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M ALTHUSIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY . ^ jj _ errors are mischievous ; "bntsome axe more dangerous than others . They arc not only directly , but collaterally ininrioss—roots &om . whence btH ramifies in all direc-{ 20 SS , Eke the Indian tree , -whose branches descend to the cxrih , taie root , and thro-n- out other "branches trhich follow the same law , and at length overspreads acres Tvith its vast shade—a forest in itself . < jf t >>?« character is the doctrine of 3 LHTHT 7 S Trifll reyard to population . It holds Hie same position , and perform * the same functions in modern Political Economy , as the doctrine of original sin in Theology . Upon each , as ba&al doctrines , rests the vrhole superincumbent mass , jf Hit foundation "be Temoxed the "whole must tumble to ifce ground , as easily as theiragHe houses of cards which Cfi 2 drec buildup for the pleasure of knocking them down ^
Moralists have been , for centaries in the habit of deeiaiming against human selfishness : philanthropists have mourneaorernumansuSerinjs . The Maltbusian philosophy proved lx > th to . have been foolishly as ¦ jreH as tselesslj engaged . In two octavo volumes it -was elaborately argned that selfishness ivas true benevolence , and suffering ihe irremediable result of the decrees « f an Omnipotent Providence . 2 fot all the sermons ever preached by bishops of the church of which 2 tr . Malthus -was a niinister , trere half so efficacious in propping op a system based upon injustice as the carefully-compiled tables . bvTrbicb it was shown that people bred too fast .
especially the " Imcer ordert , " -whose " early marriages " were the sole causeef their degradation and destitution . The statement that it -sras a la \ r of nature that popula tion should outstrip subsistence—the one increasing in a geometrical , iheother in an arithmetical ratio—^ backed a ? it ms iy jflan « ihilitiesaiid a ii > nnIdabTe arrav of figures , iras hailed as a -Godsend bv all who fattened on the labour of others . The drones in the hive bad at last go : a conclusive annrer to thegrumblings of the 'ignorant' " and i Tinreasonable mob . " The unremitting toil—scann pittance , pauperTs doom , and early death , so generalir
awarded to the " -workers /* -were naturals nd inevila&U The horrible injustice inflicted upon them , vras shifted from defective human institutions to an inscrutable anJ irresistible power ; and henceforward a weapon was put into the >!* tv ^ of tlie wealthy and privileged classes , fcj which , they _ could siienee all complaints , an 5 Trer ali objections , aye , and even satisfy the ' still smrll voice " within . Ho Tiger , disease , and early- death were rife : *• a great pity , but it couldn ' t be helped ! " God had so ordainv-u liz icd these larrihle scourges -were bat the instruments br -Kiich he -worked out bis supreme will .
2 > o tronder that such a doctrine as fhig should bar * been eagerly adopted by the rich of all creeds and pollticil opinions . Xo wunder that it met a more rapid and cErrersal . acceptation than any theory ever before prcvponnd ^ d to ib ? world : ii made everything so > nu : r quieted uneasy consciences so nicely ; and had such a pious and unanswerable appearance . About the same lime , Adam Smith popularised the idea ; of former writers on Political Economy , 3 ad gave the
. system that consistency and tiiii-ng -np which , untH then , it lacked . His doctrines , expanded and amplified by various subsequent writers , had an almost equally ready reception . "Why ? Because they pandered to the selfishness engendered by antagonistic interests , and , in moremes-Fared , if less plain and pithj language , inculcated that priDdple which Alderman Brooks has since made so famous—** Lord love you' . we ' re all for ourselves in this world V
Such opinions were too congenial not to speedily find cocTerts and advocates . They became the , soul of our legislation and commerce . They multiplied wealth and poverty simultaneously . The boundaries of knowledge and science were extended ; but the masses still sat in the didst of * 1 »»<» V darkness- pT-esh powers for producing wealth were invented and-set to work , which -enabled one man to produce as much in a given time as 200 men could nave done without their aid ; and then Political Economy doomed the one raan to longer hours of
labour for less remuneration in return than he £ a < 3 to tndnre when simply a tnann ?? worker . and creating only two-hundredth part of the wealth Voinen , and even tender childhood , Tvere pressed into the service of Mammon . The scattered homes of the domestic manufacturers , with their comfortable gardens * nd *¦ hit of land" outside , substantial furuinire , w eli filed meal cheste , jolly looking flitches , and lusciou .-tuns inside , gradually disappeared . They were succeeded by the huge factory , with its bell to summon its nrcria' ] labourers from the thicklr-elastered lanes and alters
around ; ils locsard doors , mierior slaverv , 2 ind abwilnudependence . Man became the slave of his . own invention . He had created a new Frankenstein , which threatened to devour tiVm : ~ Serrer has the world seen , in so short a period , so grea : a revolution as that effected by the inventions of TTargreaves , Ariwright , TVatte , Crompton , Cartwright , and Sobers . Political resolutions pass like the hurricai-t or earthquake—produce terror and death in their progress , and leave their ruins behind to witness to their dcstrnctii ¦ pawers . But how poor and superficial is any politica : rerolntitm to -Brat raTwted hrr the new mechanical and
Kaennfic powers , introduced by the men we have naiiii-c -and i&dr co-labourers * The one is but mechanical ; ifcr other , to use the words of Bacon , " eats like a strong doge " iato the soul of society . Had a better and higher philosophy of social actjci . accompanied fnis wonderful and magnificent creation vi ist » power , we might , long ere this , have had the peopir placed is the eajoyinent of wealth and leisure : bat ux > - iMTonate ] y . sdnshness in the guise of philosophy tt ^ s entrusted -oith its direction—and the sorry , the lameatsil ? consequences are bnt too apparent- Tecu-i are h-jz r ^ q ' uiaie to age either in men or systems . Mtxlern poUtical e «> 202 ! y affords 3 good illustration of the truth . Scareelv "half a cenmrr old—ii aireadv exhibits even
iyaiptctn of decrepiTade . It "has utterly feiied to pr >> JDOte ftatkmal TTcJi-beicg—wirh resources at its coTTimarm (¦ ¦> T daiiig so , never pawlVigJ . A stream oi -K- ^ aJ ^ b riiier , aiore ample , than the paciolus of classical fabit ti ^ nViwed into society : bus it > m > neither enlarged its rr-* siwrsi : orpr \ . Ti < ii-d adequate JDutiets . The waitrs ar-. aecrcrmlated aid accaHnilsting in dangerous and unhealth y masses in some few jiaces , while the largest proportio n is arid , thirsty , gaping with cracks for waut o : thr Teqtasite moiiture . Indeed , even some of the fore-Eost rnpjiorters _ » : the ph 3 osophy begin to see and admit tJiis fart a » oac of the ni-j =-t startling ajid pruinineij isomaScs . ofiaodtmci ^ iiizaiion . " "With incrt-asiuj : cavitai . " sav thev . — there ii a teiideticT to its accumulation i ^
. r naads of the few , accompanied by a corresjioudin ? 'ict " Hi-raiiua of zk- condinon of the inaaT . * ' The proUtiii t ^^ T iau > " li-jw ^ = t thtriiiiJv ^ s to solv e is , how to remwh 2-ii . And it irrH be rtmcdiei An advance of the poj-uIilt Sind in this direction i = no : less obvioas than ti < - on-. tsTMD ' ated cpon 3 ns t iv ^ ck . If Democracy has triuaii-hnl & ^ f i or ^ s ^ Hi in ILt ; -ji : e instance , huniariitv hn ^ uu les ^ ? m « . Tl grooad Upon CoE-bu-nelled 'Malfhnrin-nit . Tn on th t O-lar . The faith of its votaries is on the wane : the eyes tf th ? public are more wjdtJy opened to its fallacir- ; & ? tt-arl of ; - ;» ci-Ty revolts at its selfisLness and crufcltT _
The Sew Poor Law Amendment Act , -nrtich vras irs Eigaest le ^ islaSve triinnpn , is fated to be the instrument ts its downfell . it has exhibited so "unmistakeabiy all its itrct evil ten 3 enci ^ aud its utter inadequacy u > meet tat sodal and economical requirements of the age , tiiaiits i = al dtwia is cenain . Perhaps , too , Hie uukiDdesT Wow ever aimed at the population theory of 3 LM . TITCS , has «* = » dealt hv- the secretary of the very commissioa which , wjsi tie aid of Lord Brougham , brought that theory into aistesce . " 5 V allude to the report of Edwin Chadirick 03 -Bej £ b qf Tjteni . Xo one thin ? in that report i > ir . ore
coapJeteJv madt ont . xrom incontestlble statistical evi-Smcs , than that the mortality . occasioned aaion ; adults by " »^ c ^ and misery d >> es not < Ac « i [ zs Malthus assumes ) ha : r ii ! iirfli » is 3 jtei the increase of population . Its principal e ^ ct consiFU merely in substituting a young , and at thv aat fi ^ e -treakl y p . 5 pulation , for one fairly proportion * . ' ! ifflong the seven ages of man . The report proves that , pro caay in thosr jAaces whereby accurate records , it is known feit di-jJii are jt ^ -ca ., and the average duration of life vx&eit , tiere occurs also the STadlUit armvjH number of i"iri « : ^ ai as improi emtnt occurs in the one respect , its ^ niequ- ^ p , ^ aj-g jaoTi ani i more felt in the other . One
« the mort marked illustrations of this fact adduced is teat-of Geneva , -srliere registries have been carefnUv tepT Siat * ihe year 1543 . J 3 : , the tables compiled fix > m these repstrirs , ana giTeB jn &s repjrt , Mr . Chadwick di > - tiacU y fchows , to use hi = own words , that " the progrts * 0 nofiLe popiZati-yn , and the increased duration of lif e , **» attended bj a proyresslm i » happiness f and for thfc Jn aUer-of-faet refutation of an absurdity which obtained »* ieh an inflnenee over the minds of our legislators , -Kr » rt indebted to theMalth ' -isian Poor Law Commissioners M not , however , on abstract grounds only that thi > System is losing its hold . Legislation has recently exhifeedrsose instances of proceeding on principles to wbicl
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modern political economy is altogether hostile . Its essence has been rariously expressed ; but all end in the same conclusion , whether it is the " Have I not a right to do what I like -with my own V of Xewcastle : the " Lord love joa , we're all for ourselves in this world , " of Brooks ; or the " can ' t a man wallop his -own nigger" of an American slave holder . Tt ) these queries the world is beginning indignantly to answer " no . " The principle of protecting the weak and "helpless against the strong and powerful has been acknowledged and embodied in our legislation . Human flesh and sinews are taken out of the category \> f those things which may be subjected to unlimited competition- As yet the enunciation of this fact is bat indistinctly articulated The thin end of the iredge has , howQver , been introduced . By and bve it will be driven lumt .
The common fallacy , so long fostered by the doctrines now under notice , that if wealth was only produced abundantly happiness -would follow , is now seen through The terms are no more synonimous in national than in private affairs . "Wealth has been abundantly created , but happiness for the masses has notjfollowed in its train . It is beginning now to be suspected that those who assume to themselves the title of economists par ixtiHerua , have only studied one section of the science , that of production . They have yet to begin the study of distribution . ;
Co-ordinate with these indications of growing enlightenment on this subject , there is evidently a disposition on the part of the influential and wealthy classes to pay more attention to the physical well-being of the masses than obtained in the palmy days of Malthusianism . So long as the mortality engendered by damp dwellings , innu . tritious diet , insufficient clothing , and vicious habits , was regarded as the means by which nature grot rid of the " redundant population , " of course no one thought of arresting it- To have done so would have been a flat flving
i n the face of Providence . Now , however , that more correct ideas are spreading , a more humane spirit keeps them companv . Sanatory refoxni 3 take their place among the topics of the day . Moral health is admitted to depend on good physical conditions , improved dwellings , parks , and public walks . Baths and wash-honses are evidences of the growth of a more kindly sympathy—a better humanity . In themselves , these efforts are too fragmentarv to command unqualified approbation . Their true value is more for what they indicate than what they can accomplish .
I nder this head may also be noticed the efforts for promoting the allotment and small farm svstem . These efforts proceed upon totally different bases to those assumed by the Adam Smith and Malthus school . They aim at making the labourer comfortable at home at making dear " fatherland support all its children , and of emancipating , in a greater or less degree , Labour from the fell gripe of merciless Capital . These are mere jottings^—incidental memorandawhicn " may suggest to the reader numerous illustrations of a similar description . What has been adduced , however , may in the wantipi . warrant us in concluding our present remarks in a hopeful manner .
The spirit of Progress broods over the chaos of Society . Deep into its breast it is infusing holier and higher aspirations . The England that is to be , shall be better than the England that is . All the elements for realizing these aspirations are being gradually collected . To assist in showing their proper application , and in realizing for oU their resulu , is the object of the efforts and writings of Touifo England .
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PEOPLE TAXI 5 G THE LAW DiTO THEIR OW . V HAXDS . TO THE EDITOB OF THE KOXTHEES STAB .. 5 > ul - —in tins vast trell-ordered metropolis-a stranger is frequently startled at the spectacle of a huge porter staggering under his load through the crowded thorough , fares , holding his way by sheer dint of that callous obstinacy so peculiarly the characteristic of the race . On a sudden you see him in contact with , perhaps precipitated upon , and overthrowing , or else n-bounding from the shock of a collision -with sume hapless passer-by . Instantly , boiling with rage , the burden is cast to the earth , and ere a remonstrance or denunciation can rise to his lips , the hapless is again a sufferer from the fist of his antagonist , for what reason no one on earth can divine , escept that as an oi erthn / iv by accident L > not enough , uhajstisement is added for the unpardonable crime of being in the way to suffer by such a contingency .
If the stranger reflects a little , he will find a mighty fact embodied in this little incident . He will here see displayed the fundanaental idea of British law—an idea not -confined to the statute-book , but existing everywhere , the basis of our actions , the reason for manj otherwise strasge anomalies . It is wrapped up in the very being of an Englishman , and haunts him wherever he goes . Let hhn reflect a moment The keepers of our health , by their system of drugging , frequently bring on a premature death , and never fail to ruin the health . For this their handinork they levy an enormous tax on society , and thus ihev chastise us for the mishaps of falling into their hands . The keepers of our conscience never f » n to paint in the most lively colours rise depths of our degradation , till we become in reality what they describe ; and then the tithes and church rates lash us soundly for the crime of blind credulity .
Lastly , the keepers of our goods have the privilege of Felling a tad article at a high price , setting the Woodhounds of the law on us as a punishment for " being ilone . " Throughout tociety universally we have cause to know that a quantity -of evils may attend every transaction , a suffering for being somehow or other in the way of the transaction , and a punishment for being a sufferer . Here , then , in the incident mentioned at the beginning , ivithout airy laiowledge of Blackstone or even a glance at the " Statutes at Large , " a stranger may perceive the natural operation of our laws , and distinguish the principle on which they are based ; so that the burly porter -with fu ? tian jtrldii and angered passion , becomes a true tvj > e of the old English judge with blood-stained ermine lab-j urii : g under a virtuous indignation- The sufferer is " my client , " who , whether plaintiff or defendant , is tien-ed . and fleeced , and fleeced asain .
^ Tor d-jes the parallel end here . ] n these days of steam , Parcels Delivery Companies , punctuality and expedition , great is the wonder that porterage , —that remnant of feudalism , —still lingers amougs : us , jostling us oil the highway , and putting us out of conceit with our own humanity , as ii meets us loot To foot on the broad pavement of Kegent-strett . And so with the general diffusion of knowledge—with the manifestations of a maturing intellect crowding fast and thick around us—with the buddings of -a nul > le jrenius furet « iUinjj a plenteous harr £ st . How long shall the old Juggernaut law be found in the same ways ? How 3 i > Bg shall it fyllon also our paths ? Without it v . u could pursue the way merrily ; but with it we are so squeezed and stifled that the masses must be crushed here ai ; J croT >] H-d there to form a line , to be marshalled
in niarchinir order ; and the moving columns are called ptaeesible . eJJ-di-pastnl , and said tv be a beauteous sijrfat , a v . ouder and admiration of the wurld . But the intellect is destroyed , and the giurious harvest trodden under foot . -A > were the order and standing of our fathers , so must ours i > e . As a necessity compelled them to act , so will the Ian make us do . As it appeared to them what best toprcrvi-i-, # o must vre reap aud enjoy the "benefit of such provision " till we reap long and painfully where there is uuttd }* sown , and nith long ; ratherin-J have but stubble . Ye : iLis i = our fate : v > t the Joanna lias gone forth , that * " pcijne must not takv lLt- kivi into their oivn hau < l * ;" and iLe Mctrup-jlium Police Cviirts , whence it emanates , d ^ ijj present eihibuions of the burlv porvt-r mentiuiied at the briinniu" .
Let us take a few examples : —First , to show the penalty l \> r ta"ki ! ig tht law into one ' s own hand , or the punishment for happening t < j be ia the way to suffer . A wretch—ivith money , of course—at the home of a oiic ^ innocent young girl , but now the victim of his sedru- £ 5 on—1-v her uvra fire-side , under the paternal roof , and in altercation with the father , threaten ; , him to repeat the offence . Nature nerves the arm of the parent , and bids him puniah the Seducer . It is done ; but on a warrant issued again = t the father the law steps iu , admits the provocation to bo fully proved , but knows nothing of the seduction , regrets ii must take its course , f-.-r ' people luust not take the law into their own hands , " anJ fines the father almost as mnch as for the most aggravated offence— £ 3—which , being poor and unable to va \ , consigns him to the treadmill for f iro montfa .
A ^ ain , a man is proceeding homewards in company viltli his -wife , she 3 little in advance ; an aristocrat comes np , throws his arms round her waist , and commences , spite her struggles , the most indecent actions . The husband springs forward to his wife ' s rescue , and the vindication of his own honour . The aristocrat is laid low , but r « -t > vering himself—gives the sian in charge . The provocation is proved : still " people must not take the law into tht-ir ovrn haiids ; " so he is fined £ 2 . Tnable to pay it , ho is sent to the treadmill for a fortnight . Here are men who ] .-.: > pened to be in the way of one iiijurv deep and lasting , and then handed over to another .
But it may be asked , why did they not seek the remedy at ja-tr ? Here is the answer . The two following cases exhibit—first , what will be the reparation should such an extraordinary / case occur ; and the second , the benefit of seeking a roiaedy at law : A young girl , a milliner , is returning from work late in L ^ e evening , and is . met by an aristocrat , who , throwing « i ^ arms r- > und her with a rudeness and familiarity that iefl-. es no doubt of his designs . After a good deal of strug-^ Ihig she releases herself ; but he , angered at the rebuff , knocks out four of her teeth with his fist . Given in charge , and brought before a magistrate , he is fined £ 5 , v . lsich is instantlv paid , and he drives off in a cab .
Another young girl , very respectably connected , is at home by herself , when visited bj a wretch , who takes ad . vsatage ' of her loneliness to ruin her . She comes into court , exposes her shame , swears to her degradation ^ : K ) inting thereby the finger of scorn against herself ¦ yet her oath is considered valueless , and the fellow , though admitted to b * a most depraved character , is declared innocent of the crime . fltSPSfl
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And this is the remedy at law ! Let us sum up the results . Poverty , in vindicating itself , becomes culpable . Aristocracy , first provocators , has the law really thrown into their hands for their benefit . It is as though the law stepped in opportunely to remove those who might interfere with their designs . Innoceaceprotectedand avenged by law has lost four teeth , is without compensation , and the object for further attempts incited by revenge . So glaring are these Instances of protection , nay , abetting the designs of a class , and so Sedulously are all vindicatory attempts frowned down , that a graduated Bcale may be readily formed , showing the cost of success , with the modes of procedure and the expense of vindication , varying with the resistance made . Always bearing in mind the invariable tendency of the accident of poverty to throw us in the way of the law , first to suffer and then to be punished for suffering , we cannot fail to perceive that people must not take the law into their own hands , but if you have nerve and money , the law will throw itself into
yours . The following table may be called the bill of costs of the new practice in our Metropolitan Police Courts , or the terms on which assistance will be rendered for the accomplishment of certain designs : — To seduce a young girl under the protection £ . s . d . of her father , or a wife under that of her husband , give the provocation sufficient for an assault . For a small outlay you may pursue your designs unmolested . The expense will be about . . :. . . . 026 ( We may add here , by way of parenthesis , that lest any further obstacles should exist in the shape of " people taking the law into their own hands , " accommodation could be perhapsf urnished at the court , sav the magistrate ' s
private room . The charge could not be heavy , ranging , we should presume , between 2 s . 6 d . and £ 5 , with a douceur to the reporter of the press to know nothing . } Not waiting for the " slow and sure" above- £ . s . d . mentioned , but attacking the girl at once , punishing her resistance with a broken jaw . Expense 5 0 0 But for the true sweets of revenge ! If the girl charges you with attempt , ic , drive it into court for trial . Let her publish her shame , which everybody will believe , while her oath the court will disregard . This is her remedy at law In other words , she must pay for the exposure at least . . . , SO 0 0 "With a "little management , it mav be £ 200 or £ 300 .
This subject requires further elaboration ; and if the editor could find room , it would be an easy task to push it to a rcductio ad ob » urdum on the one hand , and show how ready a handle it is for despotism on the other . Lastly , viewing it in connection with democracy , we shall discover its true worth , and a few illustrations added , drawn from history , will , it is hoped , furnish its answer , and consign it to the fate of one of the delusions of the past . J . B . L .
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HOPE FOR LABOUR . TO THE EDITO 1 Of THE NOUTHEBU STAB . Sik , —The present posit ion of the Operat ive Coal Miners is very important in a rational view . If their planjsucceeds , it will , of course , be extensively imitated , ' There is no reason why Mechanics , or Spinners , or Weavers , or any other class of artisans , should not adopt the same mode of resisting unjust encroachments by their employers . Union is only required ; and the limitation of the hours of labour will be both easy and pleasant . It is evident that the improved intelligence of the working classes will soon consummate the downfall of commercial despotism . It was only a beginning in the right direction that was required . The moment that clear and practical views should be acted upon bv the operatives of one trade , the
wholesystem of grinding tyranny would totter . That time has now arrived : the Colliers have struck the blow of fate . The capitalists are aware of the feet . A hint was lately dropped in a letter copied into the Morning Herald . It ¦ mis hinted that the working Miners wanted to cause the demand to exceed the supply of labour ; and then they would have all their own way ^ This is a hint pregnant with the most important inferences . It ought to sink deep into the minds of all working men who may read it . The same letter contains proofs that the Mining Operatives are managing their affairs admirably . Let them go on and prosper ; and at the same time remember , that eyes are fixed on them from every town in England which has any intelligence among its inhabitants .
The contest in which the Mining population are engaged is one of general labour against general capital . So great may be iu results , that it is impossible to predict them . Such a victory as may be gained by the poor labourers over their rich employers , by such novel means , would serve as a striking and great precedent to the irorking population all over Europe and America . Its effect would be felt from Lyons to Lowell ; and its statistics would be most carefully treasured and studied by the Trades of London . Whatvver | sympathy or apathy may have been manifested towards the colliers by the members of other Trades ' Unions , should not be taken into much account . Almost the -whole of the operative bodies ar * composed of poor men . It is with great difficulty that they can support their families out of the reduced wages they now receive ; and no considerate man could expect them to contribute much to any fund for general benevolence . It is highly creditable to them that they subscribe so much as they do for general purposes .
The struggling Miners should sustain their resolution chiefly > y reflecting on the vast benefit they will bo the means of conferring on the "hole human race , should they succeed in leading the way , and teaching the rest of the oppressed working people how to act . In France or Italy this sentiment would be an ample incentive , and there is no reason why it should not he equally powerful in England . A stern resolve among the journeymen of any trade , to limit the supply of hands or hours of labour to threefourths or two-thirds of the amount constantly in demand , would be sure to succeed in the object of raising Mages . The price of work once increased , and more money being at the command of the -svorli people , the rest of the details of union would be effected with greater ease . Funds would print tracts , and distribute them : and invaluable general instructions could be circulated all through the kingdom , and elsewhere . Money is notoriously the sinews of war , and particularly so in the conflict of capital and labour , as labour has too long experienced .
This great principle of limiting the hours of labour ought to be kept well before the eyes of the whole nation . It ought to be busily talked about in the smaller towns and villages , as well as the cities . There cannot be too much pre-eminence given to this all important question . It is to be hoped that the unanimity and firm resolve of tlie Miners will not pass away ; that would be a lamentable catastrophe . But , under the guidance of honest leaders , there is not much cause tofear . With regard to themselves , their sufferings have softened their hearts , and tautrlit them to feel fur each other . It is in this revulsion of feeling that adversity displays itself a jewel of the finest lustre . Prosperity makes men unfeeling , striving against each other , as all are now , under this vicious svslem .
Brighter days , let us hope , lire at band for the longoppressed poor . Crushed to the earth as they have been , hope even had almost deserted them . In the vista of the future great changes may be descried , faintly , mid seeming like visions . Dart clouds of poverty are drawn aside , and the germs of united labour and capital are seen springing . A year or two more , and will not an antimonopoly League be formed by the operatives , who are now deprived of their just share of the profits of trading ' There is such a thing as internal free trade as well as
external free trade . Attempts have been mad . " to coax the great newspapers to insert explanations of tliese -matters : but , as might be expected , these endeavours have failed . The people must acquire all the knowledge beneficial to them through their own organs , or they will not obt-iin it at all . The workman and his employt-r ought to shave tht profits of ttve business thej vnuy be engaged vn - . if the mastvr seizes all tlie profits , and gives his workman noBC , that is a most flagrant monopoly . The League will discover , one of these days , that there is more to be learned thau is " drc . -imt of in their philosophy . "
The c < . ial--jwners and their connexion will , doubtless , he verv active at this crisis . But nothing can avail against the men if they remain steady . Shoulder to shoulder , and suflering balanced against suffering ; let them be bold , upright , generous , and charitable to each other ; and , above all , let them discourage selfishness and unfeeling conduct whenever such may be shown by any of their mesiibers : let them behave to each other like the peasantry do in the South of France ^ and Italy , for example , bearing and forbearing , with hind feeling , and they will gain their cause . : 0 ! how magnificent a cause , if we look at its probable results :
Trades Unions will soon begin to assume a new feature . Hitherto then- enterprizes have mostly terminated in defeat ; but hereafter , with the prestige of the anticipated Colliers' victory , they will be enabled to attain more than has ever been anticipated by the most sanguine imaginations . I am , sir , your well-wisher , X .
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The liiiEAT Britaix Steam-Ship . —Wednesday was appointed for the passage of the Great Britain through the lock of Ciunberknd basin , the last barrier to her free egress to the sea after her long imprisonment . An immense crovrd of spectators had assembled to witness an event which excited a lively , interest far beyond this port . "We cannot attempt to describe in appropriate language the splendid appearance of the Great Britain as she entered the Jock . On either side blazed barrels of iar , with , very short interyala between them , to the distance of more than two hundred yards , the illumination from which , on theyiant shit ) , the water , and the faces of the multitude , is not
to fee described . She passed through at a rapid , pace , touching nothing but the rail of one of the bridges , ¦ whiehTvas hooked by the anchorand carried away Kke a thread . She was moored by the side of the wing wall outside ihe lock for the night , to be ready for her passage down in the morning . At about seven o ' clock in the morning , vehicles began to arrive from the country , and by eight o ' clock every possibia place T ? here there was standing room seemed , as on the night before , to be occupied "by anxious gazers . At about ten ininntes past eight , the Sampson steam-tug , of sixty horse power , in -which was Captain Claxton , R . N ., was seen to take her in tow , and very soon after the -word was given to turn a-head . Slotvlv and majestically she lert the entrance amidst the clieers
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of thousands , which were re-echoed by those on board . It was extraordinary to gee with what ease she appeared to gather way and to steer , even before two other steamers were attached , one on ieither side to her quarters , although the flood tide , which was against her , had not done running . Fvrther Particulars . —( From the London daily Tmes . J—1 dated anil despatched my last communication from King-road , at which place we had just arrived . The steam was then got ' up , and at halfpast eleven 6 ' clock-the screw-propeller was put | in motion , It has been objected against the use of the screw in many steaniers , that its action causes them not only to steer very badly , but renders it necessary to have more jnen at the wheel than Under other
circumstances , the steering being extremely laborious . Thelrreat Britain , however , steered "like a boat " with one or two strokes of her wjlieel , and came round with the helm at thirty degrees in a circle of less than half a milje in diameter . The superintending engineers , Mr . I . K . Brunei and Mr . Guppy , of course , in Btarting , did not intend that this , the first experiment , should be one of full speed , as no new engines can be expected to have properly come to their bearing until after they have been worked for some time ; and accordingly directions were given to Mr . H . S . Harman , the en gineeivin-cliisf , to start her with six revolutions only , at which she made about four knots . On passing Portishead , at twelve o clock , the revolutions were increased to 9 | per
minute , when she made a 6 J log ; lOi revolutions gave a Jog of seven knots ; 10 J revolutions a rate of 7 * knots . The steam was kept at this point for some time , and then increased to twelve revolutions , when shegave eight knots as her rate of speed . At this period , being then near the Holmes , the experiment of turning her round wjth the hekn hard down was tnect ; she came round in nine minutes , making a circle of ratheriuore than half a mile in diameter . She was then tried a second time , with the helm at only thirty degrees , when she came round in a most beautiful manner in six minutes , and in a less distance . When going the straight course the stupendous mass answered her helin most readily , taking not more than one spoke of the Wheel , andre ^
qumng only one man at it . In returning homewards the speed of the engines was gradually increased to thirteen revolutions , at which she gave 8 i knots , and 16 to : 16 £ revolutions , when she went through the water at eleven knots , against a strong head wind , passing easily the Sampson , the fastest paddle-boat out of the port . At this rate of going the steam was cutoff by the expansion-valve at one foot , or one-sixth of the stroke , six of the fires not having been lit during the whole trip . The engines worked perfectly smooth , and without the slightest vibration or tremor being felt in any part of the vesseL The screw-propeller during these experiments was not fully immersed , the ship ' s draught of water abaft being only fourteen feet six , and about twelve feet forward , and no doubt existed in the minds of any of those present versed in such matters , among
whom was Mr . Smith , the original patentee of the Archimedean screw , that upon the next , experiment , or when the revolutions of the engine are increased to twenty in a minute , a speed of from twelve to thirteen knots can be easily obtained . When the vessel was going eleven knots the screw-propeller was oidv going twelve , making the slip or loss only oneeightn and a third per cent ., and which slip will of course be diminished when the screw-propeller is entirely immersed . When goiug at her best speed there was no swell whatever under the bows , her stem cutting through the water just as the fastest Thames boats do , The whole experiment lasted fivehoiits ; and ; in every particular the vessel realized the most sanguine expectations . I have
been thus minute , because in the construction of this vessel a number of new and startling theories were propounded , and because she has excited so much attention in the scientific world . First , her immense length anid size . were entirely novel , then tlie construction of sucka leviathan of iron entirely ; and then her mode of propulsion , and the novelty of her engines , have together rendered her an object of very great ^ curiosity . It was first said that she would never steer—it is proved that she steors not only most easily , but that a single helmsman has a complete command over . her . ; then it was said , that from the immense mass of iron , the magnetic influence and the local attraction would be so great that they would be unable todepend UDOiiithcir compasses ; but a variety of experiments having been made to compensate or correct the magnetic , variations , they have corrected the principal errors ' , and the local attraction is found
even now to be much less than that which exists on board wooden ships . It was also objected that the noise of the chains passing over the drums , to give motion to the screw oy which she is propelled , would be so great as to prove an annoyance to the passengers . T . 'his , however , has been completely avoided , the chains and wheels upon which they . work revolving without noiso , and what is still more desirable , there is a complete absence of vibration in the ship . While at the Holmes , Captain Claxton , tlie superintending director , and Mr . Guppy , invited the company to partake of an excellent dinner , and about seventy Indies and gentlemen sat down in her spacious saloon ; Captain Hosken presiding . The Great Britain then steamed , to Kingroad , where she CJist anchor for the first ; time at about six o ' clock in the evening ; the persons on board of her and the crews of the various vessels lying in the roadstead greeting her with heartv cheers .
Discovery of Roman Antiquities . —There was lately discovered near Lilly-horn , adjoining the highway from Uakridge-common , in a field called the "Church-piece land , " Bislev , tlie property of T . Baker , Esq ., of Watsrcombs-house , an extensive range of Roman chambers , whose communications with each other were distinctly marked , and which in part . exhibited the : supports and bases of tesselated floors . They were'bounded on one side by a wall of great thickness , but the limits of the whole have not yet been ascertained . There were various sorts of ancient brickwork , - dtc . ; and there were picked up many fragments of red and coloured glazed pottery , having various figures on them , antique glasses , many little implements , such as tweezers , &c , the root of a stag's Horn , of unusual size , sawed off at the ends , a quantity of stag ' s , sheeps and other boiies , and two
perfectly-defined sacrificing knives . On the outside of the wall , not more than six inches below the surface , was a round earthen yot , almost fitting u globe of metal , which was , in fact , a concretion of coins , to the number of 1 , 228 . Some of these are preserved in the state of cohesion they were found in , and the whole form a complete scries of second and third brass , mostl y in the |> 2 . st preservation , from the reigns of Valerian to AUeetus inclusive , comprehending the Udman British emperors , or usurpers , (» r at least those who are not usually reckoned in the imperial list . They are most abundantly those of Tetricus pater , ¦ Tetricus tilius , and ; Victorinus ; next to them of Gnllienu .-s Claudius , and 1 ' oMtainii . s , Tacitus , Probus , Aurdianus , Maximianus , Florianus , C ' ariuus , Diocletianus , Salonina , Numeriamus Cams , Alarms , Seyerina , Valerian , Quintillus , Carausius , and'Allectus . — ( jluvcetU-n-hire Chronicle .
Inew Method of : Detecting Ajrsenic—M . Bevan , a scientific chemist * has indicated the following as ; i certain process for detecting the presence of arsenic . Into a narrow tube is to be put a certain quantity of nitric acid , diluted with four times its weight in water , tilling the tube to half its depth . Into this is to be introduced a rod of clean copper . On the top of the liquid is to be poured some melted tallow , which , on becoming cool , forms a diaphragm , that separates tlie upper part of the cornier rod from that which is pUniged in t \\ c ;\ ekl . On the surfiueofthe diaphragm is to be placed the arsenical matter , and at the end of six hours all the : arsenic that is in it will be found separated , and adhering to the rod . By means of this ; process M . Bevan affirms , that the quantity of arsenic in the matter put into the tube may be ascertained even to the 100 th part of a grain . A roil erf zinc , he adds , will give the same result , and even more promptly . —Oalvjivmi .
Mammoth Steam Electrical Macwni :. —^ An hydroelectric machine of the most extraordinary and unprecedented power is now being constructed for the United States . It will be able to produce a spark of 30 inches , to coat 3 , 501 ) feet of metallic surface , in a battery of 48 Lcyden jars , of 2 feet high by lo inches in diameter . This shock would kill a thousand men in an instant , if it were passed through such a chain ! This machine \ t ill be more than four times as powerful as the oue exhibited at tlie Polytechnic jnstitute , London , and is now by far tho most powerful instrument in the world . The name of this Leviathan machine is to be the " Benjamin Franklin ; " and as it will not be shown at all in Europe , America wijl possessd , exclusively this magnificent * unequalled instrument . It will leave the manufactory for the United States early in the year .
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IIoRiicuuuiiE . —We have lately experienced a severe frost , the thermometer having fallen , on the morning of Friday the Cth hist ,, to 20 degrees which indicates 12 degrees of frost . From that tune to the middle of last week , the frost continued ,-though with less' severity , jiitjht and day . During such lengt honed periods of frost , when considerable artificial heat must be empfeyed , greenhouse plants require liberal supplies of water , ' an'dthe atnidspjiere should not be allowed to get too dry . It was but a few days ago that we were g lad to employ fire Jheat to neutralise the excessive dampness of the external atmosphere . Now it becomes
equally necessary to guard the plants' from injury through jinnaturai : alia excessive dryness of the air . In the proper management of these matters very much of the skill of the gardener is exhibited , and to ensure su ^ ss . gfept diligence , care , and observation are requisitei / 'Out of doors there are butfew operations which such weathei'will admit of ; ^ ltere are , ' however , sonic things for which it is favourable enough—thus , for instance , manure and composts may be wheeled into the quarters where they are needed , or to the clumps on the lawn or flower-garden , for wluch operation the hai-d state of the walks , mould and turf , are favourable-. In the case of manure , it should be kept as ; much in heaps as possible , or dt
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exposure to the wind and rain it will lose much of its ¦ value . Heaps of manure may be turned over t « accelerate their decomposition , and in like manner heaps of compost may be turned in order to mix them thoroughly ^ and to keep them sweet , destroy worms , &c . Materials for the compost-yard may be collected , mixed , arid laid up in heaps to rot . —The Greenhouse . Some of the early tulips and narcissus will now be showing their flowers , and the hyacinths are pushing tip pretty strongly . A fresh batch of the Dutch bulbs may now be brought into the house in order to
succeed tne torward ones . These , [ with the plants ot the Chinese primrose and cineraria , may be treated to a little guano water occasionally . —The Fiowergarden . The moment the weather breaks , uncover the frames and pits , and sparingly supply with water any of the plants that are quite dry ; and if quite mild , leave the lights off for a few hours . —The Kitchengarden . Attend to the cauliflower and lettuce plants in frames , and give them plenty of air when the weather will-permit . See that ! the potato clumps and the stores of roots of various kinds are well secured from frost . —Bell's Weekly Messenger .
Christmas Cheer . —At Woodbridge market , on Wednesday , was shown , by Mr . W . Brinkley , a calf of seventeen months old , fatted % y Mr . John Cook , of Martlesham , weighing upwards of sixty stone . Also , by the same butcher , three other beasts from Mr . S . Toller ' s , of Gedgrave , weighing upwards of ninety stone each , the latter of which obtained prizes at the last agricultural show . I Value op Furze . —The value of furze as an article of provender for cattle has been frequently spoken of , and the following , from a Swansea journal , seems to prove that the agriculturists are j beginning to be of the same opinion : — " Mr . David Jenkins , Bettws , Carmarthenshire , has lately disposed of a field of furze at the following high prices : —The first lot
fetched 3 d . per yard , which is _ equal to £ 60 per acre , and the remaining lots were ^ dispoked of at 2 id . ayard , which is equal to £ 52 10 s . per acre . The furze * was of two years' growth , and the lots ! to be carried off the field previously to the first of March next . " French Eogs . —Tlie egg merchants of Cherbourg are about to avail themselves of ; the facilities for a quick and cheap transit offered by the railway to London , to import their eggs into Southampton , instead of going to London . A small French sloop , ihe Napoleon , arrived in the dock about two o ' clock on Thursday afternoon , with a cargo of about 400 , 000 eggs in cases , some of wliich were landed and forwarded to London that evening . —Hampshire In-dependent . \
Extraordinary Wheat Crops !—A correspondent of the Norwich Mercury communicates the following account of some extraordinary Icrops of wheat : — "The land ( under five acres ) lies in Happisburgh , conti guous to a homestead belonging to tr . Wilkinson , Lsq ., North Walsham , whose ' intelligent steward , Dueker , took the greatest possible pains to ascertain the exact quantity produced , and also the exact measurement of the held , to obviate any doubt to the perversion of truth . It was Spalding wheat , and the product one hundred and ten coombs two bushels , being nearly twenty-two coombs ( a coomb is four bushels ) and a half per acre . Such a productive crop has probablv never been produced from any given
quantity of land within tlie memory of the oldest Norfolk agriculturist , and many , many years may elapse before a similar instance can be recorded . The cast of wheat in this neighbourhood generally , the product of this year , is really ) excellent . Mr . R . Cully , Bacton , has some land which produced seventeen coombs per acre , and hinds in this and the adjoining village of Wilton , belonging to Lord Wodehouse , which generally produces eight or nine coombs , and last year only fr om , five or seven , has this year produced twelve coombs per acre . The cast and quality of the barley , which was -considered likely to have been extremely indifferent , has proved quite the contrary . " —Burv Post . j
Produce of a Cow . — ( To j the Editor of the Mark I / mc Express ) . — Sir , — Having read in your journal of the 3 rd of June last , that a cow belonging to Mr . James Geach , of Penvounder , in the parish of Sithney , has produced 350 lbs . of { butter in the preceding year , I have been induced to send you tlie following account of produce I [ have had from a cross-bred Alderne ' y and Durham cow in one year . She calved the first week in November , 1843 ; from that time to the 31 st October , ) 844 , produced upwards of G 50 lbs . of butter ; for a considerable time after calving , gave 171 bs . per week ; and she is at this time giving 8 Jbs . per week .-fl am , sir , your obedient servant . Edward Campion .
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London Corn Exchange , Monday , Dec . 16 . —The arrivals of all kinds of grain ( British as well as Foreign ) were exceedingly small during the past week , and fresh up for this day ' s market there was a moderate show of wheat samples by land carnage from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk . Of barley the quantity offering was tolerably good , and the display of beans and peas rather liberal , but of oatsj there were scarcely any -fresh up . After nearly a fortnight of sharp frost a rapid thaw set in yesterday , arid the dampness ot the atmosphere had an unfavourable effect on the condition of the grain this morning . English wheat \ was held at rather enhanced rat ^ s in the early part of the day , and in partial instances superior qualities brought a trifle more money , but the trade closed languidly at the currency of Monday last . Foreign free wheat was taken off slowly . The quantity of really fine quality iu warehouse here being , however , small , holders demanded very full terms . Flour met
a dull sale , and quotatiojis remained nominally uuehanged . Barley excited comparatively little attention , but factors were generally very firm , refusing to accept lower prices than on ihis dayse ' iinight , either for English or free foreign . The trifling business passing in mait was at precisely similar rates to those previously obtained . The bare' state of the oat market induced holders to ask more money , but the dealers were if possible even more cautious than last week , and the operations were not of sufficient importance to wan-ant alteration in ( quotations . Beans hung very heavily on hand , and must again be noted Is . per qr . cheaper . Grey and niaple peas were also easier to buy , but white , owing tojtheir scarcity , were held at full } ' former prices . In bond nothing of interest transpired . The demand for both red and white clover-seed was inactive to-day , and prices nearly nominal . In other articles no particular change occurred . j
London Smithfield Market , Monday , Dee . 16 . — Thi * being the day appointed for holding what ia termed the "Great Christmas Market , " more than the usual bustle attendant on such interesting occasions wjis observed at an early hour , and continued throuirhont the morning . As flight be expected , from the line frosts experienced for some tline past , and the consequent favourable state of the weather for' slaughtering , the graziers were tulcrahly certain of realising more remunerativo prices for the stock , especially the beasts , than we have reported for a lengthened period . In this expectation they were , however , in a great measure disappointed , for the atmosphere having suddenly l > ecome mild , many oi t-ho butchers in attendance , the number of whom was
exceedingly great , refused to purchase at anything like the hiking quotations , sonic of which were high in tho extreme " . Hence the beef trade was , the time of year considered , in a very sluggish state , with the exception of a few of the finest animals , producing high rates , which we shall hereafter notice . The highest general figure did not exceed 4 s . Gd . v per * Ib . In noticing the " prodigies" of the show of beasts , we have to refer with very great pleasure to the thirteen most wonderful Purhariis arid short horns sent by Sir C . Knightley , which for symmetry and weight * were never excelled by any stock brought together for competition in any rattle vnrd in England . These extraordinary beasts , the whole of which were under five veai-s old , were the admiration of all
beholders , while there was only onei of them under 200 stones ( Sll > . ) The next in importance , as to quality , were the thirty Herefords and { Sussex beasts , the property of Mr . Senior , of Brought on House , near Aylesbury . Many of them weighed upwards of 250 stones , and were sold at from £ 50 to £ 00 per head . Mr . Senior , it will be noticed , was a successful exhibitor at the club ' s show . We hap now to notice the forty-three Herefords offered b ^ Mr . Rowland , of (" reslow . This stock , considering the number shown by one gentleman as his own property , was decidedly the best in the market , though we consider that one of the Herefords-sold by Mr . Senior was superior to anything we almost ever saw . jMr . Rowland exhibited an animal which carried off one of the prizes
at a local show a few weeks sine ? . Mr . Gurriet' had the celebrated sliort-liora which ^ carried off the £ 30 prize , as awarded by the Smithfield club . This , and three others—viz ., a short-horn { hid two Herefordswere greatly aad deservedly admired . Mr . Morgan had the largest , and perhaps the most astonishing show , of beasts of any salesman jn the market , consisting of short-horns ! Devons , Herefords , < fcc , belonging to Wm . Goodale , Esq ., of Deeping , Lincolnshire ; Wallett Goodale , Esq ., of . Peterborough ; Wm . Thomas , Esq ., of Holbeaeh , Lincolnshire ; 11 . Cook , Esq ., Portland , Lincolnshire ; Wm . Wiseman , Ksq ., Moulton , Lincolnshire . ; J . Copland , Esq ., Lincolnshire ; and other large breeders . { Mr . VorleVs stand was filled with many extremely good animals , which were sold at high prices . Having particularised the
best beasts in this great exhibition , we shall now proceed to take a general retrospect of the supply . On many former occasions we have had to notice a great preponderance of some breeds , especiaJiy the Herefords , over the others , bothjas respects number and quality ; but to-day there was more evenness in them than we ever recoilect . On ] the whole , however , the Herefords stood at the top of the poll , both in Wight and symmetry . The next in importance in these particulars , were the Devons , next the Durhams , the next the short horns , and tho next the Scots . In speaking of the last breed , it is placed beyond a doubt that the show this morning was the very best ever noticed . As to the number of ; beasts brought forward , it considerably exceeded that on the great days of the two past years , as is thus thown : —
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Numbers exhibited in the Great Days of 1842 , 1848 , and 1844 . 1842 1843 1844 . Beasts ........ 4541 4510 5713 From the above it will be seen that -we had a large supply here this morning , and yet the quality was quite equal to any we have ever before withdssecL In reporting upon the prices obtained here this morning , and those obtained in the corresponding market in 1843 , we find very little difference in them , they ruling as under : — Great day in 1843 . Great day in 1844 . s . d . s . d . s . d . s . d . Beef , per 81 b 3 8 4 4 2 10 4 6 Mutton 2 8 4 4 2 10 4 4 Veal 3 4 4 6 34 4 4
Pork 3 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 Had the weather been more favourable than it turned Out , we are quite of opinion , notwithstanding the immense numbers brought forward , that better prices would have been obtained for the beasts . We now come to the sheep . In this description of stock a very grea . t improvement was noticed ; indeed , so fine a collection ot kalf-breds was scarcely ever known , on such an occasion as the present . Mr . Weall had on offer forty wonderful Downs and ten Gloucestera , the property of E . F . Wittingstall , Esq ., of Langley Bury , Herts . The former , which weighed on an average about twenty stone ( 81 b , ) . and producedi £ 5 per head , ' were almost unrivalled , while the latter exceeded thirty stone ( 81 b . ) , and found buyers at £ &
each . Mr . Weall had , likewise , forty polled , and fifty Down ewes , belonging to Mr . Rowland , of Ores . , low , which realised high prices . In the other portions of the supply of sheep there was nothing calling for particular remark . As to the mutton trade it vwas in a very sluggish state , yet the currencies ob * gained on this day se ' nnight , the highest being 4 b . 4 d . ja « er 81 b .,. were supported . Very few foreign , beasts or sheep were on sale , and there was scarcely any inquiry for them . The imports for the United Kingdom since Monday last , have amounted to 180 oxen and cows , and 200 sheep , in for the most part good condition . The bullock droves fresh up to-day
consisted ot 2500 short-homa from Lincolnshire , Leices tershire , and Northamptonshire ; tiOO Scota , < fcc ., from Norfolk , ' Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire ; 1000 short-horns , Herefords , Devons , Durhams , &o ., from the Western and Midland districts ; 600 various breeds from other parts of England , 30 ( ffrom Scotland ; while of Irish beasts the number was about 120 . The numbers of calves were good , while the veal trade ruled heavy , at last week ' s prices . In pigs , at least three-fourths of which were from Ireland , very little was doing at our quotations . At the close of the market nearly the whole of the stock was disposed of .
Smithfield Hay Markets—Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 lus . to £ 4 15 s . ; useful ditto , £ 4 16 s . to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland ditto , £ 5 5 s . to £ 5 10 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s . to £ G ; oat straw , £ 1 12 s . to £ 1 14 s ; wheat straw , £ 1 15 s . tos £ 1 16 per load . Supply but moderate , and trade rather -dull . Wuitbcuapel . —Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 12 s . to £ i 14 s . '; useful ditto , £ 4 15 s . to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland ditto , £ 5 5 s . to £ 5 10 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s . to £ 0 ; oat straw , £ 1 12 s . to £ 1 14 s . ; wheat straw , £ 1 14 s . to £ 1 16 s . per load . Trade throughout inactive , at our quotations .
South all , Dec . 18 . —We had rather an extensive supply of fat stock here to-day , both as to number and quality . Prune qualities were in good request at mil prices , but , otherwise , the trade was heavy . Beef , from 2 s . lOd . to 4 s , 6 d . ; mutton , 3 s . to 4 s . 6 d . ; veal , 3 s . 4 s . to 4 s . 2 d . : and pork , 2 s . 8 d . to 3 s . 8 d . per 81 bs . Supply : —Beasts , 1 , 100 ; sheep , 1 , 629 i calves , 4 'J : pigs , 51 . Rompobd , Dec . 18 . —There was a full average timeof-year supply of stock here to-day , yet the trade was steady at our quotations . Beef , from 3 s . to 4 s . Cd , ; mutton ; 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 4 d . ; veal , 3 s . 4 d . to 4 s . 2 d , ; and pork , 3 s . to 3 s . 6 d . per 81 bs . Suckling calves , 18 s . to 30 s . ; quarter-old store pigs , 16 s . to 20 s . ; and milch cows , with their small calf ; £ 16 to £ 19 each . Lewes , Dec . 17 . —Beef , from 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 6 d . ; Mutton , 3 s . to 4 s . 4 d . ; Veal , 3 s . 8 d . to 4 s . ; and Pork , 3 s . 4 cL to 3 s . 8 d . per 81 bs , Supply good and trade firm .
CORN AVERAGES . —General average prices of British com for the week ended Dec . 14 , 1844 , made up from tha Returns of the Inspector in the different Cities and Towns in England and Wales , per Imperial Quarter . Wheat - 4 ss . Id . I Oats - 21 s . lid . I Beans - 36 s . 9 d , Barley - ¦ 34 s . 5 d . | Rye - 32 s . Od . | Pease - 36 si Id . Ma . vchestek Corn Market , ^ Saturday , Dee . 14 . — The improved feeling apparent in the flour trade last week has continued throughout the present , and , with an animated demand for the article , whioh has considerably reduced the previous accumulation of stock in factors-hands , rather higher prices have , in some instances ( for approved marks ) been realized . There has likewise been a good inquiry for both oats and oatmeal , the continued scarcity of which has enabled holders to obtain somewhat enhanced rate 9 . At
our market this morning rather more disposition was manifested to purchase wheat , and we raise our quotation Id . to 2 d . per TOlbs . Flour met a tolerable free sale , and the dealers and bakers \ vere compelled to pay a slight advance on the rates which would have been previously accepted . Botli oats and oatmeal were in steady request , the former at an improve ment of fully Id . iper 451 bs . and the latter 6 a . per 24 t » lbs . In beans but little change can be noted . Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , Dec . 16 . — With easterly winds we have to report very small arrivals of grain to this port : the steamers have brought shipments of oatmeal and flour from Ireland , but of those , too , the quantities for the week are moderate . The duty on foreign rye has advanced to
i > s . ( id . per quarter ; the rates of impost on all other articles remain as noted last week . Throughout the , week the trade has been very firm , and , upon a moderate demand , full prices have generally been obtained . We have had little choice of new wheat : whilst of oats the market has been- exceedingly bare , and though in limited request they have reamed an advance of Id . to 2 d . per bushel , 3 s . 2 d . per 46 lbs . having been paid for good mealing-. Oatmeal also has brought 6 u . per load above the quotations of this day se ' nnight . Flour has sold more freely , and on rather better terms . No change as respects barley , beans , or peas . A few parcels of United States sweet flour have been sold , in bond , at 17 s . to 17 s . 6 d . per barrel .
Newcastle Cons Market , Dec . 14 . —At our market this morning we had an extremely large supply of wheat from the growers , but the arrivals coasfrrcayg being trifling , sales were readily made at fully last week ' s prices . The high comparative rates at which south country qualities were held , caused our millers to be very circumspect in their purchases , many holding oft in anticipation of doing better when the expected supplies come to hand , which are understood to bo considerable . Foreign continues to be held with increased firmness , as maybe shown by the fact of 56 s per quarter liaving been refused for a parcel offine oldDantzic of the crop , 42 . Bonded has attracted some little attention ; two cargoes are reported to have been sold , viz ., one of Conisberg to 30 , and
another of mixed Dantzie to 30 , weighing 3 Llbsp _ er bushel . For flour there was a good inquiry , choice household being readily saleable at 35 s , and extra whites froiii 37 s to 38 s per sack . Barley may be quoted a shade higher ; ami from the circumstance of the recent foreign arrivals being about cli arcd off , with no probability of receiving any further accession till the spring , we think , it not improbable that the best south country qualities will improve a little in value . Malt without change . In beans little doing . Boiling peafe rather more . inquired after , and choice breakers are held for an advance of Is to 2 s per qr . Notwithstanding there was a very liberal supply of new oats from the country , tho whole met a ready sale at prices rather exceeding those of this day su ' nuight . Old on
the contrary , were no dearer , and in limited request owing tq our large consumers being fully stocked . YoitK Cons Makket , Dee . 14 . —We have a fair attendance of fanners to-day . Wheat meets a ready sale , at Is . per qr . over the rates of last week , and we have a firm mai-ket for all other articles ia the trade , with a tendency to advancing prices . Maltox Cons MaiuvEt , Dec . 14 . —We have a good supply of wlicat and barley , of oats moderate , to this day ' s market ; wheat is la to 2 s higher ; barley and oats without alteration . —Red wheat , new , 43 s to 49 s ; old ditto , 50 s to 53 s ; ditto white , new , 51 s to 56 s ; old ditto-, 53 s to 56 s per qr . of 40 stones . Barley , 28 s to 39 s per qr . of 32 st . Oats , 9 H to lOid per stone . -
Leeds Conx Market , lucsday , Dec . 17- ^ Our supplies of wheat and barley are fair ; of oats and beans they are rather short this week . Wheat is in steady demand , and last week's prices are well supported ; barley ia offering rather freely , and only the best qualities are taken at last week ' s prices , —inferior descriptions , of which much of the supply consists , are held over . Oats and beans are firm , at late rates . The frost has left ' us , and we now have the weather mild for the season .
' TUE AVER ACE TRICES OF WHEAT , FOR Till : WEEK ENMXC PECKMT 5 . EK !"• 1944 . Wheul Barlfir . Oats . Rye . Beanf . Peas . Qrs . Qrs . ' Qrs . Qrs . Qrs . QrsV ¦ 6174 1000 412 0 418 84 £ s d £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . di ' 1 2 6 51 1 13 10 i 1 1 n 0 00 1 17 Ilf IIW- ' ' Leeds C ' lotii Market .- ^ -Though the markets still \_ maintain the same character , prices remain steady . " Ileavy goods have the best demand , but the eallevejl for these cannot be called extensive . Sanguine topes , ' however , are entertained of improved markets with the new yeav , although , for the present , manufacturers seem more inclined to curtail than increase their operations .
Untitled Article
Hollow ay ' s Oi . vjuent anx ) Pills—Mr . Samuel Coudy , a carpenter and buildef , residing at % i , Iloughton-street , Clare-market , was on the 21 st oi October last , admitted ' a patient , " withl ' tn ] t' 0 di-eadfuT ' ulcers on the back part oTMS neck , at Kin ^ s College Hospital , and continued so up to the 24 th of March : ' last , when he was discharged as . incurable . Hehaa , however , been radically cured , in a very , short space of time , by the ubovo invaluable medicines . This is another proof that any wound or ulcer , however dangerous , may with certainty be eured by their means , when evei * v other means have failed .
Corrcsbonlrentt
CorrcsBonlrentt
Stimtt Ana &Tt«
Stimtt ana &tt «
Aiflri Ultural (Column.
aiflri ultural ( Column .
Market Intelligence.
MARKET INTELLIGENCE .
Untitled Article
j Pbcembbb J 3 i , ^ 844 . THE NORTHERN STAR . ^ . j - , ^ .. ^^ ^^^ . ^ . _ . ^^^^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 21, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct518/page/7/
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