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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1842.
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THE EXEGUTIVE ¦ . "¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ '' ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ -.- . ' ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ and : ¦ ¦¦ ¦ : •" : ' . ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ • - •¦ " ¦ '; THE PEOPLE.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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extort or be guilty of asy infraction of the law , the camber of the coach shonld be taken down in order to bring the offender to justice . A city magistrate hired a coach for a . set down , Jarvey songbt for doable the faw , the magistrate proceeded to take down the number of bia coach , but how did be do it ? Not with a pen and ink , bat with a ripping chisel and turn-Bcrew took the copperplate which contained the number off the coach . The ceachman was fined for the extortion , but the magistrate was punished for the damage done to the coach ! Perhaps some learned barrister will be kind enough to define the difference between Mr . Studdert ' s definition of the law and that of the London magistrate . Patrick O'Higgiks . No . 14 . North Anne-3 trect , Nov . 30 , 1842 .
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THE NECESSITY OF THE PEOPLE'S LOOKING TO THEIR OWN AFFAIRS . Nothing more incontestibly proves the inherent selfishness of human nature than the fact that no principle ^ however holj or benevolent—no cause however great or universal—and no movement however national and important , has yet escaped its withering influence . At the same time nothing can prove more conclusively than this same argument , the validity and truth oF those general principles of policy by which , as Chartists , we seek to take from LadiTidnals and from classes , tho potwr to enrich and to aggr&nd : z 3 themselves unjustly at the expence of the many .
All history and all experience proves that , whenever sections of the people have the power to make laws for the government of all , the people are oppressed . Monarchic , oligarchic , and aristocratio despotisms are , but so many different phases of the same evil . Qasses and individuals alike seiza npon the circumstances which immediately surround them , and use them as they see best for tho advancement of their own purposes . This ia a principle so universal in its operation that it admits of no exception . And hence the absolute inatility of all checks on the abuse of power save that of responsibility to all , duly and rigid !;/ enforced by the people themselves .
The very nature of society itself evinces that in all states the people have once had this power ; and that all the abuses , political and social , under which they have been grown , have resulted , when traced to their primary origin , in the neglect of its due exercise . Apathy is but that form of selfishness which induces us to decline active exertion unless when impelled to it by some immediate se&se of interest . This is the selfish principle in its passive form : in
which men regard the rail of duty as an insufficient stimulus to activity , unless it be sustained also by the call of present and apparent interest ; and from this passive form of selfishness all the activities of that evil principle derive their power . No evils could ever have become so general ia their operation , and so mischievous in their effects , as those which now afflict society , if men had always eschewed apathy and been quick to the exercise of the powers for checking evil whioh they possessed .
This general reasoning might be easily supported by arguments addnoed from illustrations furnished in abundance by the whole course of past history and preeent observation . We bring it now before our readers for the purpose of showing them how fully , and how deplorably they have themselves exemplified it in the matter which they have suffered to become a source of pungent regret , through their own culpable inattention to their own duties . In the prosecution ef our righteous and necessary struggle against rampant class legislation , it was seen clearly that we could do nothing effectual
without Organisation . It was an easy matter to organise ; to lay down plans ' of mutual operation for the guidance of our energies ; but tho Government had foreseen , this , and had fenced round tihe -whole system of corruption with a hedge of laws which , like a quickthorn hedge , threatened the impalement of all who should assay to overtop them . The people considered about what was to be done for securing such an organization as could be worked out without infringing the law , and yet secure oneness of operation and design in all their movements , while
it husbanded as far as possible their scanty resources . They selected from among them men in whom they had confidence for wisdom , to frame such a plan . A plan was produced . It was proved to be insecure , aad open to the assaults of faction . The people again selected men of experience and deep thought , and Bent them to Manchester , when , on the 30 th of February , in la * t year , the plan was so revised and amended as to be made legal and effective if duly carried out . The people then appointed fire men in
whose honesty they had confidence to carry out this plan . Their duties were defined and clear ; their emoluments were fixed and certain : and the people then , supposing , it would appear , that they had no more to do with the matter , left all in their hands and bid them do the work . Now the people , having by their suffrages adopted the Organization and appointed the committee to execute it , ought to have complied with its requisitions themselves and to have excercised a careful vigilance over their committee . . Th . ejha . ye . doae neither of these things . In very
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few localities has the Organization been fully carried eatt > y the people themselves ; in very few localities has anything like due watchfulness been exercised over those who were appointed by the people to carry out its provisions . They have been permitted to assume to themselves a legislative instead of an Executive power . They have been permitted without remonstrance or enquiry ( or with remonstrance and enquiry so feeble—coming from but one or two places—that they ventured to despise it ) to set aside and neglect the enforcement of the minor details of the organisation ; they have been permitted to play
with the people ' s funds unohecked ; their balance sheets creeping on from one degree of vagueness to another ; until at last they ventured openly to set aside all authority , and act as they please , directing the people's movements , and appropriating their funds , without even the semblance or pretence of authority of any kind . This matter is of no new growth ; it has been creeping and growing for a longtime . And now that it has assumed a form which no longer oan be trifled with , and that the people's attention has been seriously aroused the old expedient is resorted to of fixing it
as a personal quarrel upon the Editor of the Northern Star . And while the various members of the Executive exhaust their respective funds of invective and blackguardism , their friends in several parts of the country revive the cuckoo cry of "denunciation " and affect to " regret the unhappy differences which have arisen between the Executive and the Editor of the Northern Star . " Others state that Mr . Hill ought not to have taken up the matter editoraliy ; that it was his duty to have betaken himself to the consideration of the question , not as an Editor , but as a member of the Association . This is
a most unfair and dishonest mode of putt ing the thing . It is not a personal matter between Mr . Hill and the members of the Executive , or any of them ; por will we permit it to be so represented—at least not without protest . Mr . Hill did in the first instance take up the matter as a member of the association . He was most careful to avoid all mention of it , and all allusions to it ia the Star until the Executive themselves forced it on him . And he did all that he could in justice do to prevent others bringing it into the Star . And at last of all it was sot Mr . Hill who brought the matter into pnblic discussion at all , but Mr . Camp bell , In the fitBt editorial notice of the Balance Sheet givsn on the 12 th ult ., there was no opinion given
or even hinted . The people were merely asked to read it along with the Organisation . They did soand the metropolitan Chartist delegates perceiving its non-agreement therewith , censured several of i ts items . Mr . Camplell replied . He seat that reply to the Northern Star for insertion . The report of that meeting and the reply of Mr . Campbell to the delegates were as much public documents as the reports of Parliamentary discussions ; and they were far more important to the people . It was our duty to comment on them ; and we should have deserved to lose the people ' s confidence if we had permitted them to pass without comment . Indeed , had they been permitted thus to pass , no partieB would have been so ready to " denounce" us as those who now ceo sure us for having commented .
But who are they that keep up the howl of denunciation ! who are they that ^ cry out , while they admit that the Executive have deviated from their duty , and that they have misappropriated the funds "the Editor of the Vorthem Star had no right to interfere ; he should not have told tales ; he should have kept all snug V Is it generally speaking the people who hold this language 1 Not at all . It is just a small clique of local leaders , who look anxiously for the Executive's cast slippers ; and who see in our recommendation of an unpaid Executive an end to all their hopes of money-fingering . We warn the
people to look well to th ' iB . We warn them that it is not for nothing that a few of the local councillors in one or two places , especially in Leeds and Bradford , have eueh a . marvellous sympathy with the Executive , who in every defence they have yet made , -have admitted all our charges . The remedy we have suggested is worse than the disease complained of ; as it not only censures past , but puts a stop to all juture peculation . O ! we can" readily appreciate the open-mouthed virulence of the ** job " -seekers while fraternizing with the "jobbers . " We had a very pretty sample of those gentlemen during the last
week at LeedB . There is usually in the small room iu the Fish Market a weekly meeting of such members as choose to attend to hear and confirm the minutes of the previous Council meeting . As it commonly happens that there is no lecture on that evening and that the business is merely that which we have named—the attendance is generally very thin . Mr . Hill had expressed to a friend during the last week his purpose of attending the next meeting of this sort , for the purpose of asking one of the councillors a question . He was informed in Hull on Monday that he would not be heard if he went . This he could not credit ; and therefore took no notice of it . He- went and found as usual
a very small company , though much more numerous than usual . Ne public notice of the meeting had been given , and . no business was expected to be done at it save reading and confirming the minutes of Council . There were not 100 persons in the room . However , the " expectants " having heard of Mr . Hill's purpose had " whipped up " , ' the O'Brienite 9 and every enemy of the Star from whatever cause had mustered to a man ; and' they mustered exactly fifty-five . A person who is agent for the Statesman had been voted into the chair previous to Mr . Hill ' s entering the room—and after the
spending of two mortal hours by about a dozen speeches in abuse of Mr . Hill personally—all Boris of wilful misrepresentations and falsehoods being unscrupolously resorted to , Mr . Hill rose to reply , and was met by a resolution ' * That Mr . Hill be not heard ; " the reason assigned by the person who moved the resolution being that it would ta dangerous to hear him , as he might produce an impression ! The resolution was actually put and carried by a majority of twelve persons ! Now , if the Chartists had attended to their own duty instead of leaving every thing to a clique , this disgraceful exhibition could have been made in their
name . Again w « tell the people ihat they must do their own work ; that the inherent selfishness of human nature renders the best men unfit for an undue amount of confidence ; and that if that selfishness be mischievous in ita activities , as manifested by those in whom power is invested , it is not less mischievous in their own apathy and neglect of exercising their own due powers of control . Had the Executive been properly held in check from the begmning , and made constantly to render strict reckoning and keep clear
accounts both as to money and all other matters ; had they been watched by the people , and reminded on their first straying from the line of their official duties ; had their first effort to make themselves ROvernorsinsteadofExecntorBofthepeople ' swillbeen repressed by the people , the painfully unpleasant duty which has in the last few weeks fallen upon ns would have been spared to us ; the disgraceful exhibitions that have been made would have been avoided ; their characters might have remained nnimpeached ; and they have still been active , useful , and energetic publio servants .
Why do we say all this ! To deprecate the censure of Bome half-Bcore of either designedly interested or short-sighted , simple people 1 By no means . Wbile ever we occcupy a publio position we shall seek not to please the people , but to serve them : this we have ever done , this we shall ever do , Our object has ever been to lift the people out of leadership ; to ma . kethem independent of all leaders , whether general or local , by forming in them habits of attending to their own business , and of thinking for themsslves . We again tell them they must do this or they will never h etter their condition . For want of this , fac ^ ons and classes have been able ander the present system to tread them down :
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the want of this would alike make them the prey of faction , even if the Charier were obtained . They must manifest their fitness for national government by looking to their own . It ill becomes them to complain of peculation and despotism iu the Whig and Tory factions , wliile they permit it to be practised and praised in their name by their own leaders . We again advise that the matt era of preventing Executlive abuses in future be referred to the people ' s delegates at the forthcoming Conferenoo ; we are glad to perceive that several localities agree with our opinion , we hope all will consider it .
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THE CONFERENCE DELEGATES . ;| We last week called upon the people in thos % localities where their Councillors had entered into any compromise with the Sturgites , to interpose their right , at the public meetings for the election of delegates , and to do their own business , and to do it well by electing out and out Chartists as their representatives at the forthcoming Birmingham Conference . We did so because we conceived that the utmost vigilance , always necessary , is more so now ; seeing that the enemy has put on the face of an " angel of light , " in order effectually to beguile the unwary ; and that consequently , this
new move is more likely to turn aside unreflecting leaders * and to open a wide " gap" for tho designing . A strict surveillance ^ on the part of the people , may be somewhat galling to those who are either " wise in their own conceit , " or who intend to betray their trust ; but it will be no annoyance to the truly wise and honest . It is , at all events , imperative upon the people to do , at all times , their duty by themselves and for themselves . No assumption by local leaders of oligarchical power and oontroul , ought to be allowed for a moment ; because the mischief which it ia sure to do , sooner or later , is incalculable . It tends only to puff up the mind , and engender strife even between friends .
Wherever our advice has been acted-upon , and men of the right sort have been returned , every effort should be used to raise sufficient funds that a // the Chartist Delegates may be sent without fail . It should be seen to that these funds bo impartially appropriated ; that the decision of the public meetings * may not be defeated by any counter decision , on the part of the Councillors , to play only those nominated , by themselves . If the people neglect this they might just as well have
never interfered at all . We hate faction , and wherever a factioufl spirit shows itself , it must l > e overruled and crushed , or it will crush the movement . We are the more urgent , because the" oard" to be played at Birmingham is of the last consequence to the cause of Chartism , and will , in all likelihood , etvd either in the increased union of our " forces , " and consolidation of our strength , or in dividing and scattering us abroad to the four winda of heaven . .
For a perfect exhibition of the Sturgite ' s wish for union , and of the real character of their whole movement , and the fellows by whom it is sustained , we refer to Mr . Cooper's letter elsewhere . Nothing could have proved more satisfactorily the perfect accuracy of our conception of this movement and it 3 purpose than the treatment by the Sturgeites of Mr . Cooper ' s kindly-meant , but short-sighted efforts at " conciliating" those whose game is anything but conciliation—the devouring locusts of tho middle class profit-mongers . Cooper ' s letter needs no comment , but we beg it may be read .
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i MIDDLE CLASS LOVE OF LIBERTY . On the 4 th inst ., we received tot publication in our current number , a document purporting to be a printed copy of " Regulations to be observed at Ayr Colliery . " It was enclosed in the following letter , which we give entire , excepting the name and date : — ' " . ¦ - . ' . ' ¦ .. ¦' ¦ •¦ " . . ¦ . . . . ' . " SlR , —I presume to use the liberty of here in * closing for insertion in the Star , that which ought to have appeared to the publio long ago ; but which could not be done , as I shall afterwards show . It appears that these articles were ready cut and dry for any emergency that might take place , " Upon the Strike taking place , a man whom Mr . Gordon ' s emissaries thought a proper tool to make a knobstick of , being induced into the affair , was shown the regulations , and all sorts of chicanery resorted
to to get his compliance ; but that would not do , as at this time the man assumed to have a mind of his own as weli as Mr . Gordon , and dared to use it , by stating that the offer required consideration and a perusal of tho rule ' s ,, a copy of which , with reluctance , was given on promise that they should be returned , which has not yet been fulfilled . ' * Sir , as you are already aware of the extent of the Striko and the lamentable occurrences following , from the Kilmdrnock Journal , ( which you would , no doubt , perceive leaned much to the side of the maarers ) and the two Ayr journals , refused to insert
the inclosed copy ; the former , on the ground of non-interference between master and man ; the two latter for want of room . However , the colliers employed a printer in Johnston , Renfrewshire , who printed a few copies , which accounts for the absence of the printer ' s name from the bill . \ Sir , it you can find space in your next week ' s journal to insert the inclosed , with a few of your own remarks , if yon think necessary , Will much oblige , 'A Subscriber from the commencement of the Stab . "
The following is the document alluded to : — u Regulations to be observed at Ayr Colliery , and to t which every man or boy employed at it , shall be understood to be bound , whether he has signed them or not . . " 1 . —I hereby declare that I have renounced being a member of any union or association of working men , and bind and oblige myself never hereafter to have any connexion with such . " 2 . —That if in violation of the above rule , anyone should be found to belong , at any time , to any such union or association , he Bhall not only instantly be compelled to renounce it , but shall also forfeit one month ' s wages , and be liable to pay the proprietor £ 5 . . ; ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ ' ¦ . ¦ ¦ - ¦ '" ' . ' . . ' . . . : ¦ .
" 3 .-rThat there shall be no meetings of colliers or oncost , held above or below ground . If there be any grievance to complain of , each collier or oncastman is to complain to the manager for himself alone . " 4 . —That no man or boy who may be employed at the works , is under any obligation to pay entry money , or give drink to those who were at the work before them ; and to prevent such being asked , the person or persons who ask it , shall be fined at the discretion of the master or his manager ; and any person giving it voluntarily and being thereby the means of keeping the men from their work , shall be fined in the like manner as above .
. " 5 . —That no notice either from the master to any it the men , or from the men to the master , shall bo required when the men shall be dismissed , or when they choose to leave the work ; except in Buoh- eases as may be otherwise provided for under written engagements . And likewise , no notice will be given with regard to rise or fall of wages . " 6 . —That every man shall give , aa he hereby engages to give , regular and steady work , and not leas than ten days per fortnight : and he engages to work by night or day ; and in whatever pit or pits bis services may , Jfrom time to time , be required , he being paid for his work the same rate of prices as shall be paid then to the other colliers in the pit or
pits he may be put into ; and if any collier does not give ten days' full work per fortnight , he not being prevented by illness or interruption in the pits , then for every day of that number he does not so work , ho shall forfeit one full day ' s wages , if the manager choose to exact it . " 7 . —That , to prevent loss of work , if any man or boy begins a day s work and dQes not finish the same or produce a reasonable excuse , satisfactory to the master or his manager , he shall forfeit on account , and in payment of the Oncost Expenoes placed in the Pits , a full day ' s wageB .
" 8 . —That every Collier shall be bound , in the absenoe of Putters , to . assist in putting the coals of his pit , whenever the O versman shall require him to do eo , he receiving sixpence per day above the ordinary putter ' s wages , for the time being ; and failing his doing so he shall be liable to forfeit , at the discretion of the manager , one full day ' s wages . " 9 . —That no collier shall be allowed fire , unless he has wrought ten full days in the fortnight . . - ' ••* 10—Any collier exceeding theabounds allowed him to work in . shall be fined at the discretion of the manager , and all turns to the trams &c to be regulated by the Oveisman . of each pit .
. 11 . —Any man or boy taking away the tools of another . Bhall be fined two shillings and sixpence for every such tool , and if the loser of the tools is thereby deprived of his day ' s work , the two shillings and sixpence is to be paid to him ; but if it shall appear that he retiirns the two shillings and sixpence , or aiiy part ofit , he shall likewise be fined two flhillings and sixpence ; but if such person did not lose his day ' s work ,, the fine shall go to the poor ' s find . , ., ' .: ¦ ' ¦ ' . ¦ ¦ ¦• ¦ . - ¦¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦ :. ¦• ' ¦ ; : ¦¦ : ¦ ' ¦
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M 12 . —Any man or boy lifting his hand and striking another in the pits , or on the road to and from the pits , or at the pit ' s head , shall be fined twt > shillings and sixpenoo first offence , and five shillings for the seoond . : " v " ¦' . ¦ '¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ / '¦•¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ ¦ . ¦ . -. /• " ¦ .. ' ¦ . ¦ - . ¦ ' . - , ¦ ' . ' ¦ " 13 . That in regard to proving any offences mentioned above , for which fines or forfeitures may be imposed , the master or manager shall be the sole judge ; and if he isr satisfied that the offence has been committed , there shall be no appeal to any party or court whatever . # •* 14 . Any man or boy committing any depredation on the . crops or fences in the neighbourhood of , or leading to or from , the pits , shall bd fined at the discretion of the manager .
# " 15 . That for any offoncea not specially mentioned , the master or manager shall have power to imposefines . ; " 16 . AH fines imposed under the above regulations , shall be paid in by the manager to the poors ' fund , kept for behalf of the distressed about the work , "" : ¦ . ' . ' " . " . , : : ' y- - -. : .... ' ' .- "" ,. ; . ' - . " ' ¦; ,. ' ' ' .-We could not find opportunity for attention to this matter before our present number . We never see the Kilmarnock Journal to which our correspondent
refers us . Will he or some one who knows all about the matter , send us a brief clear statement of the history of the Strike , the extent and character of the works , the number of handa employed at them , what other works of the like kind there may be in the immediate neighbourhood , the rate of wages usually given , and whether that rato be on par with the wages given at other works ; also whether any other works have any such code of " regulations f we Bhall then have a word or two upon this infamous affair .
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THE FOIXOWINQ N 0 TICE 9 WEBE ACCIOENTAIXT OMITTED FiROM OUR LAST . HoLLrNwooD GHAttirsrs have written , its , through their sub-Secretary t in reference to the charge acjainst them , at the South Lancashire Delegate Meeting , of not sufficiently remunerating-the local lecturers for their services- They give ev : ry lecturer coming from Manchester , Js . € d ., which they slate to be more than , by the rules oj the South Lancashire District ) they are ensitled to . ' . . '¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦• •¦ ' ¦ . - ¦ : ' : ; - ' . ' ¦ . ' ¦
Susanna Ikge suggests that every locality should have the plan of ' organizationypHnted % framed , and hung up in a conspicuous postion in the meeting room , that all may have Opportunity to see and know it ; that the bye laws and rules ef the locality be read at every meeting before , the commencement of business ; and that if any officer of the Association fail in his duty , a special meeting of members' be called to investigate the matter , and that private remonstrance be first used before calling to it public attention for the purpose of displacing him . The suggestions are all good . We hope Susanna Inge will read Mr . HilVs letter to the North Lancashire Delegates . Jahes Andrews thinks the next Executive would do
well to spend a little money in getting printed a large impression of the plan of organization , and supplying all the sub-Secretaries with them ; fdr the purpose of giving a copy ts every new member who may be enrolled . He would also have every lecturer plentifully supplied with : ¦ them . ' . : ¦/ ' . ' v .- . . - . . / ¦ . .- ¦ :. ¦ - ¦ : - ' ¦ .. .. David Swallow . — We did not know or recollect him , and we are stire , therefore , ihat he will rather respect than be angry with our caution . We do not now remember ti'ie . tenor of his communication ; being rejected , it would be destroyed at the time—for we do not keep theie things by us ; arid we tire , consequently , under the necessity of troubling him for another copy . \ f he wishes to have it published , . . .
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James Hall . — -TFe have sent his letter to Mr . Cleave , who will doubtless set it right . We think it is ^ merely hurry of business . Labby Toole . —Thanks for his letter . He can have the Plate for 7 hd . QtTEENSHEAD . — We have received a letter from some person , of whom we know nothing , containing what purports to be a list of nominations for Council ; and a blackguard paragraph , purporting to be the resolution qjksome Chartists at that place . As we are guile sure ihat no Chartists ever so far disgraced themselves as to pass any such resolution , we of course do not insert the nominations , believing the . ^ hole to be an itnpu' dent hoax . .
Cbotdom Chartists . —Their resolution about the Weekly DiBpateh should , in all fairness , be first sent to that paper for insertion . We know nothing of the statement complained of , as tee never seethe Dispatch . : William Daniflls , of Lassieade , begs to suggest to the membtrs 9 f the Birmingham Conference , the propriety and i m portance of their drawing up , during their sitting , a National Petition , and , a Mawn alto the Queen , in favour of the Foluicai Victims . Also to appoint two days of hoTyday : one for the public meetings throughout the whole country to pass said Petition and
Memorial ; and one for signing the same . ' This , V properly carried out , would give an interest and nationality to the Petition that wouU much advance the good cause , and show the enemies of liberty that we are neither dead nor sleeping . ¦ Manchester Yodths have not given the rerifonces of their Council . \ : Ds . uocrxte .- ~ We might receive his former letter , but do not recollect . The song he now sends might . ¦ ¦ . ¦ do to sing , but will scarcely bear printing . Geokob Lindsay . —We thank him for his tetter : we have no doubt he means well ; but he evidently does liot comprehend the matter upon which he . ¦ writes . . ¦ '¦¦ ' ¦¦ : .. '¦ . - . ¦ ¦ . ' . ' ¦ ¦ - - .-. - ..
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James Mascad . —We advise him to marry at the Registrar's office . : The BiKMiNOiiAM CoNPEBENCE . —Jlfr . Wm . Cotton of Birmingham , a " whole-hog" Chutist , write * us that he is willing to serve any Chartist locality who wish a delegate , but are too poor tosend one , —but only as a thorough Chartist . R . C . S ., Nottingham . —His letter contains nothing but what we have told the people a hundred times over . We think , by this time , they should know tibyhpatt . John Blanchfield . —We cannot interfere . J . Thompson sends us some verses , and wishes us toinsert them , or i * ay u why . " We cannot print
them . He had better let the" why " alone : he' " - ¦ won't like it if we give it him . . Leicester Shakspebian 9 . —We have received an anonymous letter addressed to this body , and containing several complaints and suggestion about the committee , Sec . We cannot ' print it . The proper course would have been for the writer to address the committee . We have sent the letter to Mr . Cooper . F . Clabke . —Thanks for the pamphlet . It may be * useful . Lambeth Youths mus really excuse us . We can
not for the hfe of us read their Secretary ' s writing . The names he has again sent us tec cannot make out ; and if they wish to see them in priit , they must get someboby to draw them up who can bnth spell and write . ¦ . Newcastle . — Will Mr . Sinclair , before Tuesday next , send us a regular list of the Council at this place , with their residences 1 George Ferguson , Alexandria . —We should have been glad to have made use of his report had it arrived a day earlier . The meeting he reports took place on the 7 th , and we only received it on ' . the 15 th . , -. /; ¦ ; ^ . ' v .,. ; ' ' . - '' . ' " : ' ¦ ¦ -.
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . The following are a few , out of scores of letters , which v we have received : — Sir , —As one of those who was present when the Plan of Organization was finally agreed to ; as likewise one of the Leiceaterahire Delegates , when- the condoek of the Executive was taken into coniideration , nok from factious motives , but from a conviction that it is wrong to allow in onrselves , as a body , that which we condemn in the Government , you will f permttme to bear testimony to the correctness of your
remarks on that PJan , ia the Star of 1 Mb week , and to state that tha people in thiB paxt are verj much disgusted with the departure from the same * and trust that effectual means will be taken to prevent its recurrence , as they consider it unfair for one loca lity to have the services of one of the Execatlve , as s lecturer , to be patd out of the general fund , While othfcrs have to p&y lot tnei * lecturers ; others there aro who wish to know if the parties who have made such heavy charges have not been receiving money at tha same time from tho various places they haw visited .
Trusting that in fntore the cause will be carried on with honesty and faithfulness , ; ¦ ¦ .- ¦ ' : ; " ' - : ¦ ¦'¦ ' .. I am . Sir , - ' ¦; ' . '¦ : . - ,.. - . ; . ¦¦¦ - . ' - your » , && John Skevington . Loughborough , Nov . 23 , 1842 . P . S . You may use your own diBcretion abont pub ^ Ushing the above .
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TO THB EDITOB OF THE NOKTHEBN STAB . Dear Sib , —I am glad to see that you are of a similar opinion to myself respecting the Executive . I do not know how any one can blame you for watchfulness which implies truth and honesty to the cause . It if certainly very unpleasant to be told that our " head * men " are not trustworthy , but it would be worse foe us to be deceived by them uy losger . They are not charged without an opportunity of vindicating themselves , if they can . In my opinion they have failed to do bo , and our thanks are due to yon tot detecting and exposing them . I trust yon will adhere to your declaration to spare neither friend nor foe when the good of the cause is in question . This will make men honest , or keep them so , and I hope that there will be none
found among the ChartiBta like the laxy maids in the fable , who killed the cock that awoke them to their duty . Encroacbmentaare best stopped at the beginning , for if suffered to go on wno k ? iowa where they will end . If the Executive deemed one of tkeir members worthj ef ten shillings a week more , they might next deem themselves worthy of a like advance and draw on tka funds of the peeple ad libitum . We should endeavour to do our work at as little expense to the association a * possible ; and I am glad that Morgan Williams proved himself an exception to the spirit that seems to bav » actuated the rest . How many tracts might have been published and diatributed by the money lavished on 21 'DoualL I remain , dear sir , ; , Yours in the cause , A Mbubeb , o ? the N . C . A . London . Dec . 6 . '
Untitled Article
THE LOUGHBOROUGH CHARTISTS AN 1 > MR . BAIRSTOW'S EXPLANATIONS .
TO THE EDITOK OF THE NORTHERN STAB . Sib , —In the Northern Star of last week , we , tfce > Chartists of Longhborough . hare taken particular notice of a letter from Mr . B&irstow , respecting yonr observations on that precious document called the Executive balance-sheet . Sir , —The Chartists of Looghbotoogh are much di *« satisfied with that precious document , and beg leave to make a few remarks npon it ; as they consider the mem * bers of the Executive have drawn money when U » J were not entitled to it , for they see that Mr . BaintoW haB drawn bia salary , while at Loughborough oa hta own business , in July ; and though we w # re at aa high a state of enthusiasm f or the Charter as we ever were , holding meetings every night of from seven hundred t » a thousand persons , generally in the Market-place , yet he aided us not with his council , nor would ha addrea the people , or come near our meetings , though repe * t * edly aoUcitedi te do bo .
We likewise perceive , that after the Manchester Conference , at which place , we have been given t » understand , by different parties , that he promised to visit Birming ham , which he did not do , fcut hid himself , and was drawing his salary , while others were labouring for nothing . Mr . Bftixstow came to IiQugnborouga on Tuesday August the 23 rd , and though it was the day on wbieb friend Skevington was liberated , he never came near him to congratulate him on hU return , or came near n » to give ui bia advice , but was hiding himself , Isuppow * with Mrs . Bairstow , at a pubUo house , next door to th «
home of hi » father-in-law , at whose honae , the mm night , a tnagtatnte was sitting , surrounded bj numbeti of policemen , and apecial oomtablet , and jprisonea ^ iM after nine o'clock the same night , the said magtstaat * convicte J , and sent for varioui periods , nine or ten poor feHowa to Leicester Connty Gaor , for begging , hating been arreited by aooating parties . v v We believe Mr . and Mrs Bainstow left tonghborough next day , to go to hide himself somewhere , ano we likewise perceive that he charges , da the 27 th of August , £ 2 for agitating expences . Again on the Zra . of September , £ \ 6 b . Again , Sept . loth , 18 a . 6 d . *« agitating .
We think these sums onght to be explained , for we have heard that / at the time -when these sums of money was drawn , he was staying with Mrs . Bairstow . at an inn , in Northamptonshire . In fact we think that himself snd colleagues ; who drew pay the whole quarter , ought to give an accouut of where they w , erai .- -M » what they were doing , each dsy , for the aatls&ction ¦«» the Cnactot body . e ' '
Untitled Article
TRIUilPH OF CH ^ RTISii Va IRELAND . A pnblic meeting of the ChartU' ^ s of Dublin to be held at one o clock on Sunday , i ' jie 27 th ultimo , having been duly announced by pl '^ carding the city on the previous Saturday , and 'ja Sunday morning a placard was nung oui in the front . of Mr . O'Higgins house , Jfo . 14 , Korth Anne-etreet , where the meeting was to be held . Police Sargeant M'Dowal , LOio .. 13 , ^ rat < mfcd \ as opporninity to steal the placard . Mr . OHimrins having discovered that * the placard was ¦ tolenVapplied to the policeman on the ** bate , to ascertain if fee knew anything about it . The policeman , D 74 , said that he had taken it awaj by order « f Sergeant M'Dowal . On the next day , Monday , Mr . O'Higgins applied to the magistrates at Henrygtrett police office , to taie bis informations against the police man for the felony . The sitting
magistrate , Mr . Suiddert , refused the information upon the groends that the polioe were aulhorised by law to remove all things which they deemed to be the cause of obstruction . Mr . O'Higgins took several exceptions to this interference of the law , all of which were overruled by the sapient magistrate . Mr . O'Higgins tben announced his intention to have a motion made in the Queen's Bench for a . Manriatnns to compel the magistrate to take Ids informations . He also applied to . the magistrate to have his property restored to him , and in doing so said that Ms object was to get the placard for the purpose of placing it again in the same spot from -whence it was stolen . This was also refused . Mr . O'Higgins then said that tha withholding of bis placard would have no oiher effect than that of putting Yam to the expense of a new board for tfee placard .
Upon this subject the Frteman ' s Journal of the 1 st contained the following spirited remarks , and Also the subjoined letter from Mr . O'Higgins . " Then there is a third case , of which our paper of yesterday contained the particulars . Mr . O'Biggina , % respectable householder of J > ublln far many yean , thought proper to affix a placard to bis house . It is not pretended that the placard contained anything illegal or contrary to moral propriety , and yet a policeman , in tha exercise ot his judgment , thought proper to
carry away Mr . O'Higginea property from bis bpuss ! Was there ever heard of an outrage more wanton than this ? And was there any redress afforded when Mr . O'Higgina complained to the magistrate ? Was there any caution or reprimand given to the constable -who bad thus violated private rights ? Waa " there any promise made that the violation should not be repeated ? By so mesas . On tbe contrary , the constable was commended for bis attention to public convenience , in depriving a citizen of bis property , and we heard it propounded from the magisterial bench that '
" * A police-constable baa bo undoubted light to remove anything which , i » Ou txereite of h * s oxen judpmexi , he considers to be calculated to occasion an obstruction in the publio streets 1 ' ' This is most-extraordinary doctrine . , and most tyrannical also . We do sot say that the tyranny sri « e 3 from -the magisterial interpretation of the law , but we aay it does arise from the state of the law itself , which oa » bavB left in doubt so serious an sggr&goa upon jrfcretfi rights . " Mr . O'Higgins , however , has expressed his
determination to try the law as administered by Mr . Stud * dert , and the fact as perpetrated by Serge&nt M'IKrsr&L We are glad of it In our apprehension the constable will Sad that be has exceeded even the extravagant powers which the new Tory police Act has conferred on persons of his class ; and we apprehend , too , that Me . Studdert will be shown that if ha gave an honest ci £ x 3 & redress fora gross violation of his private rights , he would be quite ' as worthy of the seat he held , as when he permits a policeman to set as M Dowal has done , 'without even tbefoniaUty of a reprifnand .
w But e&n&ot the dtisena of Dublin see the consequences to which the powers assumed by the policecoEitable may be stretched ? Whose premises aa be safe—whose property can be unaffected if such a principle be recognised . " P 0 WE 2 OF THE POLICE TO SEMOVE THE CAUSES O ¥ OBSXBCCT 1 OK IN THE STBJEETS . To the Editor of the Freeman ' s Journal . Six , —It must be , and no doubt is , obrioua to every man of common sense that Mr . Studdert ' s interpretation ' ef the law with regard to the power of the city police to remove causes ef obstruction in the streets , is not very profound . In the ease which I was forced to bring before the magistrates of Henry-street Policeoffice , yesterday , and which appeared in the Freeman ' s
Journal this day . Mr . Studdert said , asd in fact decided , that the police are by lav authorised to remove anything whatever which they in their judgment may deem to be the cause of obsbnetion , and that therefore police serjeant M'Bowal had % just and lawful right to take away , without my knowledge or consent , a placard which was hung upon a boot in frost of my bouse , as * aouneing to the public that the hour of meeting of the Irish Universal Suffrage Association was changed frem six o ' clock in tb . 9 evening to one o ' clock in the aftersoon , at which hoar it would be held every Sunday during the winter , and until farther notice ; asd that the entrance to the meeting was by Ball > -lane . The taking of the placard in the way in which it was taken , and the decision of Mr . Studdert , magistrate , upon the
ease , involve very serious consequences to -the ehnpkeepeu of Dablin . It is cleu that , in the event ef the opinion of the worthy magistrate , Mr . Studdert , being legaj . and that it turns out , when brought before a higher tzibfoal than the police-office , that the police have anthoxitj tiTHier the police act to remove the cfiue of obstruction whether remote or immediate , it follows that they have a right to enter a shop and take away a fine painting , a handsome Test , or a piece of TTTntl ^ niTiTifirtTirfwi cloth , with the prize medal upon it , as a just reward of the excellence of the fabric It is for the very purpose of attracting tv ^ H "" * nd » r > iniTrtnp tfmfr goods that the shopkeepers of Dublin have * to th ^ credit , gone to such enon&atu expense in fitting up their shop windows with
plateglass . —And is it to be supposed or endured that , if a few individuals , male or female , or both , crowd round a shop window to sea what they should like best before they enter the shop to boy it , that any policeman may , in the exercise of his discretion , enter tbe shop acd carry away the goods out of the windows under the pretence of those goods having been the cause of the obstruction ? If this be the law , the police will booh have cheap superfine coats on the backs of all their relations , as well as cheap watches in their fobs . The decision sad opinion of tha experienced Mx . S ; ad < iere , Who bad been a shopkeeper himself , Rn < ^ consequently knew the value of displaying goods in a shop window to the best advantage , but from the trouble of which he like many others was relieved by the blighting effects of the
baneful union , must lead to the conclusion that if it be lawful for Police-sergeant M * l > owal to take away the placard from the front of my trcnse , because a certain number of people stopped to read it , it is equally lawful for Sergeant M'Dotrall to enter any shop in Dublin , and take away any goods or pictures which may attract public notice , and have been placed in th * windows for the very purpose of attracting public notice . Tee pictnre of the Missonrium . in Great Britain-street , eansfei a very great crowd to gather opposite to it—so great that pasaers by are forced into the street , off the flas-w&y ,. Have the poliee auUioritleB tent Sergeatt M'Doval , or any other sergeant , to remove the picture which is the remote cause of the obstruction ? 2 <" j . The pictures of the moo 3 e deer , in Parliament-street , which Is one of the xcest leading thoroughfares in Dab * lin , attract -vast crowds to look st them . Has Police
sergeant MTtowal watched his opportunity to remove these portraits of the moose deer , in the absence of the owner , and without his knowledge , because ^ they are fi » e cause of the onstrnction ? Ko ! When the Evening Mail exhibits a large placard in front of the office in Parliament-street , announcing , as a glorious victory , the bloody butchery of innocent and harmless men , woman , ud dttBiren in Chisa , because they would not snbralt to be poisoned by opium for the preflt of the East India Company , did Police-sergeant M'Dowtl steal that placard , and lay it before the authorities , with a Tiew to a criminal prosecution for a libel upon Christianity ? 2 fo ! But be took away the placard from the front of my Wuse privately and stKiltbily , not because it obstructed those either going to or coming from the Catholic church , tint because his practised old eyes saw , sad his teen nose smelt ECdition and tieason in the
awful words on the placard , the " People ' s Ch abteb . " This was the reason why he of election n otoriety in the old police and of boxing raotoriety in the new , took away the placard from my house on Sunday last . " Now , " said tie , as be seized the offending placard , " I shall make as TTmifli of t >> i » piece of sedition and treason as will enable me , now in my old age , to retire from . these bos ; troublesome , and bruising scents in which I have been nnprofitably engaged for the last twenty years . I have caught a Chartist in the mashes o * the law at last " And so you have caught a Chartist , which you and your masters—the wise protectors and grave fathers of the eitijss&s of Xhiblin—f Vn . il- discover before 70 a have done with him .
The placard was taken away in the hope of its being ¦ editions , and for the purpose of prosecuting those whose sames . were affixed to it ; but , finding that it was not unlawful—that the meeting was not unlawfulthat the association was sot unlawful—the parties at the station-house offered to restore the placard on Monday , which offer was refosied ; and then the pretence set up it the police-office for stealing it to , that it was tha canse of detracting the people on ttei * ¦ w ay to suss en Sunday . Well , well , miracles win never cease 1 Who would have imagined some Un or fifteen years ago that M'Dowal , the policeman , wonld belp the . citirans to go to maps on Sunday , and that Mr . Studdart , the -nag ' tt—fr ' j would be found cheering him kl Sir , it is ridiculous to suppose even for a moment
that th * legislature would 1 » guilty of such a monstrous absurdity as topaw a law authorising . policemen to reaum every c » we of obstruction in the streets , result ? , or immediate . The immediate cause they are aathonsed to remove : but over the remote cause the law gives them no power directly or indirectly ; because if the law gave such power to the pd&w , " it would be the most odious tyranny that aver existed in any country , ]""«? would inevitably lead to robbery and plunder , and ultimately terminate in aTn > t *»? iy and revolntion . Mr . Studdert ' s interpretation of the law remind me of the conduct of a LonGon magistrate when the net w » s passed regulating the conduct of hackney coacbrotsin that city , and compelling the coaehewnera to » ffi- * copp ^ rpk * * with the cumber of the coach npon the panal . " The act ¦ etforUittAtin any . can irboeja the drfox sb < mld
Untitled Article
On Sunday , the 4 th instant , a placard , of which the following ^ is a copy , was hung out of Mr . O'Higgins * drawing room window , and beautifully surmounted by a handsome wreath of laurel , emblematical of the victory over the ridiculous conduct of the Police Commissioners and the Magistrates : — 11 A Policeman having stolen the Placard , lost Sunday , this one is hung up here out of his reaeh . u Irish Universal Scffbagk Association . " At » meeting of the committee of this Association , on Tuesday , the 23 d November , at No . 14 , North Anne-street , it waa moved by Mr . Henry Clark , and seconded by Mr . Edward M'Mahon :
" * Resolved , that the hour of meeting of the Association be changed , during the winter months and until further notice , from six o'clock in the evening to one o ' clock in the afternoon . ' M That the Irish Universal Suffrage Association has baen founded for the purpose of obtaining , by legal and constitutional means , and by snoh means only , the following objects , which ar « advocated by our Chartist brethren of Great Britain , and contained in that magnificent document known as the People ' s Charter , namely , Universal Suffrage , Vote b y Ballot , Annual Parliaments , Equal Electoral Districts , Abolition of the Property
Qualification which amongst other blessings will relieve some Members of Parliament from the disgrace of swearing that they have a real estate of . £ 300 a year or £ 600 a year , of their own , to which it is well known that they have neither right , title , nor interest of any nature or kind . Payment of Representatives , and finally for a Repeal of the Union , which would be valueless without these Radical Reforms . That these are the principles of Chartism , and that he who says they are not , speaks in ignorance or affirms that which he knows to be untrue . M Patrick O'Higgws , President . 14 W . H . Drorr . Secretary .
" Mr . H . C . Wright , of New York , will deliver a lecture to the meeting . u The questioorfor discussion is , Can the union be repealed without the extension of the Franchise J "
Untitled Article
, IO THE ZDITOB OP THE PEEBEMAN ' S JOURNAL . Sib , —By a report in this day ' s paper I perceive that Sergeant M'Dowal , No . 13 , D , was accused of stealing a placard from Mr . O'Higgins . ' house in North Annestreet , on Sunday last ; asd in the course of the investigation Mr . O'Higgins said that police-sergeant M'Ddwal was a very violent and ill-tempered man , and that he had seen him stripped boxing in the street opposite Mr . O'Higeins' hall door , which Mr . Sergeant M Dowal denied . Now , the fact is so , for it was myself be was boxing at thttime , for no reason at all except
striving to protect the windows of my shop , which he and the crowd his £ U-beheTionr gathered round . my house was breaking . The riot which was caused by Sergeant M'Dowal , and the noise which he made breaking my windows , so frightened my wife , who was in a state that I need not mention , that she did not recover from the effects of it for thirteen weeks after , which the doctor who attended her can vouch tot if necessary . I am , Sir , You obldient servant , TH 0 M 4 S LESNON . North inne-straet , Nov . SOth , 1342 .
The Northern Star. Saturday, December 17, 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , DECEMBER 17 , 1842 .
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Untitled Article
THE ELECTIONS . ' By a reference to our pages of to-day it will be aeen that the Chartists in nearly every part of the kingdom are acquiting themselves like men , i n the matter of tho Birmingham Conference . They are electing to it "good men and true . " Every thing at present bids fair that the voice of the people will be . there fully represented ; and we indulge in the hope that the measures to emanate from that repre . sentation will tend to the consolidation of our ranks , and the infusing of a new and better spirit amongst ng .- ¦ " . '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ , ' . - ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ : ¦ ' . ' ¦ ' . ¦ ' .
There are , however , some Chartist localities which have not yet moved . It is time they did ! Where is Halifax , with its right to send / wr delegates ? Where is Keighlcy , with its . right to Bend two ? And where are Dewsbury andBarnsley , with their right to send two each ! And where is Lancashire generally ! - ~ At this time we should have no backwardness , no supineness 1 Let every shoulder be put to the wheel I Representatives from every place will
cause the decision of the Conference to be more generally binding , and more influential upon the publio mind . Let our friends , then , Bee to it . The expense vro know is heavy ; but the plan we pointed out last week will obviate a good portion of . that ; and there i 3 just V as much reason why Chartists should elect Chartists resident in Birmingham , as there is for ^ Complete" men electing Birmingham "Complete" men . The latter isbeing done 1 let our Chartist friends see to it thai they do likewise !
There is now not a moment to / lose ! The meetings must be held , and the returns in the hands of the Birmingham Complete Suffrage Council , by the 23 rd inst . The 23 rd is Friday next . To it , then 1 Stir ! stir I ' ¦ : '¦ \ ' ¦ : . : : ¦ •¦; . '¦ . ;; V-- : . : ' V ' Leeds is to have Ha meeting on Monday . A requisition , signed by some fifty persons , six membaxa of the town counoil among the number , haa been presented to the new Mayor ; and though he has declined to call the meeting , he has granted the ase of the Court House for its session , when convened by tke requisitionists themselves . It will be holden sqm few hours before the Soiree to T . S . Dup ? combk , Esq ., who will most probably arrive in Leeds before
the close of tho first meeting , accompanied by Mr . O'Connor . The Huddersfield meeting is called by the Constable for Wednesday next , at eight o ' clook in the evening . There it is determined to place four Chartists in nomination ; the contemplated " compromise having been given up . But it will behove the "lads" to be on the alert . We hear of " much dissatisfaction" and loud complainings" that it is so given up : and care should be taken by the people that a march is not after all stolen upon them . Be in time at all the meetings . Watch the appointment of chairman . Show the traffickers that you will neither be sold , nor even bargained for . The times are big with importance . If you now sacrifice yourselves never complain again ' !
Untitled Article
John Henderson , Belfast . —Tea , they were seat to Mr . Cleave ' s , 1 , Shoe-lane , London , together with all the Plates for Ireland , on Sep . 27 th . W . Hameb . —Send 4 s . 6 d . ; " . ' David Hahrower , Jun . —For Is . each , and theexpence of sending . - > , ¦ ¦
fQB , IBB NATIONAL DKF £ NCE FTOD-: "' : ¦ . ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ : ¦ . ¦ ¦ ¦ ; ¦ ; : ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - . ¦ £ . n . d . From George Howgate , Sheffield ... ... 0 2 : 0 ^ the Bristol Youths , per Jacobs ,., 0 2 tf ¦ „ : ¦ . the Chartists of Worsbro' Common ... 0 11 4 „ the Edinburgh " Star" Club , per J . Nisbet ... ... - ... ¦'¦ ... 1 0 « ^ ditto , ditto , per J . Nisbet ... ... Oil 4 | ^ ditto , ditto , per Q . Gellis ... ... 11 10 * , ditto , ditto , per Thomas Blackie ... O 8 „ ditto , ditto , per John Ritchie ... 0 6 11 ) „ . two brothers at Broaley ... ... 0 1 S „ ' Rsffla of Petition Plate , CoeibTook Dale ... ... ... ... ... 0 2 1 | ¦ i . ' ditto , ditto , Dawley Green ... ... 0 1 8 $ „ ¦ CJollected ... ... . # . . ... ©• 1 2 ' Chalford , Hlsoox ... .. ¦ ... 0 1 8
FOB MBS . ELLIS . From John Rbdgers and a friend , Sheffield ... 0-2 — the Chartists of Alva ... ... ... 0 11 « ^ . a Chartist , Alford , Lincolnshire ... 0 1 0
FOR MR . BROOK . From Thomas Hunt , York ... ... ... . 0 1 d „ the Chartists of Somers Town , London 0 5 flT FOR MRi PEDDIE . . From Thomas Hunt , York ... i .. ... 0 1 , '« w the Chartists of Somere Town , London 0 5 FROM THE CHARTISTS OF SOHERS TOWN , LONDOK ^ Five Shillings each for the following persons :- ^ ' Mr . ; Mason , of Stafford ... 0 5 0 Mr . P . FoDEN ... ... 8 5 0 Mrs . Clayton ... ... 0 5 Mrs . Jones ... ... ... 0 5 b MRS . WILLIAMS ... ... 0 5 0
The Exegutive ¦ . "¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ '' ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ -.- . ' ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ And : ¦ ¦¦ ¦ : •" : ' . ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ • - •¦ " ¦ '; The People.
THE EXEGUTIVE ¦ . "¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ '' ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ -.- . ' ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ and : ¦ ¦¦ ¦ : •" : ' . ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ - •¦ " ¦ '; THE PEOPLE .
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4 , ¦ ' ' ¦ ' THE ' NORTHERN STAR . : : ' : ' ¦ , . ' . - ¦ : ; : ^ ; . : . ., ¦ ¦ : ;¦ : ' ' ;¦ ¦¦ V -: / . ' . V : . : ¦ ' . , g- ; ; : . :. ¦ - ¦ ;" ' - y
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 17, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct629/page/4/
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