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l ? 0 5 USBENDERI Let the ftdfrWn and daunted , whsm fear has dumay'd , Give up the pursuit of s > glorious ciuse ^ . Let the base-hearted traitor * tm practise bis trade Of twisting , and twining , and catching at straws ; iet thfi foolish still follow the hollow pretence , Ami the well-fed Reformer for ' cheap bread' staTbawl ; We will ding to the standard of stern common sense , And our watch word , Apolitical freedom to all /' We never ¦ win barter one tithe of oar Charter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force ; Asd our ship " No Surrender 2 " ( may Heaven defend iarl } Shall Jbear us triumphantly on in onrconrse .
The banner of freedom rlss bravely above qb ; On the ocean of public opinion -we EaD : The hypocrites hate , bnt the honest hearts love ns ; And liberty ^ whistles MoodIn the gale . God speed ties , ovx leader , imd » imted O'Connor ! Oar vessel rifles nobly with Ih&e at her helm : Unbonght friend of freedom , white thon artnpon her CsnmpHon's foil waves they can never o ' erwhehn .
We never will barter one tithe of oar Charter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force : And our ship , "No Snrrender V { may Heaven defend her !) Shall bear us triumphantly on in our coarse . The Toriaf strong ships , they may haaasa and grieve us j Bat , like true British tars , we trill -weather the storm : The piratical Whigs , &ey may strive to deceive us By sailing like sharks in their old craft" Beform f And the boats that tact flrstto r > nn point , then the other , "' - *¦ Be they steer"d "by a Cobden , O ' -Connell , or Stnrge , We pity their ^ rews , poor : dBVils ! they'll smother , Completely engulph'd in a whirlpool of surge . Bat we sever will barter one titha of oar Charter ,-We fear staUier lurad , false adTisers nor force : * r > a oar ahip , " 2 C « Surrenderi" ( may Heaven defend
her . ' ) Shall bear ns trinmphantly on in our course . Ye trne-hesrted Chartists , be fervent and asalous ; ToarThmcombe stands firm on the enemj ' s deck j Where , hy principle backVi , and a band of breve fellow * , He the crasy old craft will soon shatter and wreck . ihenre-orgsnTK , boys , redouble your number , And the den of the despots with purity sweep ; Let the spirit of Chartism rouse from its slumber , And come forth " like a giant xefresh'd vrith-sleep . " Jor -we never win barter one tithe of our Charter ; We Twit neither frand , false advisers , nor force : And our ship , " No Surrender ! " ( may Heaves defend her !) f ^ Hflj bear ns triumphantly en in our course . Bxsmnv Sion . 6 & , Saver-street , Manchester .
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THE PLEET PAPERS . Though do admirers ot " . kings" in general , and net mindful of the advice , " put not jour trust in princes / 7 we must own that we have always regarded * Xing Richard" as an exception to this general rale , and have willingly awarded our allegiance to the factory children ' s *• monarch . " Trne , ¦ we have been rather nndntiful " subjects" of late , seeing that it is now a considerable time since we lent cmr aid to extending a knowledge of " Hia Majesty ' s proclamations f * and now , the many demands made upon , ns in the columns devoted to Beviews /* prevent vs giving any very fnll notice of the Tecent labours of the honest , philanthropic , and brave B OldSngli ? h Gentleman , " Richard Oastler .
In Bo . 32 , Yol . Ill , ( August 12 ih , 1843 ) , Mr . Oastler commenced a series of articles on that x > bject of Ms , and every other good man ' s , special abhorrence—the Netr Poor Law . The series i 3 continued through twelve numbers , and forms a well-stored arsenal from which the anii-Malthusian Bay furnish himself with arms calculated to carry terror and dismay into the camp of ihe enemy , and enable him , like the knight-errant of old , to wage triumphant battle in the cause of the helpless aad the oppressed . Of course , it would take the whole of the Star , or nearly so , to do anything like justice to this gallant onslaught of the good -old Ixing " upon the enemies of the poor and the foes of Old England ' s' * best interests . We must content onrsel vea with the following extracts : —
" The Old Poor Xavr was intended to act as a protection to the labourer , by giving him employment or relief st the expense of the parish , when he found it impossible to find other work , the wages of which would TniiTTitafa Wm and his family . Thus it became the interest of "the rate-payers to employ the labourers , giving them fair wages for their work , otherwise the labourers would fall back on the parish rates , and indirectly obtain from . the wealthy parishioners a necessary provision for their "wants . By that law , the poor were vredded to the isnd , the land being made responsible for their maintainance . Wisdom could not have devised s plan mere likely to produce and train a loysT&nd satisfied people . '
** The 2 Jew Poor law , oeing awwe&l . y intended to prepare the vcayfor no Poor Law at all , ' was framed in the spirit of enmity to the poor ; that Is , to make the receipt of pariah relief as objectionable—as offensiveas irksome as possible : —first , by refusing out-door reHef and making the union workhouse the test of destitution ; next , by making the labourer ' s residence in the poor-house as unpleasant and annoying as possible There he is imprisoned—his wife separated from himand their children are csafined in separate wards or houses ; nay , brothers and sisters are not allowed to meet His dress betokens his disgrace—his food- has proved to be poison ; and , on the testimony of official reports , many , very many , by it have been killed . In tact , every feeling o ! the human heart has been outraged for the avowed purpose of preventing the poor from availing themselves of thai mode of relief , thus to force item 1 q fall Soci vpm iheir own resources .
"The consequence is , that the poor creatures offer their labour at thp lowest possible wages , thereby drivisff others into destitution , and , in the end , in spite of the cruelty of their regulations , fining the union-house , and reducing the return for labour to such a low ebb , that to eke out a livelihood , theft "becomes a part -of the labourer ' s occupation—what he considers a duty to his family . "Still , there are thousands who cannot find any employment , who , having tried th » union-houses , prefer a
life of theft and beggary , is many cases stealing for the avowed purpose of fluffing a refuge in the gaols J The result . is , a forlorn and destitute race of labourersreduced by tens of thousands to strolling vagrants who have ceased to be customers to our manufacturers and fanners ; now , this system is naturally finding its level in tie insolvency of our agriculturalists , manufacturers , and shop-keepers . Having thus destroyed the home trade , you are next required to find an "Extension of foreign trade , " by still more competition , and a further redaction of wage * .
" Tb 6 owners of the SOU should remember thai 11 Is they themselves who have given weight and energy to Hie lecturers of iha AnH-Com-Xaw League , by passing and enforcing the Sew Poor Law . Had there been no New Poor Law , there -would have keen no Anti-Com-Law-League . " No one has laboured more than myself to warn the landlords thai they were their own enemies , when they legislated againsttbe labourers . I tell them new—and I entreat the Duke of Buckingham and the Doieef Bichmond to listen—if you will not repeal the New Poor Law , you must repeal the Com Laws . Justice demands it—boob Jiecessiiy wSl force it . Those laws cansot long exist together—they are of antagonist principles .
"The land-owners have placed themselves in the position of banditti , who are forced to strengthen themselves by mercenaries against the natural and constitutional claimants—the poor . Thus the necessity for tbeBsral Police is sccoub ted lor , not to protect the property of the landlord , but to defend him in maintaining the unjust possession of that which never belonged t © him by right—tfce poor man ' s legal scare in the land J " The groundwork , the foundation of my argument , is the right cf every man to liberty and life , and ' consequently to the meansthat produce those Messings . This 1 conceiTe to be the only condition upon whieb men can consent to give up the liber ties of the natural ur savage state ior the restraints which are necessary when they exchange it for social life , which is a species cf eocial compact
" If it be so , then any statute which , by implication only , tends to deprive a man of his IPjerty as & condition that he shsU oe fed , is a law in direct opposition to the fundamental principle upon which society was based—a law which virtually releases those persons whom it deprives from all moral allEsiance—places them in antagonism to the rest of their fello *? creatures —and forces them , as a natural dviy , by er&ry means to seek their confiscated Tights . In z * c-, it creates a moral civil wet , which only "waits f oi an opportunity to became physical .
"For awhae the holders of the confiscated property may xsrsain Toasters , t >« HJg enabled , by tte poorer of srealtfc , to resist the claims of the poor ; tut-t"Fentunlly there can be eo fioubfc the / urgent demands tf nature ^ sill prevail . In thai conflict much Tsluibre property wittbe sicrincsd—many precious lives may be lost It must , however always be remembsred , thai ihe responsibilit y rests on ihe Jieait of the aggressors , not on those viho Tare teen rooted of thdr rights !'' In 2 £ o . 34 , addressing Sir James Graham , he s » y 3 : — "Wonid that I could persuade yon to read ycur public character as others see it;—noisj , fcecanse hollow—pswerless , because dishonest—hsie 3 , because revengeful ; consequently , cringing and despised—ele-Tatea , but disgraced—rich , Trafc naTe nothing i
" History has funusbed usury fun-length portraits of political knaves ; but the world's history now trill only have to report the rise , progress , and fail cf ane— Sib JJLHE 3 GUAHAH . "
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And he concludes this Number with the following burst of Tieart-eloquence?— ~ "I have studiously abstained from altering one word on the thousands of cases which present -them-Belves to prove the cruelty and inhumanity of the New P * or Law and of itsofiiccrs . I have not attempted to rouse the feelings of indignation that are ever ready to burst from the breasts of Englishmen when they are told of the agonizing throes which break the hearts of mothers , when their babes are torn from their arms ; or ot that burst of argrmh which drowns in deepest sorrow , even in the bud of life , an English pauper
child , who , with its thin and delicate hands ( mere thin by famine ) resists the iron grasp of the rude infernal Poor Law official , whe tears it from the fountain of its life—from all it has learned to love!—and then , with brimful eyes and sobs , that speak better than words its extremity of grief , stretches its little form from the fiend who wrests it—convulsively extending its length to reach its anguished mother , now separated , perhaps for ever , by doers , and walls , and bars!—The scalding tears of those mothers and babes may be disregarded by yon—they fall as curses on this gulliy land—t&ey are " bottled' * by him who will avenge .
" I have , Sir , purposely refraiaed from attempting to * agitate' my readers , by describing the subdued but revengeful feelings of a father ( how many English fathers are now in this wretched state !) when he is forced by poverty and despotism to witness that scene ! I would , however , request you , as the Hom « Minister of the Qaeen , to answer the following questions to her Majesty in Council—telling the Queen , st thessme time , that these scenes of horror are created under the sanction of a law passed -with your approval , — ' What must be the feelings of thai man under thai pressure ? What his disgust at laws eo cruel , at conduct so unnatural , so merciless 1 If that man ' s loyalty should vanish , who is to blame ? What respect can that man have for property—what reverence for religion itself ?' He is an outcast—the lairs have made him one < Think you that your Royal Mistress can note afford to lose rash subjects , cr , that arming the pensioners will make those man loyal T—liiistaizeii *«« " J "
In our sotfoe last week of Tail ' s defence Of Lord Brougham , we reminded oar readers that to that " statesman" England principally owed that embodiment of wrong and crime—the New Poor Law . In several of the numbers before us , his "Lordship" is fairly fisjea . Here is a specimen : — "It was thus that Lord Brougham seduced the House of Peers : — "' The safest , and perhaps the only perfect charity , is an hospital for accidents and violent diseases , because no man is secure against such calamities—no man can
calculate npon , or provide against them ; and we may always be sure that the existence of such an hospital will in no way tend to increase the number of patient * Ntxt to this , perhaps , a dispensary is the safest ; but 1 pause upon that , if I regard the rigour of the principle [ of population ] ; because a dispensary may be liable to abuse , and because , strictly speaking , sickness is a thing which a provident man should look forward to and provide against as part of Vie ordinary ills of life still , I do not go to the rigorous extent of objecting to dispensaries .
• •• Bat when I come to hospitals for old age , as old age is before all men—as every man Is every dsy approach ing nearer to that goat—all provident men of independent spirit will , in the vigour of their days , lay by svjficiait to maintain tftem-tcTicn age shall end their labour . Hospitals , therefore , for the support of old mat and old uomen , may , strictly speaking , be regarded as injurious in their tfeels upon the community . Nevertheless , their evil tendency may be counterbalanced by the good they do . ' " After reading that sublime effusion of virulence and nonBenEe , I must pause . 1 will take a pipe to preserve my temper—and obtain another pen—then , if possible , I will proceed . Well , it is of no avail ; my disgust continues ! It was Brougham who uttered those words — All provident men of independent spirit '' trill , in the vigour of their days , lay by sufficient to maintain them when age shall end their labour 2 ' Yes , it teas
Brougham who said so !—Lord Chancellor Brougham 1 who , after a most successful career at the bar—after receiving thousands a jear Ttotd . his clients , -sras at that moment { though in the receipt of £ 14 . a year , besides immense patronage ) , obtaining an Act of Parliament to allow himself £ 5 , 000 a year out of the pablle purse , when his labours should end ! ' being one thousand pounds -a year more than had been allowed to any previous Chancellor 1 Yes—that was Brougham who acted thus ! !! No ! indeed—roy anger is increased , when I find that swh a man should dare to object to ' hospitals for old men and old women , ' who , when in youthful vigour , commonly obtain precarious labour at fiom 2 s . 6 d . to 16 s . a week ; who are to be expected , after maintaining themselves and their families , to * lay by sufficient to maintain them when age shall end theii labour ! < I wonder if the monster in human shape blushed when he so spoke ?
" That £ 5 , 000 a year which the « old man * now receives ( after it has been screwed out of the labour of those ' old men and old wom $ n of independent spirit' ) , * when age has put an end to his labour , ' would mainrain an hospital for 500 * old men / -who had rpeat an nsifnl life in adding to the wealth of the country—men who had not employed their talents in fomenting strife , in creating mischief , disorder , and every evil work . " Some astounding revelations of the real intentions of the Malfhusians are given in subsequent numbers , consisting of Extracts from the Edinburgh Review , Brougham ' s Speeches , &o . &c &o . We must conclude our extracts vratha few of the " principles" of MalthuB , which , though often before published , cannot be too constantly kept before the working classes , as showing the really atrocious character of a not few mouthing w Liberals , " who have always endeavoured to pass themselves off as ** friends of the people " : —
" But enough of Brougham ; now to his master , Malthus , who arose some few years ago , 'to enlighten mankind upon this important , but as yet ill-understood branch of science—the true principle upon which to frame a preventive check , the prudential check , to the unlimited increase of the people . ' . I am here quoting the disciple—now listen to the master ;—« < I should propose a regulation to be made , declaring , that no child born from any marriage , taking place after the expiration of a year from the date of the law , and no illegimate child born two years from the same date , should ever be entitled to parish assistance . ' " After having suggested that' the clergyman of each parish ' should disgrace himself , ' after the publication of banns , by reading a notice to ttat effect , and giving an address , cautioning the people against the impropriety , and even immerality , of marrying without a prospect of supporting his children / Malthus proceeds : —
"' After the public notice which I have proposed , had been given , and the system o 7 poor laws had ceased with regard to the rising generation , If any man chose to marry , without a prospect of being able to support a family , he should have the most perfect liberty so to do . Though to marry , in this case , 1 b , in my opinion , clearly an immoral act , yet it is not one which society can justly take upon itself to prevent or punish , because the punishment provid ed for it by the laws of nature falls directly and most severely npon the individual -who commits the act , and through him more remotely and feebly on society- ' " What ! do the infanta of suek parents ' sin against the laws of nature , ' by being born in poverty ?—Malthas proceeds . —
"' When nature win govern and punish for us , it is a very miserable ambition to wiBh to snatch the rod from her hands , and draw upon ourselves the odium of execution . To the punishment , therefore , of nature he should be left—the punishment ot want ' " Death by want is , then , Nature ' s punishment , awarded and executed by herself , on all who are born in circumstances described by Malthus—of parents who ' marry without a prospect of being able to support a family '—nay , more , of all who are born in indigence , no matter what the ' prospects * » n the wedding-day ! fsr the right of relief will have vanished , and Death is Nature ' s executioner ! At present , I shall be silent , leaving each reader these spare lines to write his thoughts upon . Mine burn too hot for utterance >
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™ Maltcus proceeds : — " 'He has erred in the face of a most dear and precise warning , and can have no just reason to complain of any person but himself , when he feels the consequences of his career . ' [ But what « f the poor innocent children ? Does nature really award death by starvation to them ? 3 'AH parish assistance should be denied him ; and he should be left to the uncertain support of private charity . ' " This is really too bad , from one who teacheB that Charity is a most dangerous and injurious virtue . Why , Sir , if the poor wretch were relived , Malthus teaches that the ' number of such victims "would be increased thereby . ' Better let Nature perform her own award , and execute her sentence—Death ! Monstrous as is the
thought , if Malthus and Brougham are light , that is God ' s will ! How opposite to that revealed in his Holy Word ! To proceed . Maltuus saye- — " * He should be taught to know that the laws of Nature , which sre the Jaws of Goa , had doomed him and his family to suffer [ death ] for disobeying their repeated admonitions ; tfcirt he had no right on society rorHie Emallest portion of food , ceyond that which his labour could fairly purchase ; and that if he and his family were saved from feeling the natural consequences of his imprudence , he would owe it to the pity of some kind benefactor £ impions thought , more kind than God !] to whom , therefore , he ought to be bound by the strongest ties of gratitude , '
" Remembering always , that that ' Knd benefactor ' would be guilty of increasing the evil , by encouraging others thus to ' sin against the laws of Nature , which are the laws of God '—tamely , by marrying when he was not provided with the means of supporting his family . " And again"' A man "Rho is born in a world already possessed , if he cannot get subsistence from his parents , on vrfeom he has a just demand , and if the society do not want his labour , has m claim of right to the smallest portion of
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food , and , in fact , has no business to be where he is . AtHatnreis mighty feast there in no-vacant cover for him . She tells hia to begone , and will guiobly execute ber own orders , if he do not work upon the compassion of wme of her guests . ' "Who , then are to marry 7 Not the Qaeen : she requires provision for her children after marriage ; not the Peers ; . their estates are entailed : not the fnndholder ; his property is uncertain and fluctuating : not the clergy ; they have only a life interest : not the merchant , banker or manufacturer ; their incomes are as uncertain as the : wind : not the farmer ; his property may be consumed , by the seasons : not the artisan or labourer ; under that system they could never be certain of employment Who , then , can marry ? Let BroDgbani answer . Pensioners ? Is it even bo ? But , in the NEXT GBNEKATION , WHO WILL PAY THEIB PBNSIONS V
We too must leave otir readers to fil ) up the lines in blank ; we dare not trust ourselves with the task . No . 45 , ( November 11 th ) is nearly filled with a letter addressed to Mr . Oastler by " One who has watched you , and never caught you tripping , _ in which is snggested a most fonsidabla array of ' improvements " : in the " Fleeters " , some of which are really each , and which we should be glad to see carried out . The writer proposes to assist Mr . Oastler in the carrying out of the suggested improvements after the following manner : — " I propose that the sum ot £ 500 shall , in the first instance , be raised in 100 £ 5 shares ; sod that , as you go along and feel your way , and prove the efficiency of
your engine , another hundred shares shall be raised of like amount How is this to be done ? By an appeal to the public ' especially to your old and steady readers , who must feel that if any man can render service to his country by his pen , Riehard Oastlar is that man . I call upon the friends of the country to rally around you . There will be ao lack of candidates for shares . Open your list ; announce that yon are ready to receive the names . I send you mine as a beginning . Fat me down for tour shares in the first batch of 100 ; and I bop * to be a subscriber in the second batch . Now or never is title motto . And by the 1 st of January , 1841 , you mast be in a position to come oat With ' Oastler ' s Fleet Papers , ' new and enlarged series ; and , if need be , with both a stamped and unstamped edition . "
We have considerably exceeded the limits we intended to confine ourselves to when we commenced , this Review ; " and yet how little have we been enabled to give of the writings of the " Poor man ' s Friend" ! Perhaps we have excited a desire to know more : if so , we shall be gratified indeed . To the working classes and their friends we say read The Fleet Papers , and by every means in your power strive to strengthen the hands of your persecuted advocate . We trust that the suggestions made above will be heartily responded to by Oaatlers friends , and that we may speedily see the "Fleeter ' * " —worthy as they are now—even still worthier of the pen of the good and noble Richard Oastler .
AN ANSWER TO J . H . PARRY s AND AN EXPOSURE OF THE SELF-STYLED LIBERALS AND TREE TRADERS . By Geobqe Whitb . London : Published by the London Victim Committee , We lave one objection to this pamphlet . It appears to as to be a gross violation of the law against " cruelty to animals , " for ihe author to wield his tomahawk with the fierceness he has done in this "Answer . " Indeed , replying at all to the redoubtable Humphrey Clinker—we beg pardon—Parry , we
mean , appears to us to be very like "breaking a fly upon the wheel . " True , there iB some excuse for Mr . White . Immured in a prison for his honest advocacy of thei principles which the " shoy-hoys" he u exposes" have laboured to use for their own selfish eadB , he naturally feels indignant at the vile hypocrisy of the masked deceivers , who assume to be the only incarnations of patriotism , and who have the audacity to arraign other men whose fault has been that they would not allow these " pedlars" to make sale aad profit of the Chartist masses .
Some few weeks since appeared "A Letter to Feargus O'Connor , Esq . ' from the pen of Mr . J . H . Parry , which we did not notice at the time , simply because we thought it not worth that honour . Mr . White who appears to be of a different opinion , thus speaks of the new-fledged Barrister ' s precious production : — " Tour pamphlet is certainly a literary gem—on a small scale . It most have given you a vast deal of trouble to stow away such an immense quantity of scurrility in such limited space . Never mind . You have made a book—and as every book or tract must have a title page , so of course must yours—and we thus receive an addition to our stock of knowledge , in the fact , that John Humphrey Parry is a Barrister of the Middle Temple ! 2 ! It is the only mode by which a young and briefless banister can advertise himself ; and you have taken good cars to begin in time . "
In the following quotation our author opens fire npon the pamphleteering Barrister , pouring in grape and eannister after a fashion which will be everywhere recognized as a mode of warfare" for which M honest George" is famous : — " I am perfectly convinced , that it is not so much to the hatred of your clique for Mr . Feargaa O'Connor , that we are indebted for youi trashy production , as to your burning desire to play the dictator yourself ; and allow me to add , for your comfort , that if Mr . O'Connor wen * got rid of * to-morrew , you and the little knot of'intellectual-moral-force' and philosophical Chartists would be as la from the consummation of your darling object as ever .
" The Chartists of England are neither blind nor deaf : they have long watched the m&cceuvres of ihe ' London Malthusian clique , ' assisted by a few dissatisfied would-be leaders in other parts of the country . They have witnessed the various subterfuges to which you have resorted , in order to constitute yourselves a sort of l Board of Directors' to the Chartist body ; and have they uniformly rejected your repeated attempts to fasten your miserable speculations upon them . " Now , before you took it upon yourself to denounce and villify ' Feargus O'Connor and his tools , ' you might have condescended to show as what you and your clique bad done to entitle you or them to the people ' s confidence . The tree is known by ita fruits . Let us see yours .
" When public meetings have been held in fartberance of Chartist principles , have the ' Intellectuals ' attended ? When petitions were being got np in favour of the Charter , have the ' Philosophers' assisted ? When contributions were solicited to support toe families of imprisoned Chartists , have the ' Respectables ' subscribed ? Verily , Mr . Barrister of the Middle Temple , these are questions to which the Working Men of England will require an answer before they adopt yon or your brethren as their political mentors . " Mr . W . follows up this cannonade by such an unmasking of the " artful dodgers" as will effectually Bhow to the public the real characters of these uneasy , because ever-foiled , ever-disappomted , schem « rs . To the pamphlet itself we now refer our readers , assured that they will peruse it with no small amount of satisfaction . We fancy it will puzzle the Barrister , with all the *• intellectuals" at bis back , to reply to the knock-down " exposures" of Mr . White ' s answer . "
PALEY REFUTED IN HIS OWN WORDS . BY GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE . London , Hetherington . This little work is the production of a man who , though young in years , has already done good servioe to the cause of truth by his unprejudiced and fearless enquiries into systems "founded in fraud , upheld by force , " and the courage with which he has maintained the sacred right of free discussion . Holding peculiar opinions on the sj stems of theology at present commonly received , —opinions whioh have been held by some of the wisest and noblest spirits who
have graced this earth of ours , —he has boldly asserted them in ihe teeth of prejudice and in defiance of priestly usurpation . For so doing he has suffered dungeoning and persecution in variaus shapes ; yet has he never for one moment faltered in what he has felt to be the path of honesty ; which is , as the world may acknwledge some day , " the best policy , '' all trick , and fraud , and " expedienc 5 " not * withstanding , Mr . H . is a man , who while he has unflinchingly advocated hia own views , has always done so in a dignified and candid manner , and therefore will command a hearing with all seekers after truth , all opponents of error .
To the overturning of Paley ' soelebrated argument of" design" Mr . Holyoake hag applied himself in the work before us : — '' It is well known that Paley bases his argument npon the watch illustration . It is said that ho borrowed the idea from Condillac . Lord Brougham says that he was indebted for it to D-rham , who , it is supposed , plagiarised it from Cicero , who first used it to prop up the falling gods of the Pagans . But if he who first developes an idea is not so much the originator of it as he who so loudly and perseveringly proclaims it , that all the world understand its nature , then must Paley be regarded as the originator of the design argument And so well did Paley execute his taBk , that though his work has often been illustrated , it baa never been superseded . It has been the arsenal whence modern theologians have draws tbeir weapons—their helmets have nodded with bis plumes , and their arms
have been nerved with his strength . Sa highly has been estimated what Paley has done , that it has been thought sufficient to matures hia reasonings , and consolidate his conclusions . Lord Brougham , in his Discourses on Natural Theology , has not attempted to set fresh trees in the theological garden , but h&a been satisfied to cultivate those which Paley planted . His lordship is content to logictse Paley'a work . " Up and down the walk of design , which Paley made , and gravelled , and rolled . Professor Whewell , and all tfce writers of Bridgewater Treatises , promenade . In fine , the whole eight of the Bridewater Treatises adduce many illustrations , but add no new pri ? icip ! cs . They all pass the gulf of theolo | y over one bridge—the ports assinorum of design . It is very important to notice this , because it proves \ hat Natural Theology is still where it was—it is still coiiar . ed to ene principle , the argument of design Though ponderous volumes fcaye been written to
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iUurtrate , not a single line has been added to enlarge , Ita . Jf « ? ^ ¥ * P roceeds t 0 lay « own Paley ' s argument clearly fairly , and impartially . On this pomfc ^ he m ost captious willtnot venture to complain . Whatever view the reader may take of Mr . H . ' fl eonoIuswnB , su to we are of one thing , that be must be satisfied with the fair play allowed to Paley ' a arguments :-- r ¦ "I hope , that oponexamination of Paley ' s treatise , every admirei-of taatauthoir will be of opinion that I have s ^ ted hlfl argument falrty . I have striven to present ft In the most forcibler mariner , and I believe have Sft 3 ?? " » » ore connected and concise form than Paley bas left it indeed , I ' can have no motive to misstate or garble his views , since it is my intention to admit them . The more clearly they appear at the commencement , the better will be understood contlnnae «
my tiw NJf ^ mOT friWngIy I present his argoment , the more strikingly will appear bis own refutation cf it For these Teasona , the wader , I think , will not rail to percttya that it U as much my interest , as it 1 b my duty , to state Paley with freedom and fairness . Really was I conscious that the slightest necessity existed for m .. * j conc « al an argument of the « " >*<» I reply to , wnlon In honour I ought to state—if the slightest necessity existed for me to torture his language to make out my case , I would instantly threw this book away , because I am fully satisfied that no book deseivea the attention of mankind , and no cause is worthy of their notice which needs dishonourable support It Is my opinion that no principle put forward by crooked meana will ever stand long . It does not deserve to stand—and it to my deitbet&te hope that it nevex may , "
In the world ' s present state ef mental infancy , this paper would not be a fitting arena for theological combatants ; we therefore decline entering into the arguments pro and con . The book is neatly got up and is a perfect embddiment of multum in parvo , consisting p f but about forty pages . It is explicitly ind lorcibly penned ; and to all enquirers who are " DOlQ enough to be honest , and honest enough to be bold , " will be found a valuable acquisition .
THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ALCOHOL , Nos . 1 and ? . By Da . F . R . Lees . Report of a Medical Discussion held at Framlingham , Suffolk , March 20 th , 1843 , between Dr . Lees , and W . Jeaffreson , Esq ., Surgeon , on the the NatHre and Uses of Alcohol . The Sacred Writings Rescued from the Profane Perversions of Moderate Poison Drinkers ; being an Address , & , c , by Dr . Lees . London , Brittain , Paternoster Rovr-Whatever may be thought of the views of Dr-Lees , no man can mistake that he is in earnest , and this is one of the secrets of the Doctor ' s success . Let any man bo in earnest in his search after truth :
and though he mayetumble and go wrong in the earlier stages of his pilgrimage , he will not fail to win the wished-for goal at last . Nay , morel ; let the world ' see that he is really in earnest , and though he may at the outset of his career be despised and ridiouled as a foolish enthusiast , he will in the long run have the respect of mankind , and be held up as one of the eulighteuers and benefactors of the human race ., Just such a man appears to us to be Dr . Lees . We are most decidedly opposed to many of his known views : but we nevertheless wish him "God speed" in his earnest and honest struggles to put down error , and establish truth . We hardly need say a word upon the works before
us : they speak for themselves . The Parts ( price one shilling and sixpence each ) of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , are got up in a really beautiful style ; and contain seven highly finished plates illustrative of the effects of intoxicating liquors upon the stomach . They form a sort of panorama ( nauseous to the sight wo admit , they could not be otherwise ) of the stomach of the [ drunkard in the several stage 3 of his debaucheries from " Moderate Drinking" to confirmed , regular , and beastly drunkenness ; and certainly exhibit a startling picture of the . ravages of Alcohol upon the human frame . We Rive the following extract from : No . I . of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , relative to what the writer calla
" THE FAT-fALLACT . " " The pernicious influence of alcohol upon the function of respiration , is further proved by the theory of Lieblg , concerning the formation of fat . The fatfalla-cy Is a very prevalent one , and therefore it may not only be interesting , but instructive , to devote a short time to its exposition . « ' My attention was directed to tub subject seven years ago , when , in a public discussion at Masbam , my ministerial opponent urged the chemical objection , that ale made men fat , and that it was well known to formers that malt fed cattle faster than barley .
"I Uien contended that fatness was no proof of health or strength , but rather , beyond the mest moderate degree , an indication of disease , the result of an impure condition of the circulating mass . This is evident from many facts . Look at the jockey who is training the racer for hlB greatest feat of speed and strengthdoes be fatten him up ? No , he sweats him down . Fat it not flesh ; not nerve or muscle , upon which activity and power depend ; it is a mere lifeless , unorganised compound , cast out of tbe system as superfluous , destitute of nitrogen , | an essential element of erery living part ) and therefore a mere incumbrance to the system in putting forth its greatest physical powers . Doeaimy one imagine that the stall-fed priea ox , ao fat that he can scarcely walk , is healthier and stronger than be would be roaming hia native hills ?
Health and strength depend upon fresh air , and the development , by means of exercise of the muscular fibre of the system ; whereas fat Is prevented by the free respiration of fresh air induced by exercise . Cattle exposed to cold , and subject to constant motion , never grow fat It is the same with men as with other animals . The Arab of the desert , who Is in constant exercise , exhibits a mass of nerve and muscle which enables him to undergo an amount of fatigue almost incredible ; but he la never fat , though he is healthy , and will frequently attain a patriarchal age . So with the aboriginal tribes of North America . Mr . Catltn States tbat they enjoy great health and attain great age
When not Cut off by accident or war , and that they exhibit the finest specimens of physical prowess and Btature . During a residence of eight years amongst them , he never met with a fat Indian . As fatness increases with the absence , and diminishes with the presence , of the two chief conditions of health and strength , ( fresh air and exercise ) it follows , that , other things being equal , WHATEVER TENDS TO INCKBASE FATNESS , MUST TEH © TO DECREASE HEALTH AND STRENGTH . " Professor Liebig has advanced a very probable theory regarding the cause of these facts , and the origin of fat—which will more completely answer the objections under discussion . "
We have no room for Liebig a "theory ; bufcinstead thereof give the following extracts from the Medical Discussion , with whioh we must conclude this notice . " I have the testimony of a gentleman in this hall ( Mr . Mann ) that exposure to wet and cold , during the night , as a coast guard ; or at an agriculturist during tbe d » y ; or in travelling , under great privations , amidst tbe snowB of Labrador , can be better sustained
without intoxicating liquor than with it After having been wrecked once amidst the Icebergs , this gentleman informs me , that the crew had to and their way back over tbe snows to Canada , a distance of many hundred miles .: The cold was intense . The captain ' s party , of which he was one , used ! the alcohol oitltoardty , by steeping their mittend and stockings in the rum , and they all arrived safe ; whilst the other parties , who took their ram inwardly , suffered severely from the frost , and lost several of their company .
" The late William Cobbett , M . P . for Oldham , in his younger days was a soldier in Canada . In a letter ( republished in the Standard Temperance Library ) , addressed to tbe ladies of England , and dated January 17 , 1820 , entitled ' A Plan for the promoting of Sobriety and Frugality , ' he thus givea hia decided and conclusive testimony , on this point i" It is said , as an excuse for the use of spirits , that they keep out the cold . Let a man ence persuade himself of that , and he will soon find that they keep off the heat ! Tnat they drive out the neat , is very certain ; for , in tbe northern parts of America , v / here the cold is so great that people are frequently frostbitten , and are compelled to have their feet or handa cut off , it ia a caution always given to those who are likely to be exposed to the severity of the weather , not to drink any spirits before they go out . And , though I have known
many persons frozen to death , and a great many more to have their limbs cut off , I hardly recollect a Bingle instance in which the suffering party had not taken spirituous liquora on his way or before he went out Spirits are very cheap in those countries . A bottle of rum for sixpence . Of course thoughtless men will use them . I have a hundred times gone out shooting or hunting upon the snow along with others , each of whom took a canteen of rum , while I took none . I used to suck the snow , which they told me would give me the pleurysie ; but I found that I never had the pleurysie , and that many of them had . And a ? to ability to travel and t » bear the cold , though many of my companions were much" stronger and more active tban myself , I always found that , at the end of tbe day , I was tbe freshest , an * by far the moat cheerful of them ail .
•• 'All strong liquors , be they of what sort they may , and in an exact proportion to their strength , tend to dia « able the frame from enduring the cold ; tend to make the person chilly . The reason is this , that they stuptfy the mind ; and at the same time , they , in a greater or less degree , benumb the body . Consequently they tend to render it more susceptible of the injurious effects of cold . '" THE PHILANTHROPIST : k Monthly Journal DEVOTED TO SOCIAL , POLITICAL , AND MORAL Reforms .
The present month's number of this well-oouducted periodical contains some excellent articles . We cannot find room for an extract , bat cordially recommend it , as a publication well-worthy the support of those who advocate the true and veritable principles of Civil and Religious Liberty , "
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$ S « HovoiWs History of Priestcraft shall be noticed next week . I . ¦ ' . "H- ; - . - Publications Received —Graham ' s Lecture on Chastity ; TheHeahhian ; The Speech of Mr . G . G . Day ; and a number of Tracts .
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LIFE IN RCSS 1 A . ( From the Review ] of " De Custine ' s Empire of the Czar" in Tait ' s Magazine for November . ) ¦ THE RUSSIAN PEA 3 ARTBT . About ten leagues from Petersburg , on his way-to Scblusselburg , M . jde Custine entered a kind of inn ; he says : — I ' It was the first time I had seen the peasants in their houses . An immense wooden shed , plank walls on three aides , planfe flooring and plank ceilng , formed the hall of entiaaeei and occupied tbe greater part of the rustic dwelling . ! Notwithstanding the tree currents of air , I found it Redolent of that odour of onions cabbages , and old greasy leather , whieb . Russian villages and Russian villagers invariably exhale .
" A low and confined room adjoined this immense abed . It reminded me of the cabin of some river boat ; walls , ceiling , floor , ] seats , and tables , were all of wood , rudely hewn . The' smell of cabbage and pitch was extremely powerful . " In this retreat , almost deprived of air and lightfor the doors were flow , and the windows extremely small—I found an old woman busy serving tea to four or five bearded peasants , clothed in peltstes of sheepskin , the wool of which is turned inwards ; for it has already , and for some days past , become rather cold . TheS 6 men were of short stature . Their leather pelisses were rather tasteful ) but they were very ill scented : I know nothing except the perfumes ot the nobles that could be more so . On the table stood ft bright copper kettle and a teapot . ' The tea is always of good Quality . vfeU made , ana , if it ia not preferred pure , good milk is everywhere to be obtained .
" Thered or blue ebirt of tbe peasants is buttoned over tbe collar-bone , and drawn close round the loins by a girdle , above iwhlch it lies in antique folds , and below forms an open tunic that falls over the pantaloon . The long Persian robe , of ten left open , which , when the men do not work , partly covers this blouse ; the hair worn long , and parted on the forehead , but shaved close behind rather higher than the nape , so as to discover all the strength » f the neck . " The common orders in Russia are amusing knaves : they may be easily led if they are not deceived bat as soon as they see that their masters or their masters ' agents lie more than themselves , they plunge into the lowest depths of falsehood and meanness . They who would dvilizaj a people must themselves possess worth of character—the barbarism of the serf accuses the corruptness of j the noble . Dirtiness is very
conspicuous in the country ; but that of the houses and the clothes strikes me more than that of the individuals . Tbe Russians take much care of their persons . Their vapour batha , it ia true , appear to as disgusting ; and I should for myself mach prefer the contact of pore water ; still these boiling fogs cleanse and strengthen the body , though they wrinkle the akin prematurely . By virtue of their use , the peasants may be often seen with clean beards and hair , when as much cannot be said for their garments . Warm clothing coats money , and has to be worn la long time . The rooms , also , in which they think only ef protecting themselves from the cold , are necessarily less aired than those of southern people . Of the air j that purifies , the Russians are deprived for nine months in the year ; so that their dirtiness is lather the inevitable effect of their climate than of their negligence . {
" When they work bare-headed , they remedy the inconvenience of their tong hair by binding it with a kind of diadem , or fillet made of a riband , a wreath of rushes , or of some other simple material , always placed with care , and which looks well on tbe young people ; for the men of this race have in general finely-formed , oval heads , so that ] their working head-dress becomes an ornambnt Bat I what shall 1 say of the women ? AH whom I have hitherto seen have appeared to me repulsive . I had hoped in this excursion to nave met ¦ ome fair viiiagera ;! but bere , as at Petersburg , they are broad and short in figure , and they gird their forma at the shoulders , a little above ihe bosom , which spreads fretly under the petticoat It is hideous 1 Add to this voluntary deformity large men's boots , and a species of riding coat , or jacket of sheep ' s-skin , similar to the pelisses of their husbands , but , doubless through a laudable economy , ; much less gracefully cut , and far more worn ; falling , indeed , literally in rags—such is their toilette . !
" The Russian peasants are the only females in . the world who have taken it into their heads to make themselves a waist above instead of below the bosom . Their shapeless sacks rather than gowns , are drawn together close under j the arm-pits . At tbe first ; sight , their entire person gives me the idea of a bale or large loose parcel , in which all the parts of the body axe confounded together without care , and yet without liberty . But this costume has other inconveniences rather difficult to describe . One of the worst is , that a Russian female peasant could suckle her child , over her shoulder , as d « th « Hottentots . Such ia the inevitable deformity produced by a fashion which destroys the shape of the body . The Circassian females , who better understand the beauty of woman and the weans of preserving it , wear , from their years of childhood , a belt round the waist , which they never cast oft "
RUSSIAN VILLAGES . " The appearance ! of the villages Is monotonous . A village consists always of two lines , more or less extended , of wooden cottages , regularly ranged at a * certain distance backwards from the road ; for , in general , the street of the village ia broader than tbe embankment of the highway . Each cabin , constructed of pieces of roughly-h « wn wood , presents ita gable to the street All these habitations are of similar construction ; but notwithstanding their wearisome uniformity , an- air of comfort , and even prosperity , appears to reign in the villages . They , are rural without being picturesque . I
" A few villages , becoming less seat in proportion as tba distance from ; Petersburg increased , sadden the landscape instead of enlivening it The houses are-only piles of the trunks of trees , badly pat together , and supporting roofa of plank , to which in winter an extra cover of thatch is aometimea added . These dwellings must be warm , but their appearance is cheerless . The rooms are dark , and [ tainted for waut of air . They have no beds . In summer the inmates sleep oQ benches which form a divan around the walls of the chamber , and , in winter , onj the stove , ot on tbe floor around it In other words , a Russian peasant encamps all his life . The word reside implies a comfortable mode of life ; domeatio habits are unknown to this people . " j
RUSSIAN AMUSEMENTS . "The see-saw is [ the favourite amusement of the Russian peasants . This exercise developes their natural talent fer adjusting the equilibrium of the body ; in addition to which , it is a silent pleasure , and quiet diversions best accord with the feelinga of a people rendered prudent by f « ur . " Silence presides ' ove * &I 1 the festivals of the Russian villagers . They drink plentifully , speak little , and ¦ boat leas ; they either remain silent , or « lng in cborus , with a nasal voice , melancholy and prolonged notes ' .
. On Sunday , in passing through populous villages , I observed rows of from four to eight young gixla balancing themselves , by a scarcely per ceptible movement of their bodies , on boards suspended by ropes , while at a little distance beyond , an equal number of boys were fixed in the same manner , in face ef their females . Their mute game lasted a long time I have never bad patience to wait its conclusion . Such gentle balancing is only a kind of interlude , which serves as a relaxation in the intervals of the animated diversion of their real awing or see-saw . This is a very lively game ; i it even renders the spectators
nervous . j THE KREMLIN AT MOSCOW . " The word walls gives an idea of quite too ordinary an object ; it wouldtdeceive the reader : the . walls of the Kremlin are a chain of mountains . This citadel , reared on the confines of Europe and Asia , ia , as compared with ordinary ramparts , what tbe Alps are to our hills ; toe Kremlin u the Mont Blaao of fortresses . If the giant that ia called the RtuBian Empire bad a heart , I should say that the Kremlin was the heart of the monster ; but , as it is , I would call it the head . I
wish I could give an idea of this mighty pile of atones , reared step by step' into the heavens ; thia asylum of despotism , raised in the name of liberty : for the Kremlin was a barrier opposed to the Calmucs by the Russians : its walls I have equally aided the independpence of the State and the tyranny of the Sovereign . They are boldly carried over the deep sinuosities of the soil . When the declivities of the hillocks become too precipitous , the rampart is lowered by steps : these steps , rising between heaven and earth , are enormous ^ they are the ladder fer the giants who make war against the gods . I . _ . .
11 Above a long vault , which I crossed , I perceived a raised viaduct , by which carriages and foot passengers enter the holy city . ( The spectacle was bewildering ; nothing but towers , gates , and terraces , raised one above the other , steep slopes , and piled arches , all se ? ving to form the toad by ; which the Moscow of the present day—tae vulgar Moacow , iB left for the Kremlin—the Moscow of miracle and of history . These aqueducts / without water , support other stories of more fantastic edifices . I observed , raised upon one of the hanging passages , alow round tower , all bristling with battlements of spear beads . The silver brightness of this ornament contrasted singularly with the blood-red of the walls . The tower seemed like a crowned giant standing before the fortress of which , he waa the guardian . i
"Like tbe bones ot certain gigastio animals , the Kremlin proves to ua the hiatery of . a world of which we might doubt until after seeing tha remains . In this prodigious creation strength takes the place of beauty , caprice of elegance 1 it is like the dream of a tyrant , fearful but full Of pOiffeBj it feas something about it that disowns the ago ; means of defence which are adapted to a systemj . o |^ ffar that c-xista no longer ; an architecture that haB no connexion with the wants of modern civilization ; a heritage of the fabulous ages , a jail , a . palace , a aancAuary , a bulwark against the
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nation ' s foes a bsBtfie againsc the nation , a prop o tyrants , a orison of p " 80 pIe-- Buoii 3 ^ "Kremlin , * * Saca , then ; was ^ &e cftosen abode df tttflr ' oU Muscovite princes ^ and yet . tbeasf formidable walls were not sulflcieDt EheHer for the terror of Ivan IV . "The fear of a ^ map ^ possessing absolute power-la the most dreadful thing upon earth i and with all the imagery of this fear visible in the I&emjin , it it still impossible to approach the Kremlin without a shadder . , " Tower * of every form , round , square , and wit& pointed roofa , belfries , doDJous , turrets , spins , sentryboxea upon minarets , steeples of every height , atyle , and colour , palaces , domes , watch-towers , walls , embattlemsnted and pierced with loop-holes , rampart * .
fortifications of every species , whimsical invention ^ incomprehensible devices , chiosks by the side of cathediala- ^ evetything announces violation and disorder ? - * everything betrays the constitutional sarcrfiiana ! neces sary to the security of the singular beings who -were Condemned ia live in this supernatural -world . Tfet these innumerable monuments of pride , caprice , voluptueusness , gfory , and piety , ' notwithstanding their apparent variety , express one single idea whicfe reigna here everywhere—war maintained , by fear .-The Kremlin is the work of s > superhuman being ; but that being it malevolent . Glory in slavery—such is the allegory figured by this satanicmonument , as extraordinary in architecture as the visions of St John are in poetry . It is a habitation whieb would suit Borne of the personages of tae Apocalypse .
"To inhabit a place like the Kremlin is not to reside , it is to defend one ' s self . Oppression creates revolt , revoU ebligea precautions , precautions increase dangers , and this long series of actions and reaction ! engenders a monster ^ that monster is despotism , whieb has buiit itself a house at Moscow . The giants of tha antediluvian world , were they to return to earth to visit ! their degenerate successors , might still find a suitablo habitation in the Kremlin . Every thing has a symbolical sense , -whether purposely or not , in its architecture-, bat the real , tbe abiding , that appears after you have divested yourself of your first emotiona IB the contemplation of these barbaric splendours , is , after
all , only a congregation of dungeons pompously 8 Ur > named palaces and cathedrals . The Russians may do > their best , but they can never come oat of the prison . The very climate is an accomplice of tyranny . . Tha cold of the country does not permit the construction ot vast churches , where the faithful would be frozen at prayer : here the soul is not lifted to heaven by the glories of religious architecture ; In this zone man can only build to his God gloomy donjons . The sombre cathedrals of the Kremlin , witk their narrow vaults and thick walls , resemble caves ; they are painted prisons , just as the palaces are gilded gaols . As travellers say of the recesses of the Alps , so of the wonder * of this architecture—they are horribly beautifoL
" Other nations have supported oppression , the Russian nation has loved it ; it loves it still . Is not finch fanatiaism of obedience characteristic ? It may not , however , be denied that this popular mania has here sometimes become the principle of sublime actions . In thia inhuman land , if society has depraved tbe individual , it bas not enervated him ; he is not good , bnt be is also not contemptible . The same may be said of the Kremlin ; it is not' pleasant to behold , but it inspires awe . It is not beautiful , but it ia terrible—terrible as the reign of Ivan IV . "
STOSCOW AND ITS MORALS (?) " The hospitable customs of ancient Asia , and the elegant language of civilised Europe , have met together at this point of the globe , to render life pleasant and easy . Moscow , fixed on the limits of two continents , marks , in the middle of the earth , a spot for rest between London and Pekin . " Moscow is , of all the cities in Europe , the one In which the dissolute man of the fashionable world has the widest field for hia career . The Government is too well-informed not to know that under an absolute rula some kind of revolt must somewhere break out ; but it pr « fars that this revolt should be ia manners rather than in politics . Here lies the secret of the license of the one party and the tolerance of the other . -
" Intemperance ifl here carried to such excess , that one of tbe men tbe most liked , and whose society is the meat courted in Moseowy disappears every year for six weeks , neither more nor less . It It be asked what bas become of him , the answer , ? be is only gone to have ft fuddling bcuf ! satisfies everybody . The Russians have too much levity to be vindictive ; they are graceful debauchees . " Among the traita of shameless blackguardism related ef these young patricana , Europe , we believe , could not parllel the following , nor indeed , any other quarter of the globe . ; " One boasted of himself and Ms brothers boing the sons of the footmen and the coachmen of their father ; and he drank and made the guests drink , to the health ot all his unknown parents . Another claimed th honour of being brother ( on the father's aide ) of all the waiting-maids of his mother .
" Many of these vile boasts are no doubt made for tha sake of talking ; but to invent such infamies in order to glory in them , showa a corruption , of mind that proves wickedness to the very core—wickedness : worse even than tbat exhibited in the mad actions of these libertines . 44 According to them , the citiswna ' wives in Moscow are no better than the women of rank . '
BUSSUN TYEANNr—IIS HeEEOBS AMD CBIHES . 44 Ia Russia , the Government interfere with everything and vivifies nothing . In that immense empire , the people , if not tranquil , are mute ; death hovers over all heads , and strikes capriciously whom it pleases Man tbexa has two coffins—the cradle and the tomb . The Russian mothers ought to weep the birth more than tbe death of their children . 441 do not believe that suicide is common there : the people suffer too much to kill themselves . * ? 44 But it the number of suicides in Russia were ever so great , no one would know it : the knowledge of
numbers is a privilege of the Russian police . lam ignorant whether they arrive correct before the eyes of the emperor ; but I do know that no misfortune is published under bis reign until he has consented to the humiliating confession of the superiority of Providence . The pride of despotism ia sa great that it seeks to rival tbe power of God . Monstrous jealousy ! into what aberrations bast thou not plunged princes and subjects ! Who will dare to love truth—who will defend it in a country where idolatry is the principle of of the constitution ? A man who can do everything I * the crowned impersoniflcation of a lie .
" The life of the Russian people ia more gloomy than that of any other of the European nations ; and when I say the people , I speak not only of the peasant attached to the eoil , but of the whole empire . ? * " Tbe Emperor appears to me little disposed to lay down a part of his authority . Let him suffer , then , the responsibility of omnipotence : it is the first expiation of the political lie by which a single individual declares himself absolute master of a country , and allpowerful sovereign pf the the thoughts ef a people . * * "The Emperor makes aufferon to be made , or allows to exist , lawa ( excuse the application of this sacred name to Impious decrees ) whieb , for example , permit the sovereign to declare that the legitimate children of a man , legally married , have no father , no name i in short , that they are ciphers , and not men . And I am to be forbidden to accuse at the bar of Europe a prince who , distinguished and superior as he iB , consents to reign without abolishing such a law ?
" Russian civilisation is still ao near ita source that ft resemble * barbarism . The Russians are nothing more than a conquering community : their , strength does nob , lie in mind , but in war—tbat is , in stratagem anO . ferocity . "
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Rbtbibdtion . —About eleven p ' clr jck last Toesday se ' nnigbt the police at the harbour were attracted bj screams at the east . Bide of Viotw . 'iifc Doekf i JUio ,. oa proceeding to the spot , found a w oman on board a barge moored alongside of the wa' II , calling out that a man was drowned . The necessary steps were taken to recover the body , but without success . It appears that the woman whose name is Barnet ^ and the man , Thomas Pauline , a sh * oemaker belonging to Aberdeen , had , after drinkin / r in a public-house in Cowgate , proceeded , at Pau line's request , to the East Protection Wall , for ' the avowed purpose of getting a walk in the moonlif . jht , but , as it ultimately
appeared , with a determinate . onto drown the woman . They had been cohabiting together fox some time , and she had borne two chiJidren to-him . On reach ing the east end of the dock he deliberately pushed her over the quay , but Bhe . wassaved in consequence of one of the harbour ba rgea being moored below . Seeing that she had not fallen into the water , he leaped on board the bary je , probably with the intention of completing his horrid design , but having fallen between thevess el and the pier , he met the fate to which he had no doubt destined tho poor woman . Tne body w as not found till next morning —Dundee Warder .
Shocking Accidf . nt . —Shortly after five o ' clock on Thursday eveni ag a shocking accident occurred on the London ar . d Brighton railway , a short distance beyond the J . ^ ew Cross Station " . A young man m the employ oi'JAt . Hoof , contractor ^ was en gaged m repairing the line when his attention was taken ott by the wing tie of the train announcing the approach of the Brighton down train . Just at ihafc moment tae e agine with several carriages on ihe Dover line w as running rapidly towards Xondon . j ? rom ,-the , sta tement of one of his fellow-workmen , ifc appears ths ' t thd poor fellow vf as unaware of the approach V . the train behind him . and .
notwithstanding every possible exertion was made by the driver onheeagine and his fellow-workmen to apprize him of hi 8 daoger , he stood motionless , and in another instant tb . e engine knocked him with fearful force to the ground . He fell with one arm across the rail and bis hand npon it , and thus the wheels of the train / passed over him , severing hia arm above the elbow , and cutting off his fingers- Oh being picked up and conveyed with all dispatch ti >> { Jay ' si hospital , amputation was found necessa ^^ -an bpexatidnwn ^ o tha poor feEow bora with exteaoirfinAty fortitude The other injuries render the case » TeryJ ^ di one . RicHMOND .-On tha 9 th instant , ^® onstaWa Maxwell , Esq ., of the Grove , was unanimously elected Mayor of tha Borough of Riohmond for . tn . 8 ensuin g year
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 18, 1843, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct508/page/3/
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