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ILoral an& <S*neraI &nteTliGence
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©o aseatrerjs afflr ©orrejafjwffirewig
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Ctmrtfet 3£nt*Iitt£ttue.
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ffliove $otttig; ^atrtotfiu
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THE WELCH CHARTISTS.
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TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR JAMES GRAHAM.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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M dusi & * ^ ^ DeTet mOTe < kn * erons or n £ * J t ^* ' m- !* eB ^ P * on * ***** ° * 8 ^ ie ( raBlle 88 * ^ aPK ^^ g i 3 » n angeL And hence -we deem this the m * & * time » w ^ *^ ^ ° ^ P re&s teemB I fcbtk ' s * * % mm 8 tlie S 00 **^ parsons ; I J when the Whig , dissenting , and middle-class I l ^ mea especially , are landing to the Tery echo " ^ AeTtnednes and patriotism of the new secaders , I ** bring ^ v ^ ole Diaiter i ° * Ter 7 short compass I kfcre onr readers ; that they may know how to ! I cdsate the " sublime moral spectacle which ' I * J *^ admirat"m vtite ** excites reTer- ; H _ ^
Cie vhole matter of contention arises , in the fas instance , out of a question of patronage ; than I tot s * & w things hare caused more bickering and m ^ enaoa in the church . ^ e advocates of patronage , or the right of an . ^ gndnal , nnder giren circumstances , to present a ^^ jgee to a duly qualified person , argue thus : — sjf jniiB build and endow a church , it is surely — pore than jus : that he should choose the minister ; 1 * d it would be a gross fraud on his just righte to I » T d ** s 00 ^ haTe no control oTer that ¦ which he 1 ijaself had boilt and given . Now there is
some-J jfcjngiB feis argument , plausible at first sight , but J caeeordant with the free spirit of Christianity when 1 jae nearly examined . When building and en-1 iawing the Chnrch , the donor is supposed to be I yoa » d , and claims credit for being actuated , by I —rjjy pious and benevolent motiTes ; it is a free & » d « g-ory of God and the good of man . But , ¦ jtnuuBR the right of patronage , he , in fact , unnb ds grft , and still claims for his own that , ^ 1 has passed from hi 3 possession entirely . Tell 1 e art that he has a right to attach conditions to ¦ feff ^ - ^ nas s 0 » kQt tne conditions mu 3 t be
w . He has no right to attach contradictory con-I cams , and then to insist on the fulfilment of the I 0 t by which his own interest or caprice is served 1 vithoot regard to its co-ordinate conditions , which afjo ib ? interests , or feelings , or happiness of i ^ grs . 2 sow , this is done whenever a minister is , B tie Scotch say . "intruded" on a parish oreonptgiaon . Suppose the first donor to hare given jie entire chorea—land , buildings , endowment , i ^ al ] , ( which is , perhaps , as strong a case & . patronage as can be set up ) he gives this Church . far the very purpose and on the condition of its
iang appropriated to a certain use ; and by this jgprcprianos other parties necessarily acquire lights—rights of conscience , more sacred eTen than ftiee of property ; they acquire the right to hare fia word of life dispensed to them by a priest in iKBtt they have confidence ; they have a natural I npi * to form their own opinion upon this subject , of I wJaehnomin can honestly deprire them , and for ? liieh bo equivalent can be offered ; the donor when fegare the property knew all this , and he gave it gtieet to these conditions ; he has no right
therein to violate these conditions ; nor has he any ight to dog his benefaction with another condition irlieh must or may violate them : if he do so , he is jtecett j in the condition of Anapiy andSapphira ro kept back part of the price of the land which fiej pretended to have given to the Church ; whilst 1 was in their own hands they had a right of control over i : —bnt when it was given from them as a gift to the Church , they had no longer any such r $ ht , and were subjected to the severest censure &d punishment for daring to usurp it .
This seems to us to be precisely the argument rf patronage , giving the most favourable view to fee ease of its supporters ; and it results in the condssion that patronage is , under all circumstances salawful to Christians ; that it is incompatible * 3 h the free spirit of Christianity , and cannot be exercised without trenching on the people ' s r ights Tiis seems also to haTe been the view taken of the Batter by the early Scotch Reformers ; all of whom feaooneed patronage in strong and severe terms . Bat notwithstanding this denunciation it has still txisEed in the Scottish Church from its first
establish-¦ eat . The civil law regarded and treated patronage as ] ffoperty , and even fixed the compensation money to he paid to the patron upon the setting aside of his right . The right of patronage was exercised in this Burner . The patron , when a benefice beeame TKant , selected a candidate for the office and presented him to the Presbytery within whose jnrisdiction the benefice might be situate , praying them to triain and induct him . The Presbytery first ascertained the qualifications of the candidate , and
2 , after trial by the parishioners , more than onebalf of the tthiIp heads of families , being commnnianis in the parish , did not agree to reject him , siting their reasons for so doing , he was inducted at * the living . In the event of rejection by the jHisfc , the candidate could appeal against the Badity of the reasons for his rejection , first to the Sjaod , and finally to the General Assembly , by ioia in the event of the olj actions being declared fnale , he could have the benefice restored to bam .
Such was the law ; but the democratic spirit of the Scotch never well submitted to it . It was seldom acted on until of late years when the spirit of resistance agitated and has finally dismembered the whole darcL In 1854 , an Act of the General Assembly , * irieh commanded all Presbyteries , in cases of pre-* 8 tatkiB by patrons , that , if a majority of the male keads of families , being communicants in a parish , fcjwted to any candidate as their pastor , b « should lesmmnariiy rejected by the Presbytery without neb . communicants being required to give any reason fe objecting to him . This is the famous veto act .
Sow this seems to be a purely democratic rule of * B » n ; and it is in upholding this rule againrt the "" thorny of the civil law that the late Moderator of &e Church of Scotland and the other 400 ministers » i dignitaries have thrown up their livings and weded from the Qiurch . If this was in reality what it seems to be at fct aghtj a free gmng to the people of & * choice of their own ministers—we should be 'MSiKd to bestow as much praise on the " sublime * "Ml spectacle" as any of the dissenting organs of ^* day . But a little closer examination Etrips the
¦» sk and Ehew 3 the real face . The matter contended *» by these 400 Scotch priests is not that of the People ' s rights , bnt of their own exclnsive domina-^ over both patrons and people . This "Veto Act wMeh seems so democratic is in reality an act for placing every parish and the whole temporalities f the entire church in the hands of the priests exdaovely , to the entire shutting out of the people
w * any power at alL Uf conrse with such a * eo Ple as the Scotch , the prieste would act warily bringing into requisition such a power as *¦ » bm it is MTerthelcss assumed . The * aolft tiling £ e 8 in the few wotqb u being " ^ aicantt of the parish . " This is the 1 * fi 8 ** a whieh does the whole mischief ; and to un" ^ stand ha working we seed bnt look at the eontito&na of the Ecclesiastical Courts of Scotland .
-. 5 * 5 * ue four Ecclesiastical Courts in Scotland . ^ w first iB theGonrt of Kirk Session for every parish , *** Poaedof the Minister and two Elders , with J £ "w t © increase their numbers by other Elders |« ted by theniBelTes . This is a Court of parochial ¦ "opfiae , and may limit te whom it pleases the ad" *«*< rali © n of the Hofy Communion , tmvb FJJ . CTN 6 *¦ *** hajtds op tew os xajtt zhb bight op ex-P ^ swg ihb teto . The second Court is the Pres y * T < composed winripallT . and for business purg * r * ino 8 t wholly , of the Ministers of a certain •"**** . Elders are included , bat they are merely - ' ^ " ¦ jtares of the Ministers . This Court ordains and ^""^ 1 * Mloisten ) within thn mhftm of iru inrisdiftof iB
? fl ^ bJ ? Conr t Synod but an extension of !? f ™ M » yteryj and the General Assembly , or So-£ 2 * toon , is an Ecclesiastical Parliament , com-J ™^^^ iatCT © and judicial functions recognised " » **« tending upon the whole Church , " ^^ r here then we haTe the whole secret of the ~ j * tedlH » of these seceding ministers to the high - J ^ e of principle ; and we haye also hers a snfii-• j ** reason for Doctor Chalxebs * disavowal of TJJjJ ^ Mjism . Several portions of the Bererend ^ f or ' s speech on being chosen to the Moderator ' s **«* of the Sew Church Assembly , which have ax * Ji « d much remark and nmch seeming astonish-• sat among liberals , are Ei ^ &i = ct ] y obvious when ** ' ^ « fte real priaoiple of lisis Veto Mi .
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TheTeto ActUmitsthe rights to the commo ^ eants ; and the Minister and two Elders , constituting the Court of Session , in any pari ^ „ , „ restrict the privilege of communicating { P in ' scotland permission to communicate is&pAvilege and not a right , as in the Chorea of Engi to ^ personsas they please . There are ^^ ow parishes in Scotland , where the Clergy " n ^ re 8 tri oted th e participation in the Holy C oBunQnion ^ more
than seTen heads of f ^ iiies i Thus the real operation of the Veto Act is to place the whole power of the Chu ^ h of Scotland in the hands of the priests ^ lij is an engine by means of which they are piteing the ecclesiastical above the civil pow fr ~* ae priest above , and irresponsible to , either ma ^ sirate or people . This the very high priest of the Non-intrusionist 8 , Dr . Chathbbs , openly avows . He warns the Voluntaries that he will have nothing to do with them , and that they are to hope for no
portion in bis work . Thus it is that after all it turns out , on examination , that the mighty cry of these Scotch priests about M the sacred rights of the Church of Christ " means , just as usual , the power of the priesthood and no more . Dr . Chalmers announced that the gross receipts in aid of the Free Church were £ 223 , 023 6 s . lid . Now this must have been " voluntary" money , we much marvel that the Doctor ' s high sense of principle , and his determination to have nothing to do with voluntaries did not induce him to reject it . But
trust the priests to permit the voluntaries to give what they please ; so that they give only and take nothing .
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Wheke are they ? What are they doing ? Are they still alive ! or has the very spirit of patriotism crossed the Blue salt wave along with its devoted embodyment in F&ost and his companions 1 Up Cambriens , up ! and shake off this disgraceful leihargy . Let us not be compelled to write \ ou
the degenerate sons Of ancient sires who knew no fear , nor felt Despondency ; bnt onward ever reaching , With their hopes , their arms , gave battle to the death . And in their mountain homes , with wild wood notes , The song cf freedom sung and its fair spirit Cfeeriahtd ; leaving for their sons example bright To be all disregarded thus ! Let us hear again of the children of the mist '' gathering upon the mountains , and of the H sons of the valley" taking counsel with each other , that the spirit of liberty may again breathe over them its happy influence . It wonld do us good ; indeed it would , to hear something from Wales .
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THE LONDON CHARTIST MONTHLY MAGAZLNE . We have been favoured with a proof number of this new work , which is , we believe , published in London this day , ( Thursday ) . Heartily do we bid welcome to so valuable a " companion in arms" to aid in *• the holy war" . The Editor , Mr . John Watkins , ia well and deservedly known to the whole Chartist public . His official connection with it is sufficient warrantry that its columns will be filled with the right sort of stuff , " and we truly hope that the Chartist public will extensively " take it in . " We give the following from the introductory address by the Editor : — *" ' TO OUB READERS AM ) SCBSCR 1 BEBS . 1 Pro arts et focis '
"The M of June !—the glorious 1 st of June !—this day is memorable for the great naval victory gained on it over the French by Lord Howe . But we hope to render it more memorable—more glorious to us Chartists as the day on which the first number of our first Magazine came forth . Lord Howe ' s victory was gained at the expenee of truth and justice—it was an attempt to quell the risiDg spirit of liberty . Our little privateer will cruise in behalf of a better cause—we shall seek to free enslaved indnstry , and to succour oppressed virtue—we are the friends , not the foes , of loan . We have a roving commission , like Paul Jones ; and wherever we can make a successful descent on the shore of ignorance , wherever we can carry off prejudice , we shall not fail to do so . Our standard is the Charter , and on it is inscribed " social happine 33 . "
u Our prospectus has stated that thi 3 work is undertaken by a committee of Chartists who have launched their vessel—christened it—manned itand now it put to sea with its freight of democratic tru-. hs—not yet chartered but soon to be so—sailing Hot on its own account , but on account of the cause , and with the favourable breeze of public opinion . We shall keep due on in a course of progress , like the Centenary ship laden with missionary intelligence , which we shall dispense at every favourable opportunity , and wherever we think it may do good . Oars is a magazine not for powder and bultet , but for such weapons as St . Paul speaks of : The armour of righteousness , the breastplate of truth , ibe sword of the Spirit .
" This work is ' got out' in shares , bnt without the most distant idea to pecuniary profit . Every shareholder has voluntarily and gratuitously rendered his support , and looks neither for interest nor principal back—looks for no return whatever—but is ready when called on to make a further advance on the same liberal and disinterested principles . The work is devoted not to individual or party interest , but to the advocacy of those rights on which the
welfare of working men depend . We caie not for self in so good a cause ; but we trust that our sabscribers will be so numerous as to prevent the necessity of further sacrifice . They will see to it that those who have zeal to serve them , shall not suffer for it , nor serve them in vain . Confidently we call on the public generally to give ability to our inclination . We acknowledge no sovereign but the people , whose patronage we cheerfully anticipate will not be withheld so long as we prove ourselves loyal and
active . *• Had this work been brought out by an individual , or as a private speculation , it would have required the expenditure of a large amount of capital in advertisements and puffs to give it notoriety ; but we have no such resource , and no such reliance . We trust not in exciting curiosity , nor in the efficacy of promises too wonderful to be performed . We discard the puff system altogether . We wish to take no one in , but we wish all to take as in—to bay onr book ; and we trust to its intrinsic contents alone—to a sincere desire to promote the principles which we advocate , and to an earnest wish to benefit the interests of our fellow labourers .
"It will be our aim , as much as possible , to diversify the matter of these pages : our contributors will endeavour , therefore , to make their articles gait . We shall each month present to our readers an olio of good digestible fare , suitable to all palates —a kind of kaleidioscope , which phases as follows : —Chartist History , Chartist Theology , Chartist Philosophy , Chartist Politics , Democratic Tales , Poetry , Reviews , &c . We shall make such selecthink
tions from the matter before us as we may most conducive to the interests of the Magazine , and the cause to which it will be rendered subservientactuated neither by fear nor favour . We shall ourselves , at all times , write what we think—independently—for we should deem ourselves unworthy of the people ' s confidence if we could flatter either them or their tyrants . All that we ask in retnrn , is calm , dispassionate judgment . Let Reason be the umpire : now Providence Bpeei ns for the people . "
There are , besides this , a variety of other artioles —most we suspect—as usual in the first number of every periodical , from the pen of the Editor . We recommend strongly to all our Chartist friends , of literary character , to " take op" the Magazine—to support it not merely by buying and pushing it , bnt by writing for it , Many of those able and wellwritten essays npon various subjects , to which we are compelled , by the pressure of news , to refuse insertion , wonld here find a proper vehicle . We shall probably trouble friend Watkins occasionally with a stray lucubration of out own , as fine and opportunity may serve . The present number ooming upon us in the hurry of basinets , we have not bad
time to read any article but the one from which we give extracts above . The title * of the rest speak well for them ; they are as follow : —* Progress of L iberty in England from the earliest period down to the present time f—A Letter to Archbishop Canter , by a Christian Chartist •"—* ' Knowledge , " a poetical scrap , •—The commencement of a tale called * The Poor Law Martyrs ?—* ' Chartism and Socialism ;"— ° Poems by a Suiferer under the present System , No . 1 f— Autobiography of a Chartist f— Repeal of the Union f- '—A ** Chartist Byron f— Life of a London Dodger ;"" Reast > ss and Rules for Exclusive Dealing ?'some Reviews , and a Brief Summary of the News of the ilomb . Such is the erst bill of fare of our
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new friend ; we hope that , in twelve months time , he will have at least one dish more—the review of a triumphant and profitable year's cruize . The Magazine may be had of Mr . Watson , Paternoster-Row , London , and of Mr . Hobson , Star Office , Leeds .
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WrLLiAM Hebdos , Stokkslet . —We are obliged to him for his hint : it shall be attended to . It is quite impossible for us to give the name of every subscriber to the Defence or any other Fund : we can only give the sum total from each place . S . Booxham , Nottikgham , sends us a forthcoming notice of a Chartist tea party ; but does 7 iot say when it is to be held . Samuel Walker , AsHTON-tJNDEB-LT . NB .-HV do not knoic . W . W . —ITis question is a very proper one . We had by no means overlooked it ; though we did not refer to it in that particular article . Our eye is upon all the matter ; and he may depend upon any &uch movement as that to which he
al-Ixuies having from us a determined opposition . We are for no project of merely transferring the ass and his burden from one gang of thieves to arwther . But we must work cautiously ; and W . W . must allow us to work our own way , and to bring out things at our own time . We have perhaps a larger view of the field of action than he may have . We imagine our present week's article will , in some degree , assure him that we are " all right . " Hamilton Chartists . —Mr . Hill will gladly see them when he comes to the * " land o' cakes . " H . A . Donaldson sends us u an \ addres > s to the Birmingham and Midland Counties Charter
Assohon , for the insertion of which we have not ro ^ m . He presses upon them the study , with a view to its adoption , of Mr . O'Connor's land scheme ; he calls their attention to the letter of Gracchus , in last week ' s Star ; he exhorts them to aid the Irish in the Repeal struggle ; and to support the Chartist victims and their families . E . Stabkey , Stoke — lie know not to what he alludes : all reperts received here , —whether from M refined" or not , —receive that attention which their claims merit . A Democrat . —To his first question , No : to his second . Yes . Joseph Ray . ver , Hollinwood . —It trill be duly announced .
A . Frosser , Bromsgrove . — Write on one side only of your paper for the future . Joun Sewholse , Birmingham , will excuse us : we have made the best we can of the hurried report he sent us , and must express our regret that we are not enabled to make more of so important a meeting . Some friend might have assisted him in the arduous ta ^ k , which he has voluntarily imposed upon himself . Mr . L . Pitkethlt , Buxtonroad , Huddcrsfield , would be glad to learn the present address of Mr . Morgan Williams-
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FOR THE DEFE . NCE FUND . £ . 8 . d . Frem New Basford , near Wottinghem per J . Sweet ... 0 8 0 _ Stalybridge , per J . Woodcock ... 0 6 0 _ Bedditch , per We Pingfield—subscription at the O'Connor ' s Arms ... 0 13 8 _ Great Horton , per J . Turner 0 10 0 _ the Chartists' Mutual Istruction Society , Grimshaw Park , near Blackburn , ... 0 6 10 .. Wm . Young , Witney 0 2 0 _ a Working Man , Alfreton 0 10 _ Sutton , near Keighley .. 052 _ Keighley 0 18 8 _ three friends , Bristol 0 4 0 _ a new Churchman ~ . 0 0 8 _ W . P ., Mirfield 10 0 _ J . W ., Dewsbary 0 10 _ the Chartists of Newton Abbot , Devon , per J . Elms 10 0
Iloral An& ≪S*Nerai &Ntetligence
ILoral an& < S * neraI &nteTliGence
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BXSBOP AUCKLAND . —A public meeting of colliers was held at Cokton-hill , in a field belonging to Mr . Wm . Dixon , on Saturday last . On account of the dullness of the day the meeting perhaps was uot so large as might have been . Notwithstanding the short notice and only seven days previons agitation by Mr . Swallow , yet there could not be lees than 1500 present , for the purpose o [ aseerting their rights , and giving the right hand of fellowship to their brethren in ihe North and South . Mr . Thomas Mycroft , of West Auckland , was called to the chair . Mr . P . Atkinson moved the first resolution , which was to the same purport as that adopted at Shaden's-bill meeting , and reported in the S : ar of the 20 th inst . Mr . Robert Smith , an aged collier ,
seconded the resolution in a most effective and practical speech . Mr . Swallow proposed the adoption of the collier ' s petition , and that the pitmen of the Auckland districts pledge themselves to give all the information th « y possibly can in answer to the questions in the Northern Star of May 20 . Mr . Daniel Thompson < a person who was discharged tor being a delegate ) seconded it . After a vote of thanks to the chairman the meeting separated in an orderly manner . At the conclusion of the above a delegate meeting was held at Mr . Wm . Dixon ' s , when Mr . Mycrott was again called to the chair . The lUt of collieries was called over , and it was found that al ! tbe collieries in the district , with the exception of seven , were represented . After the several sums of
contributions had been handed over to the treasurer , the following resolutions were agreed to— That a general meeting of the Auckland districts be held at Cokton-hill , Bishop Auckland , on Saturday the 24 'h of June . " " That every delegate bring one shilling eacn to defray the expences of the district , over and above what is to be paid into the general fund . " "That every delegate bring proper credentials , signed by the chairman and secretary of the seciety he may represent , er he will not be allowed to have a voice in the delegate meeting . " " That Mr . Daniel Thompson be recommended to the Executive as a fit and Droper person to become a lecturer of this society as a talented and tried friend to the Union , and as ha has been discharged from his employment on that account . "
XJSIGESTBR . Independent Order of United Brothers . —Leicester Unity . —Another Lodge in connection with this Order was opened at Leicester on Monday last , when twenty one persons were duly initiated and three more proposed . NOTTINGHAM . —At a general meeting of the workmen employed in the plain silk glove branch , held at the Shoulder of Mutton , Barker Gate , on Monday last , for the purpose of taking into consideration the evils under which the hands were labouriug , by the enormous charges in the shape of frame rent , and other infringenrents . A committee was appointed , with power to add to their number , to prepare an address , setting forth the various impositions to which they were subjected , and calling upon those employers who are thus charging to desist from such practice , and return to the old 6 ystem of frame charges . The trade are called upon to meet on Monday next , at eight o ' clock in the evening , at the above houBe .
TOSSXOBJDTIm . —Shocking A ccident . —On the evening of Monday last , a guard of a luggage train , upon the Manchester and Leeds line , was thrown down between the waggons , and the wheels Tan over his head , and crushed it in a very shocking manner , so much so that his brains fell upon tbe ground . It appears that it was a long train , and there was a pilot engine behind ; and , with the first engine having the steam turned off , the one behind caused the waggons to come in contact very forcibly , and he was thrown over the side of the waggon by that means . At an inqnest held on Wednesday , a verdict of accidental death was returned . T " e unfortunate man , whose name is Hampson , has left a widow and two children .
BBOMSCrEOVB . —The trade of this torrn is in a most deplorable state . The Btaple trade is nail-making . The masters have reduced the men twenty per cent , and now they want a further reduction of ten per cent ., which tbe men have all struck against , as the average wages do not amount to above 5 s . 9 d . pe * week , out of which they have shop rent and tools to pay for , which is one Bhilling per week , leaving only 4 s . 9 d . for a man and his family to subapt upon . The workmen parade the town every day in large numbers , but are very peaceable . On Sunday , they went in procession ( about a thousand ) to Church , and some of the principal men in the town talked of forming a union to take the trade out of the truokmasters hands . The churchwardens and overseers called a public meeting on Monday morning , and the men went to it , bat were refused admittance by the polioe , who were Btationed at the gates ; and when a deputation
from the working men ' s eommittee obtained entrance they were informed by these generous souls that if they refused working at the masters' prices , they would be refused all relief at the Union Sastile , and if they persisted in congregating together they should be taken up 2 This is middle class sympathy with a vengeance . The men assembled on Monday at their usual place of meeting , when they were addressed by Mr . Wm . Clements , a nailer and a Chartist , who stowed up the would-be philanthropists and gave the factions a good dressing , not forgetting the parsons , in not coming out to endeavour to gain the people theirjust rights . The magistrates sent for a troop of Dragoons from ' Birmingham Barracks , and they marched into the town about eight o ' clock on Monday night , when the town wa& all very peaceable and quiet , and not the least symptoms of disorder ; but when the troop marched in , the town was up in arms to know what was the matter tim taey w&re sent for , but no one could auswer .
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ADDRESS FROM THE CHARTIST COUNCILLORS OP MARYLEBONE TO THE CHARTISTS OF GREAT-BRITAIN . Brothers w the Cause , —It gyres us heartfelt concern to think of tbe present disorganised state of our association ; we find all our energies wasted in fruitless labour for want of a straightforward plan of action ; we have been led to investigate the cause of our present situation , and we consider it to consist chiefly in the want of steady and consistent council . We , thereforeearnestly entreatlour brother
, Chartists to proceed at once to the election of a new Executive , and let it ( the Executive ) be called upon to suggest such amendments as may be necessary in the old plan of organisation , which is all that we ttnnk it needs , and then instead of keeping our body in an unsettled state of constant agitation and trouble , let ub proceed once more to agitato the body polltio of the public . The force of public opinion , which succeeded in obtaining the abolition of negro slavery , cannot , if properly directed , fail in obtaining the emancipation of British slaves .
We remain , brothers , Yoursi « n the bonds of fraternal Love and fidelity in the cause , Samuel Larqb , Charles Hutchings , William Clabkj John Godwin , Wm . Worledoe , John Phillips , Ben . Woodward , George Whitchurch , JamesPakes , Vincent Pak . es , sub-Se-John Watkins , cretary , Alfred Packeb , Chairman
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Sir , —As tbe subject of the factory question comes on for discuBBion in the House of Commons this week , and as facts are very valuable , and particularly on such an agitated subject , on which there are so many different opinions , you will perhaps excuse me taking tbe liberty of addressing you on this very important subject , and pointing out to you that the present bill , sow before tbe House , with its twelve hours ' clause , actually means sixteen and a half or seventeen hours per day .
And now , sir , to tbe proof . On Friday morning last , I arose at four o ' clock , am ., for the purpose of ascertaining what number of factory workers passed a certain inlet into tbe town of Bradford , at a certain place , within one and a half miles of tbe town . I took up my station at five o ' clock , and the first person that passed me mi a female , who v&s going to hex -work at six minutes past five o ' clock , and then they passed me in rapid succession until ten minutes to six o ' clock ; tbe whole number of factory workers who passed me daring the time was three hundred and forty-six , and out of that number three hundred and seventeen were females .
Now , Sir James , a great number of these people bad to come , before they reached me , a distance of two miles , and some of them more , so that they wonld not nave been in their beds , that morning , later than halfpast four o ' clock ; they then nave to work until halfput seven o ' clock at night ; so that it wonld be impossible for them to reach home until nine o ' clock at night , leaving seven and a half boars for sleep , recreation , education , religion , and for learning other domestic duties at home , so as to make them useful members of society .
Now , Sir Jamei , to make this case doubly rare , I have tail day enquired of one of the female * who put me on the morning alluded to , and she Informed me that she got up at half-past four o ' clock in the morning , and reached home again at nine o ' clock at night ; thus leaving seven and a half hours oat of the twenty-four . So that , instead of the ptesent bill before the house being a Twelve Hours' Bill , to those patties it is a sixteen and a half or seventeen hours' Bill . And , pray remember , Sir James , that oat of those 346 , no less a number than 317 were females , who have that distance to trawl through the stormy blasts of winter , sometimes wet to the skin , and then commence working with their clothes drying on their backs : and this is only one inlet into the town of Bradford—there are about twelve altogether .
What then , Sir James , is to b « done ? Are there to be no feelings of humanity shown to the female portion of society ? Are we still to be worse in England than the black slaves , or 1 b there to be some amtlioratiou in the long hours of the factory working populati n' ?
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Sir James , do consider before the twelve hours clause passes ; and follow the example of the noble-minded Ashley , in endeavouring to shorten the houro of tbe factory workers , by getting inserted in the bill a ten instead of a twelve hours clause ; and I am sure tbe blessing of God will follow your humane and charitable act . , I hats been engaged this lost week in canvassing this subject among the master manufacturers of this town , and a great number have signed a petition for a Ten Hours' Bill , considering how it was once opposed by them ; bnt numbers declare they will never sign a petition again on any subject whatever ; they say s deaf ear is turned to all petitions , and therefore it is of no use whatever . And when one individual master manufacturer was asked to sign the petition , he said , " Yes , I will ; but them d—d thieves in London ( alluding to Parliament ) will neve ; pass it ui . til there is a sword taken to them . "
Str James , what a horrible state of things is this to be in , and all because attention has not been paid to the petitions of tbe people , and this , too , from tbe middle class , ( and the working classes are tbe same . ) They say let Parliament make laws as oppressive and tyrannical as they please , there will soon be an end t » all law makers , for we might as well petition tbe rock of Gibraltar as tbe House of Commons . Now , Sir James , what is te be don « ? Is a deaf ear still to be turned to tbe cries of those tbat cannot help themselves ( the factory workers ) ? Are the petitions of teas of thousands that have been presented on this important subject still to be of no avail ? If so , than I have no hope for the country . Daring the last election I laboured bard to place you and your colleagues in office ; but if this is to be tbu order of the day , then farewell conservatism !
I am an elector the borough Bradford and for the West Riding of the County of York . I have wrought in tbe factory cause those last six or seven years , —I am not , therefore , ignorant of the workings of the factory system . I have superintended a Sunday Scbeol belonging to the Church of England a number of years ; anrt , during that time , have visited many of the death-beds of my Sunday scholars , who , when I first knew them , were as blooming in health as the flowers in May ; but I can testify that the long hours of factory labour brought on consumption , and soon laid them on a bed of affliction , which ended in death . Do then , Sir James , as you have the power , intercede for the poor factory workers , by getting inserted in tbe Factory Bill now before the House , ten instead of twelve hours' clause ; and that God may prosper your work ia tbe hearty prayer of Your obedient servant . Squire Auty . Manchester Road , Bradford , May 22 , 1843 .
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DUBLIN . —Irish Universal Suffrage Association . —At the usual weekly meeting of this Association , held in the Great Rooms , North Annstreet , on Sunday last , speeches of the most conciliatory character were delivered by Messrs . O'Higgins , Dyofcfc , &c , on the subject of Repeal , and a determination evinced by all present to aid and assist their countrymen in the present struggle for nationality , while as Chartists they firmly believed that even that change would be inadequate to tbe wants of the producing classes , and would continue to contend for the adoption of the Charter , till that document became the law of the laud Mr . Hill ' s last article on the Repeal was read , and loudly applauded ; and an English gentleman who was present , in handing in his subscription , declared tbat the unanimous feeling of his Chartist brethren was with the Irish ; they were willing to forget and forgive all , and join in the general exertion for an extension of human rights .
BIRMINGHAM . —A meeting of the General Council was held at Aehton-street , on Sunday , Mr . Thornton in the chair . The minutes of the previous meeting having been read and ; confirmed , a letter was read from Mr . George White , when it was resolved that the friends of that gentleman should be called together on Wednesday evening next , to form a committee for the purposo of collecting subscriptions , so that he may be enabled to keep himself during his incarceration . Mr . John Mason addressed a large and enthusiastic meeting of the working men of Birmingham , at Duddeaton-row , on Sunday morning last , aud another in the afternoon , on thegrouad belonging to the People ' s Hall , which gave general , satisfaction to the multitude assembled .
Birmingham Chartist Tailors . —A meeting of the Chartist tailors was held on Monday evening , iu the large room of the Royal Oak Inn , Little Cbarles-atreet , for the purpose of hearing a lecture by Mr . John Mason , on " the duty of Trades' Unions making common cause with the millions of their suffering fellow countrymen , to procure their ample share of representation in the Legislature , as the only means of guaranteeing for their labour and skill an equitable remuneration . " Mr . John Burton was called to the chair , and opened the meeting by briefly stating the business of the evening . He
then balled on Mr . Mason , who , in a clear and spirited address , proved to the satisfaction of his audience the utter impossibility of the working classes receiving any permanent benefit from , or protection to Trades' Unions , until such time as the whole people have the control over the making of the laws by which tbey are governed , and which could not be until the People ' s Charter was the law of the land . The thanks of the meeting having been given to Mr . Mason for his ablo address , Messrs . Burton , Neale , Valoise , Wyoombe , aud Tnorp were eleoted as committee of management for
the Association . On Sunday last , the discussion on the land was carried on with great spirit , and a very good feeling manifested itself on the question . A resolution was unanimously passed : — " That a subscription of sixpence per week be entered into to carry out the objeGt . " Nine individuals then came forward and paid down their sixpences for a commencement . There is every appearance that the object will be carried out with vigouT . The meeting w » a adjourned to Sunday next , at two o ' clock iu the afternoon , in trie Chartist Room , when it is expected there will be a good attendance . Mr . A . E Taylor delivered a very energetic address in the evening , which gave general satisfaction .
Mossley . — -Mr . Thos . Clark , of Stockport delivered a lecturo here on Tuesday evening lasi—subject , the Laud and its Capabilities . The lecturer gave great satisfaction . Eleven shillings were collected for the Defence Fund . Hebburn Colliery . —Mr . Beesley lectured at Hebburu Colliery , on Monday evening , at one of the largest meetings we have had for some time , and gave great satisfaction . The sum of five shillings was collected aud handed to the lecturer as the first contribution for the support of the lecturer for the Northern district .
Oldham . More Prosecution . —On Thursday evening the 18 th inst ., Mr . Miller , Chartist , of this town , was arrested while sitting ia the Town-hail . It appears that a warrant has been hanging over him ever since the late strike , for the part he took in advising the people to be peaceable and attending public meetings . The circumstances which led to his apprehension are supposed to be in consequence of a report having been circulated that Miller and a few others had made arrangements to speak at a public meeting which was convened by the authorities , at the request of the dissenting clergy in opposition to the Factory's Regulation Bill , and the
amendments therein contained . He was taken out of the room at the commencement and secured in the lock-up below . He was brought up on Saturday for examination , before Mr . Hibbert , when the depositions against him were read over and sworn to by the witnesses . Mr . Ashcroft appeared for the prisoner . The case was postponed to Monday , when a number of his friends came' into court , and after waiting a considerable time the magistrates took their seats on tbe Bench , and he was bound over to keep the peace and appear when called upon ; afier the bail was tendered and accepted , he was set at liberty to the great satisfaction of his friends .
Manchester . —On Wednesday evening . Mr . James Leach delivered a lecture in the Brown-street room , subject , " No Monopoly and Free Trade . " Several persons asked questions of the lecturer which he answered to the entire satisfaction of the aujience . After which a vote of thanks was given to the lecturer , and a very handsome collection made for the Victim Fund , when the people separated . Middleton . —The Chartists of this place held their usual weekly meeting in the Association Room , Mill-street , on Monday evening last . After the business of tbe Association was gone through , several new members were enrolled .
LEEDS . —This week has been a glorious one for Leeds ; crowded and enthusiastic meetings have been held and new members enrolled in the Association . On Sunday afternoon a Camp Meeting was held on Holbeck Moor ; on aecoant of the rain many concluded that no meeting would be held , there were , however , from 5 to 600 persons present . Had it been fine , no doubt there would have been as many thousands . Mr . Bell lectured in the evening to the Chartists , in Cheapside Room , which was well filled . On Monday evening Dr . Lees delivered a lecture in the same place . And on Wednesday evening , Mr . Da vies delegate to the
late Birmingham Conference , delivered a lecture on the Repeal of the Union . Only a few hours notioe was given of the subjeot , yet tha room was crowded in every part . Many of our Irish brethren were present , and evinced their satisfaction of the lecture by repeated applause . A vote of thanks was given to the lecturer , on tb » motion of Mr . Brook , who said he hoped that Irishmen would take this as a proof that the Chartists were not their enemies , but their greatest friends . He called on them to assist the Chartists , and the Chartists in return would assist them . He expressed a hope that a public meeting would be called to sympathiae with and cheer on Ireland in her good work .
Armlet . —Mr . Gammage delivered a vary instructive lecture at this place , oa Friday last , u > a numerous meeting .
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Bradford . —On Monday evening , a great meeting of Irish Repealers , and English and Irish Chartists was held at , the "White House , Broadstones , to hear a lecture from Mr . Condron , of Halifax , on the customs and laws of Ireland . Owing to the want of room to admit all that were anxious to hear about the ancient customs of the sister isle , a request was made from the chair , that the Irish who had heard Mr . Coudron before , would retire to allow the En glish people an opportunity of hepringaud judging for themselves . This request was instantly
complied with , and the lecture was resumed , and listened to with the greatest attention , which gave general satisfaction . - At the conclusion th Rev . Mr . Collins , a Roman Catholic clergyman , addressed the meeting on the subjeot of repeal , and very ably exposed the fallacy of the press which is crying out that Ireland owes its existence as a nation to the Union . At the conclusion the Rev . Gentleman , was warmly applauded . A vote of fhank . « by acclamation , was passed to the lecturers and chairman .
On Sunda y Evkning , Mr . Hurley lectured in the large room , Butterworth Buildings , on the Repeal of the Union . The room was crowded . After the lecture , Mr . Smyth addressed the meeting ou the best means of agitating the question of Repeal in England . The members of the Council met at eight o ' clock , when the following sums were paid iu for the defence . Stanningley , ^ . 9 d . ; New Leeds , 5 s ; Pit-lane , ,, ' per Clarke ) 2 s . ; Thornton , 11 s , collected from a few friends by Tho 3 . Drake , late of Beverley House of Correction . It was resolved to call the attention of the Chartists in the district te use every exertion to raise subscriptions for the victims , and to organise and enroll themselves , the better to carry on the agitation for the Charter , and at the same time render all the assistance in their power to their Iridh brethren ou the Repeal question .
NOTTINGHAM . —The Chartists met at the Democratic Chapel on Suuday morning , Mr . John , Skerrett in the chair ; the following resolutions were unanimously passed : — " That a petition be preseuteJ to the House of Commons relative to the treatment of Thomas Cooper , who is now confined in Stafford G * ol . " " That a camp meeting he held on Nottingham Forest on Whit-Sunday , when Mr . Bairstow and several other speakers will addreja the meeting . " An able and soul-stirring address was delivered in the above chapel on Monday evening , by Mias Eliza , Blatherwick , to a crowded audience ; after whiuli a collection amounting to 6 d . 3 | i . was made in aid of the Sunday-school held in the above chapel established by Misses Abbott .
LONDON . —At a Public Meeting of the Chartists of Bloomsbury on Tuesday evening , at their acw room , 23 , Chapel-place , Mr . R Clinch ia the chair , after the usual business w ^ s £ omo into , & resolution was carried , calling upon the Finsbury Conference Committee to meet at the above room , on Thursday next , at eight o ' clock , to come to a final settlement . Mr . Watts is particularly requested to attend . Tow £ r Hamlets . —A public meeting was held at the Carpenters' Arms , Brick-lane , Mr . Ogden in the chair . It was unanimously agreed to hold a public meeting next Sunday evening , at eight o ' clock precisely , at the above place , to take into consideration the reorganization . The members are earnestly requested to attend .
At a Meeting of the Young Men ' s Locality of the National Charter Association , on Sunday evening last , Mr . Dyer in tho chair , Mr . W . Sprigmore moved , anri Mr . Mallard seconded , " That a committee of five persons be appointed , with power to add to their number , for the purpose of raising funds for the support of Mr . G . White , during his stay of eight months in the Queen's Bench . " —Carried . It was also agreed that 2 s . 6 d . be given to the Committe from the funds of the association . Messrs . Bateman , Sprigmore , Mallard , Dyer , and Humphriep , were appointed .
The South London Locality met at the Rotunda , as usual , on Monday last . Considerable business wa 3 transacted , and it having been intimated that Mr . O'Connor was not a member of the General Council Mr . Kuighton , after eulogizing the patriotic and noble conduct of our tried frieud , moved" That Feargus O'Connor , E ^ q . be nominated as councillor , " which was- seconded by Mr . Morton , and unanimously * carried ; after which , Mr . J . B . Smith delivered a . talented and effective lecture on our present position . Dr . Lobski , Mr . Skelton , aud Mr . Knitfhton subsequently address d the meeting , which did not terminate till nearly 12 o ' clock . It was announced that Mr . Stallwood would lecture on Monday next ; Dr . Lowski , on Monday week ; and Mr . Knightoii on the following Monday . Three new members wero enrolled .
Repeal of the Union . —Mr . O'Connor lectured on this subject , on Wednesday evening , at the City of London Political and Scientific Institutiou , to a crowded an ^ i-vice . We hare m ived a very ' ong rep > rt of his lecture , which we could not , under any circumstances , make room for in our present number ; it shall appear in our next . SHEFFIELD . —Mr . Harney delivered an addre 3 S ia the Fig-tree Lane room , on Sunday last . Repeal . — The English masses are up and doing . The government has dared to threaten Ireland mth new coercive restraints , and while Ireland hurls defiance in the teeth of her mortal foe , the English people cry " forward" to the rescue . National antipathies aad bigotted prejudices , the disgrace of our
fathers in days gone by , are buried and forgotten ia the shout of fraternity raised in answer to the miserable threats of Peel and Wellington . On Monday evening last , the discussion on the " wrongs of Ireland" was resumed . The Fig-tree Lane room was crowded almost to suffocation . A large Humber of the sons of the Emerald Isle were present . Previous to the chair being- taken , Mr . Royston read the leading articles from the Northern Star and the Nation of Saturday last ; the sentiments of both wure loudly applauded . At eight o ' clock , Mr . Clayton was called to the chair , and opened the business in a neat speech , picturing the wrong 3 of the Irish people , and the duty of Englishmen aiding them in their righteous struggle for s elfgovernment . Mr . Edwin Gill then moved , seconded
by Mr . George EvinsoUj the following resolution —" That this meeting views with sorrow and indignation the oppression to which the people ^ of Ireland have been subjected for the past seven centuries—an oppression which , in the name of the present generation of Englishmen , this meeting repudiates and condemns ; and , considering it to be the boundeu duty of every lover of liberty to aid tho destruction of despotism , no matter in what country , or under what form it may exist , hereby expresses its sympathy with the long-suffering sons of Erin , and solemnly protests against any coercive interference , on the part of the Government , with the just , necessary , and constitutional agitation for a Repeal of the Legislative Union . " Mr . Harney suggested that , before putting the resolution , it was dfisirable that some of their Irish friends should be
heard . Mr . M'Gowan , an ardent and enthusiastic Repealer , addressed the meeting in eloquent and pathetic terms . He described the wrongs of his countrymen , and invoked the aid of all good patriots to assist them- Hn was heartily and deservedlycheered . Several others of our Repeal friends followed , after which , Mr . Julian Harney spoke at great length in support of the resolution . The resolution was then put and oarried by acclamation . Three soul-stirring cheers for Repeal and three for the Charter closed the proceedings .
Stockport . —Mr . E . P . Mead , of Birmingham , leotured to the Juvenile Chartists on Tuesday evening , subject , Self-improvement . The meeting was a crowded one ; the old commodore drew their attention to the illustrious men who had risen from the humble walks of life , and urged them to profit by their bright example , and inflexible perseverance . He related many pleasing and highly instructive anecdotes of Cobbett , Wm . Penn , Dr . Franklin , Sir Isaac Newton , Sir Oloadesley Shovel , Captain Cook , Nelson , Dr . Carey , Bloomfield , Clare , Burns , Furgusson , Allen Ramsey , Hardy , Home Tooke , Thelwall , and others , and wound up with a touching appeal to tbe passions and feelings of his youthfiu auditors , which told well . The meeting was a very good one as well as very spirited .
Todmorden . —Mr . John West delivered an iatetesting and instructive lecture to a very numerous and attentive audience , on Wednesday night , May 17 th , in the Odd Fellows Hall , and gave general satisfaction . He also addressed an out of door meeting on Sunday last , at Studley Pike , which , taking into consideration the rain that continued to fafl nearly the whole of the day , and the great distance thereto , was very numerously attended .
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Hatching Chickens in the Air . —The following curious circumstance has been furnished to us by a correspondent : —On Easter Tuesday l ' ast , Mr . William Downey , of the Brass Knocker Inn , near this city , took five eggs from a crow ' s nest in a lofty elm tree , in the romantic parish of Newton St . Loe . and deposited in their atead four hen ' s eggs . In due time he returned to the nest , and was agreeably surprised in discovering that the birds had sat npon the eggs and hatched four chickens ! He immediately removed them from their dangerous elevation —to the great grief of their strange and faithful parents—and up to this time they are doing well . — Bath Herald .
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Baptised at Bolton , on Monday last , by the Rev . Wm . Hill , Samuel Hill Ellis , the sou of John and Alice Ellis , of Halsbaw Moor . The wife of Mr . William Daniels , of Lasswade , was lately delivered of a son , which has been registered by the name of William Hill Wallace . Registered , at Norwich , Feargus O'Connor Hurry , the infant aon of Mr . Jonathan Hurry , shoemaker . Also . Feargus O'Connor Patrick , the son of Richard and iliu-garet Patrick , of the same place .
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The Welch Chartists.
THE WELCH CHARTISTS .
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The Belgian journals relate the following strange occurrence :- A gentleman named C—— ¦ , a native of Holland , has been for some time confined in a madhouse at Brussels , for religious monomania . He one day got loose , and climbed up one of the trees , with the design , he said , to go to heaven . Those below , who saw him climbing up , feared a fall , and the director of the establishment ordered mattrasses to be placed under the tree . Before this could be done , he jumped down , came on his feet , aud was but little hurt . The shock , strange to say , cured his mental alienation , and a few days since he left tbe madhouse perfectly well . "
Singular Bequest . —In a recent case for compensation on the Norwich and Yarmouth Railway , on which occasion Sir W . FoIIett was retained for the Company , and Mr . Fitzroy Kelly for the defendant Tuok , who claimed upwards of £ 8 , 000 for land , which the Jury returned a verdict for £ 1 , 500 ., Mr . R . H . Gurney , the banker , stated , on his cross examination by the Solicitor-General , "that he had never travelled by rail ; that he was an enemy to it ; had opposed tho Norwich Railway ; and had left a eum of money in his will to oppose the extension of railways generally . "
Latest news from America . —The Hibernia , — The new mail steamer Hibernia , Captai Judkins , arrived at Liverpool on Sunday morning last , ( May 28 th ) , after a wonderfully rapid passage of eleven days and twelve hours from Boston to Liverpool , which is the shortest passage ever yet made across the Atlantic . She brings New York papers to the 15 th , and Boston to the 16 th inst . We learn from the papers that the Hon . Daniel Webster has retired from office , after having secured the re-establishment of firm relations of peace and amity between his own country and England . Mr . H . S . LegaTe , formerly Attorney-General , has been appointed Secretary of State in his place , but this is only a temporary appointment . We find the
following paragraph in the Boston Evening Journal of the loth instant : — " The Sandwich Islands—We learn from , the Army and Navy Chronicle , that advices have been received from the Sandwich Islands as late as the 8 th of March . On the 25 th of February , in consequence of demands made by the British officers , which the King could not , or would not , comply with , the islands wer e conditionally ceded to Queen Victoria . Possession was taken of them the same day by Lord George Paulet , commanding H . B . M . ship Carysfort , and the British flaz hoisted under salutes from the fort and ships P' The commercial accounts from the States are pretty favourable , the demand for specie from England being at an end , and the markets generally in an improving
state . Another Fire at the Dukes ' s Warehouses , Liverpool . —Another conflagration broke eut on Saturday evening , in the wostern wing of the pile of warehouses Bituatad between the Duke ' s and King's Docks , the eastern end of which was severely injured , only three weeks ago , by a similar calamity . The fire was discovered about half-past five o ' clock , shortly after the men had quitted work , when names were seen issuing from the roofs of the second and third warehouses from the western end of the range . Information having been promptly conveyed to the fire-police station , engines aud water carts were soon on the ground . Nine engines were ultimately brought into play , and a plentiful supply of water was procured from the docks . In spite of all endeavours that were made , the fire descended to two rooms ( filled with cotton ) of the
fifth story of the second and third warehouses , where its progress was arm ted , the whole of the four stories , below being saved . The entire damage , we are informed , will not exceed £ 10 , 000 . The cotton consumed in the four rooms belonged to Messrs . Melly , ProTOS » , and Co ., and was insured in tho Royal Exchange Office , which company will suff-r , with what they have on the buildings , to tho extent of £ 5 , 000 . The ten warehouses of the pile are insured in unequal proportions amongst various offices . The chief sufferers on the present occasion are the Liverpool , the Sun , ami as before mentioned , the Royal Exchange '; but their loss , we are happy to fiud , will not be very large . Some grain and other property in the lower rooms of the warehouses principally damaged , and of those on eaoh side , have received considerable injury from the water . The grain , we are informed , is insured iu the Alliance Office , i
Accident on the Shefield and Manchester Railway . —OnTuesday Jast an inquest was taken before Thomas Badger , Esq ., ooroner , and a respectable jury , of which Mr . John Machen , oi Wardsend , was the foreman , at the sign of tho Gate , at Wadsley Bridge , near Sheffield , to inquire into the circumstances attending the death of John Richardson , aged 32 , a fork-maker , who was employed with others in constructing the above railway . It appears from the evidence of Joseph Swallow and Henry Bridges , that the deceased was assisting the >; auger and others in cutting a chamber in the deep cutting at the back of Wardsend , near Sheffield , while some other men were straightening down the
face for a fall of earth , when in conesquencc of the late heavy rains , about three tons of earth suddenly fell upon the deceased and completely buried him . He was called out to by them and warned of his danger , and might have got clear , but instead of doing so he placed his hand behind his head , and it is supposed from fright stood still as if rivetted to the spot- He was extricated in five Or ten minutes , but he was dead ; his legs and arms were fractured , and his head and body much injured . The jury were saii .-iied with the evidence adduced , and returned a verdict of " Accidental Death , " accompanying such verdict with a caution to the men employed in the deep cutting , to iconduot the work with all possible care to prevent a recurrence of similar accidents .
To The Right Honourable Sir James Graham.
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR JAMES GRAHAM .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 3, 1843, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct484/page/5/
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