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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY. MAY 28. 1842.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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A FEW WORDS ON PBt-PAGANDibM AND ORGANIZATION . "" The spirit of Chartism ia essentially one of expansion and diffusion ; like the small seeds borne upon the winds of Heaven , our principles bear within them the germ of fructification , and wherever they fall , they cannot fail to take root , and bring forth fruii . This is shown by the reception oh agents , and lecturers , lave met with ; in whatever part of the country , as yet , to which our missionaries have penetrated , they have been invariably received , bv their especial cfients , the poor , with open arms , and the truths which they have preached have been eagerly imbibed by thousands in every part of the
kingdom . Eren the republican spirit of France , in its z ^ uith , never made sueh great strides as Chartism has done daring the last eight and forty months in Britain ; the reason is plain . The propa ^ ande of the French w&s a propagande of the sword , ours is a propaganda of troth , bearing light and intelligence . But truth to be loved must be known as such ; Chartism must be preached to gain disciples , and the question is now , when the harvest is so great , and the labourers so few , and when so many large and promising disiriots lie open before us , thequestioE is , where to begin .
Our mission is with the sons of poverty and suffering ; from , them we mast gain converts and disciples . "Wherever oppression and tyranny exi 3 t on the part of tfee-laBdlord , the master , and the manufacturer , there should onr-missionary be ; not a strike of any extent should take place , not a despotio act should be perpetrated in any part of the country , without our taking advantage of it to raise scorn and contempt inthemindsef lie people against th" ) present accursed system , .. W-heamao suffers from wrong aod oppression his mind is- doubly open to conviction of the divine principles of truth and justice . Look to Dudley and the neighbourhood ; see what Candy and Cook have done there during the late outbreaks . The nailors , ironworkers , and colliers of
that vast district , embracing the whole of South Staffordshire , and extending across Shropshire , Dearly to Wales , are coming out in thousands for the Charter- That district , as I have before stated to the Executive , must demand our first care and attention . Then there is the great colliery district aromd Wrexham , Mold , and Hawarden , in Flint ; the men employed in them are at present suffering great oppression ; we must be there ; a talented lecturer would bring ont the whole district in a few weeks ; and then hurrah for the propagande in Denbigh and Merioneth ; Snowdon and Plinlimmon would soon echo back to the Wrekin , the shout
for the Charter . ' The colliers of North Wales are a most hardy , enthusiastic race of men , _ and woEJd make efficient auxiliaries to the Chartists of Glamorgan and Monmouth , in extending the faith of democracy throughout the principality of Wale ? . Let ; he Executive look to Bilston , and say whether we have a better , more energetic , or truly Chartist town , in our erganization 1 what Bilston is , such might be Mold and Wrexham . I trustthese towns frill occupy a prominent sitnation in the projected agitation of the Executive . They will repay culture a hundred-fold , and open us a passage into the heart of Wales . In my next , I shall pursue this subject further . F .
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THE EXECUTIYE COMMITTEE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL CHASTER ASSOCIATION . Bketmlex , —The duties which devolved upon us , ss members of the National Convention , are terminated . The period is now approaching -when It becomes us , in accordJJiw with the principles of the People ' s Charter , to resign into your bands that trust "which' you have reposed in us , and which we have striven to the best of our ability " to exercise to the satisfaction of our constituents and the benefit of the common cause . We therefore direct your attention to the proper measures to be adopted for tlie election of a new Executive Committee .
THE BALLOT . Which shall take place throughout the nation in the week beginning with Tuesday , the 7 th day of June , and fending on Tuesday , the 14 th day of June . Let it be particular }* observed , that each locality trill choose for Use !/ one day only for the ballot , out of the seven , so as to toxvcKience all localities .
MODE OF BALLOTING . The fifth rate of oor Association states , " That any person shall ba admitted a member of this Association on taking a card of membership . " Therefore no person trill be eligible to vote for the officers of the Association TrniAM they can produce a card of membership . The sub-secretary shall grant to each person , prodncdng a card of membership of the locality to which he belongs , & voting card , on which is written or printed the names ef all the candidates . The elector shall then , at his
own convenience , draw a pen through all the names except the five for whom be votes , and the five names left standing on the card shall be considered as the persons "whom he th * " 1 ™ eligible to serve on the Executive . The sub-Becretaries shall also be empowered to grant to absent , sick , or distant members their voting cards , and receive their votes in return , sealed up , through the post cfflce , or by other means , which sealed votes are to J > e opened by the General Council , and deposited in a box provided for the purpose , and to be called the ballot-box .
On the day of ballot each sub-Secretary shall act as registrar , and the ( xeneral Ccaneil as scmtinisers of the votes . The sub-Secretaries , attended by the General CouncD , shall , on ths day or evening appointed for the ballot by the ,. majority , stand around the ballot-box , and proceed to caiil over the roll , esc ^ voter advancing when bis name is called , and dropping bis ballotting card into the ballot-box . On the conclusion of the ballot , the General Council will proceed to the scrutiny . They shall first count the cards to see that the number corresponds with that on the rolL They shall , secondly , east up each card in succession , and the sub-Secretary shall put a mark opposite the name of each of the candidates reported as having been voted for . Finally , they shall declare the result to the General Secretary , reserving a copy for themselves .
On Tuesday , the Slit of June , or earlier , if possible , the namis of the new Executive will be announced ; and on Friday , the 1 st of July , the new Executive will supersede the old . ' ¦ . Brethren , we trust these directions Trill be strictly adhered to , and that all of you will vie with each ether in fThiHjffng the proper spirit of Chartism during such as important practical application of our principle . All those places la arrears for cards are particularly requested to discharge the same , and thereby eaable the present Executive to leave office without entailing any debts on the books of their successors .
Having full reliance in you , our constituents , supporting us in the course we have advised , regarding the lection , "We remain , your faithful And devoted Representatives , James Leach , P . M . M 1 > oi : all . Mobga * Williams . R . K . Philp . John Caiipbell .
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" I have to teli jou a little about felting , as I have th pleasure of receiving one of your handbills , recommending it to the manufacturers of EDgland , saying you have three patents for it , and that you have brought it to perfection , which I doubt not , for your partners and mine in England have not spirit to do it ; but I have brought it to perfection in France . We are manufact turing from three to four hundred yarda per day , and cannot supply one half our orders . ft am coming to Leeds some time this month , to buy machinery , with a friend . I hope to find yon and my partners in good spirits . One thing I know , if you
had money I should not have left Leeds ; but yon was poor , and I was poor , and them that ought to have paid me £ 20 have lost £ 2 , 000 for it . I am sorry to say it , but it is true . I have found more friends by men that never saw me before than by them who ought to have supported me to bring the thing out . I shall start in Leeds a factory on my own account , and defy all manufacturers of woollen cloth to compete with ma I can bring you samples of the Hiost splendid articles ever seen . * ' If there is any gentleman in Leeds , or any person , who disbelieves it , let him come to Franca and see , and enquire for the Felting Company .
"Me . Weight and Company , "At Quay a la Gore , Paris . " "The writer of the above letter came to me from the West ef England better than twelve months ago , pennyless ; I took pity on him , and relievsd his wants , and employed him , at 30 s . per week . When he had got money and knowledge from me he set off to France , as the above letter proves . " Yours truly , " Wm . Hirst . "Leeds , May 25 , 1842 . "
The Northern Star. Saturday. May 28. 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY . MAY 28 . 1842 .
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SLAVERY IN GREAT BRITAIN . EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN COAL MINES . It has often been our painful duty , as public journalists , to record facts affording proof " strong as Holy Writ , " that the boasted liberty of the British empire was a mere name . We knew that in the mills and factories of this degraded land , an amount of crime and misery existed which no Christian could contemplate without horror and dismay . We were also aware that a aumber of young persons , including females , were employed in our
various coal and iron mines , in which we knew they must of neoessity be subjected to hardships and privations of no ordinary character . The disclosures , however , recently made , are of a character so horrible , and detail scenes of such horrible barbarity , as would be beyond all belief , did not the evidence of their existence rest upon such unimpeachable authority as can neither be controverted or explained away . The first Report of the Commissioners appointed ' to inquire into the employment and condition of the children of the poorer classes in mines and collieries , and the various
branches of trade and manufacture , in which numbers of children work together , exclusive of those employed in mills and factories ; and to collect information as to the ages at which they are employed , the numbey of heurs they are engaged in work , the time -allowed each day for meals ; and as to the actual state , condition , and treatment of such children , and as to the effects of sueh employment , both with regard to their morals and their bodily health , '—has been laid before Parliament , and presents a picture of physica l misery , mental ignorance , and moral depravity to which , we believe , the history of no other Christian land can present a parallel . " This Commission had for its object no exclusive inquiry on the subject of labour ; it has embraced , therefore , all occupations
in which children under thirteen years of age , and yeuug persons between thirteen and eighteen years of age , are engaged . This first report comprehends only the condition of children in mines—and of that , only their physical condition , sot the moral effects of such modes of labour upon the classes of persons so engaged . This will form a portion of the second report , which will shortly appear , " and to the publication of which we shall look with intense interest , as throwing additional light upon the dreadful system under which we live . The report is very copious , and contains the evidence of persons of almost every rank and station . There can , in fact , be no donbt of the correctness of the various allegations contained in this important document .
The report Bays : — " The information , returned to us has been derived from different classes of witnesses , such as the proprietors , agents , and managers of works , the children and young persons engaged in different ' kinds of labour , the adult work-people , the parents of the children , medical men , teachers , ministers of religion , parochia . officers connected with the administration of relief to the poor , public officers , and magistrates . These witnesses gave evidence as to the state of things in their own district , according to their own observation and experience -, and the main body of information collected , is derived from personal examinations , in the form of depositions , of these different classes of winessea . "
The evidence thus adduced affords to us the means of ascertaining the actual and appalling state of slavery to which our population iB reduced , in the mining districts of England , Wales , and Scotland . We learn here the very early period at which children are permitted to labour in mines ; children and adults of both Bexes indiscriminately , their physical and mental deterioration—occasioned , first , by the labour in which they are engaged , and secondly , by the most disgusting associations ; the accidents to which they are exposed ; and the influence of these and other causes in combination , on their physical and moral state , is laid open by the labours of this Commission , as appointed under the Administration of Lord Melbourne , in the following arrangement and classification : —
" 3 . Ages at which children and young persons are employed in coal mines . —2 . Sex , employment of girls and women in coal-mines . —3 . Number of children and young persons so employed . —4 . Hiring of children and young persons . —5 . State of the place of work in coal » mines . —6 . Nature of the employment—7 . Hours of work . —8 . Night-work in coal-mines . —9 . Meal hours . — 10 . Holidays allowed to children and young persona employed . —11 . Treatment of children and youag persons employed in ooal-mines . —12 . Accidents to which such persons are exposed . —13 . Wages of children and young persons so employed . —14 . Influence of empleyment in coal-mines on the physical condition of children and young persons . "
We shall at present confine our notice to the condition of persons employed in the coal mines . We last week selected a few cases from the report , bearing an especial relation to our own . neighbourhood . To that article we beg most especially to call the attention of our readers , in connection with the additional facts we this day lay before them , and we think they will agree as that the force and power of the whole people should be called into instant activity for the effectuating of those social and political changes which in their practical operations would forbid this fearful Bystem of homB Blavery any longer to exist . The employment of ' ^ children is arranged under the following heads : —
" 1 . Coal Mines . 2 . Ironstone Mines , and the Manufacture of Iron . 3 . Tin , Copper , Lead , and ZLnc Mines , and the dressing and smelting of their ores . " Of these three—Coal mines are said to be " by far the most extensive ; to employ the greatest number of children and young persons ; to require different modes of working according to Hie geological character of the country , which exert an important influence on the condition of the workers , aod particularly of tbose of tender age . " We will first invite the attention of our readers to the physical condition of young people employed in ooal mines .
Much has been said , and properly said , in reference to the immense mass of phyaioal misery and constitutional decease engendered by our factory system . The evidence adduced before the Factory Commissioners , together with the narativea of Wm . Dodd and others , went to show that the employment of children of from eight to thirteen years of age , in mills and factories , was in thousands of instances productive of the most terrible results , occasioning curvature of the spine , distortion of the limbs , stiffness of the joints , constitutional weakness , and general debility ; rendering them cripples for life , and generally terminating in premature dissolution . These facts were proved , were swern to , by parents , magistrate * , medical men , and a whole host of other
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witnesses , upon which the legislature interfered and the present factory act became the law of the land . Bearing all this testimony in reference to the effects of infant labour in mind , we call upon the country carefully and seriously to oonsider the following statements in reference to the same subject ' and which are selected from the present report . In the neighbourhood of Bradford and Halifax , in this county , [ children seem to be employed at the earliest age—for we find in the evidence of Mr . Sub-commissioner Scriven , touching " the Low Moor Company's Way House Pit" page 112 , sec 40 , that Josh . GtiedhUl , a ; banksman , saya : —
" I began life a hurrier , when I was between five and six yarsof age . 1 was a hurrier till I was sixteen . I have three sous living ; one of them went into the pit with me when he was three years old , and commenced working regularly as a hurrier when he was between five and six . [ This was at Elockton . ] 1 do not think 22 miles a-day too much for girls to hurry , if they are a pretty good age . I have got three girls who hurried ; they bejan hurrying at about six years of age . Two of them stopped about two months ago . They were stopped by the masters , Messrs . Hirst and Hftrdy . One girl left about two years ago , she was fourteen then , and master thought she was too old to work among boys . I cannot sign my name . '
" In the district of Oldham , in Lancashire , cases are recorded in which children have been regularly taken into tbe pits to work at four , and between four and five , and several at five and between five and six . 11 In the mountain mines , ' says Mr . Secretary Fletcher , ' the most common age for boys to be taken in to labour , where the strata is only thin , varying from eighteen inches to two feet , they will go se early as six , fiva , or even four years of age . Some are so young that they go in their bed-gowns ; one little fellow whom I endeavoured to question , could not even articulate , although his father , between whose legs he hid his little black face , as he stood before me , answered for him that he was seven years old . ' ( J . Fletcher , Esq . App . part 2 , p . 821 . )
Dr . Mitchell , also one of the Sub-Commissioners , ( Appendix , part 1 , page 33 and 4 , ) in speaking of Hill's lane Pit , Shropshire , belonging to the Madeley Wood Company , gives the following dialogue between a ground bailiff , and one of the charter masters who were accompanying him in his survey : — " I say , Jonas , " said the grounl bailiff to one of the charter masters , ' there are very few children working in this mine ; I think we have none under ton or eleven . " The collier immediately said , Sir , my boy is only a little more than four . " In referring to the evidence given , relative to the neighbourhood of Leeds , we find in the evidence of Mr . Sub Sommisaioner Synoons , App . part 1 , page 288 : Joseph Ellison , Esq ., of Birkeushaw , n « ar BirsUl , says : —
" I have been practically acquainted with collieries nearly all my life . I know it as a fact that a collier now living has taken a child of his own , who was only three years old , into a pit to hurry , and when the child was exhausted , it was carried home , stripped , and put to bed . This is a rare case , but I can prove it , if required , by undeniable evidence to have been a fact " John Ibbetson , also working at the same place * says : — " I have been forty-five years in the pits . I know a man , called Joseph Cawthey , who sent a child in at four years old ; and there are many who go in to thrust behind at that time , and many go at five and six ; the sooner they go in the sooner their constitution ia mashed up . "
James Ibbetson , collier at Mr . Harrison ' s pit , Gomer-Bal , says : — " There are three harriers in the pit ; two are girls ; they are my slaters ; they hurry for me . The oldest is twelve and a half , the youngest is between eight and nine . She has been working ever since she was six years old . Sometimes when I have got my stint , I come out as I have done to-day , and leave them in to fill and hurry . ' ( Symons , p . 268 . ) The before-mentioned Joseph Gledhill states that ha took his child into the pit at three years old ; it was made to follow him to the workings , there to bold the candle , and when exhausted with fatigue , was cradled upon the coals until his return at night This child be took regularly to work at the age of five .
Mr . Sab-Commissioner Leifchild adds to this evidence , touching the pita of North Durham and Northumberland . He says : — " I visited the house of the parents of a little boy whom I saw keeping a door down Flatworth pit on the 20 th of May . It was about seven o ' clock on the Sunday evening , and the boy , Thomas Rofcer , was in bed asleep . His mother said he was aged about six years and seven months , and that he had been down the pit about a montk or six weeks . The boy was at school about three years old , and bis father wished to make him a better scholar before be went down . Always put him to bed early , because be must
get up every working morning at three o ' clock , and be often rubs bis eyes when he is woke , and says he has only jast been to aleep . He gets up at three a . m . and goes down the pit at four o ' clock am . He gets bis dinner directly he gets home , at half-past four p . m . or a quirter to five p . m ., and then be washes himself , and goes to bed between &ix and seven , so that he will never be up more than two hoars from the pit for eating , washing , and playing . When his son gets a little more hardened to the pit , bis father means to Bend him to a night-school , and stop an hour off his sleep . Thomas generally goes down the pit in a corf with a good few boys in , and sometimes he goes on his father ' s knees . "
But we might go on to almost any conceiveable length in making extracts like these ; similar facts are recorded in reference to all the coal fields of the United Kingdom , exclusive of Ireland . And wo ask , is a system so atrocious , so utterly abhorrent to every feeling of humanity and Christianity , to be tolerated or endured , while those who ought to be the guardians and the careful protectors of the rising generation are moving heaven and earth to relieve distress , and abolish slavery at the opposite extremity of the globe ] But we must now turn to another feature of the
picture . We want our readers to understand something as to the nature of the employment in which those young people are engaged . A great deal is said in the report about "harriers , " the meaning of which is thus explained : — " Harriers , " says Mr . Scriven , in his report , page 65 , " are children who draw loaded corves or waggons , weighing from two to five hundred weight , mounted upon four cut iron wheels , of five inches diameter , without rails , from tbe hea-Mngs to tbe main gates . In these seams this is done upon their hands and feet , having frequently no greater height from the floor to the ragged roof than sixteen , eighteen , or twenty inches . To accamplish their labour the more easily , they bnckle round their naked persons a broad leather sztap , to which is attached in- front a ring , and about four feet of chain , terminating in a hook . "
In this horrible employment children , from five years old and upwards are engaged ; and thus , at the very time of life when the capabilities of the human frame to bear fatigue , are next to nothingwhen light , and air , and wholesome food , and plenty of exerci 3 e are required to perfeot the constitution , and prepare the structure for the endurance of future toil , every means is brought into operation by which weakness and disease can be engendered , and premature decay accelerated .
All this woald be bad enoHgh and repulsive enough if ita hardships were inflicted only upon the male portion of the juvenile population . This however is not the case ; girls as well as boys are subjected to it ; they are dressed in a common dress , and subjected , not only to the same kind but to the same amount of labour . Betty Harris , aged thirty-seven , drawer in a coalpit , Little Bolton , Lancashire , says : — "I have a belt round my waist , and a chain passing between my legs , and I go on my handa and feet . The road is very steep , and we have to held
by a rope , and , when there is no rope , by anything we can catch hold of . There are six women and about six boys and girls in the pit I work in ; it is very hard work for a woman . The pit is very wet where I work , and the water comes over oar clogtops always , and I have seen it up to my thighs . I am not so strong as I was , and I cannot stand my work so well as I used to do . I have drawn till I have had the skin off me ; the belt and chain is worse when we are in the family-way . My feller ( husband ) has beaten me many a time for not being ready . I have known many a man beat his drawer . "
The Sub-Commissioner states that instances of oppressively hard work performed by young females presented themselves at collieries near Bamsley . He says : — " The evidence of Elizabeth Day , and of Ann and Elf aa beth Eggiey , is deserving of especial notice , the more so because I believe both the elder of these witnesses to be respectable and creditable , and both gave their evidence with much gowi feeling and propriety . Thewerk of Elisabeth . Day is rendered more Bevere by her having
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to hurry part of the way up hill with loaded corves , a very unusual circumstance . The Eggleys are , however , doing the ordinary work of hurriera in their colliery . It is a large , well ventilated , and well-regulated one , but owing to the 8 ij 59 of the corves , which weight 12 ^ cwt , it ia work very far beyond the strength of females at any age , especially females of sixteen and eighteen years' old . After taking the evidence of the twoEggleys I saw them both at their work , and harried their corves and also performed the work they had to do at the bank faces . I can not only corroborate their statements buthave no hesitation In adding that were they galleyslaves their work could not be more oppressive , aodi
believe would not in all probability be so much so . El « abeth Eggley , the younger , who is not above fifteen , whilst doing what is called topping the corve 3 , lifted a coal which must have weighed at least a hundred pounds . It measured thirty inches in length , and ten by seven inches in thickness . This she Jifted from the grbund and placed on the top of the corve , above three feefe and a half high . She afterwards lifted a still larger one . The former : one was lifted in the ordinay course of her work . This girl was working for her father , who was Btanding by at the time . " J . C . Symons , Esq ., Report , + 117 : App ; PL 1 j p . 182 . 1 .: ¦ ¦ ..:. . ; '¦¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ : /; ¦ , - .. ¦ ¦ - ;¦; .. . . \ . ¦
" Whilst I was in the Hunahelf pit the Rev . Mr . Bruce , of Wadsley , and the Rev . Mr . Nelson , Of Rotherham , who accompanied me , and remained outside , saw another girl of ten years of age , also dressed in boys' clothes , whs was employed in hurrying , ' and these gentlemen saw her at work . She was a nicelooking little child , but of course as black aa a tinker , and with & little necklace round her throat . " ' These children have twenty-four corves a-day to
hurry out of this den , and consequently have fortyeight times to pass along the gate , which' is about the siZ 3 of a tolerably large drain . I would beg particularly to call your attention to the evidence of the manager of this colliery , No . 33 , whose evidence repectlng the nnoiber of girls employed by him was distinctly diBproved by Harriet Morton , No . 38 , and intelligent girl , who Beamed to feel the degradation of her lot bo keenly that it was quite painful to take her evidenoe . " .- '¦¦¦'• ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦• • '¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ : ¦• :.
"Harriet Morton— - 'I am nearly fifteen yeara old , and be gan to werk ia Webster ' s pit when I was going in ten . I ' ve always worked in Webster asd Peace's pit ; * . I ' have hurried all the time ; I am the oldest girl there . There are seven regular hurriers , who are girls . There are six boys who harry . Two of us are employed at each corve both full and empty . When the corve is loaded , one of ua ia harnessed with a belt round the waist , and a chain comes from the front of the belt , and passes betwixt our legs , and is booked on to the corve , and we go along on our hands and feet , on allfours I do so myself , and a little boy pushes behind . We wear trousers always aa when you saw us- *— ( J . C . Symocfl , Esq . Evidence , No . 38 : App . I ., p . 233 , 1 . 66 . " After this the following will excite no surprise , though we hope it will be productive of genuine sympathy and active exertion .
" The - stunted stature of the collier children arises , in the thin coal districts , from the height of the passages they have to traverse , being frequently n » t above thirty inches In height ; and along these , children of both sexes either push or draw little waggons or corves , loaded with coals , weighing from two to three cwt . and running usually on rough and uneven rails , but sometimes drawn as sledges . In the very thin pits they are harnessed to the corves by means of a strap round the waist , and a chain passing through the legs ; thus they go along on all fours , like animals ; and this work is done by girls in trowsers , as well as boys , in the thin coal districts alike of Yorkshire , Lancachire , and the east of Scotland . "
We suppose the reply to all we can Bay as to the inhumanity of this abominable system , will be , that the work oannot be done without it , and hence thas it is necessary . Let us see . First , let ua inquire what the children . ' themselves say as to the effects of this kind of labour upon their own persons . James Pearce , twelve years old says : — "About a year and a half ago I took to the girdle and chain . I do not like it It hurts roe . It rubs my skin off . I often feel pain . I have often had blutors on my side , but when I was more used to it it would not blister , but it
smarted very badly . * * * I crawled on hands and feet . I often knocked my back against the top of the pit , and it hurt it very sore . The legs ached very badly . When I came home at night I of ten sat down to rest me by the way , I was so tired . Tbe work made me look much older than I was . I worked at this drawing with the girdle and chain for three or four months . * * * many boys draw so now . * * * A great many boys find that they are unable , and give over drawing with girdle and chain . ( Not many fall ill , says another witness , speaking of children condemned to the same kind in the West Riding . ) It is very hard —very hard , Sir . V
« Isaac Tipton , sixteen years of age . — ' I next went to draw with the girdle and chain . I bad a girdle round the middle , and a chain under my legs . It was very bard work . If I had a bit of time in the pit , I laid myself down on my back . We bad no time , unless something was the matter with the engine . Long before night we were so tired that we could hardly walk home Bometimea . The girdle often makes blisters , I have bad pieces like shillings and halfcrowns , with the skin coeking up , all full of water , and when I pat on the girdle the blisters woald break , and the girdle would stick ;; and next day they would fill again . These blisters give very great pain . There is no railway in the pita where they use the girdle and chain . In all tho pits about this part they use the girdle and chain . '"
" Robert North . —I went into the pits at seven years of age , to assist to fill the skips . We cannot stop at what work we like , we are shifted . I drew about twelve months . When I drew with the girdle and chain the skin wa 8 broken , and the blood ran down . I dorat not say anything . If we said anything , they , ( the butty' : a kind of half-contractor , half-overseer and the reeve , who works under him , ) would take a stick and beat us . I have seen lads of nine drawing with the girdle and chain . I have seen them at six , but they were hot able to draw the fall day but . If they are put to do the work , they must do it or be beaten . "r- ( P . 68 . )
" Ann Hague . —I am turned of thirteen years old . I hurry the same as the last girl , in Webster's pit . I draw the corve with a chain and belt . There is a little girl , my sister , who pushes behind . We have twenty-four corves to go in and out with every day . Sarah Moorhouse ' gets' aa well as hurries ; she gets and harries eight corves a-day ; I don't like working in the pit bo very well ; I would rather not do it Having to pull so bud in the pit makes me poorly sometimes . " ' . ' V-. ¦ . ¦ ' . ¦ ' ¦ : ¦ ¦ ' • ¦ ¦ '* ' ¦ . : : ¦ . . * ¦ *' ¦ Such is the testimony of the children themselves Let us next see whether the plea of necessity is borne out by the testimony of adult witnesses . Here is a passage throwing some light on the subject : —r
"Matthew Fountain , under-ground steward at Darlaston Colliery , Yorkshire , belonging to Thomas Wilson , Esq . — My opinion decidedly is , that women and girls ought not to be admitted into pits , though they work as well as th ? boys . In my belief sexual intercourse does take place , owing to the opportunities , and owing to lads and girls' working together , and owing to some of the men working in banks apart , and having girls coming to them to fill the corves , and being alone together . The girls hurry for other men than their relations , and generally prefer it Altogether it is a very demoralising practice having girls in pits . It is not proper for females a , t all . The girls are unfitted , by being at pita , from learning to manage families . Many could not make a shirt" *
And here is another fast which evinces the nonnecessity for this kind of brutal labour . We find thai in the other classes of mines very few children , if any , are employed underground , and where they are , attention is paid to their comfort and requirements . To whioh we may add , that in East Scotland— - ' The sub-commissioner states that the employment of females in the mines is universally conceived to bo so degrading that all other classes of operatives refuse intermarriage with the daughters of colliers who are wrought in the pits ; that is is a labour totally disproportioned to the female strength and sex ; that is altogether unnecessary ; and that it la wholly inconsistent with : the proper discharge of the maternal duties , and with tho decent proprieties of domestic life . '
From all this , and much more which want of space prevents us from bringing within the compass of this article , we are warranted in coming to the conclusion that thousands of the rising generation are reduced to the condition of brute beasts ; made to labour , in fact , where animals could not ; subjected to toil which has a direct tendenoy to shorten lift ) without the smallest necessity . The fact that these atrocities are not practised in Irish collieries is another evidence that they can be dispensed with . And to this we may add , that in some places even in England ,
considerable amelioration has taken place : much , however , remains to be done , and machinery ought here to be the substitute for this destructive , and , as we shall see presently , demoralising toil . Into -this , its true legitimate field , machinery has not yet entered . A sub-Commissioner reports , that in the cojirae of his inquiry he has not been able to find any instance where machinery waa substituted in the place of boys in [ drawing coals for the thin beds of the mines . Some engineers have thought such a thing practicable , and others not- ( p . 6 ? . ) " Nobody Can deny that it is high time to try the experimonti
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We will next inquire into the moral effects produced by ibis portion of our social economy . Thus speaks the report , in reference to this part of the subject : — . / . ¦ ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ : V ' * .. ¦; ¦ •¦¦ . ¦ .. ¦ ; ¦; . ¦ ¦• '' ,. ""' . '¦ ¦ . ;¦ .:.. ' ¦; . - ¦ . '¦' "In some parts of Yorkshire the men work completely naked , the girla working with them as described ; and in both counties ^ tha immoralities described are abominable . " \ ; ¦ ¦ -.: Mr . Kennedy , one of the Lancashire commissioners , says : — ¦] ,: " .: . ¦ . '¦ ; . ' . ' . V \ . ' •' .: ¦ ¦' :- '¦¦¦' . ]
" The moral condition of the colliers and their children , in this district , is decidedly amongst the lowest of any portion of the ; working classes . * * It appeared that out of 1 , 113 males , between thirteen and eighteen years of age , S 3 9 per cent , can write their names ; that of ' .-206 females of the same age , 1-3 per cent can write their names . When the children have stated they could read an easy book , I have put them to the test , and , with very few exceptions , I have found that their attention was so completely absorbed in the mechanical process of deciphering the letters and spelling the words , that they did not nnderstand the meaning ^ of a single sentence . " Andheadds , —
" I found however , that the case was hopeless ; there were so few , either of colliers or their children , who had even received the first rudiments of education , that it was impossible to institute a comparison . The evidence , therefore , on this point is not so perfect as I could wish , bufc I think it will be fonnd to go far to establish the position that want of education is accompanied by a degraded moral sense , gross and brutalised habits , depravity , and crime . " And here is the testimony of Mr . Wabixg , who reporting on the mining district of Gloucestershire , says : - r ¦ . ; . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦" ' ; : ;¦ ¦ ' ¦ . ¦¦ ¦ . ? ¦ ¦ ,
" An act of worship is nearly as strange to them , as to an Hottentot unenlightened by Christianity . Instruction they have no idea of , aHd if they had , the want of decent clothing would keep them from mingling with their better-provided yoke-fellows , at the Sunday school . " "In one colliery there are ninety-six boys , from nine to seventeen years old , of whom thirty-six attended no place of worship , and twenty-seven unable even to read . " " "" ; . ¦ ¦ ¦ ' "'¦ " ¦ - '¦ ' ¦ ¦ - . ' And to this we may add the testimony of John Thornley , Esq ., one of her Majesty ' s Justices of the peace for the county of York : —
• "I consider it to fee a most awfully demoralising pr lotice . The youth of both sexes work often in a halfnaked state , and the passions are excited before they arrive at puberty . Sexual intercourse decidedly frequently occurs in consequence . Cases of bastardy frequently also occur ; and I am decidedly of opinion that women brought up in this way lay aside all modesty , and scarcely know what it is but by name . Nor is this state of things at all to be wondered at . We are not surprised when we recollect that this horrible state of society in the mining districts has existed unchecked , and uncontrolled , unknown , or even imagined perhaps for centuries . Acontempowriting , writing on this horrible subject , says : —
" The patents , in the ge nerality of instances , were as ignorant as the children . They bad heard of God as a name to swear by , but nothing else- They had never heard that thieving , drunkenness , nor the indiscriminate indulgence of their carnal passions , were sins . How should they ; buried alive from infancy , and with none to teach them ? From the whole of the evidence taken it appears that the general age for bringing children into the pits is from five to seven ; that they are kept there as many hoars as men ; and that , in going to and returning from their work , they frequently fall into the ditches for want of sleep , being wholly overcome with drowsiness and fatigue . "
No wonder that these outcasts of society are as ignorant as they are vicious . No wonder that they are defective in the performance of their moral and relative duties , when they are utterly destitute of every particle of religious knowledge , and not even possessed , in very many instances , of the first rudiments of secular education . On this subject the report affords ample information . We select a few passages : — "Out of fifty collieries in Mr . Symon ' a district of Yorkshire , containing 1 , 640 boys , only 350 coald write their names . In seven collieries of 172 girls , 12 only could write their names . Even in the Sunday-scheols not forty-four per cent could read fairly , and not one quarter write .
• ' 'With regard , ' he ; add % . * ' to the fruits of education , and with respect even to the common truths of Christi anity und facts of Scripture , I am confident that the majority are in a state of heathen ignorance . The evidence of the children exhibits a picture of moral and mental darkness which must excite horror and grief in every Christian mind ; I can most conscientiously say that it is anything but an overdrawn one . Some are indeed better instructed ,. but ef those who work in collieries there is not above one eat of three , or , at most , two out of five , who can answer the commonest questions relative either to scriptural or secular
knowledge . I unhesitatingly affirm that the mining children , as a body , are growing up in a state of absolute and appalling Ignorance ; and I am sure that the evidence I herewith transmit , alikei from all classes , —clergymen , magistrates , masters , men , and children , will fully substantiate and justify the strength of the expressions which I have alene felt to be adequate to characterise the mental condition of this benighted community . That their moral condition is not equally bad I attribute to the bard work they are subject to , to their close confinement when at work , and to their weariness when work is over , and which often renders rest the greatest luxury /"
Mr . Scriven found , near Halifax , that in a Dumber of small collieries , out of seventy-four children between six and thirteen , only eleven could read ; and out of fifty between thirteen and eighteen , only nine could read and four write . / The answers given by many of the children exhibit the grossest ignorance , numbers having no knowledge of a God , a Saviour , or even of the commonest facts . Probably we shall bo told that this ignorance is not the necessary consequence of employment in
mines , but originates in the criminal neglect of their parents , to avail themselves of the means of instruction in at least the first principles of religion and learning , provided in every part of the country , by means of national , parochial , British , or Sunday Schools . Admitting this , to some extent , to be the case , we would ask how came these parents to be so criminally negligent , is it not to be traced immediately to the fact , that these parents theinaelyea have been brought up in the mines , and in the same profound ignorance in which they are training their offspring ?
In a petition presented to the House of CornmoBS by Mr . Brotherton , from Edward William Binney , of Manchester , the petitioner says : " The disgusting nature of the employment of these poor creatures was bad enough in itself , but to hear the awful swearing , obscene conversation , and filthy songs , would lead any person to believe that he was in a land of savages , rather than in clvHiad JBagland . " And he attributes the cause of this degradation , intellectual and moral , to females being allowed to work in mines , and states his belief that if females were not taken into the pits at a very early age , no after inducement could prevail upon them to enter a pit at all . We quote his own words : —
" That your petitioner is convinced that the employment of females in coal mines is to be attributed to the early age at which children are Introduced So suoh places by their parents . The pirents having spent most of their lives in mines , and being thoroughly accustomed t > the scenes they witness , see no impropriety in them . The female children , brought down { nearly infancy , have no correct ideas of the dangers of a mice , the scenes of vice and wickedness * they witness , or the disgusting and laborious nature of their employment . If female children were never allowed to enter a mine under thirteen years of age your petitioner considers that no inducements could scarce prevail on them to even go down into a pit , mnch less persuade them to mix with the company , and foliow the laborious and onseemly employment which they are there subjected to . ¦ ' ¦ ¦" . ' . ¦ '* ; ¦' . ;¦"¦ " : ' , 'V . ¦ ¦ - . - . ¦ ¦ ; ' . ' - ¦'¦ ' '¦
" That your petitioner has visited many of the collieries in Lancashire and Cheshire , and he finds the moral and intellectual condition of the working colliers in a much worse state where females are employed in mines than In those parts where the proprietors will not allow them to work in the pits . Amidst the scenes before described are children , brought at the tender ages of eight and ten years . There they pass their days until they become : wives and mothers . Can such employments aa they are engaged in , and such > cenesas they continually witness , fit them to became good wives
and mothers , and make the poor man ' s home comfortable ? Colliers are often accused of being an ignorant and disorderly body of men , without any Inquiry being made as to the cause of their ignorance and disorderly conduct What can any person expect from a poor boy s » nt down as your petitioner has before described ? He goes into a deep mine at six years of age , into the scenes amidst which he passes his days , Until he marries a girl sent do wn into the gravei at an early age like himself ; probably both husband and wife continue their employment in coalmines—it is what they have been brought up to , and
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by which they are therefore best enabled to obtain their livelihood . On coming-out of the mine , after a hard day ' s work , ; the poor wife . has Jittle time and \ strength , even if she hidthji ^ o ^^ eVtoJ cleMtlie ! house and prepare tbosej necessary refreshmentB which ' a hard-working man requires . The husband , too frequently makes ; jaxy aljowance , for- his wife > condition , r but abuses bar , neglects his home , and runs to the ' ale- ' house , and there spends the greater part of their joint earnings . '' " - . - ¦ ' .- ¦• . . - ¦ "¦' ' ' ¦ _ : ¦"¦ ' ¦ . ' - ' : ' " ¦¦'¦ . ' - * : : '"'^ i-: . ' - -: r /
" That your petitioner ia convinced that it is most desirable that many of the children from six to ten years of age , now employed in mices , should he sent to school instead of passing their time amidst the dangers and darkness of a mine , and witnessing ; the scenes before described ; but at the same time he does not consider that there can be any great permanent improvement in the morals and condition . ¦ : of the working colliers so long as women are employed ia mines . ' . /¦ . ; . •; : . . ' : ' .. '¦¦¦ > . ' , ¦ ,-.-. " .. ¦' . ... Some of the children , however , are sent to Sun * day schools , and here follows a tolerable specimen of the advantages they derive from Buch " admit ' able" establishments . % ; . Morgan Lewis , nine years old , puller up :
" I have never been at vaj day-school ; am seat to Mr . Jones ' s Sunday-sch « ol to learn the Welsh letters ; cant say I know them yet I do not know what yon . mean by catechism or religion ; never was told about God . The sky is up above , and no one ever told toe about JeBus Christ ; cannot Bay what he is . " Sophia Lewis , twelve years old , labourer in the ironyard ; ; . '"• ¦ : . ; '¦ " ¦ ,. ' \ A .. ' ; . ' ¦¦ . ; .. : ¦ ' "We have never been to any day-school ; sister and I go to the Welsh Sunday-BChool , to learn the letters , ( can scarcely tell one letter from the other in the Welsh primer . ) Mr . Jones tells us that Je « ua is our Lord , but does not know what he means by our Lord , nor who U God . There may be commandments bat I never beard of any . " ¦ ¦ - . ¦ ,- ;¦ ¦¦ ' - " ¦¦¦ . . ¦ ¦ . .:- ¦' . ¦ "¦¦ ¦ ' : ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦;¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ Edward Davis , about ten years oldi hooker-on :
" Have not much timeafter work , as always wash . Never spoke any English ; father and mother speak Welsh , and so does Mr . Jones , the preacher , -whose Suuday-school I goto . I can say the Welsh letters , for I have been two years at school . ( Net able to manage the letters—said D was Cr , and C the letter A . ) I de notknowanythingabout Ged . " Richard Williams , aged nine years and threequarters , air-boy : ; " . I come at six in the mondng , and leave at six or seven in the evening . I have never been to a dayschool ; I attend the Independent Sanday-schoeL Never heard of Jesus Christ . I dont know the Lordis Prayer . " . - ' - ,. - ¦ ' : ' - - \ ' . . " . ¦ ' . ¦ ..: ¦ r " , ' ¦ - ' "'¦ ¦; ' ' ¦¦; - Evan John , aged thirteen years and a half , hauler :
"I have been at the work about four years . Was four years at day-school ; it was a Welsh schooL God was the first man ; knows nothing of the commandments . ^ . ; ¦; ; ' ¦ * ' . ¦ - .,. . . ; ¦ ¦¦ ¦/¦ , ,. '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' : . ' , ¦' ¦ ' . . ' . ' : ¦ , ¦¦ ¦" - ¦ . ¦ John George , aged fifteen , behinder : " I have been for eight or nine years at work as plate opener . I was for twelve months at a Welsh school ; Jesua Christ made me ; thinks Jesus Christ madff aod . " . ¦; .. . ;' - . ¦ . ¦¦¦ ; ' *; v "• ¦ . . ¦¦ : ' ;^~ ' ' ' / " ¦ - - - ^ Mary Paine , aged seventeen , unloader : " They never have told me anything of Jeaus Christ , nor do I knowwho he is "
Henrietta Frankland , aged eleven , drawer : ^ " Sister Maria , ( thirteen years old , as well as myself ) have net been to school since at work ; I do not know whether God made me , nor anything about Jesus ; there are no commandments . " ; ;; V-v-..- ¦ . ¦¦¦;¦ David Thomas , aged fifteen , in-fillet : " Was at day-school , and learned the spelling ; there are Ten Commandments ; one say you must not steal , and that Christ is God . Thinks Jesus Christ was born in Wales , and went to England : now goes to the Sun * day-school of the Independents . " '
We vconder what those who are perpetually telling ub of the deplorable ignorance of the heathen and the necessity for sending missionaries to convert them , will say to this . Perhaps they , will shrug their shoulders and tell us , that Wales is , as yet , but partially enlightened by gospel truth , and that in illuminated England we should find no such deplorable ignorance . If this were true it wpnld only prove that our advocates for conversion might find work enough to engage all their zeal , talent , and contributions in the Principality , and need not even cross the Channel to discover fitting objects for the exercise of their Christian benevolence .
But how stands the fact ? Why just thus . Tha in illuminated England matters are as bad . or worse than in benighted Wales . In Mr . Scrh en ' s Report on the Collieries in Halifax , we find the following Thomas Mitchell , aged 13 : \ : " I never heard of Jesus Christ ; I dont know what yon mean by God ; I never heard of Adam , or know what you mean by Scriptures ; I have heard of a Bible , bat don't know what 'tis all about ; I &o not know what would become of me hereafter if I am wicked ; I have never been told . If I tell a falsehood or lie , I tell a lie ; it may be good or bad , but I don't know the difference . ¦'¦' . ¦ ¦ ' ; . " : -: \ ' - . " . " ¦ ' - '' ¦ ¦' ' '"¦' , "' . - ¦" .. ' .. ¦ '¦ ¦ ' Anna Hoile , aged twelve :
" I never went to day-school , but I began for tha first time to go to Sunday School yesterday ; I cannot read ; I have beard of God , and of Jesus Christ , but I can't tell who that was ; if I died a good girl I should go to heaven ; if I were bad , I Bhould have to be burned in brimstone and fire ; they told me that at school yesterday ; I did not know it before . Father nor mother never reads to me at home ; they never go to church or chapel ; I never went before . " > - Henry Jowett . aged eleven :
" I never went to day-school long , bnt I went a little while before I came to the pit , and then I did aot wan . to stop at school , bat I wanted to come to pit ; I go to Sunday School ; they teach me a b , ab ; I do not know who God is—Jesus Christ Is heaven . If I die a bad boy I do not know what will became of me ; I have heard of the devil—they used to tell me of him at the every-day school ; father does not ge to church or chapel on Sundays ; he does nought bat stop at home ; I go to chapel now a Sundays ; ' tis not so long sin' I began a ¦ going . " . ¦ - ;¦ ' . '¦ ;/; , - . ¦ . ¦' . " . -. . ; ' . ; ' ¦ ¦ : ¦ - ¦ -.- ; " - ^ - .. These are the results of instruction in Sabbath Schools , the teachers and conductors of which would deem it a horrid crime to teach writing and other branches of practical education on the Lord ' s Day . ¦ ; ' :. .. . ' ¦ " / y . ¦ ' . . ' . ¦ ¦ ¦ : ; : ¦ ¦ : ---:- ¦¦' ¦
We give the following as a specimen of the value which is attached to the importance of Sunday school instruction by at least one of ^ our " respectable capitalists" : — " Mr . James Wilcox , a proprietor of mines , states ;—' You have expressed some surprise at Thomas Mitchell not having heard of God . I judge ( he continues ) that there are very few colliers hereabout that have . There is a Sunday school in the village , at which some of them ge , but it does not advance them In learning much ; it keeps them , from idleness en the Sunday , and doing mischief from beating the fields , and destroying hedges , but very few colliers care much about it . " ,
When masters only think it necessary that instruction should be imparted to young persons in their employ for the magnificent purpose of keeping them from doing mischief , beating the fields , and destroying hedges , it is no wonder that tho information imparted should be of the most worthless character . For our own parta , we have no hesitation in saying , that the sooner all such Sunday Schools are broken up the bettoir . We had supposed that Sunday School instruction would at least point out to the children the existence of the Creator and Redeemer , and enforce upon them the duties of moral obligation . In this ,
however , it seems we were mistaken . The ; whole world may be ransacked for objects of charity . Scores of miasioaaries , teachers , and schoolmasters must be sent forth to convert the heathen , and to instruct the children of the Hindoo and ; the Hottentot ; ' ' .. ' - Bibles are to be multiplied v and < 6 * poor are to be required to purchase the word of life , even though unable to provide for themselves and families the common necessaries of life ; and all thi 3 , as we are told for the purpose of removing ignorance and vice at home and abroad ; And here is the practical illustration of the value of all this ostentatious parade of benevolence And pi « tyr
Our own children , the children of our own SoUi on whom it is said Sunday School instructiott confers suoh immeasurable benefits , are trained up in a state ' ' of ignorance , compared with which the ignorance of pagan lands sinks into insignificanoev One child , nineycarsofage , says , "I never was told about God—no one ever told me - about Jesus Christ ; eannot say what he is . Anotheir , twelve years of age , Bays , " Mr . Jones tells us that Jesus is our Lord , but does hot r know what he means by our Lord , nor who is God . Ther « may be commandments , but I never heard of any ^ Another , ten years old , tells us H I d > not
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KEW FABR 1 G IN THE MANUFACTURE OP CLOTH . I beg respectfully to inform manufacturers , and all who are interested in tfee staple trade of this important lothing district , thai I -have completed my process oi manufacturing cloths on a woven fabric , and that I shall exhibit specimens of the success of my invention , oa Friday , the ist ^ of' Jaly next , in one of the Leeds Cloth Halls , oiifl jBS ( tt ^; la rge room convenient for the purpose , of whijfe" 4 ttJ « ntice will be given ttrou ^ i the medium of the'XeftfeiP ^ ets . '" - Oa that occasion I will undertake to prove that cloths made upon iny new principle of felting on a iroTtn fabric ,, win require , in " one way or other , as
much labour as cloths of the . same quality require by the present mode ; they ^ 1 cost one-third less , and will Bell for one-third more , the quality ef wool in each instance being the same ; and such will be their utility for general purposes , and the demand far them at borne and abroad so universal , Out it will not be possible to overstock tbe market for twenty years to come . To those who are unacquainted with the nature of my process , the above statement may appear to contain paradoxes beyond their comprehension , but I pledge myself to give soeh explanations as shall cause every Tmm -who hears me to be satisfied that those sUtamanta are correct .
I am anxious that the new manufacture should be carried on upon soch a principle as will not grind the ¦ working man down to the lowest possible point of exi stence , and in the calculations upon which my state-Kent is baaed , I have allowed sufficient remuneration for the operative . Low wages for workmen , and small profits for masters "w 21 ruin any country . By the new process , tha nun m&y have good , wages , and the master good profitsj and unless I am much mistaken , such will be ih& popularity of its productions , and the con-• equfcat ^ om ^ Tiri fox them , that , in the space of a few moatbo , few idia bands will be found in the street * .
Tbe invention is secured to me by four patents , all of which axe Beoeasary to make perfect cloths . lean make tor qtiaiity , bat at present I shall cenfine myself to the best that can b * produced . During the last two yean , I have spaat upwards of £ 2 , 000 in patents and experi-Bute to bring it to perfection , and the mental anxiety a&d bodHj labour ia devising plans , and raising money , fcc , has been more than my pen can describe . But lor all this , my invention will stand or fail by its own merits : and , therefore , I take this method of challenging scrutiny and comparison . William Hirst . Leeds . Hay 23 , 1842 .
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( copy . ) : "May 21 , 1842 . "Kb . Wixliam Hisst , — " D * f& Six , —I hive taken tbe liberty to write to yoa , hsfi * & to find yau in good baatth , as it leaves me it jpiwiTiT tfwiY fhrt frr iH
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A THE NORTHERN ST A R .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 28, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct600/page/4/
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