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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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EMIGRATION . OBSEBYA 3203 S CONUECIED WITH MB . PEEKETHXY'S TOXFS . Saving now completed the notes of my tcnr , in the ooxassstifiussi the reader will , no doubt , fcaveperceived fi » -various advantages -which -would scans to Emigrants possessed of a EiSe capital , industrious habits aca . a persevering sprit , I sps . ll proceed to make * few observations jela&ve to the formation of *• The British Emigrants Mutual aid Society , " eetasliabed in Halifax Sep&ariber 7 ih , 1812 j a copy of the rule * of -which Society I stall present to the reader , in order the more explicitly to convey to the public mind the intrinsic « Mest intended to be attained , ^ nd which I eerily
"believe to be easy of ieseompfiBoment . _ - 3 Iy nfxfcjmrpqse Trill be to supply such information t 6 Emigsaata as appears to me inaiirpenslhly necessary to enable " ihEia to Ml the stratagems sad evade Ste -TnTtr > . frm > HnT 1 » cf . an ioBt * 3 swindler * who are ever on the alert to plunder and "rietimixs the nnwsry . These vampires ( as will bare been seen from the preceding notes ) swarm on lx > th ades-the Atlantic , and even upon the face of ihe great deep ; and it-will require incessant tffmtiifvn -KnU TratsiifnlneaB to escape the * t" > t $ t they lave' so profusely spread in the path of the pilgrim Jonrnejing from the dark regfens of despotism to die " Great Bepublic "
Mnch bas been , -wroia anfl much said , pro and COS , IBgpec&ng the- institnSens , climate , and soU of America , and also concerning tfce sumnera and habits of the people . * The factions , and those -wedded to evils Trhichare ihe inseparable concomitants of monarchical governments , ( who , by the "way , are only those who lire on the produce of other men ' s industry , ) hare impugned the system of jjovernmenfc "tgrhlcn obtains in the States . The interested traveller lias dilated on the baleful effects vrhlch the climate may probably produce npon the constitnHons of Europeans , sad * iso upon the sterility of ihe soil and the immense labour and expense requisite to perfect clearings , and render it productive j tfIiIIb others tronM hsye us believe that tbs inhabitants are a rade , unsocial ^ and nnavUizsd people—a race of * wM Indians , ox beings appiozimating-thereto , " Whese-ontutor 'd minds , Sees God . in clouds , Or hears W * n in the Tsind " .
On the other land , many exaggerated accounts b *? e i * en given of the felicity enjoyed in this "land of promise , * ' ¦ which have induced many to Emigrate under ¦ tha isle * thai on thai la-pftrng they "would enter a i > erlect elysinm , 2 nd be blessed "With the f nil fruition of all . earthly happiness ; bat , finding then- dreams not lealizsd , they have bean filled-srith chagrin and disappointment : The fact is , man must there , as well as in every other land , earn bis bread by ths ' sweat of bis hrow . He mnst labour : bnt he eon enjoy the fruit of tii own inScstryj he cob " sit under his own Tine sad 2 ns oirn fig tree , none daring to mate Inm afraid . " There he it , free from the galling yoke of slavery , and can stand erest in the attitude of a freeman , possessing thati&ezftmablB gem , liberty , without -which life cannot be enjoyed friih that sest which was designed to be the lot -of man .
The privauoBS and-oppresslons endured by the Bnt-2 sb operative , and the apparent determination of th » Ty ^ -rinf » K ^ who alternately rule the desfcsies of this eonntry to perpetnate the evils of misrule , impelled a number of our countrymen to adqp > . measures to escape the worse thanSgyptian bondage ; and being acquainted through ihe publication of the letter addressed by Br . Smylea to myself , ( and which J inserted at the commencement of my Journal ) , of the vast resources of the Western States of 2 Sorth America , it was resolved to actupon tie suggestions-contained in the sdd letter , it being deemed isr more advantageous to migrate to a borne already prepared , and to abide jcn : * ag receives
and friends , than to pave the way and settle -among strangers -when they lad arrived In a foreign land . And , moreover , the scanty means which protracted tyranny has lef 1 at the disposal of working men rendered it absolutely necessary to co-operate for the acquMtion of funds to compass the desired object . Hence the establishment of the society , appositely kenned *• The British Emigrants Mutual Aid Society , the character and design of which I cannot better describe than by the publication of the xnles by which it is conducted . They are somewhat lengthy : nevertheless , I opine that the reader wBlj arise from the perusal with a feeling of satisfaction that the time devoted to sftpTr gr-nTWTTwqipn foy notjjeen unspent .
1 ECHS . Rulfl 1 st—That this Society fee denominated the British Enngrsnts * Mutual Aid Society , and that-all rales and regulations be subject to , and in accordance with , the supreme laws of the state or territory in "Which the colony may be located . 2 nd . —That the object of this Society is the purchase of a tract of unappropriated land in the State of Wisconsin , or other Western State as may on inspection by a deputation of one or more competent persons be deemed most suitable for the purposes of a colony of settlers irom this country , upon a principle of mutual yKJufo Tipp ^
3 ri—When sufficient money is subscribed , one or stare persons shall be sent out with power to select and purchase the land , and proems a zurvey thereof , under promise or "Written assurance of the Society that jjje x&oney shall be tranHBitted through ttie > itTi ^« of the American Consul resident in Iiverpool , to the United States * Government Agent , authorized to receive the asme in that country . 48 a— -That the subscriptions to this Society be depo sited in the Halifax Joint Stock Bank , and when the pnrchase is completed be transferred to -the American Consul { who ins engaged to transact this business thronghan order sanctioned by the signatures of ttreefonrths of the members , and presented by the committee to the bankera
5 th- —! Dial this Sodety be composed of a > manysub-SCr ibeaaswill ttifi np ^ or purchase thirtf-two secSdoos of land , or 20 ^ 480 acres at Congress price ( 1 $ dollar ) Which shall be divifisble amongst the eaid members in proportion to their xespecSve subscaptions , in ten acre lots , so as to give the poorest an equal benefii in the distribution and choice with the larger pnfhasers , yet not ivynj ^ pg any subscriber in iis amount of purchase . 6 tlL—That In order to organise and cany into efiectiw operaSon the objects of this Association , thirteen members be chosen at a public general meeting , to form a committee of management , from amongst whom a
president ,-ricspresiaent , treasurer , and secretary , be appointed -annually ; four members of the Committee as they stand upon the list to retire annually bnt to be tiBgibiB to r&ilecSon j which election shall be annual , on a day hereafter to be fixed ; first the committee , then the officers out of that committee ; in both cases iiy ballot , or vote of all the members of the Society ; the majority to determine and be Ifeaal ; every shaieholderfroBione to tweoty to bare two votes , and SO In proportion , increasing on * Tote every ten shares ; mevea cf the committee to be a quorum , and the ma-3 oriry cf ~ that o aonuu to determine .
7 th . —Tnat the Presideat in all cases . ( after the establishment of the Colony , ) bave a triple Tote , and the Ties president ths same when acting as president , iike president's absence ; bnt not in other eases , or imt Ms angle Tote when acting in his own capacity . Silt— -ThsVde committee shall , previous to the completion of the puTchase , appoint seven of the subscribers as truitees for the property jointly , in whose same the purchase shall be effected , and to whom it shall be conveyed in trust to . the use of toe said subscribers , and be by the said trustees ye-conveyed to the uid subscribers individually , describing his let or share by its number s&d contents in measure upon the Eurveyor ' s plan iereafter to T > e made , a'trne copy of wMcn , or the original shall always be in the posses
sion or ieeping of the aod tmsteea for general reference , and be lithographed for distribution amongst the subscribsra . In case of the death of a Trustee , a successor zball , as soon after as conveniently may , be appointed b ^ tfce committee as in the first instance . Srh . That when Buffident funds are subscribed and paid in , a suitable person or persons beinlly authorised Tinder the signature of the committee and Trustees , to go out to Ihe state or territory agreed to , and select , survey , and purchase a suitable and sufficient tract of land in one or in ore lots as the same can be obtained , induiiing some navigable river , or river that may hereafter Issaie navigable far boats ox steam vessels—the
said tract of Jsai to be , as much as can be so ebt ^ ned , in equal quantities en each eide cf the said , river ,, in order to locate . ^ very allotment as contaguoas as may be to ^ water eenveyane 3 , sud other water purposes—said bad of land to expend along fiie banks of add river ^ ght mites inlensBicI ihe same , and two miles back-Trards from sad jovge , as esch side respecuvely 01 IB guanfity egositoihiie gi » eo ^ menaons { the river not to be in aameasmementi ; this will give ¦ && qnanfity of Hnny-twb sections , or 20 , ^ 80 acres , the amount required , and the form will sSoti the easest means ol access to the greatest number for navigation purposesfcr mill sites and other business situations hereafter Inquiring abundance of water or water power .
lOih . That tneststed meeSngs of tts committee be fixed for 4 he first Wednesday in every menfli . Anv jsropneto ? anay attend , bnt the business to rest exclusively with the committee—* ltEE 3 ions or rescinding of Hm present xoles , or proposing new ones , to be fjven noQee of in writing at the stated monttily meet-Ing o f the committee , one month pscvious to its discussion . 11 th . That * ' mutual aid" be Ihe bond of this assad * Son , as farther specified in zule 12 th ; and i > mr- in order to accommodate the poorer members , they shall piyonoor more shillings weeHy , aecoroiag to their ability , for every share subscribed for , uatu the full -amwrnV , of their xespective sbaxes be paid up , which foil smoonl mm * be completed against the tame of p 3 . ymEnt for &b general i > Bzvhase >
12 th . —That as the leading object of this Society is aedstancs to the poorer subscribers to the means of lettering their condition , and getting out to the settle ment , it is proposed to furnish Bueh members-with pe cuniary assiftanee , on condition of their woriacg for She person advancing the same , at the rate of wages current at the time , in that country . Or by file following method , tsz ., timing on ibfres as it is called and pxacttBedin some parts of fUn / kna , the farmer giving his labour and Jaitention , the capitalist providing ihe necessary stock , «* a , and implements , and what other assistance or stesatsajha agreed upon—said capitalist recemog oo&ialf fcha prodace of the land , and in-
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crsas ? of cattle or itock annually , until the whole advance iriih cost of subsistence { as may be agreed ) shall be repaid , or the capitalist mare easily satisfied ; the lot or share of tie person bo assisted to be } security to the capitalist until the engagement be fulfilled , the commrttfie to have the power of enforcing tliis xtii&t or hold the property in abeyance anta the claim be aattnad . 13 ib- —That one whole section of land or 640 acres be reserved for a town building lot to be the joint property of the Society in & society capacity—yet
nevertheless &ny individual may purchase whatever portion he may require as his own ; separate and individual property—the proceeds of such sales to form a fund for general purposes , more especially siich purposes as are of a benevolent nature , beneficial alike to every branch of the Society in the town or country , -under the direction and management of the committee for the time being , or such other directing body , under whatever name or denomination they may be known , that the management of the affairs of the Society may be depuled tO . ' :
14 th . —That the laying out of the town in streets , squares , market-places , allotments for public buildings , places of worship , allotments , sites of schools , cemetery , water courses , reservoirs , fee ., be hereafter determined , excepting the town front to the river , which shall be left open full fifty yards in width , the whole length -thereof for public pleasure or buBinees , as may be fitting hereafter , these reservations Ito be made before any allotment for sales or other disposition of the Town Land Lot be made—and if it be found advisable to plant or build a part of the town on each bank of the river , a similar \ reservation of fifty yards in width in front of the same , be in like manner adopted . '
15 th . —That , in order to provide for the future welfare and prosperity of the Colony , the town allotment be public property ior beneficial and liberal purposes , in aid of the whole proprietary in common with the surplus " Township lands , * ' as stated in the 17 thrule , whereby an ample and continually increasing fund and revenue will be secured for general service—the order and regularity of building in the town better preserved , nnlsanoea prevented , a better style ol building secured ; improvements will also be more spiritedly undertaken when a known means is at hand , and the whole community will be more benefited by the increased value of the town lots In compact order , than by scattered
and detached buildings , especially as the greater part of the small town lots must nceasarily lie tfar apart from their corresponding country allotments , [ and , at inconvenient distances for joint occupancy—the committee in the early period of the town will be disposed to aecoq ^ modate all craftsmen and other town residents , with lots suitable to their purposes at very moderate rate ! during the more early periods—and the'purchasers of these selected building or town lots will fee store benefited by a suitably selected lot and a public assisting fund , than by having a lot at random , as the choice by ballot would necessarily be , and without ths advantage of such building fund- ;
Or in lieu of the loth rale above recited , in case it should be resolved to apportion town building lots to the country land lots , they must necessarily be email , in order to give each proprietor a lot and secure a public reserve for streets , roads , public institutions , squares , markets , ica ., and at same time leave sufficient for contemplated public resources , of mutual assistance and pecuniary revenue . If we assume a town building lot ( to every original ten acre country lot ) of ten yards by thirty yards , and as there will be few so small as one only of these , it will give ample room for any business premises—then 2018 such lots will amount to 227 acres nearly , which with the river front , —reserve for public institutionssquares—markets , —sites for places of worship , cemetry , 4 c 140 acres , making together 267 , acres which deducted from 640 the whole town lot , leaves 373 acres of available property for public revenue , either as rented for farm purposes « r & 8 appropriated for sale .
This diKpssitioH of the town lot may perhaps be more acceptable to \ h& subscribers generally than appropriating the whole to public service—and as immediate shelter will be wanted for the settlers as they arrive—by this means they may have a lot of their own after the streets have been marked off—but in general to farm settlers the lots will not be much benefit , as their rise in price will not be very immediate , and any attention to them will but divert too much of their time from their ( to them ) more valu able occupation on their country allotments .
16 th—That as the whole tract of 20 ^ 80 acres ia assumed as snbscribed for , it becomes necessary to provide for the different reserves { viz . ) that there be one acre deducted from every original share or ten acre lot into which the township is assumed as divided , or so considered to be , even though purchased in larger amounts—bo that one whole section shall abate 64 acres—the remaining 576 acres to be considered and taken as one whole section lot—and in like manner the 10 acres reduced to nine acres shall be deemed and taken and called an original ten , acre share in consideration of the benefit the whole commonnity will hereafter derive from such appropriation , and which is more fully explained in the ensuing rnle .
17 th—Ihat the section reserved for building shall be called the " Town Land Lot "—and the balance after all allotments fxom it are made , shall be public property applicable as it is stated in rule 15 along with the balance of the reservation of one acre per original share from the Country Land Lots , after all deductions for highways , && , are made , and shall be called the " Township Lands "—which two joint ; properties shall belong to the original share holders , j their heirs or assigns , in trust as public property for benevolent and general improvement purposes , under the management of the committee or whatever the managing body may hereafter be called , as stated in the fifteenth rule .
18 th—When the funds expected from the public property are available , they shall as occasion requires be applied to the assistance of all entitled to the same at the discretion of the committed acting on behalf of the proprietary , in such manner and proportion as they may at the time think prudent , in the tr « y of loan , apprenticing youths , relieving widows and inarm aged , assisting young persons to begin the world , and such other laudable and benevolent purposes as come within the limits and views of this institution . In all loans and assistance to individuals in the nature of loans , satisfactory security shall be required for the return of the capital , and payment of interest upon the same , hereby securing a permanent and | increasing fund for beneficial and charitable purposes both to the present and to future ages , the proper objects of which shall be determined by the recommendation of proprietors and the judgment of the committee .
19 th . —Should the funds arising from the public property be at any time more than is wanted for current demands , the surplus shall be vested in the purchase of further new and unappropriated land , or other real property , which additional purchases shall merge in the other public property , and tfcns become a source of continually increasing funds and means of prosperity and comfoit , and be in like manner as other public property , tinder the management and care of the committee , or general council , according as the managing body may hereafter be denominated .
20 th . —In laying out roads , previous to the sub-divisions of the general property , the natural undulations of the eountry , and tendings of rivulets shall be accommodated to the greatest advantage , sot adhering to straight lines when an advantage or benefit can be obtained by a deviation ; provided alwayB that exact quarter sections , or any number of exact quarter sections be laid together ; but in dividing the quarter sections into the smaller allotments , straight division lines shall be adopted ; al } intractable shapes or odd quantities of land that may be cut off from any of the divisions , shall be and remain public property until other"Kiss disposed oL This is one advantage of- having a surplus quantity of land for public disposal , odd quantities can be thrown off in this manner without inconveniencing any one , yet remaining valuable to the general body as public lands available for sale or other purposes .
21 st . —That when the land is purchased , it shall be rorveyed and divided according to the previous rule , and rule 16 , into sections of o 76 acres ; and further into quarter sections of 144 acres , each section numbered with its corresponding quarters . Then such of the quarters as shall be determined by ballot , for choice , to be subdivided into nine acres or original shares , as is agreed to in rule 16 , in order to accommodate \ he smallest purchasers ; and that therefore the ballot * for choice be' in quarter sections , those having subscribed for more than one quarter section , to complete their choice from the same drawing , either in lots adjoining , or otherwise at their own option .
Subscnbers for thesmail lots , ax original shares to unite la numbers equal to quarter sietions , and draw for choice for that amount , by one of their own body or number ; then in a similar manner draw again for the choice of the smaller lota , completing their : quantity from one drawing , if they require more than one of the said small lots , proceeding in this manner until the whole is appropriated . : 22 nd . —That all the residue and remainder of the property after the roads and other reserves have been deducted , and all the shares , < ka , appropriated , shall fee and remain public property as by rule 17 is determined ; this arrangement affords the subscribers an opportunity of choice to the last , as there wUllbe several shares ttns unappropriated , and a considerable accession to public property available as mutual aid , as explained in the- 18 th rule . !
23 rxL— "When the town lotj , Hie highways , and other roads to private occupancy , and all the sections and shares shall have been appropriated , the remainder shall he puHicproperty as stated in the 17 th rnle , and shall be applied as is there an * elsewhere directed , 01 m xewarditD individuals lor services in establishing
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this colory or township , in lieu of money payments during the infancy of the establishment as in the judgment of r tbe committee shall st-em proper , but not to apply to the expenses of survey , going out , selecting , &c , as those must be met with present money payment . 24 th . —That "When any of the smaller lots that have been balloted for in quarter sections snail fall out inconvenient for occupation , from the circumstance of being much ¦] insulated from the occupation reads , or wasting too much lanJs in such roads , the proprietor of said lot or lota may have a fresh choice according to measure and ' quality out of the unappropriated or
surplus lands , at his or their option if applied for to the committeeiwithin twelve months from the time of the original ballot { that all maybe satisfied , and all may be comfortable )] by paying into the public treasury , one dollar for each and every such small lot , and the expenses thai ; may be thereby incurred—and may farther if desirable at the time of such exchange , enlarge bis lot from land adjoining his fresh choiCb or -other unappropriated jland by purchase at the valuation of the committee , and may be accommodated in the payment by security in the premises at the discretion of the committee—this is another advantage derivable from the surplus or township appropriation .
25 th . —That the town front next the river shall be left open and free , as stated in the rale , for publio promenade , health , and greater safety from accidental floods in case such should occur , which sometimes happens in America in even well seleeted sites—that the honses be all built with the first floor a few feet above the natural level of the land—it will give greater scope to the future improvement of the street—and that foot paths be left free for public use along both banks of the river , ; the whole length of the township ( eight miles ) for the exercise and health of the inhabitants , and that styles or gates be fixed to accommodate the . same , and that the said foot pathB be always kept in sufficient passable or walking repair , by the owners of the lands respectively , the committee to have power to enforce the same .
seth . —That in selecting the town site especial regard be had te future capabilities or possible future capabilities ; choosing a rather elevated situation near a navigable river , 'for future conveyance of merchandize , should be a firat essential , —salubrity and good soil with contiguity of fuel another , though navigation may relieve or assist in the article of fuel—then the land to the extent required to be selected in the form described in the 9 th rule or as near as may be—and as the command of water power' is one of the most essential points as regards town employment , and without town employment no town can make much progress—this by a judicious foresight may be obtained to a great extent by selecting as above stated , a town site upon somewhat of an eminence , or elevated plot , or gentle rise near the river ; then previous to any s ) lotm » t being made , a
tract of land ranging to some convenient higher point of the river should be determined upon , and reserved for the pnrpes ? of a water course or canal * to terminate upo « the highest level of said eminence , yet sufficiently regulated to prevent any overflow to the damage of the town or adjacent lands , —here a reservoir would command every point of the town for domestic supply , and furnish power to any number of mills the original stream may be equal to : this also to be public property , and be undertaken at public cost , and will bscome a source of great ; and advancing revenue as the town advances in business and population , by sale , or rentiDg the power , as the same may be required—but in the mean time the tract need only be reserved—scrupulously reserved as anessential to the future prosperity of the town .+
27 th . —That building sites for two hotels be set off bom the town allotment , at the two opposite corners of the foot of the principal cross street , and fronting the river , of such dimensions as may be thought sufficient , which said street shall be at least thirty yards wide , extending across the whole town allotment from the river to the town ' s utmost boundary , expanding to a square sufficient to accommodate the future market , at the low end thereof , and shall be called Marketstreet , and Market-square respectively . The said building sites shall be set out previous to any apportionment of the town lot to the subscribers and shall be public reserved property for the express purpose , and built at public expense , in the speediest
manner for the immediate accommodation of arriving parties until their own dwellings can be completed , which said temporary hotels' shall remain public property , and be conducted now and in future as Temperance HotelB , and be under the superintendence of the committee and have pecuniary assistance from them at discretion until able to support themselves , but shall always hereafter with all others be conducted upon strict principles of total abstinence from epiritous liquors , and upon this account ia the pecuniary assistance given , and that no other description of hotel be ever permitted ; thus one fruitful source of misery and crime is intended to be prevented from the very commencement of this interesting settlement .
And provided the Colony should be located in the State of Illinois or in the Territories of Iowa or Wisconsin , a most pleasing and profitable employment might be pursued by females and the younger branches of . families , encouraging the growth of the Mulberry Tree and the increase' of the Silk Worm . 28 th . —That a suitable site for a publio school and master ' s house , with room for ample conveniences to the same , be reserved from the town lot , regard being had to the most desirable and central situation , the expense of building and master's salary to be defrayed from the publio funds or proceeds of the pnblic lands sufficient to encourage a first-rate teacher , the test of whese abilities shall be judged of by some future determination , as also whose children be free or otherwise—a similar appropriation shall also be made in the country districts upon similar principles .
29 th . —That a reserve be made out of the town lot to assist or form a salary for a clever medical practitioner , whose abilities must be sufficiently attested ; this in order to secure a respectable one from the commencement . 30 th . —That a reserve of five acres of land in some suitable location in the town lot be appropriated « a cemetery equally available to all classes—nevertheless private family portions may be disposed of by the committee to such as require that privilege ; the proceeds of these sales to be in aid of the public funds or treasury , and under the management of the cemmittee . 21 st—That a public saw and grist mill be at the earliest opportunity proceeded with , ss public property , under the direction ef the committee , and regulated hereafter as occasion may require .
X 32 nd . —That : all woods , waters , water courses , quarries of every ; material , mines , and minerals , shall be freely and folly enjoyed by and wholly the property of the proprietor in whose lands they may be included . 33 rd . —That al * forms of religion be equally respected and accommodated as regards property , and tbeir ministers supported in such manner as tbeir respective congregations approve . 34 th . —That all cases of difference or dispute be settied by arbitration , in order to preserve the harmony and unanimity of { the society ; and that the committee
or council { whichever name the acting body are known by hereafter ) be considered standing arbitrators , to whom all such cases shall be referred , or to whom they shall appoint . 35 th . —In case of an orig inal proprietor , his heirs or assigns , disposing of the vrhole of his allotment , the beneficial right in the township and town funds shall be in the purchaser , provided be buy the whole allotment—but if it b > sold in parcels the said right shall be adjudicated amongst the respective purchasers by the committee or their successors jointly with the trustees of thfe township binds , by a majority of at least twothirds in number and value .
36 th . —That each member pay threepence per month for every ten acres lot subscribed for , towards the expenses of sending out persons to select and purchase the land , surveying , dividing , and other incidental expenses , until the whole be completed , and the full amonnt of said expenses discharged . 37 th . —That persons wishing to retire from this society § be allowed to dispose of tbeir lots to any other person , with the consent of the committee ; the purchaser thtreof making good all arrears , if any , or to be liable to the same in like manner aa the original proprietor would have been .
38 th . —That if any lot or lota of land remain two years unclaimed , or unoccupied , after the adjudication or apportioning of the same , they shall be forfeited and merge in the general property , because this is not a scheme or speculation of profit by purchasing land with a view of gain by the improvements of others , but as a means of bettering the condition of the industrious , by st&tuai simultaneous exertion . 39 tn . —That none but persona of known good reputation , andof soberand industrious habits , be encouraged to join this society ; this is essential
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* All along which canal there would be powerfal waterfalls down to the river again , of different degrees of elevation , more especially at the terminuB in the town , where they might probably range from twenty to thirty or forty feet , with a constant head of water in the reservoir so as to be at all times preserved from the power ot frost . * f- If a sufficiently powerful river be selected , which may doubtless be Jound either upon the Mississippi or Wisconsin rivers in the territory of Wisconsin j the situation commanding the whole valley of the Missis * aippi by water communication , and its numerous branch navigations opening ] out the vast territories of the Far West , as a market for its manufactures of whatever Mad , and tie great facilities the said navigation affords foi obtaining the raw material from the lower States bordering on the Mississippi .
Iron ore of the finest quality is had from the Iron Mountains of Missouri , where it is procured without digging for , merely taken from the surface of the mountains . There ia also the probability of finding coal in the Wisconsin , or Iowa district j it is already in inexhaustible quantities in the neighbouring state of Pennsylvania . : £ It will behove the parties making the contract with the Government Agent to attend to the subject matter of this rule , as they cannot give a perfect title unless they themselves possess it
§ Before they have fully paid up their subscriptions , er nave received their title deeds ; for after completing their purchase , It isevident they may dispose of their property as the ; please .
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40 th . —That although some of these rules are calculated for -the future , or advanced state of the association , yet as they show a provision for too bjiuo , it is resolved that they stand as part of tho coda—sabjoct nevertheless to reviaiou—improvement , or even rescinding according to future circumstances , at any general meeting of the proprietary called for the purpose—of which- meeting a full mouth ' s public notice shall be given to the said proprietary previous to discussing the subject—and that no rule ; shall be dispensed with , or become binding , but by the authority of meetings so constituted or called together .
41 st—Persons residing in any part of the country may ! form societies on these rules , by sending the names of new members to be entered in the general register monthly , aud by transmitting their subscriptions quarterly , to be deposited in the Halifax Joint Stock Bank ; and for copies of rules , and , any other information connected with the society , application may be marte to any of the following gentlemen , and if by letter post-paid , inclosing three penny postage stamps . Mir . Pitketbjey , Merchant , Boston Road , Huddersfield ; Mr . Jabez Todd , Grocer , Upperhead Row , Huddersfield .-Mr . Joseph Nicholson , Printer , Grove Street , Halifax . Mr . William Haigh , Gentleman , Wade Street , Halifax .
Mr . Thomas Bewley , Gentleman , Satmurthy , near Cockernvouth , Cumberland . Mr . Elijah Crabtree , Agent , Broad Street , Halfax .
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in our own institutions , and all that ca ° be culled from the Americans , or ' other sources , ancient or new , forming a complete establishment of judicial , social , moral , and intellectual wt ? rth . " Perhaps I may be running alone too fast ; but i £ ia well to have every possible combination of good in view , and to plan accordingly . Whatever is omitted or neglected in the outset is with difficulty afterwards brought into operation . » I am decidedly of opinion that ngrist and saw mill should be undertaken in the first instance by the
Association , unless some experienced person should be desirous of undertaking it on his own account . . Even that is not the most desirable ; they are the two most essential first requisites , and eught to be at the command of the directing body . A . short paragraph in our local papers , referring to some known person for information , may , when that information is complete , be useful and proper , ! When any communication on the subject is committed to your papers , please forward a copy to my address . " I am most respectfully thy friend , " Thomas Bewlet .
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nity of small Uwas and villages . Imagine then how much greater the difference must fee in the remote parts of the United States where there are bo tew settle menta . I have in tb . 9 " Notes of my Tour" given some fe ^ cases , especially at Chicago , of the rapid rise in the value of land , and particularly building ground ; and one instance where about a quarter of an acre had risea within afew years from five-sixteenths of a dollar to forty thousand dollars . This was effected by on increase of population , and the consequent establishment of a little traffic , which , with a moderate number of colonists , could most assuredly be equalled in the projected colony in a very few years , and which must induce the rich to invest their funds in the soil , and also in car rying out such improvements as may be deemed necessary ; such aa roads , bridges , canals , or railways , and in assisting poor persons to locate themselves upon the land , all which departments being alike sure and profitable investments .
Persons who have been engaged in agricultural pursuits ought to take a deep interest in the formation of the colony ; farmers being pre-eminently qualified for the object , while it affords the most ample field , for the display of their skill and talent The breading and rearing of cattle and sheep may be turned to good account , and fowls may be increased to any extent . Many have turned their attention to the breeding of sheep and growth of wool . I saw some of the finest sheep I ever beheld , and I have no doubt bnt the finest wool may be grown in the Far West ; and for carrying on manufactures of every necessary description there can be every possible facility afforded . It is not improbable that minerals may be obtained in the colony , which would afford an additional source of industry and wealth .
The selection of the situation must be made with great care and caution , after the mostminnte enquiries and investigation of all the regions within the pre * scribed territories . The extent of land on wkich to select thefloeation la so immense } the quality so various ; the difference of situation so important ; the existence of water-falls of any weight and extent for mechanical purposes ; the certainty that coal and other valuable minerals abound ; the knowledge that the difference between prairie and wooded land in regard to clearing and cultivation , and that part wooded and pait clear ia , xrith a geod soil , no secondary consideration , nor that water and other cheap and easy conveyance to a good market must not be lost sight of , and teat a healthy situation is above all other considerations , renders the trust of selection one of vast responsibility . .
The extent of population gives additional value to tfee laud , buildings , mines , and every description of produce . In the Western States of North America * where the population is so small , this is peculiarly visible . To this the Yankees , by birth or adoption , are perfectly alive , which is made evident to every one who visits them , and who are one and all hotly pressed , by every argument which ingenuity can devise , to settle on their land , or in their immediate neighbourhood . Wherever a town can be projected and designated by the name of seme European metropolis , or city of renown , up gets the price of land , or plots , set apart by the projector for building , from the original pries of one and a quarter dollars per acre , to ten , twenty .
forty , eighty , and upwards , for one-eighth part of an acre . I have seen a plot of this kind get up to 40 , 000 dollars , as stated in my account of Chicago . In an infant town , of no large population , if a house ia required upon rent , nearly , if not altogether , the amount which the building cost will be charged for one year'B rent , so that by going out individually , or in single families , as is generally the case , the tax in this way npon Emigrants is enormous . I therefore prefer a scheme of " Mutual Aid , " bnt independent property colony ; whereby , instead of submitting to such heavy imposts , we shall be enabled to give Brother Jonathan a Rowland for an Oliver ; and be ourselves enabled to sell building plots in the
projected town , m the centre of the colony , to our brethren at their own price ; or honses may be built , as they do theirs , at a very small cost , and let to them on their own terms . And be it understood that while the town increases in aiza and population the property will proportionablr increase in value , and the farms and country allotments will be increased in the same ratio ; and in a very short time , with proper management , would enable the fortunate holders to sell , if they so Wished it , at twenty dollars per acre , and that would go . on increasing to more than double the amount in value . This is no visionary picture , for I have seen it . to an immense extent : and this is one great source of wealth to the Americans .
The first pnblic property in that colony would , in all probability , be a grist mill , next a saw mill , then such schools aa might be required for the children , a post office , library and' news-room . Every description of manufactures found necessary could be carried on by water power . The finest sheep could be bred and kept . Exceedingly fine wool could be grown at a very trifling expence , also flax and hemp . The mulberry ( and s new plant the name of which I have lost ) is cultivated and many employed at their own homes in manufacturing silk from the worm . Farmers , mechanists , and artificers in every department of trade would be required .
Let it be borne in mind that I advise none to leave their native land ; I would rather they would rise in all their native dignity , display their own omnipotence , regenerate their fallen country , and , with it , themselves . Such a triumph would be wottk a universe . ! Emigration schemes would lose their charms , and evaporate , while all would remain on their native soil , in the midst ef plenty , contentment , and happiness . Could I but discover one dawn of hope—could virtue and patriotism be so far united as to inspire my countrymen to make one grand , united , peaceful , bat determined effort , my paper , pen , and ink would instantly lay unused , and I B&ouia be found in the front of the holy band .
I work for those who love liberty sufficiently to cause them , to watch its enemies so closely , as fcqkeep one eye open while asleep ; who are ready at all times for the field of combat against the common foe ; but I hold no communion with the monsters in human shape who are ever ready to devour our species . Therefore I shall proceed to carry forward my views foe the benefit of tae deserving few , in the anxious hops that my information and experience may in same- measure conduce to their happinesss . ( To be continued . )
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— - ~ — — — — — —— - »*^ w- w w m w » w w v v v « r ^* * * v Singular Suit . —The German papers speak of a strange circumstance , which is about to give birth to a law suit . A middle-aged man was not long since playing pharo at Koethen . in tke principality of Aniiait . He had been playing for some time , when the card he held won 1 , 000 ducats . The dealer handed over the money , and inquired how he wished to continue the game ; bat the made no reply . Repeating the question , and receiving no answer , he desired one of the bystanders to seeif something was not the matter wito the man . He did so , and the player was found to be a corpse 1 The dead body was taken away , and the dealer very coolly drew back his 1 , 000 ducats , saying that the game was a syna ) Iagma 6 i ( 3 contract , made between persons capable of fulfilling its conditions , and could not be supposed to bold good between the living and the dead . The heirs havo claimed the sum , and the matter has been referred to the tribunals .
A Wheelino Article . — Going to dinner the other day , we saw a . iittlo codger , about two ycara * old , sitting iu a wheelbarrow and trying to wheel himself . It struck us that many people in this world are often caught in the same act , and we shall always think—hereafter : — When we see a business man trusting everything to his clerks , and continually seeking his own amusement—always absent from his counting-house , and yet expecting to get along—he ' s sitting in a wheelbarrow , and trying to wheel himself . When we see a professional man better acquainted with every thing else than his profession , always starting some new scheme , and never attending to his calling , his wardrobe and credit will soon , designate him as sitting in a wheelbarrow , and trying to wheel himself .
When we see a farmer with an over-abundance of " hired help , " trasting everything to their management , his fences down , implements out of repair , and land suffering for want of proper tillage—too proud or too lazy to off-coat and go to work—fce ' a sitting in a wheelbarrow , trying to wheel himself . When we see a mechanic run half a Equare every day to borrow a newspaper , and may be 9 jba \ eto "wait ten or fifteen minutes before he can get it , we shall suspect that the time he losea would soon pay the subscription , and consider him sitting in a wheelbarrow , and trying to wneel himself . When we see a man busily engaged in circulating scandal concerning his neighbour , we infer he is pretty deep in the mud himself , and is sitting in * wheelbarrow , and trying to wheel himself out . — Wheeling Gazette .
More Leeches—Pensions—Civil List . —A List of all Pensions granted between the 20 th day of June 1842 , and the 20 th of June , 1843 , -and charged upon the Civil List ( pursuant to the Act of 1 Victoria , c . 2 ) j-September 24 , 1842 . —Louisa , Baroness Lehxen ( in consideration of the faithful services rendered by her to her Majesty daring a period of eighteen yeara ) , j £ 4 Q 0 . Noy . 17 , 1842 . —Elizabeth Derereiix Kennedy and AnnaMaria Kennedy , sisters of Sir Robert Kennedy , late commissary-general , ( Additional pension , in testimony of the publio services of their late brother ) , £ 200 , Nov . 17 , 1842 . —William Wordsworth , Esq . ( in consideration of his distinguished literary attainments ) , £ 300 .
Nov . 25 , 1842 . —John Curtis , Esq . ( in consideration of his zealous devotion to science ) , £ 100 . Nov . 25 , 1842 . —Richard Owen , Esq ., member of the Royal College of Surgeons , Runterian Professor , and one of the Conservators of the Museum ( in consideration of his distinguished exertions in the improvement of science ) , £ 200 . Total , £ 1 , 200 . G . Clbbk . Whitehall , Treasury Chambers , June 29 .
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rv , ™^ meth booting adopted inQus rale , is to OTrad the great difficulty of apportioning the respective Mllots so ss to afford the proprieto ^ the option of ehwee , on account of the impossibility of their all l « tng present at the time of osJibang—then if not present ihere tan be no cnoice-and if no choice be be ^ dLfff ^ il ^ ' «* & <*** "totion , lS «? w £ wL 1 , PKxaKtaie nnSl such choice he made , gpFSS S SSSSSpswwfe
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The original rules of the Society were , for the purpose of improvement , placed in the hands of Thomas Bewle ? , Esq ., a member of the Society of Friends , resiuiug at Setraurthy , near Cockeraouth , Cumberlaud , , a gentleman possessed of much practical knowledge , having resided some years in the United States , and devoted , much afcteutien to the subject The foregoing are ths rules in tbeir improved state , subject , of course , to each amendment as circumstances may render expedient .
Before I proceed to give those necessary cautions and instructions to Emigrants , without which my object would be incomplete , I beg : the attention of the reader to three very important communications I received from my esteemed friend , Mr . Bewley , and which communications are too valuable and too closely interwoven with my subject , to be kept from the public eye . I therefore give them without further preface : —
NO . 1 . Settnurthy , near Cockermouth , . 7 th mo . 23 rd , 1842 . Respected Freind . —Having in the course of last ¦ week Been an advertisement of a published letter of Dr . John Smiles to yourself , on tbe subject of Emigration to the United States . I was induced to send to Manchester for a copy , Which having received , I am much struck and animated with tho correspondence of his views and sentiments with my own . " I have been a few years in the States of New York and Pennsylvania , and in the Lower Province of Canada ( four yeans in the city of Montreal ) , but not in the territory of Wisconsin , thonjjh I have beard much ofir ; and which 1 consider highly favourable to the English agriculturalist , or to the English generally .
'I frequently saw their . native papers in Philadelphia , j hence my decided good opinion . I had formed precisely the same idea of a company of known ( to each other ) { Englishmen purchasing at once a comprehensive tract , of land , combining as much aa might be , every requisite for future application , as to quality of land , climate , means ef transfer , water convenience both for mechanical operation and navigation , with other el teteras } I have been more immediately led to this Bpeculation from the eircntnatanoe of having a few nephews ¦ who have lost their parents ^ and whose prospects in this country present nothing but gloom , together with young ' rising families for whom no cheering prospect can be anticipated . They are at present occupied in farming and mining pursuits , and are healthy , strong , and industrious .
'' I have had consultations with them on this subject ; and hail formed tbe plan of going out with them as pioneer ! , into this yery territory , for some time before seeing the above letter . " Now the perusal has added considerable animation to my mind , and opened a much more extensive view of the subject . I ( should be truly glad to contribute the remaining energies of ray mind to the furtherance of some plan of this nature which Dr . Smiles and yourself , with others , may concoct , and as introductory thereto , shall be truly gratified With your correspondence .
" I have no family of sons , but have two daughters , both married , one in Liverpool , to Robert Abbott , 8 , Elliot-fitreet , Clayton-square , and the other to Robert Benson ! in Preston , both wholesale grocers and tea dealers ; so that my own family interests form no part of my inducements , but an earnest desire to rescue my unprovieled-for nephews from tbe difficulties staring them in the face in this country , as also to extend that probable benefit as widely as possible to my suffering countrymen . 2 have no wife living—am blessed with exceeding good health and constitution , with much of the active energy of youth for such undertakings—perhaps superior—being more modified by experience .
" Dr . Smiles appears to expect you visiting the Statea this present summer . Should this be the case , perhaps some of your home friends will favour me with the information ; if not , and this comes to your own band , please favour me with your correspondence which I shall be happy to respond to . ' , I am , most respectfully , Your friend , Thomas Bewley . " Address me , te the care of Joseph Watson , Danker , Cocksrmouth . " ' To Mr . Pitkethly , Huddersfleld . "
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No . 2 . " Setmurthy , near Cockeraoutb , Htfa mo 16 tb , 1842 . "Esteemed Friend , —Thy acceptable letter of the 9 th inst , came to hand on the 14 th , having laid at Cockermouth a , few days . We have not daily intercourse with the town .
" I have paid great attention to its contents . As far aa concerns my taking active proceedings in promoting the extension of the Association it seems premature , inasmuch as I am in i « noranee of your entire views , conditions , and regulations . : * ' tf you have drawn up any prospectus or plan of procedure , I should esteem it a favour if thou wouldst transmit me a copy , in order to weigh the matter , and become fully master ot your views of the subject , bq as to point out the advantages likely to be derived , and to meet tbe inquiries and objections that may be expected to arise even from those favourable to Emigration and the plan generally ; and , if necewary , to make such additions ' as my experience of , and my acquaintance with , the country and the habits of the people may dictate ; subject , notwithstanding , to the approbation of the Association so far as formed , that we may act in unison .
" As stated In my former letter , my views were latterly limitted to pioneering the road for the benefit of my nephews , but expanded on the perusal of Dr . SmyJes ' B printed letter . As your absence has prevented or delayed intercommunication , bo as not fully to understand your views and intended mode of procedure , that object seems now the most necessary first step ; and to attain which I am now fully at liberty , as well as to devote my whole attention and energy to its furtherance , in active exertion , if the plan of scheme meet my views ; as also in such suggestions aa I may be enabled to lay before the Association for their
approbation and adoption , as it will be desirable and necessary to meet every possible objection , aa well as to give entire satisfaction in the ; mode of raising the money , its : safe deposit until a purchase shall be made , and various other pecuniary considerations : then the mode of survey , and equitable distribution , roads , reserve for schools , and other beneficial institutions and works , even though not immediately wanted , ought to be foseseen and provided for , with a very liberal and ample plau and scale of a town by all means upon the banks of a river available to navigation , and on both batiks if possible . .
"I am conversant in ship and boat building , especially a superior plan of propelling by steam not yet in practice , peculiarly applicable to inland navigation . I have also i been engaged in practical agriculture the greatest part of my life , both in this country and the United States ; and I apprehend the most efficient service I could render would be in that country , In selecting 0 ! location , and arranging the purchase , &c , as the thing should be gone about with a considerable knowledge ' of the people and country , with somewhat of apparent indifference , but as the Americans say , " wide awake ; " more of this hereafter . In the meantime , I should be glad if you would detail a little of your tour ; j your impressions as you went along , both as to the country and the people ; tbe route you took from Montreal ; your interview with Dr . Smyles ; his sentiments in personal communication ; and the locality you might have most approved for future operations , either in your own judgment , or : in conjunction with
the Doctor . " Your friend , John Leach , who replied to my former letter in your absence , stated that two societies were being formed or forming—one at Halifax , and the other at Glasgow ); hut I have had no communication with them , consequently know nothing of their plans or progress . I have preferred , as it were , laying upon my oars until informed of the result of your tour : and am sorry to find the state of trade and confidence at BO low an ebb ; it will discourage many in their views of emigration , ! for it is astonishing how readily and eagerly people , especially farmew , lay hold of every discouraging circumstance as an excuse for their own apathy : although they acquiesce in the opinion of the benefit of emigratfon generally , whilst property remains , they are cowardly individually and difficult to be moved ; local prejudices and family ties seem difficult to overcome ; ' > . ' ¦
" Although I am fully able to appreciate all your views to the utmost , it is notwithstanding expedient and desirable to : have one uniform code or plan of procedure , tangible , and comprehensible by all , and to which all may be referred . If this be not already done , it is desirable that it now be forthwith , embracing every substantial fact I could wish us to make a powerful demonstration—a great , master effort—one grand model settlement , combining all that ia valuable
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No . 3 . " Setmurthy , near Cockermouth , 12 th Mo . 17 th , 1 S 42 . "ESTEEMED FBIEND , L . PlTKETHXY . —Thine Of the 3 rd inst ., and one from E . Crabtree , Halifax , under date 1 st instant , jaccompanied by the rules of tbe Emigration Society now forming , came to my hand together on the 7 thi He mentioned having received the letter I addressed to thee on the 16 th ult , and which he expressed had given himself and the society at Balifox much satisfaction . I may in reply , thank you both for your faveurable sentiments , and also assnre you that it will give me great pleasure to be in any degree " instrumental , " in progressing the society or its views . 1
" Since I have received the rules of the society , I have devoted my time very fully to the consideration of them , and to the r future bearing . I have analyzed them very fully and approve them generallybut as they do not so fully embrace ths subject as my views extend , I have reconstructed them , retaining the substance and adding what hath bo far occurred to myself in addition . I Wbaa I have a little longer weighed their bearing in their more extended form , I intend transmitting a copy to E . Crabtree , and ] if time would permit whilst thou remaineth at Glasgow , I feel disposed to do tbe same
to thyself : perhaps they might be somewhat useful to the society formings there , if they be disposed to form an union with the "West Biding ; " but this I must leave to thy better j means of judging . An additional reason for uniting the two societies is the smallness of the land allotment ] fixed by your rules , viz , 10 , 240 acres—it will incur nearly as much expense in a person going out , selecting , surveying and purchasing &a a larger lot . ( 1 should suppose one competent person sufficient on accouut of the expenses , or rather ia order to keep them as low as possible . )
I have fixed , and ( calculated according to double that quantity , viz ., 20 , 480 acres , and have also varied the form , say eight miles in length , by four in breadth , to be if possible in equal , or nearly equal halves on each side of some navigable river , or one that can easily be made navigable for boats or steam vessels . ( I have previously mentioned my acquaintance with steam navigation . ) Steam vessels in America are made to draw very little water , I should say two-and-a-half or three feet may be found sufficient for suoh inland navigation * , as is here contemplated . " Then the form Jef the plot of land I have mentioned admits of the greatest facility to the most remote settlers upon it , as none will be over two miles from water carriage , and it may be further possible to meet witb some branch navigation making it still more accessible , but at all events , it may be said to bring | the most remote within the limits here assumed .
" Then tbe larger the plot , the less the outside fence will be in proportion . A larger association will also reduce the individual outlay , for unavoidable expenses in the purchase , survey , &c I also differ from the rules in regard to the town lot . I prefer its being public or joint property , for several reasons which are given , iu the rules I have alluded to ; and as the town let will necessarily have to be deducted from the aggregate amount of acres in whatever way appropriated ; the highways and occupation roads must also be abated from the said aggregate : it therefore follows that fuW ten acres cannot be jaet out to each share . I hive therefore so apportioned these shares as to meet the
circumstances , and leave a balance as public propertystill calling the ten acres shares—" original ten acre lots , " which I think will receive no opposition , aa each individual wilt have ( an interest and a benefit in tbe public property , and : in its increasing value . And further , the present sacrifice' is so trifling , in the first instance . The roada . j at ail events , must have to be abated before any appropriation can take place , all this will more fully appear upon reference to the said code of rules , which I have with considerable attention and care drawn up for the' consideration of the society , embodying their views as much as I can with my own , as before observed .
"I hope thou has been able in the course of thy journey to find persons who ( July appreciate the merits of the plan , and who will spiritedly co-operate in its completion . I wait with anxious desire to know what may probably be expected ' , and should indeed be highly gratified whenever opportunity and place can be f ound for personal interview . ! " From ECrabtree ' sjletter , it appears but few seem yet to have embraced the plan , and from the slender amount of acres I should suppose those few of rather slender means . It will be necesswy , if possible , to have some pretty weighty subscribers . I should like to hear of
individuals , practical j agriculturalists , putting down tbeir names for whole sections ; there ought to baa decided majority of that profession , for although others may become farmers , they will themselves labour under considerable inconvenience for years , that is , in comparison with those more familiar with the business . Moreover , there ia the necessity for men of capital . I shall with pleasure resume , after I hear fr 6 m thee and after thy return ; and in tbe mean time , rest assured ot my sincere friendship and interest in the project . "I am thy friend , " Thos . Bewlet . "
I have considered that it Will be useful to the public to publish the Letter ! No . 1 , from Thomas Bewley , because by it will be shown , that with his experience obtained by an eight years' residence , he had , before the perusal of Dr . Smyles'a letter to myself , formed a plan of going out in order to provide such homes and comfort for bis nephews as he could not effect in their own country . The spirit of this letter is precisely What is required to be infused into society ; while the views of this plain kpoken gentleman cannot foil to enlighten and stimulate the mind to virtuous exertion both at home and abroad . Mr . Bewley ' s letter , ' No . 2 , breathes a combined tpirit of caution , utility , arrangement , organisation , discernment , and kindness ; and also conveys his and my own views of the object to be attained , in a manner superior to my own . It likewise shows how the rules and regulations may be brought to maturity .
Letter , No . 3 , is no less valuable than the first and second ; inasmuch as it demonstrates the practicability and advantages of the { scheme . It is atae peculiarly calculated to awaken a spirit of inquiry and criticism which must lead t ® a beneficial result , if con . ducted in a proper spirit , It also shows the great advantage which must accrue from the application of a mind so admirably calculated to develope the principles in all their bearings . In the person of Mr . Bewley , we find a gentleman possessing a mind peculiarly adapted to the subject ; a man possessing extensive knowledge and { practical experience , and who being free from the carea of family and business , and secluded from the bustling throng , is enabled to devote his entire thoughts to tnis his darling subject ; and I feel confident ( hat I onlyjecho the feelings of thousands , when 1 say that I feel no less proud than grateful for such invaluable aid . !
From my extensive and multifarious communications and correspondence I fiudithat in many Instances the term " colony" is confounded with the word " community . " However , let it be understood that every property will be distinctly and separately the property of an individual or family , or company , as the case may be ; but that no rule exists to prevent any number of individuals from combining and subscribing for one or more lots , and upon which they may form a community ol goods . That is a matter left entirely to themselves , and to be arranged upon their own estates . Those who take 10 , 20 , 40 , 80 , 1 or 190 acres , will , in proportion to the extent , have proportionate interest ia the property reserved for general purposes ; but that claim will apply only to the extent of the land , and not to the number of persons located thereon and each will have it in hia power to ] dispose of his property the same as any ene not having entered a colony but who has purchased his property on the common individual plan . I
No other plan than this exists whereby a person can purchase less than eighty [ acres ; the smallest quantity which the Government will sell , unless at double , treble , and often ten and twenty-fold the original price . The money will be paid to t e American Consul in this country ; so that no one shall have occasion to be entrusted with the funds . jand , consequently , they cannot be misapplied . The price is one dollar and a quarter per acre , which is equal to five shillings and pence-halfpenny . Ten acres will only cost £ 1 12 s Id 11 not half the amount paid to many of the aristocrats in tbe shape Of rent for ! one acre , and from which the tenant is frequently liable to be ejected : whereas the consolation In this case is in the knowledge that you axe settled upon your own land , from which no landlord can remove you-j-where no one can demand rent , tithes , or Easter dues , and where the taxes are merely nominal—that you'are free and independent , and that every improvement you effect is for your own advantage , and will be handed down to your posterity .
It is not an affair in which one is to profit by the industry of another : but- a scheme for mutual and general advantage , each one having a voice in the government of all publio property , matter , or thing . No speculation with which I am acquainted weuld afford an equal certainty oft a large and quick return to any capitalist who might invest bis money in the colony . It is universally known that even in Britain the price of land ia very much affected by the numbers of tbe population upon it ; that in the neighbourhood of large towns the land ia higher in value than it ifl in the vici-
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6 TBE N O R T H F , R N S T A E __ ' __ _
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 15, 1843, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct659/page/6/
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