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BIRDS . < B ? ELIZA COOK . ) Srdflbirdi lye arebeanSfnl things , With jom earth-treading feet and yonr clonS-cleaving ¦ win p . Where shall nan -wander , and \ rhere ah&fl he dwell , Beautiful taxis , that ye come not as well ? Ye have nests on ti » mountain tSI ragged and stark ; Te haTB setts in the forest all tangled and dark ; Te bafld and ye brood ' neatti the cottagers * eaves , And ye sleep en the sod mid the bonnie green leave *; Ye hide in the heather , ye Inrk In tbe brake , Ye dire in the sweet flags that shadow the lake ; Ye skim -where the stream parts the orchard-decked
Ye dance -where the foam sweeps the desolate strand : Beautiful birds , ye come thickly arennd , When the bad ' s on the frnmph and the snow ' s on the ground ; Ye come when the richest of roses flash oat , And ye come -when the yellow leaf eddies abonfc Grey-haired pilgrim , Ebon hast Jeen Bound the chequered ¦ world I ween ; Than lost lived in hsppy lands , Where the thriving city stands ; Thon hast trarell'd far to see Where the city used to be ; Chsnoe and change are every "where , * Kiches here and ruins there ; Pilgrim tbou hast gazed on aD , Onxisfog pile and fading -wall .
Tellns , sswyenofc biare birds , In the crumblinf hilli of old , Where Monarch ' s mule and rnlert words Breathed above the ehalic&d gold ? Say ' -who is it ; now that waits At the hundred braxen gates' ? Who is now the great High Priest , Bending o ' er the carrion least ? Who is now the reigning oue , O ' er the dust of Babylon ? It is the owl -with doleful scream , Waking the jack&ll from Mb dream ; It is the Baron black , and sleek , With shining claw and sharpened beak ; It is the Yolture sitting high In mockery of thrones gone by .
Pilgrim , say , -what dost thon meet In bray mart and crowded street ! There the smoke-brown Sparrow sits ; There the dingy Martin flits ; " There the tribs from doTe-bouse coop Taie their joyous moroin ? ywoop ; There the treasured ' * "T » g" > g' pet In Mb narrow cage is set . Welcoming the beams that come Upon his gilded priEon-home . * * * * Pilgrim say , -who -was it show'd A ready pathway to the Alp ? Who was it crossed your lonely road , From the valley to the scalp ? Tired and timid friendB had failed . Besting in the hat below ; Bat your bold heart still -was bailed By the eagle and the crow 1
Hariner ! mariner ; thon mayst go Par as the strongest wind can blow , Bat ranch thonl t tell when thon comest back Of the sea running high * nd the sky growing black ; Of the mast that went with a rending crash , Of the lee-shore seen by the lightning ' s flash : And never shaft thoa forget to speak Of the white Gull ' s cry and the Petrel's shriek ; JPor ont on the ocean , leagues away , Madly skimmeth the boding flock . The storm-fire barns , bet what care they ? Tis the season of juy and tliBtime for play , When the thunder-peal and the breaker ' s spray Are bursting and boiling around the rock . * * * * Up in the morning while the dew
Is splashing in crystals o'er him , The ploughman hies to the upland rise , Bat the lark is there before him . " He sings while the team 1 b joked to the share ; He sings while the mist is going ; He sings when the noon-tide south is fair ; He sings when the west is glowing . New bis pinions are spread o ' er the peasant * s . head ; Hur he drops in the furrow behind him . O ! the Lark Is a merry and constant mate , Without faTOur or fear to bind him .
BeaSfoltiirds I fiow the school boy remembers The warblers that chorused his holiday tone , The robin that ehirp'd in the frosty Decembers , The Blackbird that -whistled throngh notrer-crowned Jane . That schoolboy remembers his holiday ramble , When he pull'd every Mossom of palm he could see , When -hi * finger was raised as he stopped in the bramble , With ** Hark J there ' s the Cuckoo , how close he must
Beautiful birds ! we ' re encircled thy names With the fairest of fruits and the fiercest of flames , We paint War with his Eagle and Peace with fcer 3 > OV 6 , With the red bolt of Death , and the olive ef Lot * ; The fountain of friendship is never complete Till ye coo o'er its waters so sparkling and sweet ; And where is the hand that would dare to divide Even Wisdom's glare self from the Owl by her side ?
Beautiful ereatores of freedom and light , 01 where is the eye that groweth not bright . As it watches you trimming your seft , glossy coats , Swelling your bosoms and raffling your throats ? O ! I would not ask , as the old ditties sing , To be ™ happy as sand-boy"or " happy as king ; ' > "Fat ths joy is more blissful that bids me declare , " I ' m as hsppy as all the wild bir is in the air . " I will tell them to find me a crave when I die ,
Where no marble will shut oat the glsncns sky . let them give me a tomb where ther daisy will bloom , Where the moon will shine down , and the leveret pass by ; Bst be sure there ' s a tree stretching out , high and ¦ wi de , Where tie linnet , Thrush , and the Wood-lark may hide ; For the truest and purest of requiems heard Is the eloquent hymn of the beautiful Bird .
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TAIF 5 MAGAZINE . Tjut opens this month with a vigorous defence of Lord Brougham . The ex-Chancellor is a man who has done no small amount of both good and evil in his time . It is bat fair to acknowledge , that in his day , Lord Brougham did more than any other man ever connected with tie Whig party , toward ronsing the people to a knowledge of iheir rights , and in many instances devoted Ms talents to the service of the community and of mankind at large . At the saine time , we have not forgotten his calumnies" directed against the English labourers in ihe debases on the 2 * ew Poor Law , and the support he save to that execrable measure . Indeed it iB to him that the people of this country are principally
indebted for that monstrous act of robbery , ernelty , and -wrong , dignified with the name of "law . " Mence -we are not Tery enthusiastic admirers of the ex-Chancellor ; still we loathe the systematic and hireling abase heaped upon him by the hacks of the "Whig press . If anything coald reconcile us to Lord Snmgham , it is his renunciation of that basest of all base factions that ever cursed this or any other country with their existence , —the Whigs : and Lord Brougham has certainly " dene the State some aervice" by his exposures , of late jears , of . the political delitquencwB of that rascally , hypocritical crew . For this he has had the daily and weekly abase of all the bribed press-writers in the pay of his former eaPeaenes . One favourite piece of lying ,
much in vogue with these haefa , of which the Chronicle and Examiner are the chiefs , is that of ascribing to the pen of Lord Brougham anything that may appear in print in his defence . This was the case -with a letter in the Standard . The Editor of the Standard denied it ; and 'Lord Brougham solemnly asserted the falsehood of the accusation . 2 fo matter ; the Morning Chronicle of Friday last comes out with an article of a column and a half in length , ( cuffed with most rancorous abuse ) devoted io the showing that the defence of Lord Brougham in Taxi ' s Magazine is written by Lord Brongham ' Belf . Screly ihe ioree of impudence can no further go 1 Bnt . these dirty Whi ^ s judge of every one else by themselves . Lord Palmemon has , it is said ,
lately become one of the proprietors of the Chronicle ; and those profound articles , laudatory of the Palmerstoniui policy , -which involved as in the wars Trith China and A&hanMan , desolated the shores of Sjria , and added so immensely to the power of Hossia . —are said to be written by him elf . So says public rumour ; and neither Lord Palmerston nor f&e Chronicle have denied the truth of the " soft impeachment , " Thus do these masked and prostituted writers charge upon others that of which tiey know themselves to be guilty . Tail , however , gives them as good as they send , though certainly in a style very different , because infinitely above , that of Lord Brougham ' s " detractors , " Speaking of them . Tail says ;—
" Po £ terity will pronounce between Lord Brougham and his virulent maligners , ihccgb it is denbtful if posterity will hear of their esiecs in connexion with his , tmltES he shall , to his other works , add a new Danriad;—zKxariad might be the apter title . The Whig scribes oi the day -who edit traduce him wDl be forgotten as aie tLs Ttrj cues ef a p £ 5 t dsy—the 7 £ ec-
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inous Examiners share the oblivion of the ferocious John BvlL Bat do those persons who , at second-hand and on trust , take up this foul railing at Lord Brougham , ever reflect upon what a debt of gratitude Britain and humanity owe to that one man ?—or what of tenderness and reverence is due to so eminent a benefactor of his species , even admitting that all with what he is charged were as true as it is either false ; or perverted and exaggerated ? Is there at this moment one living statesman who has accomplished so much substantial good for mankind , for the cause of freedom , for the promotion of civilisation , for the widest interests of the whole race , as tbiB same calumniated Lard Brougham ? It has been his singular fortune to be the benefactor of his species to an extent that it is not easy to calculate , and also to draw forth among his contemporaries more of the baser and more hateful qualities of human nature than any other great statesman . "
We , of course , by no means ?* go the whole hog " with the writer in the above quotation , eo laudatory of his "Lordship . " There iB muoh of truth in the following , with which we conclude this notice of " Lord Brougham and bis Detractors " : — " There are reasons for all things . It was not for nothing that the Whigs enjoyed , if not power , then patronage for ten years . If they did not in that period glut every follower with the fat of place , they yet dispensed many goed things , and gave all their adherents a keen appetite for a further taste . They did nothing for their country—they said they had no power
—but they did a great deal to strengthen themselves as a faction . Now , from the highest to the lowestfrom the courtly Sybarite who basked in the smiles of virgin Majesty , to the lowest well-paid or expectant whipper-in and jobber in the remotest Whig garrison of the empire—from the highest to the lowest of the confraternity , there was , and is , and must ; be , dislike , jealousy , or forinus hatred of Lord Brougham . And fo ? this cood reason—that he powerfully helped to turn out the Finality , UBelesa Administration—thanks to him . ' —and helps to keep it ont , too , until it shall shew what claim , from will and power to serve the country , it has npon pnblie confidence . "
" Young Scotland" is an amusing squib from the pen of Bon Ganltier , h t off at the expense of the Illuminati of modern Europe . The milk-sop mysticisms , and laek-a-dasical retrogressions of " Young England ; " and the rabid , blood-and-thunder anti-Saxon bullyings of ** Young Ireland" are bravely hit off , and will afford the reader , as it has us , a hearty guffaw . The concluding notice of " De Custines Empire of the Czar" we shall give extracts from in our next . An excellent analysis of Mrs . Gore ' s new novel , M The Banker ' s Wife , * follewa ; and to novel readers will be well worth the -whole price of the Magazine .
** The Bushrangers" is one of a series of "Australian Sketches" giving an exciting account of the dangers whioh the settler in that part of the world is exposed to from the terrible brigands of the *• Bush . " There is a good review of the recently published biographies of Dr . Edmund Cartwright , ( brother to the celebrated Major Cartwright )} and Mr ^ Sydney Taylor . The former , the inventor of the powerloom , and the latter a highly popular writer , who many years contributed to our periodical literature ,
and was one of the principal writers in the Morning Herald ; the inimitable articles on death punishments , the Poor Laws , the Slave Trade , &c . being from his pen . " His writings in the periodicals of the day , for upwards of twenty years , embrace a vast range and variety of subjects ; though neariy a ll of them have some direct and high moral aim . What his persevering and powerful advocacy of the abolition of Death Puniahments effected is well known ; but he was also the advocate of every social improvement and reform . "
A number of extracts are given from the articles in the Herald . We can only find room for the following : —
" PROGRESS OP RURAL 1 MCKSDIARISH . " The progress of rural incendiarism is alarming . Onr columns [ Morning Heralds } and those of other journals , bear daily testimony to the melancholy fact To conceal the truth serves ne other purpose than to prevent our ascertaining the cause of the evil , to which a remedy ought to bo applied- What is the cause of the dread * fnl prevalence vf a crime so foreign to the habits of the BngliBh people in former times , asd which illumines our fluids in these days of ' Reform * and ' intellect , ' with the desolating flames of midnight conflagration ? If we cannot say wlnt the cause is , we can certainly
say what it is not It is sot the leniency of the law , nor the mild and merciful spirit in which in which it has Mten carried into effect , that has encouraged the crime of stack-burning . The law . we need not say , is a law denouncing death to the offender—a law which has , for several years past , been inexorably executed in almost every case of conviction ; and , we regret to add , in many instances in which there are strong leasons to believe that the victims of the law were inDocent Still the crime has gone on increasing . Scarcely is the dreadful work of an Assfza over , when it bursts out afresh , and seems to defy the power of the law to extinguish it with blood .
" This state ot things should , long since , have awakened the attention ef the Ministers ef the Crown to the condition of \ he rural population . It shouid have convineed them that there is something rotten in the social system , which political * reforms , ' as they axe called , do not touch . * * "A wise snd just Government would have endeavoured to find employment for the people , and adequate waees , before it punished them for beinx idle . Snob a Government would never thiik of making the
system of workhouse prisons universal , and punishing poverty as a crime . It -would makb a distinction between voluntary and unavoidable pauperism—between Bturdy vagrancy and the casual dependence which is the visitation of misfortune . But our ( government is neither wite ner just It aggravates , by its bad measures or its neglect , the misery that misgovernment has brought npon them , and then relies upon the long-disproved efficacy of exterminating laws to protect society from the constquetces of its own errors , indolence , or vices !"
An excellent article on * ' Railway Rsform" te which we may return at a future time , concludes the principal of the articles in prose . The " Literary Register" contains some very entertaining extracts , and the " Poetrj" is aB ui-ual worthy of the high literary character of the Magazine . We conclude onr extracts with
• ' THE XJIIGRAMT 3 SOSG , I" We stood on a crowded pier , where a ranltitude assembled to watch the departure of a band of Cornish Emigrants who were about to embark for New Zaaland . These voluntary exiles entered the boats that bore them for ever from their native land with shout- and smiles of gladness , saying , as they cheerfully departed , ' GiVO us joy , ¦ we abali return no more . * An old woman ot seventy , lettering on . answered indignantly , 1 Bin , '
when an inquiry was made as to whether she too was going . Eighty from odo . parish departed together ; they left not a relative behind them . Tieir vessel roUe at anchor at a short distance from ths shore . For a few moments after every boat had reached the ship there was prcfonnd silence—then a mournfcl cry arose , faintly borne over the still waters . My liitle companion said , * They sing a bymn ; ' but in my mind I thought it was the irrepressible burst of grief which succeeded the Emigrant ' s reckless Farewell . ]
Fobth from our fathers' homeSj We come a dsantless band . With every pulse of sorrow still'd , To leaTe cur native land , With shouts we gain the crowded shore . And return no more . Onr fathers'homes have been A scene of toil snd grief ; In vain we plougb'd our stubborn land To yield our scnls relief . Gladly we leave its fatal shore , To return no more . England—the time has been ,
Tbsjtrongest men would grieve ; Hearts , lika the riven oak , would break , Thy boasted laud to leave : Yet gladly shall we quit tby shore , To return no more . And can our spirits rise , To terapt the stormy sea ! We have no crimes to weigh us down ; We have been guiltlws—free . Why should we joy to leave thy shore , To return no more ? Birds in a garden set , Whose fruita are turned to gold ; So we in English Edens dwelt , And pined midst stores untold . Should we then m&urn to quit the fihora Where Btarve the poor ?
Onr wives have droop'd from pun , Our little ones have died ; And still the lordliugs of the land Roll'd by us in their pride . O cursed be the fl ^ nVy shore That spurned its poor . ' Sorely we ' ve been beset By cares too great to tell : Taxation , with his iron gripe , HBth made our bosoms swell ; And drivn us from our father ' s door , A homeless poor . In summer ' s golden pi ime
We view ed with honest glee Our orchards teem with promis d gain , Our flocks make glad the lea : O then -we praised Old England ' s shore , And wept no more . We Toss at early dawn , To whet the ready scythe ; Bet craftily the par * on came To se : Z 3 bis of t-claim'd tithe . We Tow'd to leave s priest-ruled shore , And return to more .
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They wrong God ' s mighty power Who make us bend the knee , And pay to Slate religions , when Our Saviour set us free . Away /—we bend the knee no more On Compulsion ' s shore . And shall we leave behind The foes who mock'dour pain ? Shall thousand ages roll away , And we not meet again ? O , yes 1 we gladly quit their shore , To return no more . And shall we leave behind The friends we ' ve lov'd so well ? O , no ! together will we roam , In freer lands to dwell . England—we quit thy chain-bound shere , And return no more . The infant at the breast ,
The mother fo&d and true . The grandame with her palsied limbs , The youth with health ' s bright hue All leave behind their native shore , And return no more . Ah , why thiB starting tear ? Have we not ceased to feel ? In poverty ' s rough school we learn'd Oar weaker powers to steel England hath cast us from her shore ! We will weep no more . ( Yainly the effort made : Nature asserts her sway , And ' o ' er each rugged feature now The . better feelings play ) . England—we lore our native shore , Though scorn'd and poer ! However bright oar home ,
Asd free from care and pain , Oar hearts are bound to Albion ' s isle By strong Affection's chain : Oar echoing voices bleaa the « horo We behold no morel " THE ARTIZ \ N NO . X . London : Simpkin , Marshall , AND CO . ThiB month ' s number contains some excellent articles on "Modern Art in Germany . " "The Atmospheric Railway ; " " The health of the working classes in large towns ; " ° The TradeB of Birmingham f u The Building Arts ; " On Cuttings , Embankments" &o . ; with a large number of minor pieces , all exhibiting an amount of research , literary talent , and practical knowledge , calculated to ensure the sncoesB and lasting stability of this publication , —an honour to the class from whom it emanates and for whom it is published .
From the article "On the health of the Working Classes in large towns , " we give the following extractB : — i " Leeds is situated on a slope running down towards the river Aire , which meanders about a mile and a half through the town , and is liable to ovei flows during thawB or after heavy rains . The higher or western districts are clean for so large a town , bat the lower parts contiguous to the river and its becks or rivuluta are dirty , confined , and , in themselves , sufficient to shorten life , especially infant life ; add to this the disgusting state of the lower parts of the town about Kirkgate , Marsh-lane , Cross-street , and Richmond-road , principally owing to a general want of paving and draining , irregularity of building , the abundance of courts and blind alleys , as well as the almost total absence of the commonest means for promoting cleanliness , and we have then quite sufficient data to account for the surplus mortality in these unhappy regions of filth and misery .
"In consequence of the floods from the Aire , the dwelling-houses and cellars are frequently so inundated that the water has to be pumped oat by band-pamps , on to the surface of the street *; and at such times , even where there are sewers , tne water rises through them into the cellars , creating miasmatic exhalations , strongly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen , and leaving offensive refuse , exceedingly prejudicial to human health . Indeed daring a season of inundation In the spring of 1839 , bo fatal were the effects of such an engorgement of the sewers , that the registrar of the North district made a report , that daring that quarter there were , in that neighbourhood , two births to three deaths , whilst in all the other districts there were three to two deaths . Other populous districts are without sewers , or sa
Inadtquately provided as to derive no advantage therefrom . In some rows of houses , the cellar dwellings are seldom dry ; in another district , several streets are described as being " in that state in which a frequented road leading to a brick-garth would be in wet weather . " The inhabitants have from time to time vainly attempted to repair these streets with abovelsfall of ashes ; for Sbil , refuse-water , &c , stan j in every hole where a lodgement can be made , tbere to remaia until absorbed by wind or sun— "a perpetual nuisance to the eye , and a perpetual source of fever to the whole body . "—( Report of Town Council in Statistical Journal ,, vol . 2 , p . 404 ) . The confined state of the dwellings- is another cause fraught with evils of a moral as well as physical nature . An ordinary cottage in Leeds , extends over no more
than about five 5 &t £ s tquare , and conalBtsusually o ! a cellar , a sitting room , and a sleeping chamber . This small size ot the houses , indeed , may perfcapa be one of the causes ot the tendency to consumption , which bears a high proportion here to other diseases ' , and prevails to a mnch greater extent than is generally imaginedfor there can be no doubt , that the vitiated atmosphere of Bleeping rooms so confined , crammed almost to suffocation with human beings during both day and night , predisposes the system to lung-diseasea We believe , moreover , that thiB tendency to phthisis is in a very small degree if at all owin ? to the nature of the woollen manufactures . The Irish hand-loom weavers are here . as elsewhere , remarkable tor that total indifference to comfort and decency , which renders them a bane to every population with wbicb they commingle .
" Birmingham , the great seat of the toy and trinket trade , and competing : with Sheffield in the hardware manufacture , Is furnished by its position on a slope falling towards the Rea , with a Very good natural drainage , which is much promoted by the porous nature of the sand and gravel , « f which the adjacent high grounds ate mainly composed . The principal streets , therefore , ure well drained by covered sewers ; but still in the older parts of the town tbere are many inferior streets and courts , which are dirty and neglected , filled with stagnant water and heaps of refuse . The courts of Birmingham are very numerous in erery direction , exceeding 2 bOO , and comprising the residence of a large portion of the working classes . They are for the most part narrow , filthy , ill-ventilated ,
and badly drained , cont&inisK from eight to twenty bouses each , the houses being usually three stories high and eften merely single , that is , built against some other tenement , and the end of the courts b 6 in ^ pretty constantly occupied by ashpits , &c , the fiJth of which wouM defy description . It is but just , however , to remark that tbe courts of more modern date are built in ; a more rational manner , and kept tolerably respectable ; and the cottages , even in courts , are far less crowdtd than in . Manchester and Liverpool , the result of wbicb is . that tbe inhabitants , in epidemic seasons , have been much less visited by death than thoBe of Wolverbamptou , Dudley , and Bilaton , at only s few miles distance . Cellar-residences , also , are unknewn in Birmingham , though some few are , very
improperly , used as workshops . The low lodginghouses are somewhat numerous ( somewhat exceeding 400 ) , chitfly iu courts near the ceBtre of the town ; they are almost always loathsomely filthy and close , the resorts of beggars , trampers , thieves , and prostitutes , who here / regardless alike of decency or comfort , eat , drink , smoke , and sleep in an atmosphere unendurable by all txct-pt tke degraded , besotted inmates . In such places as these small-pox , scarlatina , low continued fever , it flammation of the lungs , bronchitis and pulmonary phthisis , carry off about one in twenty-four yearly : and it is rarely , indeed , that , in the lowest districts , an Slaney-street , 8 te » l-bou&e-l 8 ne . and similar localities , one sees a person wh ^ se age may exceed fifty , —ao baneful are the effects of -the miasmatic ii flaence exerted on
tbe vital energies . Typhus , however , in its true form , is rare in Bimingham , causing a mortality of only 4 3 per cent ., while the deaths from eruptive fevers , generally , are 14 per cent , of the whole mortality . The mortality of infunts is high—exceeding 32 per cent ; and of those who die every year about one-third are carried off by lnnjj-dueasea—chit fly tubercular consumption and ii fhmmatton ( pneumonia ) . On the whole , Birminph'im is less anhealtby than might be supposed from tbe kinds of occupation in which about 67 per ceut . of its popelation are engaged ; but there still remain numerous gl&ting evils , the reform of which will UDquestionally lesson the number of the dying , and ada to tbe vigour and happiness of the living population .
"Before we close these descriptions of the sanitary condition of town * , it will be necessary to say a few words on Edinburgh and Glasgow—the leading towns of Scotland—and it will be plainly seen that gaunt misery is as familiar with our northern artfzins as with our poortr brethren in tbe south . Edinburgh has the reputation of being a beautiful and singlarly wellplaced city ; so nmch so . indted , tbatithas been termed " the modern Athens ;'' but this description applies principally to the New Town , which has been built less than a o-utury , ¦ wntreas tke OiA Town , which was buih at different times , and oriainally within walls , consists of tumereus closes , or wynds , diverging from tfce High . street , and the houses are often so close together , tbat persons may step from the window of one house to that of tha housa opposite—so high , piled
story after story with the view ot saving room , that the light can searcely penetrate to the ceart beneath . In this part of the town there are neither sewers nor any private conveniences whatever belonging to the dwellings ; and hence tbe excrementitions and other refuse of at least 50 , 000 persons is , during the night , thrown into the guttws , causing ( in spite of the scavengers ' daily labouiB ) an amount of solid filth and fCBtid exhalation disgusting to both *> sht and smell , aa well as exceedingly prejudicial to htaith . Can it be wondered that , in euch localities , health , morals , and common decency should be at once ut « lecttd ? No ; all vrbo know the private condition of tbe inhabitants will bear testimony to the immense amount of their disease , mistry , aiid ritnioralisation . Suciety in tbese quarters has sunk to a state indtsciibat ly vile and wretched ;
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and , aa Mr . Chambers observes , in a letter to the poorlaw commissioners , " they have gravitated to a point of wretchedness from which no efforts of the pulpit , tbe press , or the cchoolmaster can raise them ; far they are too deeply sank in physical distress , and far too obtuse in their moral perceptions , to derive advantage from any such means of melioration . " The dwellings of tb « posrer classes are generally ' very filthy , apparently never subjeoted to any cleaning process whatever , consisttng , in most cases , of a single room , ill-ventilated and yet cold , owing to broken ill-fitting windows , sometimes damp and partially qnder-groand , aod always scantily famished and altogether comfortless ,
heaps of straw often serving for beds , in which a whole family—male and female , young and old—are huddled together in revolting confusion . The supplies of water are obtained only from the public pumps , and tire trou-We of procoring it of course favours the accumulation of all kinds of abominations . The resnlt of such a state of things will be found by referring to Dr . Alison's work oa the Management of thu Poor . ' It is there stated that , owing to the crowded and intolerably filthy state of the lodgiBga , the Lanes and closes of the Old Town are 8 < jarcaly ever free from mMijrnanfc fewer , and that in the city itself the mortality ( 1837-8 ) amouated to 4 j per cent ( 1 in 22 ) almost equal to that of the plague-depopulated Constantinople .
r " Glasgow is a city , the appearance of which is in everyway inferior to Eiinburgh , and the fact of its being the seat of an extensive weaving industry , wouW lead us , a priori ,, to conceive a probably high amount of destitution and unhealthy crowding of population . The climate is far from being unhealthy ; tbe population in 1840 was estimated ut 282 000 . of wham aboul 78 per cent , belong to the working classes 5 , 0 000 being Irish . Ql&BgOW ha » its fine , aliy , beaucy quarters , that may Vie With those of London and all wealthy ' cities ; but it has others also which , in abjeot wreteheduess , exceed the lowest purlieus of St . Giles * or WliitecBnpel , tbe liberties of Dublin , or the wynds of Edinburgh . Such localities exibt moBt abundantly iu the heart of the oity —south of the Trongate and west of the Saltmarket , aa
woll as in the Calton , off the Higb-street , &c—endless labyrinths of narrow lanes or wynds , into which almost a& every step debouche courts or close * , formed by old , ill-ventilated , towering houses crumbling to decay , destitute of wacer , and crowded with inhabitants , comprising three or four families ( perhaps twenty persons ) on each flat , and sometimes each flat let out in lodgings that confine—we dare not say accommodate—from fifteen to twenty persons in a single room . These districts are occupied by tho poorest , most depraved , and most worthless portion of the population , and they may be considered as the fruitful source of these pestilential fevers which thence spread their destructive ravages over the whole of Glasgow . Fluctuations of trade and low rates ot wages no doubt contribute a principal portion , of the misery , which is nearly doubled by a reckless addiction to tbe use of ardent spirits , which are here so cheap < 4 £ d the half-pint ) as to be drank almost
as copiously as porter ib swallowed by tho English , and give rise to an incrediblo number of whiskey-shopa . We incline to think , however , that , if the domestic comforts of the poor were increased by sanitary regulations , the dram-shops would -be far less patronised and gradually annihilated , and men would not be found loitering and besotting themselves In the whiskey-bouses to avoid the harrowing , depressing eights of domestic misery . Dr . Cowau ' s book on the " Vital Statistics of Glasgow" is in every way worthy of attentive study , and shows a great surplus of typhus , low , continued fever , bowel diseases , and diseases of the lungs , by all of which , bat principally the first , the whole population is carried off at the rate of 1 in 31 ; while the working poor—a stunted , starveling , puny , dissipatedlooking race—are killed off at the fearfully rapid rate of one in twenty-four life at birch to theae classes being worth scarcely more than twenty years' purchase !
" Enough—and more than enough—of such startling , sickening details . We propose , on a fu ' ere occasion , to point out the remedies for such fearful evils : first , those Which each working roan caa apply for h mself without interference from law or town authorities ; secondly , those which must flaw' oat of some general act of tbe legislature that shall nffnct retrospectively and prospectlvely every town in the British Empire . " We regret that we cannot find room for the valuable tables interspersed in ibid article , shewing the fearful amount of mortality in lar ^ e lowns as compared with the rural districts . These tables shew "that epidemics arc more than thrice as fatal in
Mauchester and Liverpool than in the rural districts ; that diseases of the nervous system arc more thin quintupled , and diseases of the stomach rather more than doubled ; while deaths by lung diseases in towns seem to be as 2-5 to 1 in the country . A very important consideration , however , to which we would call particular attention , is this : that tho deaths of infants are increased fourfold by epidemics ( pmallpox , measles , hooping-cough , and scarlatina ) : threefold by water on the brain , and a l most tenfold by convulsions ! Suicides also are greatly increased in towns , and most of them are committed by persons belonging to the working classes . "
For the tables themselves wo must refer our readers to the Magazi-e ; whioh we a ^ aia earnestly recommend as one of the mo .-t talented and truly useful periodicals issuing from the Metropolitan Press .
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his ideas . The ? Promethean , " while containing much of that which ia not ; understandable by us , and therefore that which may not by us be condemned , it seeing that the obscurity may not be wholly on tMe side of the writer , coo tains at the same time much that is clear , philosophical , and jusi . Independent of the editorial contributious , there . are pleasing and profitable articles } trom the pens of other apostles o-Communism . | The " Tale of the Lover Suicides , " under the signature of Salvador St . Just , in No . 4 , is worth all the cost of the entire number .
The T ants are smaller , but similar , publications to the" Promethean" like it devoted to the . promulgation of the peculiar views of Mr . Barmby . To all who would study the question of mankind ' s destiny , and the problem of Social Reform , the 14 Promethean" and the New Tracts will commend themselves . ;
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PROGRESS OF SOCIaL REFORM ON THE j CONTINENT . An interesting artiolc , under the above title , frem the pen of F . E / 'gel . > 4 , appeared in the New Moral World of November 4 n . From it we give the following extracts , the emiro article btiug too lengthy for our columns . ! INTRODUCTORY . It has always bean in soiuu tie * rea surprising to me , ever since I mat with English Socialists , to find that most of them are very little a < qutuitod with the social movement going on in different parts of tbe continent And yet there are more than baif a million of Communists in France , not taking ; into account tbe FourieiiBts . and other less radical Social Reformers ; tbere are Communist ^ associations in every part of Switssdrland , sending forth missionaries t" Italy , Germany , and evtiu Hungary ; ami German philosophy , after a lontt and troublesome circuit , hoa at last auttlsd npon Communism , i
FRANCE . France is , since the Revolution , tho exclusively politic ?! country of Europe No improvement , no doctrine can obtain national importance in France , unless embodied in sonn- political chape . It seems to be the part the French nation bave to perform in the present stage of tUu history of mankind , to go through ail the forms of political - !< velopment , and to arrive , from a merely political tmitinuiag . at tbe point where all nations , all d ; ffdrer , t paths , uiust meet at Coinmunnistn . The deveh > ptnen' « f the public mind in France shows this clearly , ami shows at the same time , what the fututo history of tho English Chartists must be . : THE B . iBEUFISTS
I think I may bu si- » . n up'Ui the subject of Babonvism , as the history of bis conspiracy , by Buonarotti , has been 'transit- < i into tbe English language . The Communist ( plot dl » i not Micc «"~ d , because the then C 'OimuniRm itaelf was <> f » very rough and auperflcial kind ; and because , on t *~ y . other hand , the public mind was not yet fat enough ui ' . vunctt . V
i SAINT SIHO . MSa . The next French S _ 'Cib . rcrtimr was Count de St . Simon . He succeeded in t- t'inj up a sect , and even 8 i > m » estahhshnienU : *)> •!«; 'f wh-ch succeeded . The general spirit of the Si : n . Sim miao Ucctrines is very rtiucb like that of thi- H . iu Cciuiuon Socialists , in England ; although , in the ri ^ Wi ! of the arrangements . i » I ideas , there ; is a grta u ff reuce . The singularities and bccentriciiU'S of ih « S . unt Smonians very soon became the victims of French wit and satire : and
fVtir } thing once ! made riiUcul . 'iis is inevitably lost in Fra . ee . But , besides Mjj--, tbtrre were other causes for fha failure of this Suint-S uionian establishments ; all the doctrines of this partj - -vero ecivelop-. d in the clouds of sn uninteilij { ij ) ie iiiyo ? . clem , which , perhaps , in the beginning , attracts tbe at . ention of did cjople ; but , at i 4 st , must leann t . eir expiations ilisappointed . aaiut-Simonisin , afttrj bavinj ? i xcufid . Jifen a brilliant meteor , Jio attention of the Uui ; kiDij , ( ! iiia ! . > peared from tbe ! i -cial horz > n , i Nobody wow thinlis of it , or speaks v ? it . Ita time is paest i .
j FOUiUKRISM . Nearly at theisaraa time with Saint Simon , another man directed the activity < jf his mighty iutellect to the social state of nvaiikind—Fourier . Although Fourier's writings do not display ihoa *> bright sp . rks of genius . Tntch we dud in Saint S iuen ' 8 and some of his disi-iple ?; altbou « b . jhis sty )< ; 3 hard , and ahows , to a con-5 . 1-it rank exrent , the toil with which tht . author is nispiiys labouring to bring out his ideus , and to speak . ut things for yrhioh r . o words are provided in the I' - , nch Ittnituave—nevertheless , we read his works with greater pleasure ; and Snd more real value in them , than in those of the preceding achooL It was Fcuritr , who , for the first time , established tli-.- « rtat ax .. "in i . / f sooiai pnilo 3 ophy , that every indiviuiul bavi ' . fj un inclination or predilection for seme particular kmn of work , l \ w sum of all these inclinaliors of nil imltVMiurt s n . u ? t he , upon tiie whole , an act q , iate po ^ H' f .-r providing for the wants of all . is with an
Fuimer pn >» ' ? , that t ^« j oue born mcHuation for » i . < xih k-ud of work ; that absolute idleness is n . > ns « -nMJ ft * b'"e wbn-b never existed , and cannot cvst ; tl it t ; . »• : i * - < -nce of the numun mind is to be .-. e ;; veil » t > li \ ¦ •¦ 5 to bru-n the body into activity ; and ih .- ! , tbenif .-TT , J-btr < 3 5 h n <> necessity for making the , »' . p ! e netivf (>• jf Toe , '•' ¦ * ' the now existing state of Noct . y , Ijut . ¦• • j'W •¦> give their natural activity the right twt-ci "ii . !<• ¦ 4 ' : » <¦•» *• raving vhe identity of labour .: . '; tnj .: > [ ,:. ¦'¦ : ; ' > n - sb- " * s the irrationality of the out vicirt -ys'ini w i ; oh foparates them , making ¦ ... -ur '» ' oi j mi ! ' ! i' " " •>« » -nji > yir . tiit abovo the reach of ' . !>« wu . jo ' . ty i if M' « . abimifevs ; he show a further , - how , ¦ jcU <• i-: itu-r : i aii inium-i / . s , lubouv may be made , what ¦ . is i .-i 1 . : i ^ -a t'fK ¦ ' - " ••¦ j - > rafciit , Itijviug every one to foilo ? , < i ' ¦ % n iflc inat '' -.. i .
TU ^ i * ' ^ j . ° , V' wussvst us - j , however , m Foutiejism , and . i V ' . iy rip irtai < t »•»« too , aatl that is . , bis nonai' .- > i-if" : i -f . ivitft proptay . In his Phalansleres , or : ; -.-xnt . v . vst ' tb -bniM . i , thero are rich and poor , taviit . ii ' . i ' . s a -, ( ' . j working men . The property of all infill u n is 11 iejii into a joint stock . Tlie establishment c .: rri .-s on i , ' ; n ; a- ,-ce . n * . icultural and manufacturing ¦ I . us'ry , ai -i 'Sir- v > rnc .. . is are divided among -the MeiiitJtrfl ; c : * v >> a w \ rs nf labour , another as re-< " ¦ ' *¦ ' it >¦ ¦ ' : ¦ '' tn ! : atnl c third as profits of ( . ip tat . T . : ; - >¦ . ' -.. : ht * h iiutrul theories of asj ui'in an I • i ; : i f > r a good deal of indis ; - ' ¦¦"¦! ' !• < - ¦ . ¦ ii- i ¦ i jvm-: TUtjo-2 , seitishness , r , » d ; ''¦ ' i " = i' i ' ¦ ' ¦ i ii . w / ijti , the o ! u competitive ¦ - ¦ i-iii i ' i . •¦ ; . ' > : < i ia ! a pjov-isw bastite ou '' ¦•¦¦'• i > ' ¦ i ; C-rtn ' miy , ) - - 'a v , u cannot * ¦ ' : ; ati « i u ¦ i ' < . .-juvt oUpP ' .-d b-: ve .
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The progre 8 a of Fonrierism in France was slow , bnl regular . There are not a great many Fonrierista , baa they count among-their numbers n considerable portion of the Intellect now active in F . ^ ce , Victor Gon-Biderant U one of tfaeir cldvettisu writers . They bave S newspaper , too , the " Phalange , " published fonaerlj three timaa a week , now daily . As the Fourieruts are now represented in Borland , also , by Mr . Doherty , I think I have , said enough concerning them , and ww pssa to tLe moat iiftportant aud most radical patty in Frfcnce ,
THK COMMUNISTS . I said before , that . jwythiug o ^ -I'sung natio . al importance , in Ffance , n » ust be of c politics ! anture , or it will not succeed . Siint-Simon and Fourier did not touch politics at all ; and thpir scbemes , ihs ? 8 » fore , became not tbe common pro ^ stty of ; the action , bnt only eubjects of private discussion . We Lava seen bow Babauf's OuMiuiuiiisra aro 3 e oat or the Democracy ef the first r-.-voIut ' an . The second revolution , of l £ 30 , gave rise to aao ' . and more powerful Communism . The •* gitat wark ' of 1830 , was accomplished by the union of the nii .-Uk ; u >) working de ^ sta , the liberals and the rejublk-:: / .- ! . After the m » i v ? aa done , the working cLs ^ a »< .-. = * dismtaaed , aad the fruita of the revolutioji ^ . cre u . k > s ; r . >» aessiou of by the
middle « IasBes only . Th « ¦ woskiut ; men got up sTveTal insurrections for the abcliti-sn lu ' piHtlcal . mon'ipo ^ F » and tbe establishmer . t ol a republic , bat were aiways defeated ; the middle cli ^ sta h iviug , not only the anuy on their side , but themselves formi * ^ the national gaard besides . During this time ; i * 34 or 35 ) a new dottriua sprang npamoug tho roi'tAHoc working men- Tb&g saw , that even after h ^ vin ^ tcb-iee ^ ed In their democratic plans , they m > ul < 1 continue the dupes of theil more gifted and better educated k-atf . eTB ; and ttiat theiB social condition , the enwm of tke > political disc < ntent » Would not be bettered by *> ny politivsl change whatsoever . They referred to the tiieior ? of the great rtvylation , and eagerly seizyd upon Bitouf ' s CommaEisnj . This is all that can , with safety , be . sorted concerning
the origin of modern Cjiniiiuursui ir * Franca . The subject was first discussed ia the dark lanea and crowded alleyB of the Parisian suburb , Saint Antoine , and soon after in the secret assemblies of cunspiratora , Those who know more about its origib , ai » very careful to keep their knowledge to themselves , in order to avoid the " strong arm of the law . " However ., Conrameisxa spread rapidly over Paris , Ljon ? , Tualouse , aal the other large and ! manufacturing tov ^ as of the realm * -Various secret associations followed * ; ch other atn ^ ngf which the " TravailUMTB Ecalitairea , " oi Equ&iViAii-in working men , and tbe Humanitarians , were . tho most considerable . Tho Equalitarione r , wi-rather a " rough of
set , " like the Babonvi ^ ts tfcc greit revolution ; mef purposed making the wor !« a vr < . 'rk > r , % man ' a comnraaitff putting down every rfcttB ^ ujtat nf dv : l zition , scu-nce , the fine arts , &o ., as uteiess , dr . ugcri . i « and aTistocratifl luxuries ; ' a prejudice ntoessariiy : ir ising from LL '_ -iE total ignorance of history and paiitk'i economy . The Humanitarians were fenowu particularly for thelt attacks on marriage , family , snd o ' . hir similar institutions . Both these , as weil ^ two o : ir res other pities , were very short-lived ; v . ud thu great buik of theFieuob working classes adopted , vtiry soon , tha tenets propounded by 3 f . Cabet , ' Pere Cithvt , " ( Father C / as h « is called , and which sure knuv ? r . en the corn ' menl uuder the name of Icariu . n Comiuun'sm .
TUE FEENCU COMMUNlStS , iu : PUBLICA . NS . This sketch of the HUu > ry of Comrtianiam in France shows , in some measure , wL ^' t the d-ffjrenceof FeucbJ an < 4 English Communism uuist ba . Tbe origin of S « oial Reform in France , i ? v > poiiXMssl one ; it is f-send that democracy cannot give real c > x > i&lity * and fh ^ r ^ fora tho Commuaity scheme is called to iu aid . Tb' hulk of the French Commuuistti are , thetefora , Repu'ilraua besides ; they wanta conutiUQi . f i - . i' . e « f society , uuder a Republican form of government
THEIR MEAS-EIirS . But there are other objections tnat could be inaJe to the French CommunifiU-, Tfloy i ^ ttnd overthrowing the present government of their couutry by force , and have shown this by thei ? euiitiaual policy of . svoret Msociations . This la tliu truib . Even the Icaviana , though they declare iu their publicitions , that they abhor physical revolutions and secret societies , even they are associated in this manner , and would sl-irfly 8 eiZ 3 upon any Opportunity iu eatabliih a repubiio by force . THElii DOC 1 RISKS .
But to return to tha sotrial doc-rines of the Icarian Communists . Their " holy boon" ie the " "VoyaEaon Icarie , " ( Travels in Icaris ) of Father Cabet , wio . bythe-by , was formerly Attorney-General , and Member of the Chamber of Deputies . The genual arrangements for their Communities sre vary litue different to tUoaa of Mr . Owen . They hav .- eiiifn-Mtod in their pLms t-vtafj thing rational they fou . < t in Sciat Simon snd Fourier ; and , therefore , are vt * y B ^ nch -aav « rior to tte old French Communists . As to iiiferria ^ e , they perfectly agree wita the English . Everything poseible is > loao to secure the liberty of tbe individual Punisbmeafca are to be abolished , and to be leplacau fey education of the youug , and rational muu-il treati ^^ uc of tha old .
THBFH LEADERS . The rise of Communisra bas b- a'' hailed by most of the eminent minds in France ; Pierre Leroux , the metaphysician ; George Sand , the courageous defeudat of the rights of her sex ; Abha < le ! a SiunnaiB , author of the " Words of a BbUuvu , " aval a great many others , are , more or lees , iDelu . tii lowa-n' . s the Comn . nnijrt doctrines . The moat iaiportant writ ^ y , however , in this line is Proudhon , a y-. ung man , who publish « -l t » ro or three yoars ago his -xork , Wluit , is Prop-r : y ? ( " Qu ' est cc qua la Pf . priite ?") vrbere he gave the answer : " La propriety e ' est le uo ! , ' Property is roibery . This is the m-, at jjhil- -. sophicsl work , on the part of the Communists , in th < French language ; acd , if I wish to see any Frencli book translated intu the English language , it is this . The Hgb , t of private property , the conseg ; uences of iiih iucticution , competition , immoraJity , misery , are here develop d with apowcr of intellect , and real PcieDtmo reaciitu , 'which , I nov « t found united in a single volume .
NDMBER OF THE HlK . 'Ci ; COMMUNISTS , * a I have now only to a / id , that thw French Kerfaa Communists are estimated at about balf a million ia number , women and children not tnken into acconnt . A pretty respectable phalanx , Isn ' t it ? They have a monthly paper , the Popu ' aire , edited hy Father'Capet ; and , besides this , P . Leroux publishes a periodical , tae Independent Review , in which the tenets of Communism kra philosophically advowited .
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The NEW AGE and CONCOItBlUM GAZETTE . November 1843 A BRIEF ACCOUNT of the FIRST CONCORDIUM , or HARMONIOUS INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE . London : Cle&ve , Shoo-Unc , Fieet-Btreet .
The former of these publications , —the monthly organ of the Society , ( price two-pence , ) cou-taius several good articles . From the Jattrr ( prico one penny ) we give the following cxiractu lilustrative of the mode of life pursued b > thia m ^ ru , iin « buiiy of Social Reformers , who eecm to realize practically ( bo far as possible ) what Kod-iike bheiJty only d / eamed of in his" Q'jeen Mab" : — " Taking then their rules from this highest triune law , they proceed to the practical vtoikii g in accordance with it , and in so do ' ng , find it ne ^ rtiul to adopt tbe most simple and indiuatrious h ^ l * its of life as being the best conditions for the evolution of cood in the moral , psychical , and physical spheres tleuw they usually rise early , say from four to half-pust five o'clock .
Bathing and other personal opt-rutuns occupy till a quarter-past six , when the bell rinR 8 for work of all kinds to commence ; and each in their respective ctcpai cinent work till a quarter before ci ^ . ' jt , when Lb < y prepare for breakfast This comm « i cos at ei « ht o ' clock , and consists generally of Scotch ofttiu « nl porri ^ n ^ , rice ( brown wheaten bread , apples , lettuce , and othrr gTeeu food , ouch as the garden produc «> fl ut the timo . In winter , figs , dates , or raisins are provided , iu . stt-ad of the variety the summer ' affords . During the bveabfost , one of the members reads aloud a portion of sume Uiteresting wsrk selectsd by themsclv a A . w at vuvl . ty of subjects are thus brought before itm coiuui * : . tion ot ttie members , and considerable iiif rnutiuii \ a uri ' . tintd by them . This praotice is also oi'S-.-rvcvt durii'g both dinner and supper time .
• • " At a quarter before nine o ' clock each one rcsuni' . H bis or her particular employnit , o .. Tne uixu ; idun 1 * consist chitflf in priutitig , fl o ^ -Hickintr , i :, 'hrflmaking , gardening , b « kiDg , wosl ::-. : * un < i c ^ vpi- ; . urUi ? . These works are generally snrrteii . j « i ; i a "' t i , r- ups < jf two or three together . By imiut . il cui ^ -tfrso tiinlnif their labours , the time is hapj > iij s \< tn \ , un-i >» i- j to- - - ouaness of long monotonous toil obviui « r « . i . J \ ,- rn ^ ii of dinner time soon comes round . At -i qu » ii' -r befurt one , the bell rings to piepara for ; : : .-. ¦ <¦• ¦•' . svM'vk all meet in the dining-room , and firwk ' - i * < i s : mrla repast This generally consists o' t .-. o . (> r i'ii « r pmldings , potatoes , and other' vifgetaM' ^ , ™ ca ' ut-iv ^ nt t-. t parsnips , peas , beans , vegetable n . rr . / . v , an ' rli ' -kr .-, ppples , pears , &c , according to ' . i- siu ^ 'ni . At two o ' clock all returu to their occupar ,,.. ¦ , Hiviu .: bv * n refreshed both mentally , and plij > i i ! l > , they «> un !" a . ¦_ __ . _«_ •*_!_ 9 I . ... _ V * 1 ... 1 " - .. i their work with and lt At i ) - st
. . eaBe- p .:-un . , L ^" -.-. four , eight hours'labour has be ^ n nrfoi-. icd , r . n . ' . itui the bell rings ts relinquish tbe j i ^ -mcal txti'S . i ? of the day ; and each member joyfiili . \ c «> ni « i ' nc ' . s a > 'h < r mode of action . He now goes m , f imnititii ; i ^; y into the mental sphere ; aud each one ex ;¦ :. *< . 'i > :. t \ cIj . i .. raiitli of instruction to which his taste u- > t * Li-iu ; --m-ine to a class , some to writing , readin" i . r mufio . At six o ' clock all partake of the third i . < . . ' , of brer ^ ., rice , fruits , and vegetables , with clear Fj-rii ^ vratt r , Lh- « u ; a beverage of the Soaiety . Iu thr sumnur , anp ^ or is generally felJowed by a walk t ? rs . cn aiv-o in the garden . At other seasons , most t-v uinc i -. ltd - ^ amxl in some way previeusty arrany" - —¦• " ! on > •!•• . ¦ , » ' ¦*> , dancing and music ;• Tuesday c . " ^ - ^ , X * ' - 'd ;« i . iy . family meeting , for the arranging ¦ * » n tfc ; bu-iot . : the Society , reading of correspond * . .. ! •¦> . rvct-iv .-. y m Mubers , appointing officers or leaders ¦ ' . l-y . irti . 'i . ' ; , :.. u ^ id all other duties of the numbers . nn < v- .-v . vral bu ¦ - . , . ¦ $ -, -f
the Society ; Fiiday , conversatu > ,, > vc . Su . - .-... y : s chiefly occupied in receiving vis ! , nnJ a " . w » ., r . .. lectures given on the premises . "The timefor retiring to rest i * f : > m ;• ^ ' ¦ " > ' n o ' clock . All sleep upon muttrassi- ¦ u fa- ^ L " . i . - ••¦ being in the house , qb it ib cotisi > ' .- T * i ^' -i ' l- ¦ - ••• feathers is both e ' « rvatsne and unh > - 1 ' - They rise early , tbat their labo-. ; .- . fj I-- ' pt . - ' " * : 1 by ihe natural liftet oi the sun , ra'i '¦ : >; ¦¦ - . -., i : U- ¦ ¦' li Rat of the candle . Tins is b&U u- ' .. ¦ . . . .. -- ; i .. general health . Tho bncht quiet ' ¦ ¦ ¦ " ¦ ¦ - '¦ ' torrupted only by the swtet ficu" ? ' ¦ ' ' > ' ¦ - " conducive to t !> . oughlano good ftu ¦ . For further informatiun we n . \ - •¦ ^ ¦ ^¦ ¦ . > readers to the works thi-mselves . THE PROMETHEAN ; a Qca : i . - ' / v :.:. ; , f . v :
OP SOCIETAIUA . V t- ' CI ^ NCE , "> J '" CLFSUSTICS , PoimCi , AND I . If M .. New Tracts for ihe Times , IV . ¦ ¦ » . - \ ¦ U and 5 , &o . &c . London : B . D . k . j .-.. j ., ; > , Dukc-Btreet , Lincoln ' s Iun Field ! -. These are publicationsconduct < ' . . >' - <> -.-f . fiwy j Barmby , a gentleman well-kn ^ '^ . " ~ .: <" . a Reforming-portion of the movt . i-ai . y .. : •> z \ a > who baa long and ussiduoutily la ; i ; i-j a . 'i , -j . : - ^ c the cause of human pn-iiveFs-icn . -Mr . B ., like Thou-fn Cuv ! , , : ' " . f "The Shepherd , ' ha- a t-ytn . ua ' : ' ' 1 !! '< ¦¦ own ; " coming new word : ' n . K . l !• ' - ' ¦ ' - ¦ ' ¦ ' purpose , whtiibver )! ¦• ¦ oiii i ^ wi ' . .- > n \ to fc'Di' to be net suffioitutly a ,-i ¦ - ¦ - « . . ..
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ADDRESS OF THE IRISH UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION TO THE ROMAN-CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS OF I-RgLAND . Dublin : Dyott , 26 , North : Kin « -ftreet . This is a sixpenny pamphlet published by the abovo Association iu reply to the atrocious slanders of that arch calumniator , Daniel O'Conaell . It certainly does contain some " stariling" allegations , some of whioh have rather astonished us , though we were previously pretty well acquainted with the pranks and real character of the " Liberator . " Instead of ] the motto— " Civii and Religious Liberty , " that of " Daniel O'CoDnell is a knave in politics , and & : hypocrite in religion , "
would have suited much better : for he is clearly proved to be both in the pamphlet before as . One thing is very aigmficant throughout these pages , namely ; , theaKiouudiugand withering power of priestcraft in Ireland ; proven by the anxiety manifested by the au noia to stand clear of the charges of "Socialism ' and rt infidelity" preferred atjainst them by Mokaunu . It proves that in Ireland a man dare not be an ** mfiUei" or a "Socialist , " unless in secret 1 Now , we proclaim fearlessly , with a full knowledge that we have readers amongst all the religious Beets , including an immense number of Catholics , that in accur <| auce with his convictions , a man has alright to be any religion , or of no
religion , justi a 9 his convictions warrant him ia believing or'disbeitevinf * . lr Daniel O'Connoll and Co . will not 3 ubf ) oribe to tnis priaciple ; if while they howl agamat * ' Protestant per ^ ooutlOfl , " they persecute , so far as they dare , those whom they call "infidels , - " then sr « they hypocrites , and prove that they only lack : the pow < r to bo tyrants in the place of those against whose ty i anuy they wage war . The spirit of the Inquisition evidently lurks in the heart of Dan ; a spirit which , dt-npi ; o Puseyitebackslidings , will , if need bo , be bauled with to the death on this side of Sc . George ' s Chanuol . As to the " Socialists , ' *
there may be honest difiVtrunces as to their modus operandi ; but we tell our lrisii friends , aye , and some of our not very-deepiy thinking English friends too , that the great problem of social happiness can only be solved something aftt-r the "Socialist" fashion . Until mastership : s auuihilatoa ; uutil elavery is utterly abolished , whether of iho « art-whipped African , or the Wage-paid toil-ground and belly-pinched white man ; there will be no real liberty—no real happin-sa oa the earth : and mere political reforms are useless unless they accelerate aoa a'd huch changes . " PoJitical equality the means ; social happiness the'end , " is our motto . I
This pamphlet is an excellent exposure of the greatest pohuc . il lmposter that ever existed , and ought to be extensively diffused amongst his deeplyto-be-pitied dupes . The revelations on the " Rint , " and the uses to : wnioh it is applied , will astonish not a few . Every iChartist locality should at least have one copy , which Mr . Cteavo aud other publishers will , no doubt , be readj 10 supply . Triumphantly do the Irish Char'is 13 ropei tlic accusations of their denunciator ; and it iu ri ^ hc and proper that their defence should | be heard . Wo only rogrefc that , with the materials they ha ; to work with , they did not enter at moreiieugch liro the question , and give to the public a full and complete portraiture of the real features of the f' Veiled Prophet . "
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Publications Received —The Illustrated History of Alcohol , aadinevoral Pamohl ^ ts . We shall notice Oastler ' s Fleet Papers aud Hoioil ' s History of Priestcraft in our next .
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The Hobnslow PowDrR-Miu ^ . — One of tka mixiug mills at the gu » pow < kr w « -m on Hounslowheath exploded OB Saturday morning , ut eight o ' clock ^ by which the boarding a . nu roul' wuri ripped oif tho building , but no furtlst-r damage doiic , and we are happy to add no one was injured . A Strange Lodging . —On Friday morning wx > i- { r > men were engaged to take up the pipes which = up-Dly the Temple with waujr iu uaso oi' fire , as it had been found that the watt ? would not pass in 0011 * 3-queuce of a stoppage whioh could noi be accounted lor . On opening the pipe ac e 9 * wa 3 discovered , weighing faix or seven pounds , and Eiea . iUring a yard and a half in length . (> win « to the peculiar construction of the pipe the col could uoc have 3 > e . ett more than an inch in ciiciimieroa-oe wht-a it obtumed admiH . sion .
Will of Aldebman Wood . —The will and eo ~ Iicil of Aldermsu Sir Jla-adtw Wood , fate M . P . foe the city of London , havo ji > = t been proved . in Doctors' Commons , by B . Wo ^ , K ^ , h- brother ) , a > . d W . P . Wood , Esq . ( iho son ) , iho ^ x euHtora . fhs deceased gives to iiis w . i ' c , L ' aaiu M * y . & Wood , hia furnimre , plate , pioturtw , clnau , car ; iages , wises , spirits , and £ 500 per an ^ uai for life . He < JU rrcts £ 20 , 000 to be inve ~ : ed ht the Fiuds , and tiia inierest to be paid to the ii v . J . P . W . wd . He giroa his law books , "Statutes at Large , " : » ud " R ports
of both Honsesof Parlia . aiL-n % " io Wi . iiam P . Wood , of Lincoln ' s Inn . To hi * sister , £ 100 a year for life ; to each of his oMccatoi'd , Xi'JO ; to all hi 3 grand-children living v ; uii him m r . us time of his death , £ 500 each ; to hi * h ^ ast-maid ciuetten guineas , antl all other aeryanta £ o each . By the codicil ha revokes theiegacies to h- - * g .- andchilur ^ n * . The property is sworn under £ 7 < i , 0 ' < 0 . The deceased , by a late decision of the Privy Council , became entitled to a largej ) ortioa of th < pfv > p ? ny- of ; he ecetatrio " Jommy Wood , " of G . oucestw , hsqueached . by him to Alderman Wood .
Herring Tbade . —Our he-vring market remains tn statu quo—nothing dt > mi < ai the way of tales . Last price offered was tGo ,, which would noi ba accepted . The qtiantity tj »' u : p ' n about 5 000 barrels . We find , on kq » . uy , thai 53 , 919 . barrda have this year been seui , l « irciaud , ami 31 , 825 to rhe Baltic ; making tho - . ow-l espoits from Wick 85 , 744 barrels , up to thi « o « : a . Bj' ; t letter froaa Loudonderry of the 21 st met ., a correspoadeut . snys , " Sales for herrings hero conua . > ft ve . yuull ; prie-j 3 ia retail 17 a . to 18 s . per barrel . Dubiiu auirket remains at 17 s . 6 d . to 18 s-. "—i / o / iB -SGreat Journal . Death by Fire . —On Sunday mt / Vniwg , a fine ^¦ ¦ y , named William Trupelow , a 4 c < l three ycaM , wh'j-je parents reside in Trimty ^ -rvot , lU-thovhiibe , «^ a brought to Gay ' s Hospital , raviiig bstu burnt it : a most frighct ' al manner by his ciu' . b ^ c ; vtclii ; .-K fas . As usual ia such cases . W had bc-eu Ivft in a r-v-oi
by himself during the * . wn » poia ? y absence ot uis mother , and in hia endsav- > irs to hghi a piece ot paper at the fire he sti aiiyht . h-ispmaibre . c ^ iua neighbours , hearing his serous , » w » ui ' . o ihe hoj ., a and found him iu a bisz " . H ? v . a 5 couve 5 e * i 10 tho above hospital , where lie ui . a in a --aort time at : sr his admission . Four Men Drowned— ! m . at , Oct . 24 , 1843—16 is with much regret tl : . r ' inform yoa tnat , on Friday night lass , four v- » -r ^ men odoMjiins io Bowmore were drowuoti in L < -onindaul . They were
out at the fishing all d » y , »*< -i towards ev « w . g '•« wind , being sou'h * -west , biev ,- very h >« n ; au <) 16 peems tba t the boat , wlu r . f .. wlua b « me , w : ks up- ^ t . The unfortunate suffers w .-. v-JoMi . yoii . ii » : e * t son to John M'Gilrray . li'iH :-.-m « ; i . carks and J .. ha , « ons to Hn « h M'Gi . viuy , an * «• -.. « ' ¦ a : o ih- tortt .,-r ; and Duncan , son of I' . ia-a'i Aiu'erfon . boot ; nd -hofmak * The remu « - " J >•• ^ 'tilway and )¦ :- co'i > in Chavli wcv : ' v-i —t- > wy were bo h tigd , o the boat , but tho othu iv , v : w « ess iound yet .
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THE NORTHERN STiR . 3
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 11, 1843, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct676/page/3/
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