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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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EMIGRATION . WHERE TO , AND HOW TO PROCEED : jfCXES OF ¦*¦ TOBB THROUGH JL POB . TJOX OP CXSXDJt , a 5 D 5 ETEBXL OP IKE STATXS OP BOBTH _ ptEB ! CA , ^ EABTiCUlARlT THE STATES OF jliSSACHITSETIS , BHODE ISLATTD , JTEW TOSS ., lEsysnTjjriA , ; ohio , JacHiGiK , niisois . JTI 5 C 0 XSIAY iS 3 > XBW JEB 5 EX , CSDEKIiKEH ¦ JHIB A TOW ' OP ASCBMaTKIUG THE DE . SIEiBlUITj OBOTHEEWISE . OP XHHJRaTIOS ; i 5 D TO JUDGE ifF THB BEST XOCUTIOK , pob S 5 GL 1 SH EMIGBAS 3 S , ? £ OH XCTVXS . OBSKRTiUOS . sa ================
BT LAWRENCE PUKETHLY , of Hnddenfield . f Con 8 nue& from our last week ' s JHiper . J j OJj 8 SAL . —CEBYELJiKD , FAIEPOHT , BtJFPALLO , 2 OAGABA BITER , THE PALLS , AXD SUBBOTJKDIKG DISTRICT . jbibaT , 9 & . — -Atlve , a-m-, -we entered the pott of CtETiLASB , in Ohio . CiETEtAJCD is to the left , ancl OHIO oty to tie ngbi of the river as \ re « nter . 3 pasea this place in the night "when going West , ard . Jjwft only fey moonlight . On our left la a long street ra the ads of the lirer , about a quarter of a mile
jHjm -where ve lsy ; snd after ascending a pretty steep psai , ¦»© oiter a street described in my former notes ^ eo ob my ¦ way "Westward . From the top of this bank j Isd a fins tibw of Ohio « ty , "which I » pnndpaHy joflt upon the opposite ban ); , of about the fame devagon , A small portion is upon the slope or inclined * ggD 8 , and a small portion , w" tinting of storehouses , on gte JUS bottom or 'brink of thexiver , Itseems a . place d i « s business and bustle than < m the Cleveland side . ^ small foundry -was in active operation near the enjncoeby theoldriTer .
Cixtxla >~ d is a place of great business , and there ia fleal of . shipping in the xiTer , it being the entrance -jo the Erie and Ohio canaL jy e remained iere fire henra , and took in coal and llBWBOd . Tffi iad a fair -wind , and travelled 181 -mWm from Deisoit to this place in an unusually short spaee of Jjmo . 32 » "Bochester" -steamer from Bitffjllo camB into the rirer while ire-were there ; b » t she only ataid two Jusna . In passing dovn from Detboit w met the first xte » m Teasel I had seen in operation 'with Esfiller ' s propeller , a kind « f Awfrimpft / ftyt screw . Wfl readied Pairpoxt at balf-past three , having ieen two hoars and three-qnsrters out of Cletellkd , adutance of thirty miles . Here we are 131 miles from 3 expaxo , at -which place it is calculated we shall arsire at three or four to-morrow morning .
TaIBPOBT , ob Grand Biver , is a "very small place , uooDE&ig of a lev dwelling-houses , a large "hotel , and jfew atarebonses . A short distance from ' thi * place , laid bordering on the forest , la the Tillage of Richmond . Its appearance is clean and neat . A little beyond , 3 was rrrfnrmt ^ l stood a considerable town named PxiKESTHiB ; that name being grren it in honour of jbe -finrmnn Thomas Paiitb , author of the Bights of ywi , ffnfl who figured in the 3 ? xench Bud American revolutions . The county &H along Q » ahores of this lake ( Erie ) jrecoYered with wood , excepting the clearings which arc islher numErcus .
SATUBDiX , loaj- ^ -Bi ^ PjLLa—I rose at break of day , sad prepared for landing , having just sot ready to go ashore when the Tes « el was laid alongside the pier . My land £ nend , ~ Mr . Spencer , was instantly on board to look forme . TEhecaptain was anadons to get in before breakfast , AS it would save abont thirty dollars , -which sum a » meal would cost , —Hie fare , inclnding provisions . "When we leached Mr . Spencer ' s home , he informed me of file-turnouts and riots in England , the circumstances attending which I felt the most intense anxiety to learn . My first information was of a -very -unsatis factory nature , and excited my fears . I was also informed that Tictoria and Albert were about to visit ficoQani .
After dinner , Mrs . Spencer and I walked out to make seme visits . In our round , we "went over the piano ! tabs manufactory of Messrs . TJttiey and Burdett , where J saw some , beautiful wood and workmanship . I bought some rich maple veneers , as samples to bring with me , also ssane black walnut , which , when polished , looks extremely rich . While cere , a Mr- HotaBug , a Frenchman , came in with a child between four and ive years of age , who played some of the best airs in a first rate atyla He is a perfect prodigy , having never bad a lesson , j and , though an infant , would never submit to receive one , and when any one attempts to offer a suggestion , he instantly leaves hiB instrument . Ha performs -upon other instruments , as -well as the piano .
In my round through the city I was told that the ^ foffiift turnouts had burst the louse of Sir Robert peel to the grouna—that Britons bad , at last , plucked up a spirit—that they baa met , engaged and defeated the military—that'they had ransacked and burnt the property of many individuals , and that no doubt the « ' EevolnHon" -Fras enacted . 3 learned that iSn the "Pnp and Ohio wwtwi , there is a community in which is included a considerable town isamed Zoar ; it is under the control of a chief , whose Munel dia : not learn . TheirpoBseKaiona are very exten-« re ; their gardens are also large and kept in the best possible order , abounding with fruits of the richest dfiscnpSoD . It is a place of great attracts en and resert 2 * o chsrgeiim&de for admission to " view the place ; but saouloVany one pluck a sii ^ le apple , a charge of a York aWWTig t 6 ifl ) 3 s made .
Mosdai , 12 th . —I rose early this morning and pre pared to depart . Mrs . Spencer , purposely to stop me , did not leave her room till late , and sent a message to say I was not on any accennt , to leave till the af ternoen ; 3 was thus thrown too late for the steamer , and she ( Ha . £ . ) bought a quantity of Tomatos and preserved frprt ] ^^ me to f *«» borne . She xaJd they were the best tiling in the world for refreshing , for rifliTiPBS of isTour , and for jaeserring health , ivMtedaie" Great "Western , ** the finest steam ship on ttie lakes . She really is , in all respects , an admiraHs-resseL
We-visited the fonndry of Mesaa . Williamsen & Ca , whkh isavery neat and "well eontrived establishment ia forging , casting , cleaning , and flm « hr »^ steam ^ "JTwn and other machinery . There vras a vast quantity of exquisitely finished models for curtingB . Mr . "RUkmsoa , the senior partner , a native of Glasgow , told u that the best moulding sand could be procured in atendance only two miles front . Qie place . He also showed- me excellent coal , suitable isz blacksmiths , which was got at no great distance and at a low price .
"While I am , writing , the flashes of lightning are following pn ^ h other in rapid succession , and the peals of thunder are terrific , while the rain descends in torrents , Bie that described at the deluge , when the windows of heaven were opened . It could not pour down faster if fite doors were also thrown open , or taken off the Kages altogether , loghtsing is of very common , almost nightly occurrence . I frequently watch it in the Evenings , and admire its bolts , its brilliancy , and its faifartic motion . UoiMiig comparable to it in grandeur Is ever visible in Britain .
"We Bext visitedthe Arcole Iron Foundry Warehouse ! HfHUt&ison , one of the partners , was very polite , s&dibowed me and described bis various descriptions of goods , And presented me with a drawing of some stoves in cooking , "which are in general use wherever 1 iave tzav&Qed in the States . IThey have in them a TKsy ingenious contrivance for baking bread , which is " » ay necessary , as they have it . hot every morning for breakfast They can broil their meat , boil their potoiees , aMl water for their coffee , and other purposes , all * t Ihe same time . , Mr . "Wilkinson told me thathewas « aSdent fha making np of feose stoves in Britain , " ¦ ierfr they eouldbe made cbeaper&an in America , woaia be a profitable speculation .
Hiis geatleman -expressed a strong desire for the * Q > eal of our Gam laws , asngning s « his reason the wish ot the Americans to exchange the produce of their * ai for onr manufactures ; because they considered that fia shutting np of then- people in factories did not ffflport with their free institutions ; and further , that it corrupted the morals , and reduced the physical *» Jgth « f the operatives thus employed ; producing ^¦ °° kedneEs of limbs , and engendering an inferior race . T&lai- they desire is , to keep the many employed out ef doors , cnlfivafing the fields , where , with j » ure air s * good exercise combined , their frames would be * ^ Pt vigorous' and strong , and the mind clear and aefive . He adduced several -oilier reasons in support
« f his -wish for the repeal of ihe-Oorn Xaws , the selfish ^ Ba of aB of which was self-evident . I replied , that I « "Blfl not but appredate Q » mxlesty and eandout-of *• Tankees in the expression of principles so purely * 3 Ssh ; and added , that it was dear that their motives - ¦**» to have flie fertile and iiehly-enltivated fields of feat BritainJald waste in order that we might gratify foreigners , ruin onr fine country , : anfl Ioek - « p ouPpie •¦ MeBHy finB population in those terresQal heBs which fi « 7 . flie Tankeei , abbor and detest I aid , pray , * o » , look fairly at the qHBstion , jmd * sy if it - *¦ ** & 3 » oper thai -each of the countries should take a share in raasnfaetizres , as well as in the cultivation of the * Q ^ adQienwe shonia atand npon QiatpTinejpte of fp ^ toy "for which ttey so afaonglj contend among fifflmselvea . = -
Iwas greafly Eurprised to be infoamed by Hi HOI , " ** o itftScmosetBhire ten years ago , that pig iron is ported from this placetoSritsmtobeniadeintomalla bleiroa , or steel , and that after j > aying'freight , duty , * ad other expences , 3 t * osts less than it conld be made «» atncme . " He alsoinformed me "ttat he belonged to * few houses si ^ rrme ; ana iiatit required the whole « She rents to meet fiie charees lot aasestmeato , pool *«« , repaas , &c . ^ oid Morpeat came to this «? ty ten dajB Bg » j ^ * bB ¦ BandiM steamer , and ^ ook np his lodgings at the West-• rnHoiel . -3 foinot ? cBwastaten of him . Heprocesdea lor ^ ara to thrills of Niagara , which would no doubt ^ enundhiBi of his £ reat Yorkshire fall at the last elecuaa . KajDes ^ ffie principal steamers trading between Bnf-™ ° Satbonr , 3 nd the various ports on Sie laies and
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^ fwat Western Ssndmkv Ite WttKaintoo , Fah pOT ^ CommoaorePerry , tnereland w « eral Harrison Kent iBritish ) ««« al ^ ott New York sstssr sssr SSSB . } " — SSB ? - Constitution Missouri Constellation Coesapeake North America Illinois G ««« d Wayne Boehester ^^ ° * Jam es Maddisoa Buffi " ° Bnnker ' a Hill ^ Pfa a levington Waterloo
Many ^> f Qia above ships are of immense siae , having powerful engnes , and proceed at great apeed , and they possess excellent and extensive accommodation . The uniform fares by such of the above steamers that ply to CHiGaeo , a distance of 1047 miles , is fifteen dollars cabin , with provisions ; and eight dollars steerage without provisions . \ The principal hotels are the United Slates , American , Western , Mansion-house , Huffs , and the Farmers . ! An immense building , intended for an hotel , and to surpass allthe others to splendour and extent , was just commenced ¦ - ; when crash came down the banks , and with them the proprietor . It has since rested as a memento of thB folly and extravagance of speculation mania .
, TFEspAi , 13 th—I left Buffalo this morning at nine . Mr , Smith , a painter from Aberdeen , pointed to a steamer npon which he had , in painting , once expended above a ton o ! white lead . This surprised me . I went by the Waterloo steamer for the Palls . On ' jjetting into the river we had a tolerable view of Fort Erie , ( Canada , ) in ruins . We passed Waterloo , Black Bock , Dam Mills , and the foundry on the Great Breakwater , Beaver Island , and Grand Mand , which ' we passed on the West or Canada side or the Island . Thk island and the land on both sides of the river ia generally flat , and nearly covered with wood , bnt having some few improvements . j We next arrived at Navt Islakd , from the head of which , onr view being clear , the spray of the Fails was visible , resembling the smoke of a large number of furnaces ; or , perhaps , more like the smoke from a collection of limekTlnR . '•
After passing Na vs Isiand we put in at Schlosseb , where the far-famed steamer Caroline was cut away and sent over the Falls . Here we landed a few passengers for the railway , which passes near the river on this side . We next crossed , inclining upwards , nesx the island , in order to avoid the current , which is strong at this place , and increases as It approaches thB Falls . Were a vessel to cross direct from Schlosseb . te Chtppa'Wa , instead of keeping up in and crossing the middle of the river where the current is 1 less rapid , the probability is , that it would be dashed , as waB the Caroline , into the immeasureable pool beneath . It is quite evident that were a vessel of any description to approach too near the rapids , nothing on earth could saveher . ' ' Above Schlosseb ( which contains only two small storehouses ) the view is very beantiful , having in sight the Grand and Navy Islands , and the main bind on both sides of the river . :
I witnessed some wooden houses which had been knocked down by the British bombs from the Canada shore . My attention was directed to the havoc done by the bombs in crossing from Schlosseb to Chippewa , when passing very near the Island . The entrance to Chippewa is by a -small river , " which has been made navigable by considerable cutting at the entrance , where it is dangerous in consequence of its being in snch close proximity to the strong current immediately above the rapid * . j On landing , we found the . railway carriages waiting to carry ub to the Falls , which , although apparently we were close upon , was found to be six or seven miles distant The passenger txain was completely crowded outside before I reached it , and being desirous to see as much of the country as possible , I mounted upon the
luggage truck ; and the horse track being a puddle , I got well besmeared with mud , thrown np by the horses feet The rails were laid through an un- ! nterestlng Use . We aoon , however , approached , the grand object : butlo ! when precisely opposite the Falls , and on the summit ot a frightful precipice , the axle-tree snapped In two 1 but the carriage turning from the precipice towards the wall on the left , I was ( most providentially ) preserved , from being cast into the depth below . I was speedily on the ground not having sustained any injury ; and : after giving directions that my luggage should be given in charge of my friend Mr . Smith , who was following me on another train , to be taken to the Clifton Hotel , where we had agreed to dine , I hastened to descend the steep and wooded bank , in erder to view the Falls , and thus lose no time , being determined to reach Rochesteb , this day .
Tast numbers of learned travellers , historians , naturalists , and poets have visited this spot , and attempted a description of this the only outlet of the countless rivers and streams collected from tractless regions of territory of iTrnnRnne extent , under the republican government of the United States and the monarchical government of Great Britain , and forming themselves into numerous bodies of water , —the four great inland seas , known by the several names of Michigan , Superior , Heron , and Erie Lakes amongst the number;—and after the talent of the world has been so repeatedly applied to the subject , and the gigantic -wonder described in prose and verse , in copy and stanzas , unequalled for
sublimity and unparalleled for minuteness ; after this embodyment of waters from the vast expanse , In its dash , and in its motion in the boiling abyss below , has been coloured and painted in every size and quality , and brought home to the mind , to the eye , and to the fireside of every one , in colours the most brilliant and in language the most transcendent , by master minds of past sod present ages , who have spent weeks and months npon the spot exoressly fer the purpose of entering into the most punctiilious ndnutijo : after all this any attempt of mine at delineation would be perfectly futile . 1 will therefore extract from an American work of considerable utility a plain , nnstiltified account , which I trust will be found interesting to my friends : —r ;
"The THagara river , which , issuing from the K E extremity of Lake Erie , at Black Bock , runs * N . E . thirty-five miles to Lake Ontario . It is navigable for twenty miles to the Falls and from Lewjston to Lake Ontario , a distance of seven miles : : " As it flows frsm the lake , the river Is abont three quarters of a mile wide , and from twenty to forty feet deep . It n » a * ntn *"" the former depth to the jFalls . Five miles from the lake it is divided into two channels by Grand Island . The © astern channel has a width exceeding 100 rods ; the western larger , and ;
generally deeper , forms the boundary between the United State * and Canada . Grand Island is twelve miles long , and contains 17 , 384 acres . Neither the snows of winter nor the heats of summer , nor rains , nor drought materially affect the volume of this majestic river . Its -shores on either side are thinly settled between Bitfpalo and the Fall * . On the American shore , are two villages only , Black Bock and Tosa"w anta . Thick forests still cover the bank , with some ! farm hours * , few a d far between . On the Canada shore , are Watxbi . 00 , opposite to Black Bock , and the hamlet Of CH 1 PFETTA , Opposite FOBT SCHLOSSBB . " ,
-These scenes are made famous by the exploits of the Canadian patriets and the Bepublican sympathizers against the British forces . The Jast named place is that from whence the British cut away the ilt-fated steamer Caroline , and sent her into the current , ' when she was speedily over the Falls i No donbt , the Caroline carried ammunition and arms to the patriots on Navt Island . Her captain now commands the Franklin , plying between Bbppalo and Dbtboit .
THE PALLS .. - " Below Navy Island , the union of the two branches ^ ves a breadth to the Niagara Biver of two-and-a-half miles . The waters bave here an accelerated motioii , and three qnarters of a mile above the Falls commence their rapid descent , falling within that distance by successive chutes , or leaps , fifty-two feet on the American , and fifty-seven feet on the Canadian side . These cataracts form a most imposing feature of the scene . They may be ad vantageonsly viewed from several points , -as from the Table Bock on the Canada shore , and from the main bank . The first "view is presented from the strath west corner of Great Island , above the jMoss Islands .
" Goat , or Iris , Island , is half a mile long by a quarter wide , and is heavily weoded . There are several other Islands amosg the Bapidi ; some of which axe connected with Grea | Island by bridges . Bath Island , twenty-four rods long , is united to the American shore by an ingeniously constructed bridge , and contains the tollhouse and ? an extensive ( mill . Lima Island , directly npon the precipice near [ Gpat Island , again divides the stream , and the " Centre Fall" from the American FalL" From * the north west point of this Island the best view of the American Fall is obtained . - \
* *» There are three distinct cascades : two on the American side of Iris Island , and one upon tfae'British ! side . On tbe American aide , tte lower Fall is about 220 yard broad , and 16 * feet high . It was formerly straight , but is changing to a curve . ' The Centre Fall is } near eight yards wide , with a height similar to thejower one . The "Upper , or Great Tan , from , its form , called the descent , or Hoxsethoe , is at the head of the ravine crossing the direct line of the stream- its breadth is estimated at 600 yards , and severi-elghUis of the water of ibe river is rappoBed to p «* crerltt- ; its brigh t is 158 feet 1 * " Tbe depth ef the water , in the American channel , being much less than in the Canadian one , the rocks are near the surfaee and break sp the flood into foamj but in the Canadian channel the deep green of the billows is but relieved by their snowy crests . L
" The best view of the Crescent Fall is from theTable Bock and bank above it A most interesting and imposiEeview , however , may be kad from Goat Island . ThB Terrapin bridge , SOOft . from the island , jrojecta 10 ft -over the falls , and affords a sight requiring tome tension of the nerves , fully and leisurely to enjoy . ] Here we behold the vast flood and the deep abyss into which it is poured ; but the thick spray and mist perpetnally spread ever them prevents the eye from penetrating the depth ; and fancy , until corrected by a glance at the hurrying tide below , apprehends it to be immeasurable . But this mist , in sunny lreatber is the source of sew
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snrpnse and pleasure . The Iris rawing forms , ai the ¦ an and spray shift , dances ft jryiifce nDon t . Here , also , may freqnentty be wen , the phenomonon of the Lunar bow . : "Near tfce end of Ter ^ pln bridge , in the water and on the verge of the p >^ ipice , stands a atone tower forty-five feet high , having winding steps hi the interior , built in 1833 . From its summit , an admirable view of the who ' ve seene ' is obtained . "The flood vioea not descend from the ledge , perpendicularly , boi forms an arch 50 ft thick , whose semicord , at the baass , may be from 40 to 50 ft The quantity of water c"j * charged here , has been variously estimated ; at 670 , 250 tons the minute ; at 85 millions of tons the hour ; and atl 02 . . 760 tons the hour . The depth of tbe abyss into which this incredible mass is perpetually pouring exceeds S 50 feet ; at least , such Is the depth of the river below tbe Falls . But what line has sounded the depth immediate beneath the Incessant avalanche ! :
" The banks from the ravine below the Falls rise perpendicularly , above the river , 180 ft ; requiting extraordinary means for descending to the water ' s edge . These bave been supplied in the form of staircases at three points . The passage of the river below the Fall , is appalling from the rapidity of the current , the numerous eddies and the turbulence of the water ; yet it is entirely safe ; and row boats are , constantly , crossing the stream . ' " The scenery around the Falls , beantiful as it Is in summer , is most splendid in winter . The trees and shmbs are then covered with transparent sleet , and glitter as if clothed with diamonds : and the spray is decorated iu the dazzling colours of the rainbows which arch the river from many points .
" Sometimes , the ice is driven by the winds from Lake Erie , and psnred over the Falls in such masses as to fill the ravine , for a mile or more , to the depth of from SB to 50 ft so that it may be crossed , on foot , for weeks together . " Doubts have been expressed as to the causes which have worked the position of this mighty cataract . But no where has nature written her mode of operation more legibly ; and we see in the continued wearing away of the rocky strata over ] which the current is precipitated the means by which the fall has receded , fall seven miles , from the mountain ridge , at Lewiston . Tet this elaboration is very slow ! since , from the published accounts of the Falls which reach back nearly two hundred years , the recession has been inconsiderable during that period . "
Asa sort of retaliation for the cutting away of the Caroline by the British , a Canadian vessel had been procured sometime ago by the Americans , who advertised that it would go over tho Falls at an appointed tima An immense concourse of persons assembled from the British as well as from the States side of the river to witness so great a novelty . At the specified hour the ship was set adrift and speedily got into tbe current ; but bounding by one grand leap over a ridge with which the rapids , or inclined plane , commences , dived so deeply into a sand bank ( the masta going overboard ) as to stick fast ; and there she now remains amid the mighty rush of waters , beyond any conceivable means of human reach . Tbe disappointment experienced by the spectators , at her not going over the Falls , was excessive .
From the tower already described , on Goat Island , travellers by paying a small sum of money may view tbe river above aad the boiling abyss below . In front of the rock is a covered winding stair by which , for the payment of a similar sum , persons may descend to the bottom of the rock ; and a third sum will enable the curious to cover themselves with skins , for the purpose of being kept tolerably dry while they proceed underneath the Falls , or between the perpendicular surface of the rock and ths falling water ; wh « re , I am told , some beautiful and peculiar colours are displayed , especially while the morning sun shines forth . Here the bridge from the States side to Goat Island , which ia perfectly flat and resting upon props , and supported by Bath Island , abont midway , has been carried over : how such props could be fixed in the current of such an immense body of water , at such a { velocity , I can not conjecture , ner had I an opportunity to ascertain it
On the States side , and upon the brink of the river , stands a very small but pretty village named Manchester , in which there'is some thrivins manufactures . On the snmnut of the opposite bank and just above tbe Falls stands the village of DRUMMONBSViLLE , which consists of a few dwelling houses and more hotels than can be supported as such ; one of which , a very large one , was being fitted up for barracks , in which to lodge a portion of poor Johnny Bull '« " dead weight " I had scarcely reached the Table Bock , when I was waited npon by a person of respectable appearance and demeanour , who asked me if 1 wished to go under thB
Falls , { meaning between tbe waterfall and the rock ) , adding , that if I did , he was ready to supply me with the necessary skins to keep me dry . I begged to be excused as I was very lame , and consequently unable to undergo the fatigue . He told me his charge for the skins and attendance was a quarter of a dollar ; and that he paid 1000 dollars rent for bis house and the privilege of showing tbe wonders to strangers . Near to this person ' s small but neat house was one of the winding stairs by which to descend . This , as all the others , is enclosed with wood , through which are holes to admit the light .
While in conversation upon the rock , my companion pointed out to me several humming birds sporting in the ahrubs at a few yards * distance from ua 1 had never sees any of tbe species alive before . They were an interesting object All forms which descend this chasm lose their identity in the vortex . Not only did the Caroline steamer lose her form , bnt not a log , a beam , nor a spar could be afterwards found . No conception can be formed of the process to which every atom is subjected that falls into this incessantly agitated cauldron . No one can imagine tbe depth to which they sink , nor the quantity of rocks which are constantly in motion , commixing with , and grinding to atoms every vestige of solid matter that enters this aquatic vortex . It is dear that the river is a continuation of whirlpools constantly rolling and boiling for the distance of at least twelve miles below the Falls .:
Drumhondsville Is situated upon the battle-field of that name . The place extends back from the river , and is pretty well cleared ef wood to a > considerable distance ; it being the site of the intended city of the Falls . After admiring those magnificent scenes , I proceeded towards the Clifton Hettl , by the River ' s edge , on the summit of the perpendicular rocks , passing the Museum , the Camera Obscura , land the Baths on my way . On reaching the hotel , I found that neither my friend nor luggage had arrived there . I immediately proceeded by Lundy ' s Lane to the Bail way Station at which the passengers alight to be taken to the Clifton House , a distance of nearly two . miles . On reaching the station , I was informed that in consequence of the delay
occasioned by the accident on tbe Railway , the carriage from the Clifton House had proceeded with the passengers to Queenston ; but I could not learn whether my baggage had been taken foiward or not Having left a small bag at the Clifton House , I had to return thither again . On ^ reaching the hotel , I found that neither a horse nora vehicle of any description could be hired ; they all having been engaged by visitors between my fleaving and returning . I bad , therefore , to proceed on foot by the same route I had come ; that is , by theriver side and the Falls to the place where tbe carriage bad broken down on the railway . A portion of the wreck of the carriage had been removed , and the remainder thrown aside ; but no one was near to give me the least information , or render
me any assistance . I went round among the few dwellings and hotels in the j neighbourhood , anxious to learn what had become of the luggage ; not knowing whether it had been taken back to Chippewa , or forwarded to Queenston , 1 conld however obtain no information whatever . While in this dilemma I met two men in a cottage , from Thornhiil , in the immediate neighbourhood of Huddersficld . One ; of them , whose name was Bedford , was quite beyond the hope of recovery , in consequence of having slept in a damp bed . Hie friend and companion , who said he would not leave him while alive , knew me from having seen me , along with " my Lord Mbrpetb , " in the capacity of a candidate on the hustings at Wakefleld at the last election . The landlord of the bouse was ill of fever and ague , a disorder which the doctors said was never
known in that place , in a single instance before . While engaged in conversation , a train came up from Queenstoh , the conductor ; of which informed me , that in consequence of no carriage being waiting at the station from Clifton house , the whole had been taken on to < Jdeekston ; and that no train would go to that place till next morning . ThlB was most galling , as I had intended to ba in ROCHSSIER by that time . Very soon after I bad tbe good fortune to meet with a spring van which been from 4 deesston to Ohippewa , along with others , with skins . They drove at at fine speed to the first public-house in the village , and there staid to refresh themselves , leaving their fine horses neglected . While there , they commenced a sort of gambling , : from which I had considerable difficulty to break them off- I was : afraid they would get intoxicated ; and that we should have another accident
While here I learned there were about 400 British troops in the neighbourhood ; and I observed some of ttieir wives enter the house and take their threehalfpenny glass , and others carrying away " fire-water " in their bottles , bought' with the proceeds of British industry . I said to myself—" Poor tax-ridden John Bullr . Great Gall , thou pays for all !" When we moved off we did so with a vengeance j two of the waggoners contended for the lead , and a regular race was the consequence , I had cause to be alarmed lest my lameness should be cured by my neck being broken . The horses were very fine ones , of light make , and they dragged the light carriages along with much greater "velocity than I had ever witnessed . We were thus conveyed at nearly railway speed to the handsome village of Stamford , where stands a neat church , upon tbe front of which is
inscribed" Built by General Sir William Johnson . " The houses here , as at Drummondsyille , are neat and dean . The fields wellienclosed , and pretty well cultivated , and are free from the unseemly stumps which almost everywhere meet the eye . Here resides a Dr . Newbum , a moat obnoxious magistrate , who having had his barn burnt down charged it upon a respectable landlord of the place . The landlord brought an action against him , and obtained considerable damages . The house kept by the said landlord is called the Whirlpool ,
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from an extraordinary pool of that nanie in the river Z ** & ** W » by I regret that I had not an opportunity to visit the place . The soil here ik by no means rich , and the surface Is flat I was surprised to observe that at and from DrnmmondsviHo ] the orchards were numerous and the crop of fruit most abundant We soon MKh > d the extent of Queenston Heights , and tbe scene of jthe battle of that name , where stands the monument of General Brock , on or near the spot where he felL Some Yankees are charged with having taken the liberty , to cross the river , and after placing ai quantity of gunpowder and lighting * train , retired to tbe opposite baak to witness its destruction ; and while the Canadian Loyalists curse th » " fiends , " they have constantly before their eyes the shattered remains of the monumental tower . Near the monument we had a turn of the road , and at once a most delightful and extensive
vie , w struck the eye . The whole extent of ttie river Niagara to the Lake , withf Youngster and Fort Niagara onjthe right ; and Fort St tteorge on the left bank at its mouth ; with Lake Ontario and an immense forest as ( far as the eye couldIreach , presented themselves on a [ sudden and struck one with indiscribable awe . I had tmagiaed that here the country was cleared and cultivated ; and although ; the appearance bespoke a solid forest , yet I Boon learned that many Rirms with extensive clearances were ; spread throughout this apparently endless track ojf trees . At the bottom of this ; the steepest bank I had "witnessed , except the precipice at the Falls , lay the town of Queenston . It is situate on a plain t « the left , and on the right stands the town of Lewiston . The scqne that lay before me was perfectly uniqiie , and produced the most pleasing sensations . Had not the afternoon been mty , the scene would have been more extensive and interesting , i :
My driver took me over a precipice such as I had never seen a vehicle of the kind taken over . This he did to get a nearer way to the terminus of the railway , which was about midway down the "bank . A very small building was all that was to be seen , In which were only two females , who had no knowledge of my luggage , or of any other . We therefore proceeded to the town , on entering which we made a second enquiry for my trunk : that being the sole object for which I had come . The agent was not at home , and during that evening it could not be ascertained whether it had
come into tie town or not I took up my abode at the bouse of the father of my driver , who kept a neat tavern . His name was Wadsworth . He was a very plain man in appearance , and in conversation he entered into his circumstances and domestic affairs with considerable minutia . He likewise chatted upon many matters connected with the place , yet I found his knowledge was confined within a very contracted circle . : ( To be continued , )
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HARMONY HALL * LETTER XIII . TO THE EDITOR OP THE NOBTHEBN STAR . Sib , —As the subject of organization is an all important one connected with the escape of all classes from the vice , crime , { and misery , which everywhere now so frightfully abeund , I intend to devote this letter to the organizing of branches for such a society as I have alluded to in my former letters . Before doing so , however , I must make some remarks on the letter of your correspondent Gracchus , that appears in this day's paper , which letter is written in a spirit that makes it pleasant to have suoh an opponent to point out any error , or supposed errors , that I may advance , i First—I contend that the principle of unity contained in my letters is strictly democratic , by its placing in the hands of jthe people the election of tbe president , treasurer , and jauditors of accounts , and by their retaining the power of dismissing them at any time it may be found advisable .
Second—With regard to the Repeal question , I fully agree , with Gracchus , that the importance ef that measure depends upon the appeal made to the better passions of thej Irish people . But this appeal could not be so made if every , or even any person possessed the right to dissect or modify what Mr . O'Connell thought would | be most effective for his purpose . With regard to Mr . O'Connell personally , I can urge nothing ; my objects are universal , and not limited to individual , class , sect , party , or country ; and 1 referred to Mr .
O'Connell , not with the view of approving , or otherwise , of the course he was taking , but simply to point out the manner in which an entire body of people may be roused and kept in united and peaceful , but firm and determined agitation , by being under the direction of one individual jmind of strong power . My dependence is not on any person who may be selected to preside over the society , but on the truth of the principles on Which it is to be based , and on the daily increasing knowledge that will be gained of the sciences of human nature and of society .
Your Correspondent must bear in mind that I propose to found I this Society on what I Contend to be three great and eternal truths , which are opposed to every institution of sooiety as at present formed—First : That ; the character ot man is formed for him , and not by him ; and that it is entirely dependent upon his original organization and the circumstances by which he ia made to be surrounded . Second : That he has net the power to believe or disbelieve at pleasure , but must do bo in accordance with the strongest conviction that shall be made upon ; bis mind . Third : That he has not the power to love or hate at his will , but must love or hate according to the feelings created within him by each subject , which feelings be can in ho manner be responsible for .
These three , truths placed as the basis of action for any body of men , if clearly understood by them , must of necessity lead to an entirely different course to any yet exhibited to the world . There could be no anger , no ill will , no envy , or jealousy among such persons . Each ene would most strenuously endeavour to promote the general happiness , knowing that it contributed in the highest ! degree to his own personal welfare . It is to the deep impression which these truths are capable of making upon every individual mind tbat I rely for speedy success . ; and I am well aware that until this point is gained my proposal will be opon to all tbe objections which Gracchus makes in the election of the central or local presidents .
The immediate advantage to be gained by the unity form of proceeding is that the responsibility will be fixed in such a manner that the individual chosen will always feel bound to the strongest and most vigoureus action , knowing that all eyes are centred on him , and that his success or failure cannot be attributed to those with whom he is associated being obstructive to his measures . He will , of course , have no power to compel his council to act blindly , or contrary to their own conviction , nor will they be obliged to go with him further than they consider right ; but he may , on the other hand , act in any manner that , uuder ail the circumstances , he shall deem most advisable .
This responsibility , joined to tbe great publicity which the proceedings of a well organized society must have from its commencement , will be a sufficient guarantee that the members will knoiri how their cause is progressing;—and I would take care that tbe publicity was as extensive as it could be made , so that they at all times may know if a change of presidents be required , j -v . The chief objections which I have to urge against the election of the Council I have already given in my letter inserted ! in this week ' s Star , \ ajtid I leave your readers to judge how far they appear cogent or otherwise . All I would further desire to observe is , that however strongly I may ! write on these subjects , I assure Gracchu « that I only wish my opinions to ba considered as those of an individual keenly alive to the miserable state in which all are now placed .
With respect to tbe remarks on Mr . Owen or Mr . O'Connor , I say of them , as I have on all occasions when speaking cif persons . " I trust the association to be formed will draw forth the best feelings and ; qualities of every friend of humanity ; and if this be done , it will he of little importance who shall have been placed here or there , seeing there could be no merits or demerit in the individuals for actions which are strictly and rigidly necessitated . ! : With this rather extensive digression from the subject I proposed to treat of , I now revert to the organizing of Branches for the society .
In every Uwb throughout England , Ireland , Wales , and Scotland , a branch of the society should be formed , consisting of members ready to pay some fixed sum , say one shilling quarterly , to the land fond , besides any local expences that may be necessary . These members should , in tbe { first instance , elect the most businesslike and trustworthy person they know , without any reference to his being a debater or discusser of any kind , as their president ; one whom ; they know to be deeply Interested in the welfare of Ibis feltpw-bairigS . The higher his position in society , provided be has within himself the necessary qualifications for the situation ( which mast never be lost sight ; of ) the better , as this position will of itself render the objects of the society the more easily attainable , and give confidence to those to those who compose the branch .
A Treasurer and two auditors Should also be chosen for each branch , and the accounts should be published often , so as to give foil confidence to all parties . The President should , immediately on his election , choote the most fitting individual he can provide as a secretary who should be an active business-like man , well versed inj accounts , and of such general habits , manners , temper , and disposition , as' should give him free access among all ranks and tlassea , and secure to hi « the confidence of all , and he should make it his especial duty diligently t » watch the instructions that will have to appear from time to time from the central office , and to see that they are vigorously carried into effect The Secretary must also attend to any local publications that may be required and see generally te the diffusion of the principles , views , and objects within his district .
Much , very much , will depend upon the efficiency of the local secretaries , and they will requite to be active , intelligent menj ; persons in whom the public , will have full confidence . ; In choosing a secretary or any other officer whose time will be chitrny engaged in the affairs of the sooibty , wherever it ia required , th ' . a service should be paid : for , and provided a fitting person be procured , he should be paid liberally . No greater or worse mistake can possibly be made than that
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of not securing efficient officers ; the great reason why the people are governed as they are as contrary to their inclination and will , is , that those in power take care as rapidly as possible to secure all the talent , zaal , and energy of the country , by ] holding forth such inducements as shall moke it the | r personal and immediate interest ) to act contrary to those impulses which would dictate a more "noble but less practical course . To those unused to business ! proceedings the mere question of saving so much per week , is of considerble importance , whereas a liberal but judicous expenditure would , in so great a cause as the oue I am treating of , amply repay itself a hundred or a thousand fold . To effectually and' rapidly overcome all the combined powers of error , every description of talent must be secured at whatever cost it has to be obtained .
After selecting his secretary ; the President should proceed forthwith to select the most efficient council he can procure to act cordially with him . In doing this each President should choose persons of the largest and moat capacious minds he can fiad , without reference to Class , sect , sex , or party . It will be perfectly immaterial whether they be Whigs , Tories , Radicals , Ch&itisut , Cern-Law Repealers , or Repealers of any other kind ; whether Churchmen , Dissentersf Infidels , or any ithcr denomination of thinkers . The knowledge that they cannot be made to believe otherwise than they are compelled to do by the imptessionslmade upon their minds , will soon prodnce that universal charity that ; will enable all , cordially and truly to co-operate with each other in our great , noble , and godlike cause . With regard to sex , I would observe , that talented and intelligent women will give a moral power , force ,
and dignity , to the Association which it can never acquire until they join it ; and the work sf human regeneration will be accelerated more by the full and entire enlistment of tbe sympathies of woman , in its progress , than by any other single cause . Nothing must be heaid of class distinctions , in the society to which I refer . All must of aecessity belong to the workjng j class , fer the business to be done , is tbe the HpKst work ever yet performed by man but providetT ^ hey give cordial assistance we must most readily welcome all , whatever may be their rank , title , profession , or occupation ] in present society . The great , the wise , and the good may be found among aH ranks and classes of tbe present confused and chaotic jumble called soeiety , and it is these alone who will have to take the initiative in producing the change from all that is erroneous and IfaLie to all that is true
and just With a good President , Secretary and Council , carefully watching both the instructions from the central office , and the peculiar matters relating to the locality ; diligently carrying out instructions received and giving suggestions for further advance ] whenever they present themselves ; each city , town , and Village throughout the empire may speedily become the centre of one general mind that shall , as rapidly as knowledge ean be obtained , take the necessary steps to ensure to all , every requisite for their progressive advancement , in the path of union , virtue , peace , and happiness . Having now pretty well disposed , I fear at a somewhat tedious length , of the question of organising a society , I shall proceed in my next to point ont further practical steps that will require to be taken . I am , ( Sir , Your obedient servant , | William Galpin . Harmony Hall , June 6 th , 1843 .
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I THE NATIONAL BENEFIT SOCIETY . THE "DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLE" verstIS "DESPOTIC AUTHORITY . " TO THE CH ARTIST PUBLIC . Brothers , —It is evident , ' from the tenor of Mr . Galpin's observations upon the power to be vested in the President , that it is unity , of purpose and unity of action he desired to effect , as the only means of arriving at the goal of our aspiratlon-j-univeisal happiness . I agree with him , that it is only by such a course of action that any association can well expect to be successful in its undertakings be they what they may ; but we differ upon the means to obtain that unity of purpose and of action . ] Mr . G . 's plan ib by putting the whole of the society under the ooutroul of a single head , —a plan that I deny will effect the object , seeing that authority is not influence ; and that it is more likely to beget opposition than obedience : and here I ¦ shall take advantage of Mr . G . ' s own illustration , viz ., the present repeal
movement I I think , if Mr . G . and oar readers look well into the reports of that movement , they will see that Mr . O'Connell ' s leadership is one of admission not commission ; that it is assumed by common consent ; and obtained by the confidence his countrymen place in him , from a belief that he is their true friend , sincerely seeking to obtain for them all they hold dear , —a confidence won by his appeals to the best feelings and passions of the Irish people ; and not by any authority vested in him by any party : hence the unity of purpose and of action that now characterises the repeal movement—the common bond of priest and peasant—Dissenter and
Catholic—their country b weal : ftherefore , this repeal illustration will , I think , serve my side better than Mr . G . 'a . For this is how I would propose to effect unity ef purpose and of action , that is , jby the influence of principles of truth , justice , and humanity on the minds of onr fellows , and to carry the objects desired into effect , that they should elect servants , who should deliberate together upon the necessary steps to be taken , publish the result of their deliberations to their constituents , and urge the necessity of the plans being acted upon . Thus may we obtain a thorough co-operation ; then would they follow their officers as leaders in the course laid down with a pleasure that the authority of one maa would fail to produce . In letter xl ., fourth paragraph , Mr . G . Bays , speaking of Mr . O'Connell ,
" Supposing that he had to debate , discuss , and explain every proposition he had to make , or even that he had to work with a council , any ] single member of which might be disposed to thwart him ; could any one believe that he would then be { enabled to arouse the spirit which he now excites ? ' | Now , for my own part , I cannot see how any council could affect the case otherwise than beneficially ; j by each supplying his opinion they would probably j arrive at the be it course to be pursued ; and so long as Daniel ean speak ( for he is oue of the speech makers ) to his countrymen , be will be able to excite them by the tale of their many wrongs , and rouse their spirit : for " Ould Ireland . ' And then to debate and discussis surely the way
, to elicit truth ; but if Dmiel had to explain ? well , there are % great many in the Chartist ranks who will agree with Mr . G . that it would be very inconvenient for Daniel to explain a great ] many of his sayings and doings , and square then ) with the principles of truth and justice-, but we have agreed , at least I hope so , I I mean tbe Chartist body , with a becoming magnanimity , to drop the curtain for the present over his faults , in the hope that by , " tfis present sod future cenduct , he will weave himself each a veil of goodness , that the prying eye of after } generations will not be able to penetrate , and , therefore , speak only ef his worthy deeds . < Vow for the contrast
The fifth paragraph is as follows : — " Let us take the contrast between the agitation for the Repeal and that of the People ' s Charter . Many minds , individually as powerful as Mr . O'Conaell ' s , have been engaged in prosecuting the latter , and the objects sought to be obtained are certainly far more attractive and valuable ; yet by adopting what your ] , correspondent Gracchus would designate as the democratic principle , we may Observe the different rate of progress of the one and the other . " Here we perceive that Mr . Galpin assumes that ours has been the inferior rate of progress , a conclusion which I can by no means admit of , and one that I think our Social friend must have come to without giving the subject sufficient * consideration . I verily believe that Mr . G . must have been so enveloped fn Socialism during our agitation ; of 1839 , as to be unable to estimate the power we had then in the field ; snffica it
to state , that the reform government of that day where as much alarmed at it , as theJTories are now wi ^ h the Repeal agitation . Proclamations of various sorts against meetings of all sorts , were plentifully posted about our towns ; soldiers were called out of Ireland , and moved here and there , j Several of our speakers where arrested under the charge of sedition ; they were tried and Imprisoned . These tyrannical acts excited the people still more , and collisions with the troops followed ; the sequel is toa well known to all . The whole press , before almost silent , teemed with frightful tales of torches , daggers , pikes , and Chartists ; the Government struck a desperate blow , but could not conquer us , their trumpeter declared us dead , but our meetings and petitions shortly answered the boast of " Plain John , " with our million shoots tor the Charter . The House of Commons even answered our sail for the
return of Lord John Rugtsell ' s victims , onr noble virtuous Frost and his co-convicts , with a division that was lost only by the Speaker ' s vote . Amidst all this the Government was dying—we had stack a thorn in their sides that brought them to their end , and struck the blow that brought them from ] their high places of iniquity to our feet . They begged our help , our reply was "theCbarter , '' "Frost , Williams , and Jones . " Taeelec-Hon came , we overbalanced tiie scale against them , and timehathproved the policy wise and good . TheTories got Into power again , and under the darling Whig Reform BUI , proving the inefficiency of that measure , for either what its cohepoters intended It—Whig ascendancy—or what the people where taught to expect—representation of the people . Oar next step was our Great National Petition , wherein three million and a half of
Eoelishme » demanded the Charter ' and Repeal of the Union . Next same the factory lords' | attempt to revolationiz- ) England for the paltry measure -of Repeal of the Corn Lawa , and the whole of the North was said td be full of Chartists . Numbers of good and true Chartists , by taking advantage of this wage strike to turn the people ' s attention to the Charter , contrary to the advice of our Chieftan , O'Connor ; for nonejinthe heatef a moment su « h as that , could controol the enthusiastic advocates of prfaoiples each as outs , that may be so materially advanced , by taking advantage of times of exsiting on a question of wroilgs . Numbers bBzwded their liberties , and it niay be , lives in the struggle , and have been sacrificed as the sctpe-goata of League men . Now all these facts are evidtr . oe that we have held and do bold a proud position in the political World ; arid , as fax aB agitation &ud public meeting , and
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union , and zi » l go . I think that our movement of 1839 will vie with the Repeal movement of the present day . We have not had so many of the rich with us ; nor have we bad our priests of the establishment or dissent ; nor do we expeet these latter ; nor bav » we bad the press with us—none Save our own Northern Star ; but our principles are rapidly progressing—the middle class are moving towards us , and some portion of the press is speaking more respectfully of us , aye even the Attorney-General and the juster partion of the Judges have acknowledged us-as a party who have a right to preach our opinions . One Judge bas , f com the judgment seat , complimented our leaders for their ability and intelligence , which , with the compliments of Mr . G . in this same paragraph , the Chartist will be duly proud of ; bub must not let their feelings of pride overcome their judgment ; but seek by every act of ihe ' r lives to earn the esteem of all good men .
One thing ; J would particularly call your attention to , ia , that we have displayed something like unity of purpose and unity of action under , what we term , the democratic principles ; and when I view the case in all its boarings—the union wobo rapidly effected with fiich small means at our disposal—the much we have done towards enlightening oar fellowmen upon true principles —the amount of persecution we bave endured a .. d passed , and the numerous privations our fellows biive endured—the sacrifices so many of them have made for tbe cause , I cannot help but think that such a bedy is invincible , and by steady perseverance must succeed if they keep strictly and consistently to the democratic principle ; but perhaps Mr . G s observation appiy enly to the cavils , and renegadism that have occurred in our
ranks ,, the lamentable errors ( to be mild ) of the late Executive ; if bo , Krnust inform him that these disorders have occurred through violation of the democratic principle , for according to that principle , in the words of Kobespiere , " the rights of every man are bound by the rights of others , and if we pass our own boundary , we invade the rights of others . " Under this , the talebearer , the bulsy-body ia condemned , and if all raea abided by this precept , how much ill-will and cavil would be avoided according to the democratic principle . All officers of the people should be servants of tho people and render an account of their acts of offije , to the people as often aa reguired , or at stated timeB , explaining clearly , of course . Now , were this always done , how much hubbub and confusion we might be spared .
Senators too , should be paid for their services , what is fairly agreed npoo , bat no more . Last , but greatest point of the democratic principle is that " the people ' s will is law , " the best guarantee for its being obeyed . Now , when the democratic principle becomes well known , and strictly acted on , instead of the cavil and discord , heartburning , ill-will , injuries and revenges , that pervades all nations , and as a matter of coure , all the societies established within them , we stall have love and joy , aud harmony . Hoping for this day , I remain , yours in faith , Gracchus . ^ ^—
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- ADDRESS OF THE CONGRESS OF THE RATIONAL SOCIETY TO THE CHARTISTS . Friends and Fellow-men , —The Congress of the National Society being deeply interested in the fallen sttte of the industrious classes , and greatly dissatisfied with the present condition of all classes , having met in their Annual Session at their Hall , in Hampshire , dehiie to address you on the false position and dangerous state of all parties throughout the empire . It is now admitted by the highest authorities in the country , that among the working classes there is much ignorance , poverty , destitution , crime , and extreme suffering ; and these evils evidently arise from the neglect and oppression of the wealthy—to the deep and lasting injuvy of all racks from the highest to tho lowest
It is equally evident , now—to those who can reflect , and trace effects to their causes—that it is not necessary that this wretched state of society should longer remain , in an empire abounding with all the materiuls to ensure immediate general prosperity to the whole population . But these who govern , however much they m < iy desire to alter and improve this lamentable state of the population , do not know bow to effect it , and will not attempt , it on right principles for fear of daDger to some of its present artificial divisions . Nor caa this change be effected , without danger to tbe peace of the country , without a full knowledge and good understanding , arCong all parties , of the principles on which alone it caa be made , and of Ihe mode of applying those principles to practice . Jt is now of the last importance to you to know these principles , and how , wisely , to apply them to practice ,
Tbe principles on which society has been hitherto based , governed , and educated will never produce virtue , permanent prosperity , or happiness ; these erroneous principles must be gradually abandoned , with the character which they necessarily produce throughout the population . And you may , immediately , and most beneficially for all classes , commence this change by your own means and well-directed industry . No saue mind any longer doubts that man is , to a very great emtent , the creature of the circumstances by which he ia surrounded , and chiefly of those which society creates , and with which it surrounds individuals from their births , so aa to make poor or rich , ignorant , or intelligent , well or ill . disposed , all of the human race , yet retainiug the natural individual differences by which one shall be always-distinguished from every other . Also the very ignorant or very ill informed alone now imagine that man has heea made with faculties to enable him tn
believe except in accordance With the strongest , impressions which are made oa his mind ; or to love , except . that which is agreeable to his individual nature , or to form any of his faculties or powers , so its to be rationally responsible for their qualities , nor can any one well informed now doubt of the superabundance of materiel immediately at tbe disposal of society , if they were properly applied , to ensure permanent wealth to all , and to surround ail with circumstances greatly more to be desired , and far superier to any which have been formed at any time , ia any part of the world . :
Now , apon these data , without disturbing the prosent position of any parties , you will possess the power , whenever you ctb acquire the knowledge , to gradually and most beneficially , and peaceably , commence a change in your condition , by which you will speedily remove the hitherto permanent causes of ignorance , poverty , division , and uncharitableness , first from your own ranks , and by your example , soon afterwards , from all above and below you . It is vain , at first , to look to any other party to effect the change for you ; the upper classes do Hot know how to do it even for themselves ; bat when yoa commence in good earnest , and show them a successful beginning , thea those now above you will come forward and , ere long , cordially assist in carrying forward the change throughout society .
You have a superabundance of industry ; yon may have among yourselves a weekly subscription sufficient to commence and continue * the practical measures to well educate and employ , in a reasonable time , all your unemployed , half employed , ' or uselessly employed members , and to well educate them aud their caildren so as to make a good beginning , and lay sl ao ' . id foundation for the continuance of tbe same measures , until all the industrious classes shall be well educated physically , mentally , morally , and practically , and all permanently well employed in producing , in the best manner , the greatest amount of the most valuable wealth , most
beneficially for tbe producers aad consumers ; and thus would you , in a peaceable and the beat manner , emancipate yourselves and your children , and exhibit an example to all classes , in all countries , which all might now advantageously adopt - The members of the Rational Sooiety , without desiring in any manner to interfere with your funds or the government of your society , ot any ot your proceedings , will ba mos ready to render yon , or any other party or society , whatever assistance it may be ia their power to give to forward aoy practical measures calculated to permanently well educate aud employ any portion of the industrious classes .
That you may succeed in thus peaceably and permanently emancipating yourselves , in assisting others to effect the same now most necessary object , is the sincere wish of all the Delegates of the Rational Society assembled in their Annual Congress , in May , 1843 . Signed by order , aad on behalf o ? the said Congress , Robert Owen , President of the Rational Society , and Chairman of Congress . Hirmony Hall , Hants , May 25 , 1843 .
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Letters from Bosnia confirm the intelligence given of an insurreotion there . It ia said that the insurgents bare called for the interference of Austria . In the neighborhood of Oundle , the fine crops of grass have b 9 en under water . for a fortnight , and , it is feared , will bo quite spoiled . The late rains have been so favourable to the grass and corn crops in the vale of Lune aa almost to ensure a superabundant harvest . Accounts from New Orleans speak of heaw rain 3 having fallen towards the close of Apr : 4 , and swelled the Mississippi to a considerable height . It is , expected that a first dividend of 53 . in the pound on the estate of Messrs . Parker and Shore , bankers * of Sheffield , will be paid about the end of June .
Postage Stamps . —We are enabled to place before oar readers the following statement of the amount received for postage stamps , sold at three of the leading post receiving houses in London , during the paai two years : — 1841 1842 £ . s . d . £ s d . White , Corahill ... 4 . 435 16 6 ... 7 . 640 12 6 Reid , Charin 2-cros 3 2 , 636 10 2 ... 3 , ai' 7 7 6 Kelly , Viso-lane ... 2 , 357 12 6 ... 3 , 377 7 0
From this return it will be seen fhat the increase of the year 1842 nearte 4 ^ 1 fAtf \ gVfeltg preceding , that Mr . White a \< Sld ^ Wi \ Mft \ tl ' fdts , disposed of stamps to iho ay ^ Qf ^^ ljHta ^ hioh reduced into sinjjle laWlaS ^ j ^ tteJ ^ i ^ todlKary number of 2 ;¦ , !>;; 348 . feoSMi 4 fSM ^ S s on postage stamps to r (^^^ 4 sft « 0 te m » &U—Posi
^ mMm
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= ========== ___ THE NORTHEBN STAR . 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 10, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct654/page/7/
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