ' s Inquest on the bodies of Michael M'Naraara and Thomas Darcy , which commenced on Tuesday , was brought to a conclusion on Friday , Several witnesses were produced , amongst them two of the pelioemen who were on duty on the fatal evening , and who swore positively that the word fire" was given by Cipt . Da Ruvynes , echoed by the County Inspector , and followed np by Mr . Fifzsimon with the expression ^ fire , fire . " Independently of this testimony , the broad features of the caso were the same as have already appeared . On Friday morning the Jory returned the following verdict : —* That the deceased Michael M'Namara , came by his death from the effects of a gun-shot wpand : in the leg , inflicted ; on the night of the 6 th June instant , by one of a t > arfcw
of police , consisting of sixteen men , stationed on the Mill-road , for the protection of Mr . Bannatyne ' a property from a number of people there assembled on said night , but by whom of said party said shot was fired there was no evidence ; we also find that the people were in the aot of retiring when said shot was fired * and that no necessity existed for firing we further find that the word 'fire' was given to the police by Mr . Brown and Mr . Fitzsimon , imtnediateiy after Captain De Ruvynes said , * if you don't disperse the men must fire ; ' but we consider his saying so no jusMfication for the order so given . ' This verdict places Mr . Brown and Mr . Fitz 3 imon in rather an unpleasant predicament . The Coroner was applied to to issue a warrant for their caption and committal , but declined to do so ; but stated that he would report the verdict to the Government .
Welsh Oratory . —At a late meeting of the Newport Mechanic ' s Institute , for the election of ofnee ' rer , the Mayor of Newport , Lewis Edtvards , Esq ., gava the following account of a late interview with Lord Brougham— " I did go to London ^ ( said his honour , ) aa you do all know , for the purpose of the address ; and I did have with me our joung friend Mr . Simeon Evans , the young artist , who did go with me to * the levee in my coach . ( Cheers . ) A fine carriage it was ( a laugh ) , with suc ' a a ' paair ' of greys ! and a fine coachman , ta ! I 4 stout , as you ever see . ( Laughter . ) And such a'fu man . ' ( Bravo . ) Well , I was dressed so fine ; you would like to see ma in my court dress ; then I thought I must seo my Lord Brougham ; and when could I see him hotter than then ? I did call . ( Hear . ) Such a beautiful room , I never did see before . It was a great rcom , it was . I did sit , as may be , there . Lord Brougham came in , as may be , here , and said the Mayor of Newport .
I said . Lord Brougham . He did then come with his two hands , and did catch my two hands , and said , I am very glad to see you . I have often heard of Lord Brougham , but I never did expect this honour . ( Hear , hear . ) My eyes do now see ^ and my hands do noW hold , Lord Brougham . ( Laughter . ) Well , what do you want ? said he ; anything I can do for you I shall bo moat happy . I said , my lord , we have at Newport a Mechains ' d' Institute , and the young men of Nowpor ; are . very , ' an . xiou . 3 to have your lordship ; nobody respects your lordship more than the men of Newport . ( Loud cheei * 3 . ) I have brought with me a young artist , one of Newport , for they aro very anxious ' to have your lordship to hang up in the Mechanics' Institute . Yes , ho did say , I " will sit . Tnank you , said I . ( Thunders of applause . ) And I'll give you some books for your institute too , said he . ( Deafening cheers . —Monmouthshire Merlin .
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From the London Gazelle of Friday , June 17 . BANKRUPTS . ' .:. ; ' James Hopkins , Leightori Buzzird , butcher , to surrender Juno 21 , July 29 , at two , at the Court of Bankruptcy . Solicitors , Messrs . Stevens , Wilkinson , and Satchellj Queen stree t , Caeapside ; official assignee , Mr . ' . Whitmoro , BasinghaH-stree ' t .- ' ^' . . ¦ James Tomiui and Wiiiiani Mann , St . Michael ' salley , Cornhiii , merchants , Jane 28 , at one , July 2 U ,: at baif-pastone , at the Cou ' rt ' . of Bankruptcy . Solicitor , Mr . Ellis , Co"W £ < sr ' a-court , Coiahill ; ofiicial assignee , Mr . Whitraore , BasiDghall-street . Henry English ,-. New Broad-street , printer , June 24 , July 29 , at eleven , at the Cuurt of Bankruptcy . Solicitor , Mr . Megey . - Great Towor-street ; official assignee , Mr . Johnaon , Basinshsil street
John -Steggall , Guildford-street , bookseller , June 28 , at half-past eleven , July 29 , at twelve , at the . Court of Bankruptcy . Solicitor , Mr , Norcutt , Queen-Equare , Bloonisbury ; official assignee , Mr . Gibson , BasingbaUstreet . ¦'• ¦ . .. - . ' ' - . ¦ - . - : - ' ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ '' . . ¦ .. - . ¦ ' . .. - . - ¦ Jauiea Alfred and David Webb , Great Siarlow , fanners , June 24 , July 29 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy . Solicitor , Mr . -Wallet , jaxu , Finsburycircus- official assignee , Mr . Lackinaton .
Coleman-Btreet-huildings . - JohnBrettargh , Pcndleton , Lancashire , timber and coal merchant , June 20 , July 10 , at ten , at the Commissioners' Rooins , Munchester . Solicitors , Mr .: Nethersole , Essex-street , Strand ; and Mr . Foster , Man-Chester . . - Joshua Cutteil ,. Yorkshire , clothier . July 1 , at two July 29 , at tan , at the George Hotel , HuddersSeld . Solicitors , ' Mr . Corathwaito , Dean ' s-court , Doctoia * Commons ; and Mr . J .. Cornthwaite , Liverpool .
Hobert liobei ts ^ Newtown , -Montgomeryshire , grocer , Jiily 8 , 29 , at fele-veu , at the Oak ' . Ina , WelciipooL Solicitor ' s , Mr Weeks , CDPk ' acourt , Lincoln ' s-inn ; and Messrs . Drew and Wocsuam , Newtown . William Smith , Leeds , dealer and chapman , June 28 , at four , July 29 , at ten , at tha Commissioners' Rooms , Leeds . Solicitor . ? , Messrs . Sharp , Fie 2 d , and Jackson , Bedford-row ; Mr . Foden , Leeds ; and Messrs . Wag-Btaff , Son , aud . Warsh , Wurrington . Joseph , and Ralph Bradbury , Oldham , Lancashire , cotton-spinners ' , July 4 , ; at ten , July 29 , at twelve , at tbe ConimJasioaera' Kjoius , Manchester . Solicitors , Messrs . Johnson , Son , and Weatherall , Temple ; and Mvssrs . Heron , Manchester . Robert Ihsoll , Brighton , coschmaker , Jane 24 , July 2 . 0 , ' ; : t one , at the Town Hail , Brighton * Solicitor , Air . VVilJisms , Alfred-place , Bedford-square .
PABTxNEKSinrS DISSOLVED . By water and Ingham , Birstai and Batley , Yorkshire , cloth-iaanufacturers . ' W . and H . Carass , Boroughbridge , Yorkshire , butchers . G . Howard and Co ., Haaling ^ en , Lancashire , iroufounder 3 , as far as regards G . HowarJ . Atherton and Watson , Manchester , flintglass manufacturers . Gardner and Middleton . Warriu ^ ton , Lancashire , keepers of a circulating library . J . Slack and Co ., Manchester , paint-manufacturer .-. D-irning and Martindftle , BainfOTd , near St . Hetens , Lancashire , commou brewers . J . Labvey and Co ., Hudderafieid , tea-iucrcbants . Watsons and : FranSL'ih'd , Whitby Yorkshire , liuoa-drapers , as far aa regards R . S . Watson .
Untitled Article
From the Gazette of Tuesday , June 21 . BANIiRUPTS . John Ormrod , bundir , Manchester , to surrender July 2 , August 2 , at twelve , at the Canimissioners" Rooms , aianchester . Howartii , Manchester ; Apply , Alderbury , London . : Thomas Pitcairn , merchant , Liverpool , July : I , Aug 2 , at on 9 , at the Clarencton Ro-jina , Liverpool . Low , G'lrey , and Sweeting , Southaiiipton-buildings , Ciiancery-iane , London ; NortU arid Owed , Liverpool . ' William Mainwarir . g , coil-ma&ter , Dudley , July 5 , August 2 , at thiee , at the Swan Inn ,. Wolverhaaipton . Amory , Sewell , and ^ ioores , Throgmorton-street , Lonaon ; Twamley , Dudl ' . y . VVilliam Watts , grocer , Kind ' s Lynn , Norfolk . June 29 , August 2 , at eleven , at-the King ' s Head Inn . Kmg ' a Lynn . Swatman , K < ng ' s Lynn ; ' Roy , Blunt , Johnston ^ and Walton , Lotbbury , London . :
William Beiton , draper , Deeping Saint James , Lmcolushire , June 28 , Auguet 2 , at fcleven , at Staudyvell'a Hotel , Stanifjrd . Atkinson and Jenkins , Psterbolough . . '¦ ;¦ . - ' ¦ ' . ' . •¦¦ ' ,.. ;¦ ¦ ' i \ ¦' . Margaret Themas , inDkeeper ^ Manchester , July 2 ^ August 2 , at eleven , at the Commissioners' Rooms , Manchester : J-qu ^ a , Battye , aud Edwards , Ely-place , Holborn ; and Heath , Swan-street , Manchester . Jnhn Swann , Onrrier , L'ju ^ hborcugli / July 7 , Aug . 2 , at eleven , at the KfUg ' s Htad Inu , LoughboroU- ; h . Johnson , Son , and . Weatnerall , King ' s-pencii-walk , T « Hiplc ; Cowley , Nottingham . ¦ . James Pulman , wine merchant , Settle , Yorkshire , July 22 , at one . at ilie ' Goi'dea Lion , Settle ,. aiid Aug . 2 , atone , at the New Inn , Gisburn . Ross , " Sjuiond ' s Inn , Chancery-Jan-L- ; Hodgson , Gisburn .
John James Grunt , ale raerchant , Gloucester-street , Queen ' ssquare , Bloomsbury , June 28 , at one , Auguss 2 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy . Graham prnciai assignee , Basinguail-atrefct ; Hilleary , ' . LsadenfiiJl ' street . ; . ' ¦ ¦" . - ¦ ' ; . ¦ ¦ " . ' . . ; . : - ' ; -. . ¦ ¦ . '¦ ¦ '¦ .. ' ¦ . '• ; John Horatio Clark and Henry Charles ; Farrow , wins merchants , King William-street , July 5 , -at-twelve , August 2 , at eleven , at theCourt of Bankruptcy . E 4 wards , official assignee . Frederick's-place , Old Jewry ; Selhy . Sergeaut ' a Inn , Fleet-street . \ Richard Cockrill , grocer ^ Kirton-ic-Lindsey , Lifl * colnshire , July 5 , and Augusta , at twelye , at the Waft * Hart Inn , Giainsbsrough . Btll , Bedford-row , Lpndon ; Bellamy , Gairisiberough . ? Phillip Walters and Morgan Llewellyn , timber attchants , Neath , Glamorganshire , July 12 , August 2 , at eleven , at the Bush Inn , Swansea . Walters , Swansaa ; Rowland and Ycung , White Lion-court , Cornhiii , I *" ' don . ¦¦ . ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ' . - . - '¦'¦ . '•• ' " "¦ ¦' . ¦¦• '¦ ¦ ' V ' ¦' ¦ ' . - - . ' :. '¦' . '" ' ' , : " .
Walter James Barge , carpenterj B- ; er-l 3 ne , Tovfastreet , July l , at twelve , August 2 , afe half-past two , « the Court of Bankruptcy . Alsager , Birchin-h » ne ., official assignee ; Scott , St . Mildred ' s Court , Poultry . John George Bourne , carpenter , Welluigton-terraWi Juiy 1 , at eleven , August 2 , at two , at the Court . « Bankruptcy . Green , official assignee , Alderaianbary ; Gregory and Cook , Swithin ' s-lane . v . George Edmund Carfcwright , chemifit , Marlow , Bn * inghamsbire , June 28 , at eleven , August 2 , at one , as tee Court of Bankruptcy . Lackington , official assignee , Coleman-street-buildings ; ' ¦ " Marsdea , Watling street City ¦ ;' ¦ ¦ ' ;¦ ¦ ' •;¦; ' :- ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ }; : -
, , ; ,. ; . . , , ; : . ; Edwin Twiz ; liGpngh , patentagent , Strand , June 29 i at two , August 2 , at twelve , at ttie Court of Ba 0 * ruptcy . Johnson , official assignee , B 2 fling&all-s ^ ' Aanley , Shoreditch . v ¦ ;
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Religion of pootry is not dead ; it will never die . Its dwelling . and birth-placo is in the soul of man , and it isieitrijal as tho being of man . In any point of space , in any sectiouof tinio . iet there be a living Man ; and thcro is aa infinitude above him and b " enca h hin ) , ani an Etirnity encompasses him on thi > hand and oii thai ; and tones of Sphere Music , and tidings ' -from loltier worlds , will flit around him , it ho can but listen , and visit him with holy in'fliuuices , even iu the thickest pn'ss of trivialities , or the din of busiest . life . — T . ( Jarlyle . .
The Universal Panacea . —It is astonisshiiijr , indfoJ , with v-hac cxclusiv * . rif ; Hs of undersiaadwijr eating is regarded-wven by in ! f ; ll , j < ent parents as . the grand tolalium or panacea --for- all the pains aud troubles' winch iiffl ; i ; p tins jou ' iig . If a child falls over a ttoiie and bruises its le ^ t , its cries are iniinediately a fronted'by a ' sugar-bisc ' uio stuffed info its opcu ni ( . n . i . li . If its temper ia discomposed by the loss of aioy it is forthwith soothed by an offer , of ¦ swcai-mcara ti ) e ultiiuuto tffect oi w )) icll is to tixcite colicky pa . ; n ; 5 in its bowels which aro worse than the original evi ' , for which , in their turn , it is presented with ' nice p < p ' ptrm . int drops , ' or Ku-jn « i other equally pleasant aiitiuuw * . Becauso the mouth is opan when
the child is prvio ^ , " and the moiuh loads to the sto . mach , pa runts jump to the conclusion that it is open for i ! k- purpose of being fiilca , and proceed to cram it accuvaiD ^ ly ; i ^ r ^ fcttin ^ all the while that tho- . mouth leads aito to the windpipe , and nay open for the admission of air to tholun ^ s as well as of food to the stomach—and that if they stuff it with ca'ko-or puaaiiifi when it is opeu o » ly for the reception of is-ir , tliej run iht : riss of buffucating the liitle innocent when their only wish is to sooth him . Everybody must ' have seen fits of convulsive cough induced by iragmouts of food being drawu into the ¦ wi ndpipe in tuch circumstances . To confound crying aud the exprebsipu of pain with the craving
of huiig r , is far irom being a matter of indifference to the child . If food be given when it wishes only to be relieved from Buffering , the offending cause is left in activity , aad its efftcts aggravated by the additional ill-timed distension of its stomach , buc so far i 9 thig important truth from being sufficiently impressed on the minds of parents and nurses , that nothiBg is more common , when the child refuses to ^ wallow more , but still continues to cry , than to toss it in the nurae s arms , as if on purpose to shake down its food , and then resume the feeding . And in such attempts it is too true that the preservance of the nurse often gets the better of the child , and forces it at last to rec ^ ive the food at which it really -loatbie ' 3 . — Wiltiamsburgh Democrat ,
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RELIEF OF THE UNEMPLOYED POOR BY ALLOTMENTS OF LAND AND BENEFIT LOANS . TO THE ED 1 TQB OF THE NORTHERN STAK . Gentlemen . —When I suggested at a late meeting , that a most effectual alleviation of the existing distress would be found in affording to our unemployed artizins and operatives the mevns of raising a portion of their subsistence by spade husbandry , Borne gentlemen seemed to think such » hope over sanguine ; others believed that the experiment had already bsea tried and had proved a failure . Though myself convinced that such an undertaking being founded on Bound principles , would , if well maniued , be attended wita considerable benefit , I was not aware , whites listening to the abova objections , to what an extent the experiment had already been tried , and what encouraging amount of success had attended it . ¦ - ¦¦ ¦ ¦
I have great pleasure in requesting the attention of my fellow-townsmen to the facts which'have since come to my knowledge , confining myself for the present to the principal ohjoet , the prospect of finding remunerative labour for the unemployed , and reserving the subject of the economy of manures , to which I alluded the other day , to be treated of with other details in a future communication . In pursuing my inquiries , my first attention was given to what appeals to be considered as having been a previous trial ana failure of this mode of affording relief , made at Lefda . during the distress . of 1819 . I obtained , through tae kindness of Stir . BilneB and of Mr . Ciwood , such information as remains concerning theresn ] tof izqnriea made by the Committee then appointed , and by the deputation who visited New Lanark to examine the system . at work there , and also
respecting the reiuHs ot a consequent experiment in spade husbandry made hire under the management of the parish officers . It is unnt-cssssTy to detail the particular circumstances which prevented a tu : cessful result to tho exerdona then made . Those proceedings prove tbo interest then tzk ' -n in the matter , and the zsal with which sli the iufoTmav . en then accessible was collected . Tho subject , however , was at tuat time comparatively new ; -and though ti ' . e principle involved was then perceived to be vaiu i !> lt > , t . ha hest , moans of carrying it into effect had rut r > ten n .-, ccruined . Duriti / tho three and twenty years that have since elapse *! , the system has not only been studied , and its principles becqiuo much better understood , but we havo obtained the-experience of its practical working in numerous instances , and for considerable periods ' of time . It is from the evidence aff- -rded \< y these more recent experiments , that v . -e niuit judge of the tfiieitney of the sy&ttin .
it now appears prove . ! by experience that the allotment Bjstfera ia ton moiie in which spade husbandry can be rendered Uiust bi-uedcinl to thi ; working cJasses . This syst-in consists in the allotment to a labourer or artzm rind his f . iiuiiy ( if a su . ^ iil plot of laud to be cultiva .:..-. ' as carrien crouiui , en which he raises vej ? etubls product' f ; r hi .- ; o * n use or for sale , and generally rtr . ra a pip . Tne ixtt : nt of l : i ; : d so alloted is most commonly from a gutter to half an acre . It should vary v . ith tho Luiiir-ers and circumstances of each faiuiiy , being suffieitnt to employ their spare time
during the yiar , but it'll leaving them dependant on their usual employments for the larger portion of their maintenance . The rtnt ought to be the same which would be paid by a farmer , with the addition only of a turn tn cover rutes , tithes , ana taxes , aB these should be paid by the landlord . The plot of land should be within a convenient distance of the occupier ' B residinco , I . ut need not be attached to his dwelling . The plan has bet n tried und found to answer very successfully as app . ied to a town population , as well as in agricultural districts .
The aliotm-nt :-yst » m has been quietly and gradually extendingV . uriiig the last twenty or thirty years , and bas been in su ; cessful operation for that period of time in the La ::. Is of genie of ita earliest promoters , the Bi = hi j ) of li-. th ar . d Wells , and ohers , amongst whom is LoTd P . wwn , who has kindly offered information and a ^ isUincu in promoting its extension to Leeds and other mai ; uf ; ierurine towns . The Labourers' Friend Society was established i Q 1 S 30 , for pr-motiiic the ' extension of the allotment sybtcm , undtrr ]} -: trona . e cf the Koyal Family , aud of
the leadirj iL . ; racttrs i . f all partita in she kingdom . aiintX tLe prc .-p' ttud of that Society , as the best txplanation of Us ut j . cts . rtfeirin ? with great pleasure to the itry encouraninj , ' stateineiits that paper contains respecting the rciuits cf the allotment eyatcm . From thtbu stateiuent 3 it appears , that the system bas extend- d n ; o-e or less into tnirty-six countie-3 , and that by its mear . s szvcr . ty thousand families have been raised from want ami nnstry to a state of independence , and hi . ppy erj'ijment of the fruits of their own industry and tconoiuy .
Tiic pr .- <; Tt . ( : s of the allotment system had oecn , until recently , ch ; fly confir . ed to the agricultural districts . It is uo ~ , howevtr , a ' -tractins much attention araongEt the ni&iiufacturini ; pi ) pi > . * : ition ff Ni / tUngham and Leicester : : . trji . ch bocUt > of t ' p . e tatxie character as that just raontioiita , was ii i-tituie ( i last year in the fonntr of these to- ^ n ^ ai ; d frvia the latLf-r I hava received a most onceureginn Ttport i . f tbu inttreat there takvii ia the jilnn , more t ^ ptcially H : ; oni ; st the vforking classts , who huvo f'jriiitd an nasoci-tion aiu'inciit tbenibelvcs for protuutir . 5 : be system , and have issued an address to the Jatuio'JKtrs ana ] -ub . ic , cail-iif ; upon them for support and assistance towards their object . A "very t .-s-: ; t : al auxiliary to the allotment sYBteni , is tLe s > . -- ! . e ! ii of B .-ntfh Lojn Funds , aad the two systems should be combined in order to ' sccu ' rq the best cIulco of suc . esd . Tnv B ^ ntsfit Loan Fund Societies , \ y ina . k : i )«; sniu-1 leans up-jn proper security , to bo pa : 'd tff by iiitftaim' .-rit * . ^ i . vo almost invaluable
assistance to the industr ! > ui nrvz m , in tho first arduous atttnvpt to tsiiblith his ind > pen'lence . Uader good man ^ gtinie . t . iheac loai-a hu . vo be ^ n found of . tho moat important service . Thire two , th « n , the Allotment , and the Benefit Loan Fund sjsU'ins , a 4 < p ? nr to be tho means , of which the utility is b = st e .-ita&'iihud by experience , for finding remunerative lubuur for our untmploytd operatives And 1 would obs-erve tl-. at they possoas the great advantage of b-. it . 'g simple , and founded upon the common principles which reeu'ute the dealings of individuals with t ^ ch other , in which men are left to act for themstlTes iu pui > uit of thtir own interests , and in which no cur ; joerson' . 'J system of fcup ; -rinteiulence is required . T ty are systeuis of mutual benefit to all
concerned , which work thtms i 7 ts- They are fjuna to answer betttv wh > -n intiividual- pr « prietoru c ^ n bo ii . duced to & ; . propnu . te ' . and f- r allotments , than when land is purchased or rtn ' . ed by a F'ic ' ety for tho Bame purpose . The lai ^ durer . who . working independently uyon bis own allotment cf n . nd , \ s secure of the whole benefit of-his tkiil , industry , and uconoiiiy , ia stimulated to tsertiun tLat , he will never make for wages only . It mny Btiil , however , be oVj-cted , that to render thia plan tfiicient for a Y . t ^ u tn . v n like Lee-Js , a quantity uf land wouid be rtqaired which could not be o taiBfd t-vrij under fayourui'lt 1 circuuistauccs . 1 think that on examination tl . w diffi-iuit ? will bt found by no nifans insup ^ rabla . 1 > 'U supt-ifi-j'es of the parish of
Leeds cannot , on a rtm ^ h e-i ' . iiiwts , be much less than IS . 000 to 20 000 acres , or a . •¦ q . ' . are of nv «) and a half miles each way . Now , if we -upposo that tbe whole of the uneropVyed p ^ or , or 4 752 families ( taking the statement of tho Euuuit-ratini- Committee ) , wtre to be provi > : ed with allotments , the qumtity cf l 3 ndrcqured wouW amoun ; to little nur-j tian luuo acrea , or about cnetv . t-r . tieth part of tho whole area . If o ; io half of thib c < u < i » e a-. c-. TiipVished , anrt 000 acres appropriated , the JDcrtateti product ) in iood to tho l ^ bi / Urcrs can baruly be estimated at lei * s than £ 20 an acre , or £ 16 000 a-jf . ar . Eut in fact the rtal benefit would be much more ntariy the whoie produco of the area undtr garaen cultivation , or probably £ 20 , 000 a year .
It is quite clear , however , that upon the plan of allotting small portiov . s < . f land to the unemployed labourers , who hiVe no a ( l < qi . ite nit-ans of subsistence until the crop can bo st-cuttd , assistance will be ntcessary , in the th ^ ps of Joans , to bt ) ieu ; iid by instalinenta iu ' , of the . proceeds of the following crops . To meet thia tiuer ^ ney , a Benefit Lo ^ n Fund , of adequate extent , would be it-q-ured . A provision would also be necessary for Ucf ,. t } i : g tee expenses of printing , and for paying the Miary rf a Sr-crt-sary , and of a skilful practioil a ^ riculiunat tu superintend operations ; give information to aiiy i . ruprittcra i . f iand who are uesirous to portion it tmt iu small allotments , and still more to the artis . Ci 3 and laboui ' tra who would occupy suvh allotnit-ntt ' . .
F . jiin : a-.- purports , a £ ? cciahons would bo requisite , ti which , it must bi h-.-ptJ that all conntsted with the borough , •• Thcthcr by luud or by trade , would give a ch ^ t- ilvl support . In this th ' . it and imperfect sketch , I hive . " . iven a very iniiiicq-iate dt&cri i tiou of what I think and trust vttii prove 10 bs a new and valuable element about to be very gtutnvlly introduced into tho social economy of our country , as well in cur manufacturing towns as iu th-j agric-i ' . ural ciittricrs . I contemplate the admission cf the woiking cla .-s to : i fair participation oi the comforts and enjoyments to be derived from the
employment of lanci and capital for their own benefit , as calculated to tfivctagieat tnd prog esaive improvement in their condition . J 3 y very niueh alleviating , if it cannot remove , the harcships which are now pressing so heavily upon them , and by spreading universally a feeling that all are bei . tnUed by the institutions under which we live , especially by tbe manner in which the fundamental institution or property ia practically Worked this system may prove , uuiler Guci s blessing , the means of restoring harmony and good will amongst all elasses of the community , to a degree scarcely to be hoped for from any other measure when all parties are yet piepared to unite in carrying into tffcet .
Entieating your attentive consideration of the following paper , mure especially in reference to the system , as bearing upon the Poor-rates ( an important part of the subject into which I have not space to enter , ) I remain , Gentlemen , your obedient Servant , _ ... James Garth Marshall , Headingley , June 15 , 1 S 42 . P . S . A few copies of some of ihs gublicatioTW of the Labourers' Friend Society may fca seea at all t& Jf ewepaper Ofites in Leeds .
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Tiirhr ; are a Tniity 0 ! Devils w ^ . Iii ii g tbe earth-— £ ; ¦ . ;¦ - ' -i-iar ; ,-naiyand int < . mp Tauce . .. O ; .. \> d jury in Pennsylvania huia presented to tif ; Cv u . ii : t ; tu' -j . ct o : oi"juk .-. iii . er .- , a ^ pibg that it ' ^• y br : nitivio a criminal act , i-y a Ixw of the state— j 1 ) liitui .-ul / urch Democrat . j A N . omak ' s Heaso . ns . —A wornan ' a reasons are i S 3 . nl :- , i-c i ^ ra . : Lhey are pise , present , and to come ; a . d ; ,: % as Ibliows : — " BtCiUie I did "—' '' Becau .- « e 1 will "—and '' Beciu-e 1 should like . " Tne tir ^ t ii is iaipo = dbie to get over ; the tecond is almost a hopeless case ; and a man must be a brute UivletJ , if he c _ u . n for a moment objsct to tho third . Then the way iu which they bring thereasoasto bear is eTtrrvihm ; , ' . A man would knit his brow surliiv ,
and say in a deep repulsive voice , if he like-not the first interrogation , " Because I did ' . " Kot to with a woman ; isne would put on one of her sweetest looks , aud half ^ nnling , say , " Why ray dear , because I aid , —acd you know my ] oTe , that ' s a woman ' s reason for everything . " To the second a man would reply , Because I will : and if 1 don ' c why " —and he would be wiihin a shade of swearing . Bat , a woman would shake her pretty iictle head , " Because 1 will ; ana you know , my oarling , when I say a thing , 1 always do it ; and I never do otherwise than please yon , da I my love I" As to the third , it does everything ; for who can refuse them " What they would like . " True enough , it has brought man to the gallows ; yet who ever conld grumble at so trifling a trial—a thhig that can but * happen once in a man ' s , ' life when it shows his attacfcniem to the sex ?
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I to . l re-sources of the other ; and these intellectual ! resources , though remaining the saae in themselves , ' become nonbly Tsluab ' e , beciusB they are aTailabla for \ the beasfit of double numbers . Still farther , by combining our libraries , our subscriptions , and oar talents , ' ' we offer to the great population around us far greater [ attractions than either could offer singly . We may , 1 there / ore , hops to gain more accessions than tb . 8 two ; Institutions could hnve gained separately : and if so , I we answer more effectually one of the principal objects ' for which Institutions like ours are formed—that of ' p ? rvadir . g vrith a moral and intellectual influence the 1 whole community . 1 " An estimate has been laid before both the Ii . stitn' tior . s . : r or to their uninn , showing that we may reas : V . -ly calculate upon having £ 100 a year to expend in
1 , s purchase cf new b * .-ks , and £ 50 a year in lectures . ! f tbu mtr . i ' wTA an : l -i " - -scrib .= rs should increase still larger snras may be ; , ii jrded . It will be the duty of the Committee to tnrich the library with tne best works that may be published , both in the departments of science acd literature ; and it is worthy of consideration whttLer your Committee , instead of merely selecting from the works entered in the Recommending Book , should not appoint a small sub-Committee , whose express dnty it should be to examine the reviews and tbe jista of new publications , for the purpose of recommen&ine . monthly the most valuable and interesting to the gentfal Committee . This would not interfere with the riefct of every member to recommend but to give an additional security that no books of tirst-rate character were overlooked .
" Th- ? a .-iva-ita ^ es which the Mechanics' Institution and l / t .-rary Sucuty' will offer to iti nicuibtrs may be thus biv-fly tnu ^ neTattd : — " 1 . A Hall , very eligibly situated , and comprising a- ; exc =, K-ut Lecture Koom and Library , a Newsroom , auJ rood Ciai .-: ' Iijoms . •' 2 . A Library of literary and scientific works , contaiuir . g Ui-wards cf fire thossiud volumes , purchased ¦ 5 riihi : i the la = t few ye-urs , and inemdieg the best works in ev-: y uenartment of Eui-lish litoravarc . Tho library wia i ave ihe dou ..-Ie advantage of beicg a Circulatimj Lil-u .-y and Rca&iri-j Room , bom of vtk"ich "v ? iil b- j opba it' -ui r . ine in the morning till ten o ' clock at night , with ^ n ii ' . ^ rval cf three hours iu the afttrLOon , which is a p ? r : c . i o : : Le day when very few men of butinciS would be s . \ . ) c to j . ttvi-d .
' 3 . Ledges o » tho most useful biarches cf espcrimtatal science and literature . It is beli « vtd th ^ t the CoruinHtre will te note to tncage leclurtrs of the firs , ti ^ ictjice . P .: ve rs vriJl h ! so be rtad by the memK-ers at the -we-tkiy or f .. 7 tn . j ght-y } riee :: ni ; s cf the Institution . " i . Evening C ' a ^ cs . for the teaching t ; f Drawing in its Tanous i : < . pirtir . < . ats . Mechanical , Architectural . I > r . n « . ' . ; & : pe . iicd F : gurts ; of 21 alhe > r , it ' icsand Arithmetic , with tU * ir practical appV . caViona ia Mensuration , Uaugirg , ii , aud of Writing . These &ro already in txittei . ee , i ^ nd the tveo former are in a flourishing state ; and the Ccnia-ittso "nill will take iin " .:: ediate reeasurts for the fi-rmavion of c :: tssi-s for tha study of Chinrstry tr . "; of vhc pr . ndp ' its ii M-. chaises . It 13 abo hi »; h" . y pr . 1-a . lla that cthir c ' a « : s will be fcriu-nl , for the atuJy o . l : " uu ... ; fs . music , ii . ' 5 An tx : ensiTu cind Ti ' ur . ! i !« Apparatus , appliri ! . ; i t , txcirirDents in Eicctrictty . G . uvanism .
C" £ 3 E : ^ ry , Pauemaucs , Optit 3 , a : id ot . uer cti ' -ituienis Of .--CltiJL"f . ' 0 . A Xarsrocrn is ccntc-mplated , "where the Daily acii V \" t « . kiy ! N-j-ss ^ apers , Londun ar , d Provir-cial , "will te t-ik ' . n : the terms of subscription to be s x shilllEgs a-jear % o the members and Hibscribers of the Institutat :: >^ , nnd ten shillings a-yiar to others . The Is' -jws-To :: a wiji be open the whole day , till ten o'clock at Bkht ; but \\ is one of the fundamental rul ? s that neither the Institution nor the Newsroom shall be opta on the Sunday . It is conceived that the exceedingly nuitK-t-j subscriptior . to tte Newsroom , the eligible situs :: en uf the premises , and tho supply of papers to be pruv ' . ded , will attract a large number of iul'scribers . "
'i he report concluded with somo excellent and judic : ou = ob ? erTa :: oi ; s on th . i ' utuic pro .-pec ; - - " o ! tho united Iu .-t : tut : ous , a :. d was rtct - ivL-u with loud ch-i- ' -rs Tae nest busines-s v . -as the ilcciion oi ' cfllcc-L ^ srcr ? . and Messrs . llai ^ h , Isavlor , Tiiney , and Gro . iio } is , were appointed scru : u : ors ior lak ' ma inevoieH . Whilist this was proceeuin ^ , l \ h . Win . We : t muYrd the first resolution , as foliow . s : — ' That lbeRtp ' -Tt Eo ^ read bs ndor-tsd , printed , and c = rc "" . aud , untier t ! . o dir ? cticn » f tba Committee , ai : d th-j . t th- Ttry grateful thanks of tha mtttinj ? be j-Ttsc-ntc-d to Mr . E . Baines , Jan ., for his kindness in prsp . ulng a document so very nppropriate and likely to jirwii'jte tte objects and interi _ fc ; 3 of the "United S > - » c ' . ci : vS . ' Thi resolution vra 3 seconded by Mr . J . D . Lrccctk , Eci carr c-d nEanimoii 5-h' . 'llio balloting raptrs were then handed in by the S : creiar : e > . It iiiculJ L-j rueLt oi . "ed that , as ic was aatural to supp : ?< s tha : isacy of the members of the united Ini-titution v- 'cnlc be imperfectly acquainted with , jjenilemcr . who tcck an active psrt in the .-eparate Institutioi . > j-ricr io : ae union , t ' . ie committee , without a :. y d-iT . ie to interfere with ths fre- " choice of o-ffictr .--, had on the prcsei . t occasion furnishtd each member Mi i-. i - : i 5 r . a " -. he Toom vrith a primed i : st of t"Wfr > : v i \ v . T in-.-r :. b- ; T .= rekc " ed r . car " : y in tq ; : al numbers from each lr .- ' . itnr . on , and v . hi-ni ttcy coriSidercd the ao ~ t 2 'J-eiy to fiii cS . 20 with aur . inrs ^ e to the ni . iifi b j-: y . Th " . ; 5 were all uriacinLcus ' y e ^ ectcdj ¦ ltd were a-follow .- : — Picsidci-t— Edwaf . d Baines , E ; q . Vice-Pre < ideat £ — % Vm . West , E--c ., ; - " . d theRst . C . W 1 C 3 I . STEED . Treasure- —Mr . v , - . v > . iloLTiSW' -. r . xa . Sicrtt-rits—Mr . J . Kitson , ari : Jr . ii . J . 3 IaRCI * 5 .
V'jy . XLIJEZ , :. Ir . E . Brines , Jan . Mr . Coole . 1 'ii . Combe . yjT . Dosser , '¦ j r . F-iUbsT . Xt . J >! j ; and . Mr . T . Hsrvty . Mr . Hitld . JSLr HiiiiS . Jlr . Hoiiiits . Mr . llu . siou . 2 < lr . Ikin . Mr Krr . Mr . Loe . K-T . T . Scale ? . X .-. J . H . Shaw . Mr . Thurntil . Mr . Ihos . Wilson . Some objection was raided to ' this mode of proccetl ' . ng , by Mr . Heap ? , but he expressed his ei . tire sati-faetion , after being told by the chaiTman that it couid not occur o ^ ain , because in another yeur the members would hare- become perfectly acquainted ¦ wi : h a . li : hc ? e who took an active parr , and were ehg-b ' e for office , in both societies . Mr . Gcer ^ e Hurst , next brought , under the uotice of tho rneenug tLe following resolution : — ' That this meeting , fcas fcesr ! with feelings of ^ c-e r > ret ! tt tbat it i 3 the iut-.-ntic-n cf tLe CMimiit-. ee < f th's Iiift-tution to d : ?» er ' se "vri ' . h the I' -rvicts of 2 »] r . R-. > . rr . Rtcl , wlio r : \ sfaitl f-i ;; - Lndi ^ i . m ^ y ElScd the . iS ^ e i .-f L ' -brcriars T- > the L ' . t-rsry Isat- ' . aii-a for more j > . an ? .-t-.-: i ytats iltuint ; wh ' cli peri' -: ] ht- L ^ s cot be ^ u oils i : iy a ! : Sti . t from the iiutits vl his cilice ' £ a :. t a ui . ivr ; f ' .:. « two Institut ! o :. s h ^ Tiug tn ? - ;^ n jl-ice , it is th-. ' < . ¦]•• uion of ILia ' ^ -. . - .. ng Vi . it t ' , ? ; £ : uf Librarian •• 'i . 'b-. ^ o ¦? to be v . ic . int , so as to i ; : ro loth the Libiarars 5 chaiice of re-election ,- and . 19 the ru ] -.-3 of the jr . t tu ' . 'o-i give the Cor . in-itt' e \ - jr ^ er to < .-U-ct that 1 El :- r , tins m-ictir . grLCOE-niends Mr . Hird , as ) is fcnovrl : ¦ ¦ : *¦' . of t ;? V > nii ; icS 3 } itc cjniiifcntjy onalitis him to be Librarian to this united Icotitutioa . " jvlr . Wru . Coslsston seconded tho resolution , which , ai ; tr some discu-sion , was put and negatived by a yr \ . ;! t tnaj-jii'v . 1 . - ¦ :.. fS" rei oju-. on was rcored by Mr . JlvKenz : ;? , sec ¦ :,- ' i- ' . ! tiy Mr . Dresser , and carvitd uiiuiiiniuusly . Ii «> 5 -a ivliosvis : — " T ,: it tais iut-stirg "wonld esprtSJ its Eatisfuction th- « t ttiv iir < oc . iti-ju = but-vctn lha Leeds Mtchauica " Jr . ^ t-: u- ; - d . auJ tee Lee < l <; literary S-ci ij . Lavs led io ihe uiiiviii r . ov ? recognz d . and i ' . a coiiEiicit tspect : t . o ^ i , Hint by juditit .-usanJ liberal enceurs-cmeLt , the Uiii . ' . ' : Institution "will ba made cfTcC ' - 'Jally to advarice . the intc-rests of Science and Lueratuie in this most imports : t manufacturing and commercial ci 3 iriet . " Th- Kev . Cnarles Wicksteed then moved , and tho lit ; --. Ti on-iH-s Scales stco ; itiodj th-j conclud' . rig resoiuiio ^ ; ! : ' > "n < eD-rJerr ; ea briefly addre ^ St d ths meeE-^ nj , wn ' vii 1 'Uj ' .: to exhibit j-vmp ' . oirs 01 a wi ? h to b- _ k aji . Tne rei . luton was pus aud uuaiiinioubly curr . e-i ; ii was as ioiiows : — Tn s iiittiiug would e . irctstly call r . pon those of its njcnu . trs who hare le s-ure , t-j aid its 0 ^ j-ets t-y the
il- 'cw of thfc : r Tarious talents in prtr-aring t-Siii » s , < . r lrdu . rtd , ouavpi-irl-tti lop . C 3 . and : '' . ru :. ^' . y ur ^ es ui ; ¦ t- > III- iu'd , now prt > ci ; t ., to ar . d to its f . riutr tfS ^ iiriicy i-i ex-j-UESs Uitir iLilueace : o incuacB ths Lunittr of ita iii ^ 'i ^ Ts £ cd bubscrifctis . " T-. si- ' - < d were thin Toted to the chairman by a ^ r urauuen , and the u . cttic ^ broke up at tcii O C . iyt ii . __ . . - 1
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6 * THE NORTHERN STAR ,
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 25, 1842, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct436/page/6/
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