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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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JLAXMO 1 TY TM TT' - XBTI 2 B T . TO IHB EDITOB . OJ THB U 0 BTHBB 2 I STAB . Sib , —In accordance with my last letter , Isovpre-4 && to give some account of the manner _ in which tbe yenilents of this establishment spend their tame . At present they art divided or classified into three fiiKtinct departments , according to age , which classification "will be carried stall farther in proportion as tka numbers increase , more especially among , the jounger branches . Id order that all may be brought cp 1 b the society of those "who , bj their age , and consequent natural desire for aomewhat like similar oecnpsiioas , are iest fitted for associates . The present gxtixkna are ike JaFaats , and children under seven years , those from jtTen to about sixteen er seventeen , * nd the adults .
The first , which is termed the nursery department , now conaiBta of about twenty , including the superintendents and assistants , ami is an entirely , separate establishment from Harmony Ball , occupying the feoBdiEg erected by the residents soon after they came jifiPB . The children ar ^ regulariy fed with plain simple 4 iet , emsistlng chiefly ef milk , bread , puddings , it , but use no animal food ; they are clothed in a loose , plain , an 2 inexpensive manner ; ibeysre -well lodged , and retireto rest , and rise early ; tbey have plenty ef gxerdee in the open air , and Ibis exercise is as far as pos sible tamed to useful purposes . They hay © recreation and amusement among themselves , and , from being
constantly together under superintendence , their feelings are so directed that they contribute much to each oUiert pleasure sad happiness ; and they are instructed jb Each objects as surround them to know their properties and uses , and the manner in which they -will affect them . From the nnmber of persons who visit gtem , and , from the absence of that mere animal indulgence which mothers , in individual society , so much are to their children , those among us have acquired a freedom of habit and manner towards all whom they « ee which peculiarly distinguishes them ; which freedom is duly regulated by the general order estab-Sshed asaong them .
¦ ih e second diTisJon , or those between seven and Bizieea , which conslitnte the elementary school at present , including superintendents , about forty in number , are weaving a sound practical education , physical , istelle ctual , and moral With regard to their physical edno Saon , they have plain , simple diet at regular interrala , aaimal food for those who prefer taking it , three days a ¦ week ; -reget&blbS in abundance , fresh , daily , from the rsrdea , of very superior kinds ; plenty « f milk and fgjs , and bread , butter , tea , eoffee , < fcc Their clothing Js smplB and pMn , and will soon be uniform ; they Jjstb large and commodious dormitories , - and their KiboeJ-Tooms , refectory , * c , arelargeand spacious . The elementary instruction consists of leading , writing ,
arithmetic drawing , geography , geometry , physiology natural history , and other sciences , and as farther pro-£ -es 3 is made , additional advantages will be procured and-adopted , to the fullest extent Singing , music , dancing , driffing , and many other what are now called iccompnahnents , will lorm part of their regular daily occupation , and they will also be taught to peform all useful office ! for which their serried may be required . 33 > ey -sriu be instructed in agriculture , gardening , ches&si ; , xasciumics of ail klcOB , more especially those which are carried on practically in the establishment , Ench as joiners , p ] nmbers - -wori , painting , smith ' s-TrodE , irheelwrighting , and many others , besides which , those who are found to desire it will be inj ftrscted as tailos or shoemakers , both of which
businesses wsat present carry on ; ana they must be added to an d increased . Others will be employed in -domestic oc enpaSons , connected with the offices , stores , && , and the girls are already very- useful in the kitchen , dormitories , and other household departments ; and perform their parts with great willingness . In this department " the node of spending the day is as follows : —They are called out at half-past £ re in the morning , and all aborts ten yean are expected to be washed , dressed , and in the school room bJ BOX- Half in hoar la then occupied in preparing the breakfast , putting the school zoom In order , procuring the stores , the elder girls washing and -dressing the younger , some of ihe boys feSng occupied in cleaning shoes and boots , and performing any other duties required until breakfast , which
is ready at half-past six . After breakfast they again return to their rations occupations , including the garden , workshops , 4 c , where the younger portion remain until half-past right , and the others until ten . Ai there respectiTe hours the bell rings and ft * 1 f &n hoax is allowed for preparing for school , those commencing &t nine , remaining until half past ten , and those at half-past ten until twelve . From twelve to half-post , is employed in preparing for dinner , and after dinner they have recreation until two . The elementary instruction is resumed from two p . m ., TmKl half-past three 5 y nfl Hy w ^ ng and drilling are to be faugbi rwo afternoons each week , from four to five . Tea . which is * hitherto been taken at a quarter to six is this Treek altered to sis . The evenings are spent as
follows : —Twer in receiving instruction is singing ; two in attending lectures , one at a festival , one in the G-oremoTB' zoom , and one in reviewing the ™^ bt in which the week has been spent , and in preparing and arranging the general business tax the future . -With regard to the adults they an callfld by the trumpet at t Sx ^ hat those w&o please * rise earlier ; they breakfast at half-past six , and eommtsce labour at seven , dine at twelve , resume their occupations at one , and continue in them until half-past five , at which Dour the bell rings and again at aix for tea , by which latter timethey are washed and dressed for the evening ; msMngrsuch changes as their respective occupations may render necessary .. For each evening there is some appropriate employment capable « f affording recreation and
instruction , and the business in which all have Veen respectively engaged , gives the means of conveying much information on interesting subjects . The labour is -raried as much as our present limited number will allow of , bat in proportion as -we increase , and is proportion as the members acquire the knowledge of the , best manner in which to perform varied occupations , it will be much more so . The intention is , and this is carried out as far as possible , that every person shall be-emplojed some portion of each day on the land . To introduce thisarzangement , the trumpet wun&s at three is the afternoon , and all who can be spared -from domestic oecajatioss , from the office , or from the various branches ol TPw ^ wwigB , proceed to the garden at that feme -nnri remain there until half-past five , and this change of occupation is frmnd yery agreeable , and tea-is much to Increase good feeling . Fmn the constant employment which there always is , for every individual ; from the H ^ mlariiy -with wlucb the meals are provided
SSd taken ; from the temperate arrangements of the iostitniiKD , there being neither fermented or distilled Bauors everintrddneed ; from Q » b food being plain and wholesome ; from plenty of exercise in the open air ; from the children of all the members being equally provided for , well instructed and freed fr om the immediate cbszgs of their parents ; the mode of life which We have to lead here la essentially different from any Qozg before known , er that can be conceived , by those who hive not fairly entered into the practical detail of it The governor , by the laws , possesses full power orer ev ery matter connected with our proceedings , but from the freedom of expression , trie absence of all coercion or restraint , and the manner in which every isdrridaal action that is done mast become known and be rabjfeet to investigation , if necessary , this power is not only kept wiihin dne limits practically ; but if there ie any error that is felt , it is that public opinion in its present state is not sufficiently advanced to give that ftfl direction to the executive , which is desirable .
Time , however , and experience , 'which have brought fa from -very imperfeet beginnings to the point at which we now are , will not fail toprogress the business We have -undertaken , in a continually increasing ratio ; fits moral fact is established that men can live together under associated arrangements , even when -they are brought frem various localities , and with very different hsbiia , feelings , ana manners , -with an amooni ef plea-« nre not to be found in any of tie old competitive institutions of society ; and as we progress there can be Bo donbi that this pleasure will be "very much increased .
When 1 contemplate that the amount of comfort and tsjayment here may be « a * ily given to every individual atha Briash empire ; and not only so , but that they Day be advanced to a position , -rery highly * dTan = * i as compared to the one we are in , wiethsr it be considered physically , mentally & morally ; I scarcely know how to restrain myself -w ithin due limits in urging -upon men of all Ja , classes , sects and parties , to lay aside all minor tiewg ana proceedings , aud to immediately examine in What m anner they can assist in so great and good a * ork , as proyiding for the nBiyersal happiness of
The baanea of the practical reformer , is not , bow-**» . to be content with theorising alonB , however beautiful the theory may be , nor is it nsefnl to be copteat with hoping for a better stats -of things ; but "we S-liSt proceed rspiOy ana vigorously with the J 31 * ol TEdnring our theories to practice , and to assist a this I propose in my next letter to lay before your waders the onUine of an organisation which snail be ° J « We of speedily exhibiting thB power of tbe people w > t he land question , to an extent that shall turn the Me of public opinion , -which is now setting in , upon 516 B&cesdty © f s ©» e kind of coloniZJtion being adopted , to the superior advantages of Home Colonies
?* et those which may be established iy emigration . 11 wis subjsefc be fairly taken npand argued even with ^ ° derafe > abaity , there i » something so dear to our « sUngs in having tba power and the option of remaingrra the cotaitry in which we are bom , among those » ss TFhicn have gradually sprnng up , among , and around * ± Q » t will in itself advance tbecaase of emigration , a it should ultimately be proved to be desirable . H , however , I do not previously tire yonr patience , « d that of your readers , I » h » ll have much pleasure Mj ihe-sring at some subsequent period , that the first * fc « Want we shall have in a well ordered state of *™ S » > wffl fce She greatest possible addition to the i * P&lation of this connby . I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , WllilAM GALPIS . ¦ EarmoDy Eafl , Bants , April 9 , 1843 . ^ _ _
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TO IHB ED 1 TOB O » THB ROBIBS&N STAB . Sib , —As Benson and Co . ' b steam machine , destined to traverse the atmosphere to India , in four days , strike * the world ftamb with astonishment , I beg leave , through the columns of the Star , to make a few obserratlana on the practicability of such a project , fomded upon ufoai is called Ihe knowledge of astronomy and Ihe real motions ef ihe tarfh . ' . As these observations are sot addressed to mathematicians , I shall not enter into mere mathematical expressions , the public being , as yet , in the dark , about these metaphysical technicalities . : * London is said to be in 51 a 31 ' north latitude ; and Calcutta , in India , in north latitnde 2 « S 3 *; and 84 23 * east longitude .
Say that the corresponding curved line , in the atmosphere , between these two points , is 8 , 000 miles . The question for solution is , at what rate must Benson ' s steam machine move , to pass tkrongb . this distance , in four days . It might be presumed , at first , that it 1 b only the division of 8 , 000 by four , which gives 2 , 000 miles a-day , or about eighty miles an hoar . This would be practicable , there Is no doubt , between these points , on the earth ; but it . may not . be so between the corresponding points in the atmosphere , if it is a fact that the earth revolves , on its axis , from west to east , once in twenty-f &ur hours .
In that case Benson ' s steam machine must move through the air , at the rate of about 1 , 100 an hour , between the corresponding points on the earth ' s ratface , so accomplish the distance , in four days , for , it would be moving in Ihe same direction as the surface of the earth is said t » move , from west to east , at the rate of more than a thousand miles an hour . Hence any machine that is capable of ascending perpendicularly into the atmosphere seme 2 , 010 yards , and maintain itself in that position for twenty-fonr hours , may descend , in any given place , on the earth ' s surface , in the same parallel of latitude , within that time . Therefore , if Calcutta and London were in the same parallel , such a machine might ascend in London , and descend in Calcutta , in sixteen hours , without moving a hairt-breadth through the corresponding space in the atmosphere .
Tinder these circumstances , let the pnblio say whether it 1 b easier for the said steam machine to traverse tbe atmosphere , south east , at the rate of 1 , 100 an hour , making the distance to Calcutta , in four days ; or reverse it * direction to tbe south-west , at the rate of about eighty miles an hour , and cast anehor in Calcutta in about fourteen honrs . BCCKTTTRTHHY YS .
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^ TO THE ED 1 T 0 B OF THB HOBTHEEN STABSiB , —The following letter sent to me from Sydney , has betn the means of preventing many from emigrating to . Australia , who had intended to do so this spring . The writer is a man of such probity , that the general remark of all who knew him is , that they beliave his statements as firmly as if they had seen them with their own eyes . Be expresses a confidence at the end of his letter that you Will publish it 1 have to add the earnest request of a numerous circle of the readers of the Star in this city . Tours , most respectfully , David M'Leod . Cannon Mills , Edinburgh , April 2 , 1843 . Sydney , Jnly , 1842 .
My Dsab Fbiesd , —I have been longer in writing than I promised , but 1 was so disgusted at the misrepresent ! on given that I could not trust myself to write impartially about it : but this will be more satisfactory , as I have upwards of atr months' more experience . As yon will get a reading of my journal of the ¦ voyage from Mr . Allan , I shall Bay nothing of the miseries , Inconveniences , and privations of the voyage , but endeavour with candour and exactness to give you a brief account of things here .
From what yon have heard , you weuld scarcely believe that thousands are walking the streets , and have nothing to do . To give yon an idea at once , I am convinced there are as many tradesmen here as would meet the growing demand for twenty years to come , even supposing there waa capital enough to develope successfully the acknowledged resources of this country . What think yon then of the beaTtlessnesa of a corrups press still bawling for more emigrants ; but the policy is to bring down the price of labour . I have both seen and heard of much misery at home , but it is dust in the balance compared with my experience here . The unemployed are daily pouring into workhouses , in many instances begging for God ' s sake to give them employment , and they will be content With their food and lodgings . I do not refer to fancy trades , such as jewellers , watchmakers , carvers and gilders , &c , who are here like bo many unhived bees ; trat to masons , plasterers , joiners , cabinetmakers , shipwrights , blacksmiths , sawers , && .
I will give you two or three examples of those who came out in the same ship with myself : —One joiner has got a job far hia bed and board , and thankful for it Another decent man , the same trade , has got only two months' employment Bine © he came here , and is now without Another , whom 1 know to be a very superior tradesman , tells me , that such is the advantage bis employer takes of tbe state o ! things , he seldom reaches 25 s . per week . New what has he to support a wife and three children , after paying 15 s- s week for a house , Inferior to one at home at 2 s . per week 1 House rents are fearful here . At home a man may take a house for a year ; and if he cannot pay it he is only sold off after six months' possession . Not so here : off he goes at a week ' s warning to the streets , and his things sold off te pay the rent I have known many respectable , industrious people sleeping in tbe fields , unable to pay for a house to live in .
1 shall now give you some idea of a country life , as I hear there Is some talk of sending the poor Paisley weavers here from their home misery . And firstthose nnemployed tradesmen that I have been talking of would gladly go for shepherds if they could get ; but of all the professions in this country it is the moBt heartless . They are entrusted with a flock of sheep , lor which they are responsible- Now the native dog may ran through his flock , and with bis deadly bite destroy as many sheep as will not only consume his yearly wages , but throw him considerably into debt
Tbe rations too are so very bad that few can subsist without drawing on the stores , the enormous charges of which are sure to involve its victim io Egyptian bondage . Their salary when I came out was £ 20 : it is now £ 15 ; and expected soon to be as low as , £ 10 . One great source of annoyance to free emigrants is tie convicts , or Government men as they are called here ; and at Port Phillip tradesmen are working to Government , convict hours , for their meat , and glad to get It . In short , a man of capital may do here ; but those who have nothing but their labour to depend on are much better at home , bad as things are .
1 ! 1 were a man ot a revengeful spirit I could not punish my mortal foe more severely than by presenting him with a bundle of lies , and induce him to come out here . J hope yon will-write out a fair copy of this , aud send it to tbe Star : I have no doubt Mr . Hill will insert it ; and 1 shall have the pleasure of seeing it , and feeling that 1 have done some good by putting some of my brother Chartists on their guard . Never more think of coming here . I remain , dearest David , Yours very truly , John M'Phail .
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TO DANIEL O'CONNELL , ESQ . MJ » . SlB , —My attention has been drawn to a speech delivered at tbe Uorn Exchange , Dublin , in which you have made many unfounded charges , and given expression to what I would call the most ungentlecnanly , nay even the-most brutish calumnies , against a body of men with whom I have the honour to be connected , that ever it has been my lot either to read or bear ; and , as an Irishman , to whom country is dear ; as a working man who hg « snfi&red , and is yet Buffering from tbe inhuman End anti-Christian system of class and caste—as a Catholic and a lorer of toleration , the full exercise of the right of opinion , and Christian forbearance .
I am stimulated by an henest aud conscientious conviction of the truth and stability of my position , and tiie publio duty I owe to the body politic , to show my countrymen that in the speech from which I am now now abont to quote , you have foully libelled the British and Irish Chartists j that you have done so for the purpose of continuing deception and humbug , in tha practice of which you have become such an adept by hoodwinking and deluding the confiding people , and dividing them with the hacknisd old Tory cry , of the « church in danger , " a bug bear that has served the cause of tyranny in all past ages , of all creedB , and in all the nations of the world , and which has done more to destroy tbe morals , the happiness , and social condition of the human race , tt ^ -n all the ilta that flesh is heir to .
Being an Illiterate individual , I shall perhaps be unable io coach my remarks in a style sufficiently firm to meet your classic ears ; but , Sir , I will communicate a fact which for the last five years yon seem to have entirely lost sight of , and of which our noble Emmett reminded your dictatorial Vother , Lord Norbnry . I am a man sndyon are no more , "W « are equate , then , by the unalterable law of nature ; at least as far as regards human rights and privileges ; bnt not in our internal organisation and dispositions , for which I am thankful to tbe Great Architect of tbe universe . On this ground of equality I claim my right to freely canvass and discuss all yonr sayings and doings , taking , what may appear
tome as being good and profitable , and rejecting all that is bad and dangerous . For this purpose , and that I may not , through my ignorance and stupidity , get involved in a labyrinth of difficulties , by following your intricate windings and twistinga through your heterogenoua mass of . denunciations ^ levelled indiscriminately at Socialists , Cbartiats , and all others Who Tiave the honesty to oppose your wholesale system of political trafficking , I will lay down three heads , under whJeh 1 -will write as many letters in reply to your Tom Arkin ' B , Billinsgate , and doating harangue at yonr political mint , the Corn Exchange ; in all cases giving your exact -word * as I find them published by one of your creatures in this city .
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First That Chartism has vo connection either with Christianity or Infidelity , there being not one word in the document call » d tb » People ' s Charter , to justify a contrary conclusion . Second . That Cbartists who are Infidels , Protestants , or Catholics have an undoubted right to hold and enjoy their peculiar opinions ia religious matters , without the interference of any man or party ; and rhat it is tbe very extreme of tyranny to denounce them as you have done , merely because they will not chime in with your unhallowed nostrums . [ " RaUgioa is a matter between man and his . God . None should interfere with the belief of another . " —Mr . Daniel O'Conaell , on the Calton Hill , of Edinburgh . ]
Third . That the inconsistency of ypur political career has destroyed the few rights and privileges which Ireland possessed when you appeared on the public stage . That your whole life has been characterised by » greedy , avaricious , and gormandising disposition to grasp and board up money , by making pelitlcal merchandise of tbe confidence , the rags , and wretchednnss of your poor deluded victim ?; and that your motives , as far as we can judge from past experience aud present appearances , for opposing a union between the working men of England and Ireland , on the only political creed which
will ever bring salvation to tbe toiling millions , is neither more sor less than a wish on your part to continue in perpetuity the barbarous system by which we are directly robbed and indirectly murdered , and gain an Independence for yourself , your family , and lickspittle pioneers , by protracted agitation . That yon do not want a repeal of the infernal Act of Union , but only seize on it now as a last resource to blindfold tbe people a little longer ; and if repealed without the Charter Suffrage , the poor of Ireland would not receive any real or substantial benefit
Now , Sir , for the first j You commenced your frothy speech on the brotherhood of Chartism and Socialism . The words , which , yen said were , " you had received the most certain information that the societies which were established in England under the name of Chartists , or rather tbe branch of them called Socialists , were making the most strenuous exertions to spread their fatal principles through Ireland "—( hear ) . That tbe Chartists ar « making tbe most strenuous exertions to spread , not their fatal , but their glorious principles in my beloved father-laud , I cheerfully , and with a gladdened heart , admit—aod no better proof could be adduced that such is the fact than the low and scurrilous means to -which you have resorted for th « purpose of arresting their progress . It is no go . however .
Paddy O'Higgina and hiB twelve hundred stout-hearted democrats will continue increasing , and stick like as many bees on your Whigified old hide , until ultimately tbey will sting you out of political existence . "Tis quite needless for you to attempt stopping them : you might as well wrestle with a ghost , or try to keep out the tide with a pitchfork , while thsre Is nothing but hunger and starvation throughout the laud , and you are still going on in the same imbecile course that has marked your every step for the last forty leng years you have gulled them . The men of Ireland will inquire what O'Higgins has got for them ; and inquiry is all that is necessary to satisfy any man that has a mind of his own that his country never will be regenerated until all her sons have the power of making her laws .
But you say " you have the most certain information that there is a branch ef tbe Chartists called Socialists now spreading their fatal principles through Ireland ; " you have not , however , condescended to give us any proof that Socialism is a branch f Chartism ; and until you do this , your mere assertion goes for nothing . There was a time when your bare statement ctrried considerable weight ; but that day has long since passed away , for you have been so often found telling old wives' tales , and fabricating bo many gross calumnies against your opponents , that scarce anybody believes you now even when you tell the truth . You certainly are in the position ef the shepherd's boy , or that of a certain Editor in Glasgow , dabbed Loyal Peter * What he gives in his paper for truth , his own readers believe just the contrary , and in nine cases out of tea they are teund to be correct . In proof of this , I need only refer to your base attempt to injure that poor , but honest Chartist , Mr .
P . M . Bropby , by representing him as having been a Catholic , and a Member of the Order of the Scapular , afterwards becoming a Protestant and an Orangeman , and holding up the order to the ridicule of that fraternity at one of their Lodge meetings . You put the poor man ' s lite in danger by exposing him to the excited prejudices , the wild fury and fanaticism of those unfortunate creatures who swallow QB Qjspul truth every word that escapes your foal month ; and notwithstanding your pretensions to the character of Catholic , you refused to apologise or retract your vile calumnies , even after he produced a letter from Father Spratt , Patron at that Order , stating that he had known Mr . Bropby for many yean , not as a Catholic , but a Protestant of tbe Church of England ; that he had never been a Member of the Order ct the Scapular ; nor so far as he ( Father Spratt ) knew , had he ever been an Orangeman . After this , who wonld put any faith in your rabid stuff ?
Yon have found out that there are Socialists in Dublin , and in many parts of the provinces . This I do not feel disposed to doubt ; indeed , the great wonder to me is , and has always been , that there are any Christiana to be got amongst the suffering people , for the conduct which you and your minions have hitherto pursued ia calculated to disgust any rational man , or any body , to which yen may belong ; but that these Socialists are a section of tbe Chartists , I do deny , and dare you \ o the proof . If you had given yourself the trouble to inquire , you would have found that Mr . Owen , the founder of Socialism , advises his followers to have no connection with any political body , and in much the same dogmatio style as you have Issued ydnr mandates to tbe Repealers , but not indeed from the same motives . Hs believes that no political change
can better the condition of mankind , as long as society ia based on the present political competitive system . I cannot agree -with Mr . Owen in the course he ia pursuing , for I hold that until tbe people have the power of destroying the laws of printogeniture and entail , tkey will get nothing either on the land or off it He has , however mistaken , spent a princely fortune in attempting to raise man from his present degradation and slavery ; and i » , therefore , entitled to the esteem and respect of every good and philanthropes mind . The difference between you aud him consists in this—that he has spent his all for the general good , according his own peculiar views , while you haze scraped every penny you could gather into your insatiable haversack , and prostituted your principles into the bargain .
Yon say you do not accuse all the Chartists with being Socialists , hat all tbe Socialists are Chartists . There is a mixture of truth and falsehood which I will not endeavour to separate . You could not make you audience believe , -with all this gullibility , that Fa \ tae * Ryan , Of Chontaiff , and Mr . O'Higgins , were Socialists ; and for tbe information of my countrymen , I can tell them ( for it is vain to attempt trying to make any impression on y <* ur iron conscience ) that there are thousands of these Bame Socialists , who are not only not
Chartuts , but its strongest opponents—thousands who belong to no party , and a goodly number who are even Conservatives . And , mark me , sir , -when I say bo , I do it with extreme reg > et ; the Socialists are an intelligent body of men , and if they were Caartists would do much in assisting to break down tbe strong barriers which you and your brother despets have raised against tbe rights of injured labour . That there are Socialists who are also Caartists la quite true , and they have a right to be so as well as either Citholie or pretestant , as I shall prove in mf next letter .
Let us vow , sir , understand each other plainly , ? and find out , if possible , what you wish to be at . You charge us with infidelity—we deny it ; and your abusive tirades are not sufficient grounds whereon to condemn a large body of men . It is yet fresh in the recollection ol every man who has watched your proceedings for the last three or four years , that you denounced the Chartists aa a body , for a few of their number opening churches to escape the vengeance of their former pastors . You held them up as forming a new religion , and warned your dupes against any communion with them , or with ns who did not join them either in their preaching or praying ; but no sooner bad some of these preachers broke faith with Mr . O'Connor , and the
rational portion of the Chartist body , than you took them to your ungrateful bosom , joined their humbug suffrage movement , now defunct , and sent your man Friday , mad Tom Steel , to Birmingham , for tbe purpose of disuniting us . When flret you attacked the Irish Universal Suffrage Association ycu charged them with being Orangemen , next a secret seciety admitting their members on oavh ; driven from all these points , your fiendish disposition , maddened by their rapid progress ; suggested a new mode of attack , and you assail with what ? oh , reader , hear it , and whether y ou be Catholic , or Protestant , or Inidel , ask yourself the question-Can the person who is capable of acting as such a wholesale Hbelier be a good member of society 1 We are , lastly , indicted at the bar of your tribunal with being
Ribbonmen in diBguise . Now , Sir , as you say you are a Catholic , how in the name of that great Being before whom you must appear , can you reconcile such glaring contradictions ? At one time we are establishing a new religion ; next we are Infidels and Socialists ; then comes the charge of Orangeism ; and , in the short period of four months , all these are metamorphised into the fifth and last , that of Ribbonism . Oh J Dan , Dan ! Do yon ever expect to die ? Do you really believe the dbctrines of the Catholic Church ? You know very well she teaches the commandment—Tbon shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour —and that if you injure him , either in person , property , or reputation , you are bound to make reparation for such injury ere you can yourself receive forgiveness , or with the least shade of bath and seriousness , repeat the lord ' s prayer .
You are now an old man , aa the saying is , with one foot in the grave and tha other oat of it , and it is really high time you were beginning to settle accounts for the other world ;—that isto say , if you believe there ia Buch . But to be plain , my Humble opinion is , that you do not believe in a future state , of rewards and punishments , else the preservation of yonr immortal soul would deter you from thus attempting to vilify the characters , of men who are as much your superiors in point of political honesty as you are mine in Uter&ry accomplishments .
Many well-meaning individuals may perhaps say I deal rather hardly with you in using this 6 tyle to convey my sense of yonr mom ! w < , « th to society ; to ftuch I
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will only observe—let tbera read the following ctwice sample of your oratian , and then condemn me if they Will ^ -r . Io speaking of the Blbbonmen ( not one of whom , I am fully persuaded , know a > single point of our Charter ) , you iaid— " One mlsoreant put a paper into a poor man's pocket , that he might be taken by the polite with that paper on him ; the Chartists and Socialists are still more dexterous knaves than those men , and would , no doubt , sell the blood ef their dupes . ' Now , Sir , as I have already tol < i you , I am unacquainted with the English language ; bnt , although I knew the proper application of its every word , I would feel lost for tetmBsufficiently strong to express fchedlegust I have felt , on perusing tola sentence , or my utter
detestation of tbe vicious propensities of the demon in human shape that used it How can we sell the blood of our dapea ? Oar own blood is being sold by the ruffian , spies of a corrupt Government , and we hsn no power to prevent it . Fifty-nine of our best frienda have been lately put on trial for advocating the claims of suffering humanity , and no single individual in the community has done more to secure their conviction than you have by yonr unhallowed denunciations . We oell the blood of the people ! We are tbeir only friends ! And why ? Because we are ourselves the people . We d « fy you , Sir , with all yotur learned lore , to produce a single instance where we have either sold or shed the blood of any human being . We are banded together in legal , peaceful union , without oaths
or secrets , to secure that which neither you . nor the class to . which you belong , and of which you are the hired hackneyed mouth-piece in Ireland , wonld never grant us a protection for our labour through the laws of our country . We defy you to produce a single instance wherein yonr Dronic class have ever done any practical good to our injured , insulted , and brutalised order . Ou the other baud , both yon and they do everything in your power to prevent us ever doing anything for ourselves . You are like the dog in the manger , that would neither eat the hay , n » r allow the horse to do it . Vour talent and influence , had you employed them in our cause , would long ere this have bettered our social conditipn . Why do I say so t Simply because your popularity in Great Britain and Ireland , at the time you assisted in framing our Charter , would
have carried it into law , without the aid of swords or guns . Had yon been as disinterested as a Tell , a Washington , or an Emmet , Engl » Dd would be this day in reality what she is only in name ,- this is indeed paying you a high compliment , but 1 believe it is nevertheless quite true . It is not to the man I give it but to tbe circumstances by which he was surrounded . Alas ! for the fallibility of human nature , the general depravity and avarioiousness of the hearts of men ; few , very few , can be trusted ; and you . Sir , cannot be ranked amoogst those pure spirits who have withstood tbe stormy buffets of tyannical and despotic monarchs , with their myriads of sycophantic adulators , and who seeing every hope blasted , ultimately threw themselves into the breach between the oppressors and their victims , prefering death to the dishonour of surviving the subjugation of the country by the ruthless foreigner .
You have again seised an the term Universal Suffrage to cover your apoatacy , by gulling yoor hearers into the belief that we , tbe Chartists , wish to give the Franchise to women and children . As I have already said you assisted in drawing up our Charter , and you well know the . word universal is not to be found from the beginning to the end of that document . It is there laid downand defined that none butmales of twenty-one yeara of age are recognised as voters . But why do I waste time ? You were perfectly well aware you were stating falsehoods ; you knew you were addressing a body of men who have never yet read the Charter , aud if you can prevent it , never wilt .
However , the lovers of equal rights and equal laws have one great consolation ef which it is not in your power to deprive them : it is this , that the intelligent portion of my countrymen are inquiring what our Charter really means , and I have no fear whatever that when Irishmen come to know the principles of democracy , they will stand by those principles despite your silly twaddle in persuading them to the contrary ; it is characteristic of my countrymen to embrace the truth when they find it ; of this we have ample evidence in the rigmarole speech now before me , when you called tbeir attention to the fact , and indeed it is the only solitary fact that I bave been able to discover in it , " that on a brief period after St . Patrick entered Ireland there was not a heathen to be found in tbe land , 01 a person who was not baptised ; thete waa no people so strongly attached to their religion , or who eudured bo much persecution , or who went through so much grievous oppression , and yet remained true to their God . "
lean , Sir , cheerfully subscribe to all this ; and when Chartism , the Catholoity of politics , shall have became properly understood , there will not be found a Bingle individual from Donegal to Kerry that will not be both baptised and confirmed in its saving truths ; than shall the friends of unhappy Erin have ihe pleasing consolation of knowing that tbe reign of your humbugging is drawing to a close , and that the religion of their fathers will be consistently carried out by a happy and contented people , enjoying at the same time the fall reward of their industry secured on the firm foundation of the rights of man , based on the simple and unalterable laws of nature .
If Irishmen will only read the People ' s Charter , that is all I ask of them . If they carefully con over its evety line they will at once see there is nothing opposed to true religion ; but everything pleasing to a mind imbued witb the principles of truth and justice . That there are bad men professing its doctrines , none will for a moment dispute . It is a pity there are such ; yet it is impossible to prevent it . There is not , nor has there ever been , a body of men , or a society in the world , which has not contained within it some bad or immoral Characters ; even among the twelve Apostles chosen to promulgate the doctrines of Christianity there was a devil f ond surely common sense might suggest a charitable feeling to our long-faced denouncers to make allowance for at least three or four hundred devils among as many millions of Chartists .
But , Sir , it Is only when vre have ceae d to gulp all your confounded nonsense , tbst you and your myrmidons attack our private characters . Aa long as we continued to pay our sailings to be elevated to the distinguished position of the twentieth part of an imbecile shopocrat in your royal , loyal , piebald Repeal Association , you never for a moment questioned our morality . When canvassing for what you term associates , yon never ask the people when they have been drunk , if tbey have ever stole anything , or if they have attended to tbeir religious duties . Not yourself , Pan ; you know & trick worth two of that ; yon just ask them for their names and their shillings . If they can supply you with tbe browns , yon care not a farthing for their brains .
You say we have Socialists in connection with our societies . Indeed , and are you prepared to come ont so very a despot as to deny these or any other body of men the free exercise of their opinions ? If so , what did you mean by yonr expressions on the CUton Hill of Edinburgh , where yon stood up for man's religion remaining between himself and hia God ? Then why cut out the Socialist ? Is he not a man , and entitled to the same rights and privileges as another ? But more of this anon . , I shall be at y&& asain , God Willing , ou Saturday , the 22 A , when I expect to prove that you are a practical Infidel , which will verify tbe Baying , that a thief cries , " thief" first j and while I do so , I will take the opportunity of also proving to my countrymen that they should be the last io tha world to persecute poor working men on matters of opinion , having passed through tbe fiery ordeal of the bloody penal laws and the savage barbarity of the cruel Orange faction .
Your eld friend , CON MtTRRAY , An Irishman , a Catholic , and a Damocratio Repealer of the Legislative Union . Glasgow , April 1 st , 1843 .
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TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , Esq . Sir , —While our Established Scottish Cleigy are at flsty cuffs with Sir R . Peel and Graham , about the nonintrusion question , and publicly telling us that her Majesty ' s Government is actuated by a hostile spirit to tbe revealed will of God , does not this plainly tell UB that the devil' has now taken the management of the 0 ov ernment helm ? Such a hint is certainly enough to make our hair stand erect , and as it is a fact that Old Nick has got himself wormed within the walls of St . James ' s , we ought to look to the right about , and set our Chartist bouse in order . Well , in order ta do this , I would beg to refer to your letter of last week ; " To the Imperial Ctiartiata , " wherein you have a paragraph about the election of a New Executive for England .
Now , Sir , I have always been of epinien that we should bave no sectional Executive ; it ought to be national . Why leave out Ireland and Scotland ? I can see no goad reason for doing this ; we Scotchmen are as anxious for union as Englishmen , and I have no earthly doubt but Irishmen are equally so . Our opinions can never be centralized , nor our business transacted without rtiscord and deception , unless we have a National Executive , embracing England , Ireland , and Scotland . Meetings have' been beld at tslaagow and Edinburgh , ¦ with a view to centraliZ 8 Scotland ; delegates were sent , promises were made , and districts were voted off to be organized , and nil this at considerable expence . What then ? Just nothing at all ! With respect to that portion of the allotment given to Aberdeen , and which was called the " Northern District , " any one might have at once discovered that the Chartists of this city were not able to perform the extraordinary task of agitating & space of country , containing about 2 , 600 square miles .
Attempts were made to agitate a portion of the North , and Messrs . Hamey , DavieB , and M'Donald , proceeded as far as Inverness . These men , especially Messrs . Homey and Davies , whese labours -were ezeeuted during the winter * can disclose the difficulty , and calculate the expence Aberdeen would have had to meet by such an undertaking . But there are a nnmber of other places as lucklessly situated as those north of Aberdeen ; and we may instance Ireland in general . Here then it is evident that the agitation must be made more universal , and supported by a national fond , under the guidance of men of ability and spirit . I shall not , in the niey . ntime , venture to premise what number of men might be requisite for conducting the agitation on such a hiroad scale ; but one thing ia quite certain—we have plenty of men in our ranks with taleDt and well-tried experience , who have been sufficiently long before the public to warrant their appointment . Under the bygone system , the elements of ChaxtiBm have sprung but slowly np from discordant roots , and its advocacy by
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men stultified with ! sectarian prejudices has greatly retarded its growth . Every man who could link together a baif-hour'a speech became an orator ; but , from the want of education , committed Wanders whicb gave the law a handle , and . In consequence , many were subjected to penal ties [ which men of totter understanding wonld easily bavejavoided . A national executive wonld remedy thia evil by examining the capability of persons wishing to be appointed public lecturers . Thus , then , the spy agitators would be silenced , as also the whole host of money , catching idlers completely rooted .
On the whole I crave yoor opinion on this matter , as I firmly believe , without some such scheme to unite the masses in one bond of fellowship , by giving them something to look at and rely upon , we shall still ba scrambling , urging , and tagging blindly , and without that degree at strength which national unity of purpose would give . ; Sir , believing , as I do , that you have nothing more at heart than the good of jtbe people , and that your labosrs in their behalf will only terminate with your existence , or the accomplishment of even handed justice to all , I beg to remain , Yours , in the best of causes , ; John Smakt . Aberdeen , March 27 , 1843 .
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TO THK PEQPLE OF IRELAND . Raheny , ( near Dublin ) 31 st March , 1843 . Fellow Cooktryi * ibn and Fellow Slavei , — The newspaper press of England announces to us that an Emigration scheme is about to be Rot up , to which the sanction of Lord Stanley is expected . I hasten , my friends , to caution you ] against being entrapped by the plausible inducements with which this scheme will be surrounded . It is needless here to describe the suffering to which tbe people of Ireland are at present reduced ; it is enough that you feel them . From personal experience , I can assure you that in other British colonies , deprived of tbe blessings of self-government , neither life , liberty , or character are safe for one moment In Ireland we have numbers and a devoted press to BhelteruB in some measure ; but the colonies , subjected to the oontroul of a governor totally irresponsible ( except
to those who select him to carry out their own views ) are mere despotisms . The knowledge I possess of these facts , compels me now to come forward and implore you not to be induced to emigrate to any country ot colony unless the inhabitants enjoy self-government Rather th&n lend your sanction to a principle which has desolated your native land , take refuge in the workhouse . Continue to struggle against the mass of evil entailed On you by provincialism ; but trust not yourselves to a conntry where your destiny lies at the mercy of a clique . I will watch the progress of this man-trapping scheme , ' and will address you on the subject from time to time . I remain , My fellow countrymen and fellow slaves , Tout brother in bondage , William Bryan .
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Bradford , 19 th April , 1841 . Mr Dear 81 R , — I feel confident that you will excuse me anticipating your friendship , and I have the vanity to reckon upon your pardon for presuming this familiarity , of which I venture to hazard your censure , after informing you that your sentiments , moral and political ( religious I have nothing to do with , ) are already intimately known to me through the universal medium of that " winged courier" the Northern Star , which as you justly observe , has " br ' ghtly shone , " and may it long continue to " silver o ' er the Chartist ' s path . " But whilst it must be admitted that the extraordinary circulation of that valuable luminary is calculated to do , and actually does accomplish immense good , the establishment of a vehicle to take up , condense and publish the really valuable mass of accumulated matter rejected from necessity and not for absence of merit is essentially necessary and desirable .
I have long wished for a greater diffusion of sound political knowledge ; with this desire , I encouraged Dr . ftrD . mall to commence hiajlabours , and there being yet ample room and talent for I further substantial addition and ornaments to the Chartist library , your suggestion for a Monthly Magazine is truly gratifying , not only to myself , but is aiso appreciated by the public ; and I am very glad to say , meets with the entire approbation of Mr . O'Connor , cordially and unqualifiedly—so he expressed himself to me when I saw him during last assizes .
I have neither time nor ability to contribute to the pages ef your proj acted work , bat y « u may rely upon it that I would not leave a stone unturned to assist your praiseworthy endeavours—and I could answer for Ibbetson , our bookseller and newB-agent here , pushing tbe circulation . I have been over and over again requested to join In a contemplated Chartist newspaper here , and tempted with the offer of professional business connected therewith ; but have invariably rejected the scheme , as nothing in my opinion is wanted in addition
to the Star in the way of a newspaper save a " daily " which the " atlas" ( as you denominate Mr . O"C . ) is fully determined to set up ion hia liberation . Yet we do require a dissemination of sterling Chartist articles , a regular series , food for the mind , interspersed with pleasing facts , poetry , and miscellaneous matter The price of the Magazine should not exceed sixpence . I do hope and trust the project will succeed , and if it be not trespassing too much upon your kindness do favour me witb a line at jtour convenience informing me how the undertaking is likely to progress . * *
Mr . O'Connor stated he would write you approving of your enquiry—he was ( sure you bad " said well " With a Daily ! Weekly ! ! and Monthly ! ! 1 what sball we not accomplish ? : I remain , my dear Sir , Your'a very respectfully , J . CLARKS 0 N . J . Watkina , Esq . Tbe last letter , written by Mr . Clark son , of Bradford , who filled the emce of Cbartist solicitor , so ably sustained at present t > y Mr . Roberts , will be deemed particularly interesting as a voice from the dead . I remain , brother Chartists , Your friend in the good cause . John Watkiws . Battersea . April 3 d , 1843 .
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TO THE EI »! TOR OF THB NORTHERN STAX . My dear Hill , —Conversing with our beloved O'Connor , during the recent eleetion at Nottingham , on the subject ef the projected New Organization , I was satis&ed by learning that he still dearly sees the primary importance of our having aaAnnunl Convention . Since he assured me that his conviction both of the necessity and practicableness of this . annual representative assembly remained unchanged , ; I shall , at present , offer but one observation on tbe subject Peraitme , then , to . say , that I really was surprised at an observation of your own shortly after I published ( at the request of the Birmingham Delegate meeting }
my sketch of a new organisation . You observed ( to th » test of my remembrance , for I have not the Star at hand which contains your remarks ) that the proposed Annual Convention would be illegal , because it wonld be elected by sections of the Chartist Association . Now , it rests rather strongly in my memory that when ( at Leeds ) I first opened to you my thoughts on an improved organization , and when you then raised this same objection , you acknowledged , after a few moments ' thought , that yon were convinced of the legality ot an Annual Convention , since I described it to you as an assembly elected not by any sections of a distinct assocta ' tion , but by ihe whole people , j
Since this waa tbe very idea I depicted in toy published Plan [ Section 4 . " The * delegates to be elected by the people in public meeting ^ assembled , ' ] I could not help wondering at the renewal of your objections . My memory may be , in | some measure , incorrect of the exact degrre of agreement yourself and I had 00 this matter , at Leeds : I have merely stated to yon my impression . It is of no importance , however , whether I reoiesiber aright or not . I think , my dear Hill , when you think ovet this subject once agate , you wiU see as clearly as O'Connor ,
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Mawn , Wnite , Harney , Bairstow , and others whom I might mention as corresponding -with me in their views on this point , —that the grand scheme of an annual representative assembly is really legally practicable . And if it be , it is , in my mind , almost impossible to overstate the benefits likely to arise to Chartism from such a periodical bringlng-togettaer of the most active spirits of the movement What a smoothing down of asperities from a true understanding of each other ; what a mutual infusion and reciprocation of intelligence and energy f what a solid growth and building-up of the stern fabric of democracy must result from the
institution of that Annual Convention . I feel this to be so completely the heart and core ef all real emendation in eur schemes , that I will not take up your valuable space with adverting to any other topic . Suffice it to aay , that O'Connor assures me he projects or proposes a National Delegate Meeting , to consider , gravely and deliberately , ail plans of orgnnteition , with a view to presenting an entire plan for the people ' s acceptance : such meeting to be held as soon as convenient after the Queen ' s Bench business 1 b settled . I remain , dear Hill , Yours very truly , THOMAS COOPER . Leicester , April 11 , 1843 .
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STATISTICS OP THB VNITED STATES OF AMERICA . We have received a copy of the United States Almanack for 1843 , which contains some curious and much vainable information in regard to the population , products , trades , manufacture , commerce , debt . && , of the republic . In the first put of the work there is a very comprehensive calender , and a number of useful mathematical andaatronimical tables ; while the second part which extends over 235 pages is devoted entirely to statistics . It is to the last portion of the almanaek to which we shall d rect our attention .
According to tbe census of 1840 , the population of the United States was , in that year , 17 , 068 . 666 . The number of "free white persons" amounted to 14 . 189 108 , of whom 7 , 249 . 266 were males , and 6 930 , 842 females , Th « number of "free coloured persons" amounted to 386 245 , of which 186 . 467 were males , and 192 778 females . The number of slaves amounted to 2 487 213 ; of -whom 1 , 246 , 408 were males , and 1 240 805 females , 476 white males , and 315 -white females ; 286 free coloured males and 316 free coloured females ; and 753 male slaves and 580 female slaves , were 100 years of age and upwards . There were , amongst tbe white population , 6 682 individual both deaf and dumb , and 977 amongst the slaves and coloured persons . 5 024 Whites were blind , and 1 . 892 slaves and coloured persons .
4 329 whites were insane or idiots at the public charge , and 10 , 179 at the charge of private individuals . 833 slaves and coloured persons were insane or idiots at the public charge , and 2 . » 93 at the charge of private individuals . There were 173 universities or colleges , with 16 , 233 students ; 3 242 academies and grammar schools , with 164 . 150 students ; and 47200 primary and common schools , with 1 . 845 , 244 scholars . 4 ^ 3 , 264 scholars were educated at the public charge ; and 549 , 693 white persons were found , more than twenty years of age , who could neither read nor write . In the situe table with the deaf , dumb , blind , insane , and Wlots , we find the following entry : — " Total number of pensioners for revolutionary or military services , 20 797 . " From 1830 to 1810 the whites bad increased 3 G 62 866 , or at the rate of 34 percent . ; the coloured
persons bad increased 65 646 , or at the rate of 20 $ per cent . ; and the slaves , within tbe same period , had increased 479 . 170 , or at the rate of 23 f percent . The average rate of increase of tbe whole population , on each ten of the fifty years , has been 34-15-lOOtfes per cent , and at the same rate our author , who likes to look ahead , calculates that the number of the inhabitants in the United States , in the year 1870 will amount to 41 . 070 , 363 , to a unit . The number of persons employed in mining is stated at 15 , 203 ; in agriculture , 3 717 756 ; in commerce , 117 575 ; in manafactures and trade , 791 , 545 ; in the navigation of the ocean , 56 025 ; in the navigation of lakes , rivers , and canals , 33 . 067 ; and in the learned professions , 65 236 . But it is clear that this table must be very imperfect , for it leaves a vast mass of the population to whom it assigns no occupation of any kind .
We now turn from the population to tbe products Of the United States . The capital invested in iron mines amounted , when the returns were made up , to 20 , 431 131 dole . ; and the quantity of that metal produced was 286 , 903 tons of cast , and 197 , 233 tons of bar iron during the year . The capital invested in lead mines was 1 , 346 . 756 dolsi ., and 31 , 239 , 453 ib . of leaJ Were produced . In gold mines 234 325 dols . were invested , and gold to the value of 529 605 dols . waa produced . Capital to tbe amount of 238 , 180 dols . was employed in mining for other metals , and the value of the produce was 370 614 dols . Tbe capital invested in the anthracite coal mines was 4 , 355 602 dols ., and in the bituminous coaJs mines 1 , 868 . 862 dols ; and tbe produce was 8 e 3 419 tons of the former , and 27 . 603 . 191 busbels of
the latter . The production of domestic salt employed 6 , 998 , 045 dols ., and tbe Bumber of bushels * f that article manufactured was 6 . 179 . 174 . In granite , marble , and other stone , 2 , 543 , 159 dols . were invested , and the value of the quantity of those materials produced amounted to 3 . 695 , 884 dols . annually . The number of horses and mules throughout tbe union was 4 335 669 ; of neat cattle , 14 971 . 586 ; of sheep , 19 . 311 . 374 ; of swine , 26 . 301 , 293 ; while the value of all kinds of poultry was estimated at 9 , 343 . 410 dols-There were produced 84 823 272 bushels of Wheat , 4 . 161 . 504 of barley , 123 071341 of oats , 18 644 , 567 of rye , 7 291 . 743 ot buckwheat , 377 .. 531 875 of Indian corn , 108 , 298 , 060 of potatoes , and 10 , 248 , 108 tons of bay , and 95 . 251 tons of hemp and
flax , 35 802 , 114 pounds of wool , were raised , 219 , 163 , 319 pounds of tobacco . 80 , 841 . 4221 b . of rice , 790 « 79 , 275 ! I > . of cotton , 61 , 5521 b . of silk cocoons , and 155 100 , 800 lb . of sugar were made . Tbe value of the produce of the dairy was 33 . 787 , 008 dols . ; of the orchardR , 7 , 256 904 dols ; of the market gardens , 2 , 601 , 196 " dols . ; and of the nurseries , 593 534 dols . The value of home-made or family goods was 29 , 023 370 dols . Tbe capital invested by commercial bouses ia foreign trade and in commission business was 119 295 , 367 dols . ; in the retail of dry goods , grocery , and other stores , 250 , 301 , 799 dols . ; iu lumber yards and trade , 9 , 848 , 307 dols . ; and in internal transportation , and by butchers , packers , dco ., 11 526 950 dols .
The amount of capital invested in the asheries was 16 425 , 620 dols ., and the produce was 773 947 quintals of dried fish , 472 , 369 barrels of pickled fish , 4 , 764 , 708 gallons © f spermaceti oil , and 7 , 637 , 778 gallons of whale and ether fish « ils . The value of the whalebone and other productions of the fisheries was 1 153 . 234 dols . The value of lumber produced in the forests waa 12 . 943 , 507 dols . ; of skins and fura , 1 , 065 869 dols . ; while 619 , 106 barrels of tor , pitch , turpentine , and resin , and 15 , 935 tons of pot and pearl ashes , wt-re obtained from the same source . The amount of capital invested in manufactures exclusively is stated to have been 267 , 726 879 dols j and the value of the manufactured goods produced was estimated at 370 / 451 , 754 dots , for the year .
The lumber of vessels which entered ports of the United States during the year ending the 30 th September , 1841 , was 12 . 283 ( giving a tonnage of 2 370 , 353 ); and of that 7 , 735 were American , and 4 , 548 were foreign vessels . During the same year , 7 , 790 American vessels cleared frem the United States , and 4 554 foreign vessels . The value of the merchandise imported during this period was 127 , 946 , 227 dollars ; and of that exported 121 , 851 , 803 dols . The legal rates of intoest vary in the different States from six to eight per cent ; and the punishments of usury are very conflicting and uncertain . The debts of the several States amount to 207 564 , 915 doK ; and the yearly interest thereon to 10 . 7 JL 6 . 780 dols . It is asserted that the present market value of all these debts JB only 105 , 184 , 595 dols ., thus showing a depreciation of 46 1-6 per cent on the par value . A fearful list of 161 " broken binks" is given , with an aggregate capital of 132 . 360 , 389 dols .
The salary of tbe President of the United States ia 25 , 000 dols . per annum ; and of each of the members of his cabinet 6 , 000 dolB ., with the exception of the Attorney General , who is allowed only 4 . 000 dola . Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary are each allowed 9 , 000 dols . a-year , except the Minister at Constantinople , who has only 6 , 000 dola . A Charge " d'Affairea is allowed 4 500 dols . ; but of one bundreff and fifty-one consuls and commercial agents , only ten have any salary , the whole of the others being paid by feea . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is
allowed " compensation" to the amount of 5 000 dols . a-year ; and each of the inferior judges to the ameunfc of 4 . 500 dols . Tbe " compensation" of tbe judges of the district courts is from 1 . 000 dols . to 3 , 500 dols . a-year . The " compensation" of the President of the Senate , ami of the Speaker of the House of Representatives , is sixteen dols . a-day ; and each of Vbu members of those bodies is allowed eight dols . per diem . The pay of the members of the several state legislatures amounts to from one dol . fifty cents , to four dols . per diem .
* litre are no retains relating to tha army ; but the navy is seated te be composed of 12 ships of the line ; 1 7 azee ; 12 frigates of 44 guns each ; 2 frigates of 36 guns * each ; 5 steamers ; 11 sloops of 20 guns each ; I sloop of 18 guns ; 5 of 16 guns ; 2 brigs of 10 guus each , 12 schooners , and 7 store vessels . There are 68 captains in the navy , 27 commanders , 328 lieutenants , 70 surgeons , 66 assistant-surgeons , 63 parsers , 24 chiplains , 473 midshipmen , and 30 masters . The number of post-offices in the United States is given at 13 , 468 , and the extent of post toads at 155 , 740 miles . The revenue of the Post-ofuce in 1840 waa 4 , 539 , 266 dola . and the expenses 4 , 7 b 9 , m dols .
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A Circumstance occurred at Uppington last week which has created a great sensation . An assistant . to Mr . Benson , surgeou to the union , having the usual access to the dead-room at the poorhouse , took out the heart of a pauper lying there dead ( unperceived by the master ) , concealed it in his pocket , aud afterward delivered a " lecture" upon it before the Odd Fellows * lodge at a public-house . The occurrence made so much noise in the town , that the guardians , on Thursday , the 30 tb . ult ., made inquiry into the case , and sent the particulars to the CommtS-9 ibuer 8 iu London , requesting their advice thereupon . The answer is that the Commisaiqnei ^ wiH take time to consider it . The guardiansr yesterday , passed a resolution forbidding the attendance of the young man upon any pauper of the union , eitb , e * in the housa or elsewhere . —Stamford Meteyni %
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Tse best bread is now Belling in Bath at 6 d . the Saartern loarf i and some of the bakers are selling K ^ -tfcmrper ^ e ,
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THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
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TO THE CHARTISTS | OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Chartist Fbiends 4-1 rejoice to be able to inform you that we stand a good chance of having a Monthly Magazine . I know that ever ; lover of the cause will like to hear this , and ) to me the news is particularly pleasing , because the ardent wishes breathed by me on this subject in the Northern Star recently and two years ago , are now likely to be realised . I make extracts from two letters received from good friends to Chartism , one of whom is still alive and active ; but the other , alas , is since deceased . Leamington , March 20 , 1841 . On tbe subject of the proposed Chartist Magazine , in reference to which you ask the opinion of reading and thinking men , I take the liberty to congratulate you on having been the first to introduce to the attention of the Chartists a project of so much valu < j and importance : and I shall niyaeif be most happy to become a subscriber to the Magazine .
I would recommend that it shouW be handsomely got up , and that the price of each monthly number should not be less than one shilling' At present we have no very respectable Ctuirtist publication ; at iuast as regards external appearance . The reproach implied by this circumstance ought to be obviated—A de » ijeraturu to be supplied , I think , very effectively by the publication of a first-rate monthly Chartist magazine . The number of accomplished Cbartiat writers is greater than is generally perhaps imagined . With the letters , addresses , and extemporeous orations of our principal agitators , I have been exceedingly pleased ; and the concentration of such talent in tun vehicle referred to would , I am confident , effect results of a highly interesting and important character . * *
Hoping te be gratified by a speedy announcement of the actual publication of the nrat number of the magazine . I am , sir , Yours respectfully , J . B . Smith . Mr . J . Watkins .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct477/page/7/
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