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malthusian political economy . jji errorssre mischierons ; bui some are more dangerous t ^ aii others . They are not only directly , bat collaterally -, * iTsrioBS—¦ roots from -whence eril ramifies in all directions . ^ tae Indian tree , -whose "branches descend to the „ $ ! take root , and throvr -out other "branches TrMch follow die same law , and at length overspreads acres With it 5 jzsi shade—a forest in itseli Of this cJjaracter is lie doctrine of Maxthcs Tvith t&-c 3 Xi to pojmlatioS . It holds the same position , and pertqtsis ihe same Sanctions in modern Political Economy , 33 the doctr ine of original an in Theology . Upon each , ^ jasal doctrines , rests the whole strperincumbent mass jf the foundation be removed the whole must tnmble to the groaai as easOv as the irasile houses of cards -which -jjga-en lnuldnp for the pleasure of knocking them down
Moralists naTe been for centuries in the habit of declaiming against human selfishness : philanthropists have Dijara ^ 3 orer limna-n snSerings . —The 3 Ialthxisan philosop hy J « w * & both to have "been foolishly 35 -srell as ¦ nsdes ^ T engaged . In nvo octavo volumes it was elaboisxdr 3 tstb * 1 that selfishness "was true benevolence , and 5 sreri 2 S tie irremediable result of the decrees of an OiEBipK * 111 Providence . Xot all the sermons ever ^ reacted T ? J bishops of the chureh of which itr . Malthus ¦ rasa minima " , were half so efficacious in propping ap a system bassd iipon injustice as the carefullr-compilt-d * sl > ies . 1 > t ^ hich it "was shown that people bred too fact . £ jr > ecia ^ to ? " louxr ord ? ri , ~ whose '" " early marriajrei "" fvere ii =- ^ -- > 3- ^ 2 use oi their dr-gradanon and desarntion . Thr > tatsmtnt that it was a law of nature tha : population shotud outstrip subsistence—4 he one increasing in a sessiEzricsl- th ? other in sa arithmetical -ratio—baeSetl as It si ? Yj plausibilities aiid a formidable array of figures . ¦ ras hailed as a Godsend by all who fattened on the labour of others . The drones in the hive had at last srot a conclusiTe answer to the grumblings of the "ignorant ' sjii ~ unreasonable mob . The nureinimiig- toil—scacrr pinanc ? . paupers doom , and early -death , so generally swarded to the " workers , ** were natural a nd ine tital-U .
The horrible injustice indicted upon them , was shitted from defective human institutions to an inscrutable and irresistible pother ; and henceforward a weapon was put iato the bands of the wealthy and privileged classes , bj which they could siience all complaints , answtr all objections , aye , and even satisfy the " still small voic .- within . Hunger , disease , and early death were rife : ' ¦ a greai pitj-, but it couldn ' t be helped ? " God had so ordained it ; and these terrible scourges were but the instruments br trhich ~ ke worked out his supreme wilL
2 » o wonder that such a doctrine as fhi-s should have been eagerly adopted by the rich of all creeds and poHtical opinions . 2 fo ¦ vroad ^ r tliat it met a more "rapid ami xriversal apee-piatkm thas any sheorj erer before propounded to the world : it made everything so snag ; ijmeted uneasy consciences so nicely ; and had such a pious and unanswerable appearance . Azxns the same time , Adam Smith popularised the ideas of lonnsr writers on Political Economy , and grave th ~ system that consistency and filling up which , until then , ii lacked . His doctrines , expanded and amplified by various ishseqnrD : writers , had an almost equallv readv
recep-& > s . Tvbv I Because they pandered to the selfishness sngeaSered by antagonistic interests , and , in more measured , if less plain and pithy language , inculcated thir : principle -which Alderman Brooks has since made so £ ajsous— ' -Lord love you ! we're all for ourselves in this ¦ jrtK ^ dr * Such opinions were x »> o congenial not to speedily find K'sverts and advocates . They became the soul of our legislation and commerce . They multiplied wealth and j » vsrty aniultaneously- The boundaries of knowledge ssd science -were extended ; but the masses still sat in the si 3 st of tMci tartness . Fresh powers for producin ? veallh were , invented and set to work , which enabled one maa to produce as much in a given time as 200 men could have done without their aid : and then Political
JconosT doomed tlie one max to lonjrer ioirrs oi libonr for less remuneration in return tlwm be had to endure when simply a miTinai worker . jb £ creating only two-nundredth part of the -Health . ¦ JTomfiD , and even tender childhood , were pressed isto the service of Mammon . The scattered homes of thr &nnc 5 Tic manufacturers , with their comfortable gardens xmi "bit of land" outside , substantial furniture , wel ! Sled meal chests , jolly looiing flitcies , and iusciou ? ijias inside , graduallv disappeared . They WEre succeeded ij tkelicaje iactory , "wriih its bell to ^ nniTnoTi its myriad Jiboarers fi-om the thickly-clustereu lanes and alleys iroim 3 ; its locked doors , interior -slavery , and . absolute 3 ? pendence , 34 an became the slave of Ms own invention . He bad created 2 . new Frankenstein , which threatened to asvoux iim . 5
iever has the world seen , m so short a period , so great x revolution as that effected by the inventions of Harrreaves , Arkwright , "R " aits , Crompton , ^^ Lrtwright , and Roberts . Political revolutions pass like the hurricanr -crearfhgiiEie—produce terror and death in their progress -ddlaave -their ruins behind to "witness to their destraciivi powers . But low poor and superficial is any political Kvolnrion to that effected by the new mechanical and idsnnncpowers , introduced by the men wb have named sad fhsir co-labourers : Ths one is but mechanical ; tht--oflier , to use the words of Bacon , " eats like a strong doge ' Elotie soul of socictr .
Had a better and higher philosophy of social acnou acioiEpaidrd titU -aunderfill and magnificent creation c-i xstk power , we might , long ere this , nave had the people jSaerd in the enjoyment of wealth and leisure : but un-Smnately , ~ elnshness in the guise of philosophy wa ? ctnisteS Tvlih its direction—and the sorry , the lamenta-Ut cortstgueneei are but too apparent . Y&xrt are not r&ijnlaifc io a $ t tdther in men or systems . 31 od ^ ra pt > Utcal ccoEtnuy affords a ? . > o 3 illustration of the truth , Scarcely half a cenrury old^—it already exhibiis every symptom « decrepitude- It has utterly faile-1 to pro Xiotc TtathrjH W'Jl . bem ?—wrth resources at its command
fer doits : ~> . acvcr paralleled . A stream of wealth ricier , more ample , than the pactolns of classical fiibU iss Sowed ia :. _ > society ; but it has neither enlarged its resaroirs nar providird adeijuate outlets . The waters are fc ^ eamilaicd and accuniulatin ? in dangerous and uni = alJi j masses in some few jl / zte ! , while the largest pr »> - p 3 ru > ja is tsid . tliir = ty , raping with cracks for want o : fc ^ r- ? ci 2 ri : ^ JEoirittTe . Indeed , even some of the fure-Siosrsajj ^ rtcrs of ^ ie phDosopby begin to see a ^ J admit tas lift xa one of the "niO 5 t siartling and promiii = r !; : SSoaiahtr -. fisvdcn ; cifilizatiors . " ^ illi iucrei-iiiff ea : :-" ^ = ay thty . ¦ therein a tendency 10 its accttmiiiatj-. n in -S " aaud » ' . r iL * f fr ^ r . accozEj > ani « l by a c-jrrespyndizi ? <^ ric " Hjran .. , ^ .. . f -h _ cc'adinon -jf the n ; any . ' ' The problem * - y ~ K : ¦ . « --ri themiclTcs to solve is . how to remedy tiis . -in 3 1 : irZi l >? jtmedied . An advance of the poj-ula ? csio in iH ^ n is not less ¦• bTious than the one toasK ntrf ^ jjuh ias t ATeek . Ii" Democracy has triumpL-.- 'l ^' ~' - ' ^~^ -zn 1 ^ tLc yne instaiiee , liama&ii } > i ^>~ no less 5 *^^ S - ^ 'l zpvn Ei > a-L-ontHed Malthusianism w the ct ; : 3 " - Ti ^ Siith > jf its votaries is on the wane - . the f ve > ii ths public are more widely opened to its faHari- - - ? ; ""^ ^ - r : uf -ivcicr-f rei . _ . lts 31 its selfiscnt-ss aiid CHidn . iJ
-= ^ ~ - —r La-fr Amendment Act , whicli "n : ; 5 its —? k *« leji ^ t - . T e triumph , is £ ited to be the instrument '¦ & its dowrih 3 . It h 3 s esMbited so unmistakeably all ii--311 evil tLid _ ucies . and its utter in ^ -Jequacj xo raex 1 we socid aad rcoiiomietd requirements of the age , that its 2 = 2 ! dt ^ s is , co-tain . Pcrnaps , too , the unkindest K . jw 83 ^^^ i Si the population theory of Mjlthts , ha ? a uea ^ t br ihr secrr tary of the very coiflmission which , * ii the ai . J of Lord Brougham , brought that thc-orr into ^ csteace . TTr iliui- -y the Tt ! pOTi of Xdwin Chad « -ic 3 i fa Vk Eit CJji > . . f Tosrrti . Nu one thing in that report is more « H 2 j > V _ fcJ ? nj ^ fj ,. oa * j . Tjieontt-stible statistical
eri--- ' taaa tha : ths » tori-3 lV . y -c > ccasii > ned among adults b > ^ 5 anil -c £ ~ r v ^ ues not cicdt ( as Maithns assumes ) bui ' ^^ " ^ K- ^ hi : incrcas * of populatiou . Its principal == «* onasis n . ^ rj _ r ia sxibsTiruttag a young , and at tfcr * Em -finifc wtaklv population , for one fairly proportionri ! toons feeseven ages ofni ^ The reportp ro v es that , pretad / iathosc places where by accurate records , it is kaowu ^ t ? ii arc / tewt and the average duration of Vh T ^ y ^ i ~ tre occurs also the smaUrst annual mnaber of ' ' - - ^ improvement occurs in the one respetrt , it .- ' = qur ^ e « aj . ^ . , Jf t ; iEd more ftjt j ^ -foe other . One ' the ffiw : nj ^ i ^ j niustraaons of this fact adduced is Jri ! t
f _ . ' ' ll > wiierc registrifcs have been carefully kept t- " ^ f * ^ J *^ J ^ y . Uj tie taMes compiled from thes ^ | ^ S 3 STfi < : * * in < l given in J& ,. TepoTt , ilr . Chadwick disf , ij -0 " : Vi . 10 ti--e his o-n-z -R-ords , that " the prv-j .-tsp Jj V * popuJ afioj ^ 2 ^ . 3 ^ - jjg . increased duration of life . I ^ -cuu « i t > j a yro grtsi&H hi hajyiiicU f and for thi . g -ui-iact Ta&uatioa of an alKurdity which obtained §; _ ^ . M ^ caice orer the minds of out legislators , ivt K- ^^ fltbwdto tiit ^ ialtJiQaaji poor Law Commissioners . g l " -not , howsrsr , on abstract grounds only that this K tem is l lO its
sys Tr ^ T-.-. ; -.-, .... .. ^ . ^^ ^ iBg bol . i- Legislation has recently eihi-K > ~ - ^ saDces of proceeding on principles to which
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modern political economy is altogether hostile . Its essence has been variously expressed ; but all end in the same conclusion , whether it is the " Have I not a right to do what I like with my own ? " of Newcastle ; the " Lord love you , we're all for ourselves in this world , " of Brooks ; or . the " can't a man wallop Ms own nigger" of an American slave bolder . To these queries the world is beginning indignantly to answer " no . " The principle of protecting the weak and helpless against tne strong and powerful has been acknowledged and embodied in our legislation . Human flesh and sinews are taken out of the category " of those things which may be subjected to unlimited competition . As yet the enunciation of this fact is but indistinctly articulated . The thin end of the wedge has , however , been introduced . By and bye it win be driven home .
The common fallacy , so long fostered by the doctrines now under notice , that if wealth was only produced abundantly happiness would follow , is now seen through The terms are no more synonimous in national than in private affairs . TTealth has been abundantly created , but happiness for the masses has notjfollowed in its train . It ii beginning now to be suspected that those who assume to tbemstsb-es the title of economists par excellence , have only studied one section of the science , that of production . They have yet to begin the studv of distribution .
Co-ordinate with these indications of growing enlightenment on this subject , there is evidently a disposition on the part of tlie influential and tvealthy classes to pav more attention to the physical well-being of the masses than ubiained in the palmy days of Malthusianism . So long as the mortality engendered by damp divellines , innutritions diet , insufficient clothing , and -vicious liabits . w as regarded as the means by which nature got rid of th * " redundant population , " of course no one thought of arresting it . To have done so would hare been a flat flving
in the face of Providence . INow , however , that more correct ideas are spreading , a more humane spirit keeps them company . Sanatory reforms take their place among the topics of the day . Moral health is admitted to depend on good physical conditions , improved dwellings , parks , and public walks . Baths and wash-houses are evidences uf the growth of a more Mndly sympathy—a better humanity . In themselves , these efforts are too fragmentary to command unqualified approbation . Their true value is more for" what they indicate than what they can accomplish .
Under this head may also be noticed the efforts for promoting the allotment and gmpll farm system . These efforts proceed upon totally different bases to those assumed by the Adam Smith and Malthus school . They aim at making the labourer comfortable at home at maldng dear " fatherland " support all its children , and of emancipating , in a greater or less degree , Labour from the fcQ gripe of mereiless Capital . These are mcTe jottings—incidental memorandawhieh may suggest to the reader numerous illustrations of a similar description . "What has been adduced , however , may in the meantime warrant us in concluding our present remarks in a hopeful manner .
The spirit of Progress broods over the chaos of Society . Deep into its breast it is infusing holier and higher aspirations . The £ ngland that is to he , shall be better than the England that is . All the elements for realizing these aspirations are being gradually collected . To assist in showing their proper application , and in realizing for ad their results , is the object of the efforts and writings of Yocsa Esciakd .
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PEOFLE TAKDfG THE LAW INTO THEIR 0 W . \ HANDS . Tr > THT ZDITOB OP TH £ JTOBTHXBN STAE . Six , —lu this , vast well-ordered metro ]> ons a stranger is frequently j ^ tartled at the spectacle of a huge porter staggering under his load through the crowded thoroughfares , holding his way by sheer dint of that callous obstinacy so peculiarly the characteristic of the race . On a snddsn yon see liVm in contact with , perhaps precipitated upon , - and overthrowing , or else rebounding from the shock of a collision with some hapless passer-by . Instantly , buffing with rage , the burden is cast to the earth , and ere a remonstrance or denunciation can rise to his lips , the hapless is again a sufferer from-the fist of his antagonist , -for what reason no one on earth can drrine , except that' as an overthrow by accident is not enough , cha-risement is added for the unpardonable crime of baiiig in the way to suffer bv such a eontinjrencv .
If the stranger reflects a little , he will find a mighty fact embodied in this little incident . He will here see displayed the fondaracntal idea of British law—an idea not confined to the statute-book , but existing everywhere , the basis of our actions , the reason for many otherwise strange anomalies . It is wrapped up in the very being of an Englishman , and haunts him wherever he goes . Let him reflect a moment . The keepers of our health , by their system of drugging , frequently bring on a premature death , and never fail to ruin the health . For this their handiwork they levy an enormous tfl- * on society , and thus they ciasrise us for the mishaps of falling into their bands . The keepers of our conscience never fail to paint hi the most lively colours the depths of our degradation , till we become in reality what they describe ; and then the tithes and church rates lash us soundly for the crime of blind credulity .
Lastly , the keepers of onr goods have the privilege of celling a , bad article at a high price , setting the bloodhounds of tile law on us as a punishment for "being done . " Throughout society universally we have cause to know that a quantity of evils may attend every transaction , a suffering for being somehow « r other in the way of the transact ion , and a punishment for being a sufferer . Here , then , in the incident mentioned at the beginning , without any knowledge of Blackstone or even a glance at the "Statutes ail-arge , * " a stranger may perceive the natural operation of oar laivs , and distinguish the principle on which they are based ; so that the burly porter with fustian jerkin and angered passion , becomes a true type of the old English judge with blood-stained ermine labouring under a virtuous indignation . The sufferer is " nrv client , " who , whether plaintiff or defendant , is lieeced . and fleeced , and fleeced again .
>* or docs the parallel t . nd hen .. In these days of steam , Parcels Delivery Companies , punctuality and expedition , 2 Teat is the wonder that porterage , —thai remnant of feudalism , —still lingers amongst us , jostling us on the highway , and panin ? us out of conceit with our own humanity , as it meets us foot to foot on the broad pavement of Re-Zen ! -= rreet- And so with the general diffusion of knowiirtljre—with the manifestations of a maturing intellect cr . jwdinjr fast and thick around us—with the buddings of a noble genius foretelling a plenteous harvest . How long shall the old Juggernaut law be found in the snme « avs ? H-. < w ] .. bj shall it foDow also our paths 1 "Without it we could pursne the w-ay merrily - . but -with it we are so squeezed aud stifled that the masses must be crushed her < - a :: d t-roppi-d there to form a line , to be marshalled
in marcldng order : and the moving columns are called j » rticeablr . -srel ] -di = }> osfd . and r-aid t <> be a beauteous sight , a wonder and ad : nirat 5 "ii of the iv .. rl < l . But tbe intellect is dVsm ^ ed , and tlie : rl * -rioas barv < - - -f trodden under foot . As were the order and standing of our fathers , so must .. ur ~ 1 >? . As a necessity compelled them to act , so will ihe law make us do . As it appeared to thc-m what best to providr , s-i to'j = t we reap a ; : d enjoy the bent-fit of snrh j-rw > isit > n " till we reap long and painfully where tliere is naught ? own . and with long s . r atherini : have but stubble . Yet this is our fate : for the d'xrma has gone forth , that " peop le roust not take th ? law isto their own hand .- ;" ; md the Mrnvpolitm Police f " ourt > . whence it emanates , d ^ jlv presi-nt exhibition ? of the burly poru-r mentioned at tbe be ^ innin ^ . Lf 1 us take a few examples : —First , to show the jwnalty
i '_ . r taking the law into one ' s own hand , < -r the puuishmeui : or happening to be in the way to suffer . A . wri-icb—with money , of i-ourse—at the home of a . nee inaoct-nt young girl , but no-vy the victim of his seduction—X >;> her umi fire-side , under the pau-rnal roof , and in altercation with the liither , threatens him to rej ^ at t he offence . Nature nerves the arm of the parent , and bids him punish the seducer . It is done ; but on a warrant issued against the father the law steps in , admits tlie provocation to be fulh proved , but knows noihini of the seduction , regrets it must take its course , i \ t - ] Trople must noi take the law into their own hands , "' ar . d Sues " the father almost as much as for the most agraraitil- offence— £ -3—nhich , being poor and unable to ]«¦ -, consigns him to the treadmill for tiro tmmVti . A-iiin . a ' man is proceeding homewards in company
ni : L bis wile , she a hale in adiiinee : an aristocrat comes ujj . tluows his arms round her waist , and commences , sp i- i ^ - her struggles , the most indecent actions . The husband spriugs forward to his wife ' s rescue , and the vindication 01 his own honour . The aristocrat is laid low , but rec j-. erin ^ himself—givei 44 g » an in charge . Tlie provoc ? i ^ i « ji : i ^ proved : still " peojBBmust not take the law into iheir own hands ; " so be is fined £ 2 . 1 " liable to pay it , be L > sent to the treadmill for a fortnight . Here are men who L ^ . ^ ened to be in the way of one injury deep and lasting , and then handed over to another . But it may be asked , y vhv did they not seek the remedy at 1 ; .-iy ? Here is the answer . The two following cases exhibi : —first , what will be the reparation should such an rTtraordinarv case occur ; anu the second , the benefit oi
~ -eking a remedy at law . ' A young cirl , a milliner , is returning from work lau- in u : c- evening , and is met by an aristocrat , who , throwing Id- arms round her with a rudeness and familiarity that I , aves no doubt ofhis design .-. After a good deal of strug--ivi-z she releases herself ; but he , angered at the rebuff , knocks oat four of her teeth with his fist . Given in charge , and brought before a magistrate , he is fined £ 5 , uhich is instantly paid , and he drives off in a cab . \ nother voung girl , ver > respectably connected , is at lorn" bv herself , when visited by a wretch , who takes ad-\ aniaVof her loneliness to ruin her . She comes into court , " -exposes her shame , swears to her degradat ion , i ^ intin ? the reby the finger of scorn against herself ; yet i-er oada is considered valueless , and the fellow , thou ^ h admitted to be s . most depraved character , is declared in-E'cent of the crime .
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And this is the remedy at law 1 Let us sum up * the results . Poverty , in vindicating itself , becomes culpable . Aristocracy , first provocators , has the law really thrown into their hands for their benefit . It is as though the law stepped in opportunely to remove those who might interfere with their designs . Innoceneeprotected and avenged by law has lost four teeth , is without compensation , and the object for further attempts incited by revenge . So glaring are these instances of protection , nay , abett ing the designs of a class , and so sedulously are all vindicatory attempts frowned downj that a graduated scale may be readily formed , showing the cost of success , with the modes of procedure and the expense of vindication , varying with the resistance made . Always bearing in mind the invariable tendency of the accident of poverty to throw us in the way of the law , first to suffer and then to be punished for suffering , we cannot fail to perceive that people must not take the law into their own hands , but if you hare nerve and money , the law will throw itself into yours .
The following table may be called the bill of costs of the new practice in our Metropolitan Police Courts , or the terms on which assistance will be rendered for the accomplishment of certain designs : — To seduce a young girl under the protection £ . s . d . of her father , or a wife under that of htr husband , give the provocation sufficient for an assault . For a small outlay you' may pursue your designs unmolested . The expense ivill be about . . . . , . . 026 [ We may add here , by way of parenthesis , that lest any further obstacles should exist in the shape of " people taking the law into then- own hands , " accommodation could be perhaps furnished at the court , say the magistrate ' s private room . The charge could not be heavy , ranging , we should presume , between 2 s . Gd . and £ 5 , with a douceur to the reporter of the press to know nothing . ]
Not waiting for the " slow and sure" above- £ . s . d . mentioned , but attacking the girl at once , punishing her resistance with a broken jaw . Expense 5 0 0 But for the true sweets of revenge . ' If the girl charges you with attempt , ic , drive it into court for trial . Let her publish her shaine , which everybody will believe , while her oath the court will disregard . This is her remedy at lair . ' In other words , she must pay for the exposure at least . . . . 50 0 0 With a little management , it may be £ 200 or £ 300 .
This subject requires further elaboration ; and if the editor could find room , it would be an easy task to push it to a rcdnctio ad absurdum on the one hand , and show bow ready a handle it is . fov despotism on the other . Lastly , viewing it in connection with democracy , we shall discover its true worth , and a few illustrations added , drawn from history , yvill , it is hoped , furnish its answer , and consign it to the fate of one of the delusions of the past . j . n . i ,.
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HOPE FOR LABOUR . TO THE XDITOB OF THE KOETHEBN STAR . Si * , —The present position of the Operative Coal Miners is very important in a rational view . If their * plan | succeeds , it will , of course , be extensively imitated . " There is no reason why Mechanics , or Spinners , or Weavers , or any other class of artisans , should not adopt the same mode of resisting unjust encroachments by their employers . Union is only required ; and the limitation of the hours of labour will be both easy and . pleasant . It is evident that the improved intelligence of the working classes will soon consummate the downfall of commercial despotism .
It was only a beginning in the right direction that was required . The moment that clear and practical viewi should be acted upon by the operatives of one trade , the whole system of grinding tyranny / would totter . That time has now arrived : the Colliers have struck the blow of fate . The capitalists are aware of the fact . A hint was lately dropped in a letter copied into the iforning Herald . It was hinted that the working Miners wanted to cause the demand to exceed the supply of labour ; and then they would have all their own way . This is a hint pregnant with the most important inferences . It ought to sink deep into the minds of all working men who may read it . The same letter contains proofs that the Mining Operatives are managing their affairs admirably . Let them go on and prosper ; and at the same time remember , that eyes are fixed on them from every town in England which has any intelligence among its inhabitants .
The contest in which the Mining population are engaged is one of general labour against general capital . So great may be its results , that it is impossible to predict them . Such a victory as may be gained by the poor labourers over their rich employers , by such novel means , would serve as a striking and great precedent to the working population all over Europe and America . Its effect would be felt from Lyons to Lowell ; and its statistics would be most carefully treasured and studied by the Trades of London . Whatever } sympathy or apathy may have been manifested towards the colliers by the members of other Trades ' Unions , should not be taken into much account . Almost the whole of the operative bodies are composed of poor men . It is with great difficulty that they can support their families out of the reduced wages they now receive ; and no considerate man could expect them to contribute much to any fund for general benevolence . It is highly creditable to them that they subscribe SO much as they do for general purposes .
The struggling Miners should sustain their resolution chiefly ky reflecting on the vast ^ benefit they will be the means of conferring on the whole human race , should they succeed in leading the way , and teaching the rest of the oppressed working people how to act . In France or Italy this sentiment would be an ample incentive , and there is no reason why it should not be equally powerful in England . A stern resolve among the journeymen of any trade , to limit the supply of hands or hours of labour to threefourths or mo-thirds of the amount constantly in demand , would be sure to succeed in tile object of raising wages . The price of work once increased , and more money being at the command of tbe work people , the rest of the details of union would be effected with greater ease . Funds would print tracts , and distribute them : and invaluable general instructions could be circulated all through the kingdom , and elsewhere . Money is notoriously the sinews of war , and particularly so in the conflict of capital and labour , as labour has too long experienced .
This great principle of limiting the hours of labour o-aght to be kept well before the eyes of the whole nation . It ought to be busilj talked about in tbe smaller towns and villages , as well as the cities . There cannot be too much pre-eminence given to this all important question . It is to be hoped that tbe unanimity and firm resolve of tbe Miners will not pass away ; that would be a lamentable catastrophe . But , under the guidance of honest leaders , there is not much cause tofear . With regard to themselves , their sufferings have softened their hearts , and taught them to feel for each other . It is in this revulsion of feeling that adversity displays itself a jewel oi the finest lustre . Prosperity makes men unfeeling , striving against each other , as all are now , under this vicious svstem .
Brighter days , let us hope , are at band for tlie longoppressed poor . Crushed to the earth as they have been , hope even had almost deserted them . In the vista of the future great changes may be descried , faintly , and seeming like visions . Park clouds of poverty are drawn aside , and tbe germs of united labour and capital are seen springing . A year or two more , and will not an antimonopoly League be formed by the operatives , who are now deprived of their just share of tbe profits of trading ? There is such a thing as internal free trade as well as
external free trade . Attempts have been madi- to coax the great newspapers to insert explanations of these matters : but , as might be expected , these endeavours have failf-d . The people must acquire all tlie knowledge beneficial to them through their own organs , or they will not obtain it at all . The workman aiid his employer ought to share tbi- profits of tbe business they may be engaged in : if the master seizes all the profits , ' and gives his workman none , that is a most flagrant monopoly . The League will discover , one of these days , that there is more to be learned than is " dreamt of in their philosophy . "
The coal-owners and their connexion will , doubtless , be verv active at this ciisis . But nothing can avail against the men if they reniain steady . Shoulder to shoulder , and suffering balanced against suffering ; let them be bold , upright , generous , and cliaritable to each other ; and , above all , let them discourage selfishness and unfeeling conduct whenever such may be -shown by any of their members : let them behave to each other like the peasantry do in the South of France ' and Italy , for example , bearing and forbearing , with kind Jeclin ? , and they will gain their cause . 0 . ' how magnificent a cause , if we look at its probable results : Trades Unions will soon begin to assume a new feature . Hitherto their emerprizes have mostly terminated in defeat ; but hereafter , with the prestige of tbe anticipated Colliers' victory , they will be enabled to attain more than has ever been anticipated by the most sanguine imaginations 1 iim , sir . your well-wisher , X .
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Tnx GitiAT Britais Steam-Ship . — Wednesday was appointed for the passage of the Great Britain through the lock of Cumberland basin , the Lost barrier to her free egress to the sea after her long imprisonment . -Yn iuuiiense crowd of spectators had assembled to witness an event whicli excited a lively interest far bevond this port . We cannot attempt to describe in appropriate language the splendid appearance of the Great Britain as she entered the lock . On either side blazed barrels of tar , with very short intervals between them , to the distance of more than two hundred vards , the illumination from which , on the giant * hip " the water , and the faces of the multitude , is not t « £ . Wribed . She passed through at a rapid pace ,
touching nothing but the rail of one of the bridges , which was hooked by the anchor and carried away like a thread . She was moored by the side of the wing wall outside the lock for the night , to be ready for her passage down in the morning . At about seven o'clock in tlie morning , vehicles began to arrive from the country , and by eight o'clock every possible place where there was standing room seemed , as on tbe night before , to be occupied by anxious gazers . At about ten minutes past eight , the Sampson steam-tug , of sixty horse power , in which was Captain Ckxton , R . N . j was seen to take her in tow , and very soon after the word was given to turn a-liead . Slowly and majestically she lelt the entrance amidst the cheers
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of thousands , which were re-echoed by those on board , it was extraordinary to see with what ease she appeared to gather way and to steer , even before two other steamers were attached , one on either side to her quarters , although the flood tide , which was against her , had not done miming . Further Pahticclars . — ( From the London daily 1 lines . J—I dated and despatched my last communication trom King-road , , at which place we had just arrived . The steam was then got up , and at halfpast eleven o ' clock the screw-propeller was putjin motion . It has been objected against the use of the screw m many steamers , that its action causes them not only to steer very badly , but renders it necessary to have more men at the wheel than under other
circumstances , the steering being extremely laborious . The Great Britain , however , steered "like a boat " with one or two strokes of her wheel , and came round with the helm at thirty degrees in a circle of less than half a mile in diameter . The superintending engineers , Mr . I . K . Brunei and Mi-. Guppy , of " course , in starting did not intend that this , the first experiment , should be one of full speed , as no new engines can be expected to have properly come to their bearing until after they have been worked for sometime ; and accordingly directions were given to Mr . H . S . llarman , the engineer-in-chief , to stai-t her with six revolutions only , at whicli she made about lour knots . On passing Portishead , at twelve 0 clock , the revolutions were increased to Of
per minute , when she made a < 5 J log ; 10 i revolutions gave a log of seven knots ; 1 C 4 revolutions a rate of 7 i knots . The steam was kept at this point for some time , and then increased to twelve revolutions , when she gave eight knots as her rate of speed . : At this period , being then near the Holmes , the experiment of turning her round with the helm hard down was tried ; she came round in nine minutes , making a circle of rather more than half a mile in diameter . She was then tried a second time , with the helm at only thirty degrees , when she came round in a most beautiful manner in sLk minutes , and in a less distance . When going the straight course the stupendous mas 9 answered her helm most readily , taking not more than one spoke of the wheel , and
requiring only one man at it . In returning homewards the speed of the engines was gradually , increased to thirteen revolutions , at which she gave 81 knots , and 16 to 16 £ revolutions , when she went through the water at eleven knots , against a strong head wind , passing easily tlie Sampson , the fastest paddle-boat out of the port . At this rate of going the steam was cut off by the expansion-valve at one foot , or one-sixth of the stroke , six of the fires not having been lit during the whole trip . The engines worked perfectly smooth , and without the slightest vibration or tremor being felt in any part of the vessel . The screw-propeller during these experiments was not fully immersed , tho ship ' s draught of water abaft being only fourteen feet six , and about twelve
feet forward , and no ; doubt existed in the minds of any of those present versed in such matters , among whom was Mr . Smith , the original patentee of the Archimedean screw , that upon the next experiment , or when the revolutions of the engine arc increased to twenty in a minute , a speed of from twelve to thirteen knots can be easily obtained . When the vessel was going eleven knots the screw-propeller was only going twelve , making the slip or loss only oneeighth and a third per cent ., and which slip will of course be diminished when the screw-propeller is entirely immersed . When going at her best speed there was no swell whatever under the bows , her stem cutting through ' the water just as the fastest Thames boats do . The whole experiment lasted
nve hours ; and in . every particular the vessel realized tha most sanguine expectations . I have been thus minute , because in the construction of tliis vessel a number of new and startling theories were propounded , and because she has excited so much attention in the scientific world . First , her immense length and size were entirely novel , : then tlie construction of bucIi a leviathan of iron entirely ; and then her mode of propulsion , and the novelty of her engines , have together rendered her an object of very great curiosity . It was ¦ first said that she would never steer—it is proved that she steers not only most easily , but that a single helmsman has a complete command over her ; then it was said , that from the immense mass of iron , the magnetic influence and the local attraction would be so great that they would be unable to depend upon their compasses ; but a variety of experiments having been made to compensate or correct the magnetic variations , thev have corrected
the principal errors , and the local attraction is found even now to be much less than that which exists on board wooden ships . It was also objected that the noise of the chains passing over the drums , ; to give motion to the screw by NvInch she is propelled , would be so great as to prove an annoyance to the passengers . This , however , has been completely avoided , the chains and wheels upon which they work revolving without noise , and what is still more desirable , there is a complete absence of vibration in the ship . While at the Ilolmes , Captain Claxton , the superintending director , and Mr . Guppy , invited the company to partake of an excellent dinner , and about seventy ladies and gentlemen sat down in her spacious saloon ; Captain Ilosken presiding . The Great Britain then steamed to Kingroad , where she cast anchor for the first time at about six o ' clock in the evening ; the persons on board of her and the crews of the various vessels lying in the roadstead greeting lier with heartv cheers .
Discovert of Roman Antiquities .- —There was lately discovered near Lilly-horn , adjoining the highway from Oakridge-eommon , in a field called tho " Church-piece land , " . liislev , the property of T . Baker , Esq ., of Watereombs-house , an extensive range of Roman chambers , whose communications witfi each other were distinctly marked , and which in part exhibited the supports and bases of tesselated floors . They were bounded on one side by a wall of great thickness , but the limits of the whole have not yet been ascertained . There were various sorts of ancient brickwork , &e . ; and there were picked up many fragments of red and coloured glazed pottery , having various figures 011 them , antique glasses , many little implements , such as tweezers , < fcc , the root of a stag ' s horn , of unusual size , sawed off at the ends , a quantity of stag ' s , shecps and other bones , and two
penectly-denned sacrificing knives . On the outside of the wall , not more than six inches below the surface , was a round earthen pot , almost fitting a globe oi metal , which was , in fact , ti concretion of coins , to tlie number of 1 , 2 ^ . Some of these are preserved in the state of cohesion they were found in , and the whole ibnn a complete series of second and third bras ? , mostly in the -best preservation , from the reigns of Valerian to Allectus inclusive , comprehending the Roman British emperors , or usurpers , or at least those who are not usually reckoned in the imperial list . They are most abundantly those of Tetricus pater , Tetricus filius , and Vktorinus ; next to them of Gnllienus , Claudius , and Postanms , Tacitus , Probus , Aurdinnus , Maximianus , Florinnus , Carinus , Diocletianus , Salouina , Numerianus , Cams , Marius , Seyerina , Valerian , Quintillua , Carausius , and Allectus . —Gfloucetterxfiin' Chronich' .
New Method of Detecting Arsenic . —M . Bevan , a scientific chemist , has indicated the following as a certain process for detecting the presence of . arsenic . Into a narrow 1 tube is to be j > ut a certain quantity of nitric acid , diluted with four times its wi'iyht in water , filling the tul > e to half its depth . Into this is to be introduced a rod of clean copper . On the top oi the liquid is to be poured some melted tallow , which , on becomingcooJ , forms a diaphragm , tluit separates the upper part of the copper rod from that whicli is plunged in the acid . On the surface of the diaphragm is to be placed the aiMcnical matter , and at the end of six hours all the arsenic that is in it will be found separated , and adhering to tlie rod . By means of this process M . Bevan- atlinns that the quantity ol arsenic in the matter put into the tube may be ascertained even to the lOOth part of a grain . A rod ot zinc , he adds , will give tho same result , and even more promptly . —0 ' al'ononi .
Mammoth Steam Electrical Machine . —An hydroelectric machine of the most extraordinary and unprecedented power is . now being constructed for the United States . It will be able to produce a-spark of 3 ( 5 inches , to coat 3 , 500 feet of metallic surface , in a battery of 48 Leydenjars , of 2 feet high by 10 inches in diameter . This shock woxild kill a thousand men in an instant , if it were passed through such a chain ! This machine will be more than four times as powerful as the one exhibited at the 1 Polytechnic institute , London , and is now by far the most powerful instrument in the world . The name of this Leviathan machine isto be the " Benjamin Franklin ; " and as it will not be shown at' all in Europe , America will possessd , exclusively this magnificent , unequalled instrument . It will leave tlie manufactory for the United States eavly inthe year . :
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IIoHTicri . TURE . —We have lately experienced a severe frost , the thermometer having fallen , on the morning of Friday the 6 th inst ., to 20 degrees whicli indicates 12 degrees of frost . From that time to the middle of last week , the frost continued , though with less severity , night and day . During such lengthened pei'iods of frost , when considerable artificial heat must be employed , greenhouse plants require liberal supplies of water , and the atmosphere should not be allowed to get too dry . It was but a few days ago that we were glad to employ fire heat to neutralise the excessive dampness of the external atmosphere . Now it becomes
equally necessary to guard the plants from injury through unnatural and excessive dry ' ness of tlie air . In the proper management of these matters very much of tbe skill of the gardener is exhibited , and to ensure success great diligence , care , and observation are requisite . Out of doors there are but few operations whicli such weather will admit of ; tliere are , however , some things for which \ t 19 favourable enough—thus , for instance , manure and composts may be wheeled into the quarters where they are needed , or to the clumps on the lawn or flower-garden , for which operation the hard state of the walks , mould and turf , are favourable . In the case of manure , it should be kept as much in heaps as possible , or by
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exposure to the wind and rain it will lose much of its value . Heaps of manure may be turned over to accelerate their decomposition , and in like planner heaps of compost may be turned in oi-der to mix them thoroughly , and to keep them sweet , ] destroy worms , < fce . Materials for the compost-yard may be collected , mixed , and laid up in heaps torot . — -The Greenhouse . Some of the early tulips and narcissus will now be showing their flowers , and the hyacinths are pushing up pretty strongly . A fresh batch of ithe Dutch bulbs may now be bronght into the house in order to
succeed the forward ones . These , with the plants of the Chinese primrose and cineraria , toay be treated to a little guano water occasionally . — The . Flowergarden . The moment the weather breaks , uncover the frames and pits , and sparingly supply with water any of the plants that are quite " dry ; and if quite mild , leave the lights off fora few hours . —77 re Kitchengarden . Attend to the cauliflower and lettuce plants in frames , and give them plenty of , air when the weather will permit . See that the ! potato clumps and the stores of roots of various kinds are well secured from frost . —Bell ' s Weekly Messenger .
Christmas Cueer . —At Woodbridge market , on Wednesday , was shown , by Mr . W . Brinkley , a calf of seventeen months old , fatted by Mr . John Cook , of Marttesham , weighing upwards of sixty stone . Also , by the same butcher , three other beasts from Mr . S . Toller ' s , of Gedgrave , Weighing upwards of ninety stone each , the latter of which : obtained prizes at the last agricultural show . j Value of Fukze . —The value of furze as an article
of provender for cattle has been frequently spoken of , and the following , from a Swansea journal , seems to prove that the agriculturists are beginning to be ot the same opinion : — " Mr . David Jenkins , Bettws , Carmarthenshire , has lately disposed of a field of furze at the following high prices : f—Tlie h ' rst lot fetched 3 d , per yard , which is equal to £ 60 per acre , and the remaining lots weredisposed of at 2 Jd . ay . ml , which is equal to £ 52 10 s . per acre . ! The furze ' was of two years' growth , and the lots to bic carried off the field previously to the first of March next . "
Fke . vch Eggs . —The egg merchants of Cherbourg are about to avail themselves of the I facilities for a quick and cheap transit offered by { the railway to London , to import their eggs into Southampton , instead of going to London . A small French sloop , the Napoleon , arrived in the dock about ( two o ' clock on Thursday afternoon , with a cargo o £ about 400 , 000 eggs in cases , some of which were landed and forwarded to London that evening . —Hampshire Independent . ; Extraordinary Wheat Crops . —A correspondent of the Norwich Mercury communicates the following account of some extraordinary crops of wheat ;—" The land ( under five acres ) " lies in Happisburgh , t * fai \ f . imtfvna in o \\ f \ Tr >/ ia +-AnA Ii . tl ^ nsvin .-v 4- * il 1 VI 1 J-i ' vv (« iluiiltOLVttU LU V .
vuuvJ ^ uuun , UC 7 £ UJlt £ lIlg f * IliVlll " son , Esq ., North Walsham , whose intelligent steward , Ducker , took the greatest possible pains to ascertain tbe exact quantity produced , ana jalso the exact measurement of the field , to obviate any doubt to the perversion of truth . It was Spaldingjwheat , and the product one hundred and ten coombs two bushels , being nearly twenty-two cooiuIjs ( aj coomb is four bushels ) and a half per acre . Such a productive crop has probably never been produced from any given quantity of land within the memory of the oldest Norfolk agriculturist , and many , manv years may
elapse before a similar instance can be recorded . The cast of wheat in this neighbourhood generally , the product of this year , is really excellent . Mr . It . Cully , Bacton , has some land which produced seventeen coombs per acre , and lands in this and the adjoining village of Wilton , belonging to Lord Wodehouse , which generally produces eight jor nine coombs , and last year only from five or seven , has this year produced twelve coombs per acre , j The cast and quality of the barley , which was considered likely to have been extremely indifferent , has proved quite the contrarv . "— Burv Post . ' ,
Proouce of a Cow . — ( To the j Editor of the Mark Lane Express ) . — Sni , — Having read in your journal of the 3 rd of June last , that a cow belonging to Mr . James Geach , of Penvounder , jiu the parish of Sithney , has produced SoOlbs . of butter in the preceding year , I have been induced to send you the following account of produce I have had from a cross-bred Alderney and Durham cow in one year . She calved the first week in November , 1843 ; from that time to the 31 st October , 1844 ^ produced upwards of 650 lbs . of butter ; for a considerable time after calving , gave 171 bs . per week ; ' and she is at this time giving 8 Jbs . per week . —I aril , sir , your obedient servant , Edwaho C'ampio . v .
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London Cokx Exchange , Monday , ! Dec . 16 . —The arrivals of all kinds of grain ( British I as well as Foreign ) were exceedingly small during Jthe past week , and fresh up for this day ' s market there was a moderate show of wheat samples b y Ianil carriage from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk . Of barley the quantity offering was tolerably good , and the display of beans and neas rather liberal , but of oats there were scarcely any tresh up . After nearl y a fortnight of sharp frost a rapid thaw set in yesterday , and the dampness of the atmosphere haa an unfavourable effect on the condition of the grain this morning . I English wheat was held at rather enhanced rates in ; the early p art of the day , and in partial instances superior qualities brought a trifle more money , but the trade closed languidly at the currency of Mondavi last . Foreign free wheat was taken off slowly . The qtrantity of really fine quality in warehouse here being , however , small , holders demanded very full terins . Flour met
a dull sale , and quotations remained ! nominally unchanged . Barley excited comparatively little attention , but factors were generally very firm , refusing to accept lower prices than on this day sle ' nnight , either for English or free foreign . The trifling business passing in malt was at precisely similar rates to those previously obtained . The bare state of the oat market induced holders to ask more money , but the dealers were if possible even more cautious than last week , and the operations were not of sufficient importance to warrant alteration in quotations . Beans hung very heavily on hand , and must again be noted Is . per qr . cheaper . Grey and maple peas were also easier to buy , but white , owing to their scarcity , were held at fully former prices . In bond ] nothing of interest transpired . The deniand for both red and white clover-seed was inactive to-diiy , and prices nearly nominal . lu other articles no particular chnmre occurred . i
London Smithfield Market , Moiidav , Dec . 10 . — This being the day appointed for liukling what is termed the " Great * Clirisftmis Market , " more than the usual bustle attendant on such interesting occasions was observed at an early hour , and continued throughout the morning . As might be expected , from the fine frosts experienced for some time past , and the consequent favourable statejof the weather for slaughtering , the graziers were tolerably certain of realising more remunerative priee $ for the stock , especially the beasts , than we have reported for a lengthened period , in this expectation they were , however , in a great measure disappointed , for the atmosphere having suddenly become j mild , many ol the ibii tellers in attendance , the number of whom was
fxwdingly great , refused to purchase at anything like the asking quotations , some of which were high in the extreme . Hence the beef trade was , the time of your considered , in a very sluggish ; . state , with tlie exception of a few of the finest animals , producing hi , L h rates , which we shall hereafter notice . The highest general figure did not exceed } 4 s . Oil ., per i 5 lb . In noticing the " prodigies" of the jshow of beasts , we have to refer . with very great pleasure to the thirteen most wonderful Durhams and short horns sent by Sir C . Knightley , whith for ; symmetry and weJKlit" were never excelled by : ujy stock brought together for competition in any cattle yard in England . These cxtraorilinarv beasts , the whole of which were under live voars old , were the admiration of all
beholders , while there was only one of them under 200 stwics ( Sib . ) The next in importance , as to quality , were the thirty llerefonls and Sussex beasts , the property ol' Mr . Senior , of Broiigliton House , near Aylesbury . Many of them weighed upwards of 250 stones , and were sold at from £ 50 to £ 60 per head . Mr . Senior , it will l > e noticed , was a ' successful exhibitor at the club ' s show . We have now to notice the forty-three llerefonls offered by Mr . Rowland , of C ' itsIow , This stock , considering the number shown by one gentleman as his own property , was decidedly the best in the market , though we consider that one of the Ilerelbrds sold by Mr . Senior jwas superior to anything we almost ever saw . Mr , ! Rowland exhibited an animal which cairicd off one of . the prizes
at a local show a few weeks since . Mr . Currier had tlie celebrated short-horn whicli carried of ? the £ 30 prize , as awarded by the Smithfield club . This , and three others—viz ., a , short-horn and two Herefordswere greatly aad deservedly admired . Mr . Morgan had the largest , and perhaps the most astonishing show of beasts of any salesman in the market , consisting ' of short-horns , Devons , llerefoyds , itc , belonging to Win . Goodale , Esq ., of Deeping , Lincolnshire ; Wallett Goodale , Esq ., of Peterborough ; Wm . Thomas , Esq ., of Ilolbeach , Lincolnshire ; R . Cook , Esq ., Portland , Lincolnshire ; Wm . Wiseman , Esq ., Moulton , Lincolnshire ; J . Copland , ; Esq ., Lincolnshire ; and other large breeders . Mr . Vorley ' s stand was filled with many extremely good j animals , which were sold at high prices . Having particularised the
best beasts in this great exhibition ; , we shall now proceed to take a general retrospect of the supply . On many former occasions we have had to notice a great preponderance of some breeds , especially the Herefords , over the others , both as respects number and quality ; but to-day there was more evenness in them than we ever recollect . On tlieiwhole , however , the Herefords stood at the top of the poll , both in weight and symmetry . The next in importance in these particulars , were the Devons , next the Durhams , the next the short horns , and the next the Scots In speaking of the last breed , it is placed beyond a doubt that the show this mom ing was the very best ever noticed As to the number ot beasts brought torward , it considerably exceeded that on the great days of the two past years , as is thus Uiown : —
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Numbers exhibited in the Great Days of 1842 , 1843 , and 1844 . , 1843 1343 1844 . Beasts ..... 4541 4510 5713 From the above it will be seen that we had a largo suDply here this morning , and yet the quality was quite equal to any we have ever before witnessed . In reporting upon the prices obtained here this morning , and those obtained in the corresponding market in 1843 , we find . very little difference in them , they ruling as under : — Great day in 1 S 43 . Great day in 18 ii . s . d . s . d . s . d . s . d . Beef , per 81 b ... 3 S 4 4 2 10 4 6 Mutton 2 8 4 4 2 10 4 4 Veal 3 446 3444 Pork 3 0 10 3 0 i 0
Had the weather been more favourable than it turned out , we are quite of opinion , notwithstanding the immense numbers brought forward , that better prices would have been obtained for the beasts . We now come to the sheep . In this description of stock a very great improvement was noticed ; indeed , so fine a collection of half-breds was scarcely ever known on . such an occasion as the present . Mr . Weall had on offer forty wonderful Downs and ten Gloucesters , the property of E . F . Wittingstall , Esq ., of Langley Bury , Herts . The former , which weighed on an average about twenty stone ( 8 Ib . ) . and produced £ 5 per head , were almost unrivalled , while the latter exceeded thirtv stone ( 81 b . ) , and found buyers at £ 8 each . Mr . Weall had , likewise , fortv ' polled and
hfty Down ewes , belonging to Mr . Rowland , of Creslow , which realised high prices . In the other portions of the supply of sheep there was nothing calling for particular remark . As to the mutton trade it was in a very sluggish state , yet the currencies obtained on this day se'nnight , the highest being 4 s . 4 d . per bib ., were supported . Very few foreign beasts or sheep were on sale , and tliere was scarcely any inquiry for them . The imports for the United Kingdom since Monday last , have amounted to 180 oxen and cows , and . 200 sheep , in for the most part good condition . The bullock droves fresh up to-day
consisted ot 2 oW short-horns from Lmcolnshire , Leicestershire , and Northamptonshire ; 600 Scots , &c , from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire ; 1000 short-horns , Herefords , Devons , Durhams , &c ., from the Western and Midland districts ; 600 various breeds from other * parts of England , 300 from Scotland ; while of Irish beasts the number was about 120 . The numbers of calves were good , while the veal trade ruled heavy , at last week ' s prices . In pigs , at least three-fourths of which were from Ireland , veiy little was doing at our quotations . At the close of the market nearly the whole of the stock was disposed of .
Smithfield Hay Markets—Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 iiis . to £ 4 15 s . ; useful ditto , £ 4 16 s . to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland ditto , £ 5 5 s . to £ 5 10 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s . to £ 6 ; oat straw , £ 1 12 s . to £ 1 14 s ; wheat straw , £ 1 15 a . tos £ 1 1 G per load . Supply but moderate , and trade rather dull . Whitecuafel . —Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 12 s . to £ 4 r 14 s . ; useful ditto , £ 4 15 s . to £ o 4 s . ; fine Upland ditto , £ 5 5 s . to £ 5 10 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 . 10 s . to £ 6 ; oat straw , £ 1 12 s . to £ 1 I 4 s . ; wheat straw , £ 1 14 s . to £ 1 1 . 6 s . per load . Trade throughout inactive , at our quotations . Southall , Dec . 18 . —We had rather an extensive supply of fat stock here to-day , both as to number and ?[ u ality . Prime qualities were in good request at ull prices , but , otherwise , the trade was heavy . Beef , from 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 6 d . ; mutton , 3 s . to 4 s . 6 d . ; veal , 3 s . 4 s . to 4 s . 2 d . : and pork , 2 s . 8 d . to 3 s . 8 d . per 81 bs . Supply : —Beasts , 1 , 100 ; sheep , 1 , 629 ; calves , 49 : pigs , 51 .
ItoitFORD , Dec . 18 . —There was a full average timeof-year supply of stock here to-day , yet the trade wag steady at our quotations . Beef , from 3 s , to 4 s . 6 d . ; mutton , 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 4 d . ; veal , 3 s . 4 d . to 4 s . 2 d . ; and pork , 3 s . to 3 s . 6 d . per 81 bs . Suckling calve 3 , I 8 s . to 30 s . ; quarter-old store pigs , 16 s . to 20 s . ; and milch cows , with their small calf , £ 16 to £ 19 each . LfewEs , Dec . 17 . —Beef , from 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 6 d . ; Mutton , 3 s . to 4 s , 4 d . ; Veal , 3 s . 8 d . to 4 s . ; and Pork , 3 s . 4 d . to 3 s . 8 d . per 81 bs . Supply good and trade firm . CORN AVERAGES . —General average prices of British corn for the week ended Dec . 14 , 1844 , made up from the Heturns of the Inspector in the different Cities and Towns in England and Wales , per Imperial Quarter . Wheat - 45 s . Id . I Oats - 21 s . lid . I Beans - 36 s . 9 d . Barley - 3 d ( s .. 5 d . Rye - 32 s . Od . Pease - 36 s . Id .
Manchesxeb Corn Market , 'Saturday , Dec . 14 . —• The improved feeling apparent in the flour trade last week has continued throughout the present , and , with an animated demand for the article , which has considerably reduced the previous accumulation of stock in factors' hands , rather higher prices have , in some instances ( for approved marks ) been realized . There has likewise been a good inquiry for both oats and oatmeal , the continued scarcity of which has enabled holders to obtain somewhat enhanced rates . At our market this morning rather more disposition was manifested to purchase wheat , and we raise our quotation Id . to 2 d . per TOlbs . Flour met a tolerable free sale , and the dealers and bakers were compelled to pay a slight advance on the rates which would have
been previously accepted . Both oats and oatmeal were in steady request , the former at an improvement of fully Id . per 4 olbs . and the latter 6 d . per 24 ' » lbs . In beans nut little change can be noted . Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , Dec . 16 . — With easterly winds we have to report very small arrivals of grain to this port : the steamers have brought shipments of oatmeal and flour from Ireland , but of these , too , the quantities for the week are moderate . The duty on foreign rye has advanced to 9 s . ( id . per quarter ; the rates of impost on all other articles remain as noted last week . Throughout the week the trade has been very firm , and , upon a moderate demand , full prices have generally been obtained . We have had little choice of new wheat :
whilst of oats the market has been exceedingly bare , and though in limited request they have realized an advance of Id . to 2 d . per bushel , 3 s . 2 d . per 45 lbs . having been paid for good mealing . Oatmeal also has brought Gd . per load above the quotations of this day se'nnight . Flour has sold more freely , and on , rather better terms . No change as respects barley beans , or peas .. A few parcels of United States sweet flour have been sold , in bond , at 17 s . to 17 s . 6 d . per barrel . Newcastle Co . rx Market , Dec . 14 . —At our market this morning we had an extremely large supply of wheat from the growers , but tho arrivals coastways bein £ - trifling , sales were readily made at . fully last week ' s prices . The high comparative rates at wliich
south country qualities were held , caused our millers to be very cireumspeet in their purchases , many holding off in anticipation of doing better when the expected supplies come to hand , which are understood to be considerable . Foreign continues to beheld with increased firmness , as may be shown by the fact of 56 s per quarter having been refnsed for a parcel of fine oldDantzic of the crop , 42 . Bonded has attracted some little attention ; two cargoes are reported to have been sold , viz ., one of Conisberg to 30 , and another of mixed Dantzic to 33 , weighing 31 lbs per bushel . For flour tliere was a good inquiry , choice household being readily saleable at 35 s , and extra whites from 37 s to 38 s per sack . Barley may be quoted a shade higher ; and from the circumstance of the
recent foreign arrivals being about cleared off , with no probability of receiving any further accession till the spring , we think it not improbable that the best south , country qualities will improve a little in value . Malt without change . In beans little doing . Boiling peas rather more inquired after , and choice breakers are held for an advance of 1 s to 2 s per qr . Notwithstanding there was a very liberal supply of new oats from tlie -. country , the whole met a ready sale at prices rather exceeding those of this day se ' unight . Old on . the contrary , were no dearer , and in limited request owing to our large consumers being fully stocked .
Yokk Corn Market , Dec . 14 . —Wo have a fair attendance of farmers to-day . Wheat meets a ready sale , at Is . per qr . over the rates of last week , and we have a firm market for all other articles in the trade , with a tendency to advancing prices . Malton Corn Market , Dec . 14 . —We have a good supply of wheat and barley , of oats moderate , to this day ' s market : wheat is Is to 2 s higher ; barley and oats without alteration . —Red wheat , new , 43 s to 49 s ; old ditto , 50 s . to 53 s ; ditto white , new , 51 s to 56 s ; old ditto , 53 s to 56 s per qr . of 40 stones . Barley , 28 s to 39 s per qr . of 32 st . Oats , 9 } d to 10 id per stone .
Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Dee . 17 . —Our supplies of wheat and barley are fair ; of oats and beans they are rather short this week . Wheat is in steady demand , and last week ' s prices are well supported "; barley is offering rather freely , and only the best qualities are taken at last week's prices , —inferior descriptions , of which much of the supply consists , are held over . Oats and beans are firm , at late rates . The frost has left us , and we now have the weather mild for the season .
THE AVERAGE TRICES OF WHEAT , FOR THT 5 WEEK ' ENDING DECEMBER 17 . 1844 . meat . Barlnj : Oat . * . Bye . Means . Peas . Qrs . Qrs . " <^ rs . ^ ' rs . ^ rs . Qrs . C 174 1990 412 0- 418 84 £ s . ( 1 £ s . . 1 . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . 2 0 51 1 13 10 i 1 1 3 i 0 0 0 1 17 1 H 1 19 9 Leeds Cloth Market . — -Though the markets still maintain the same character , prices remain steady . Heavy goods have the best demand , but the calleven for these cannot be called extensive . Sanguine hopes , however , are entertained of improved markets with the new year , although for the present , manufac turers seem more inclined to curtail than increase their operations .
Untitled Article
IIolloway ' s Ointment and Pills—Mr . Samuel Coudy , a carpenter and builder , residing at 24 , Ilpughton-stm-t , Clare-market , was on the 21 st of October last , ' admitted a patient , with three dreadful ulcers on the back part of his neck , at King ' s College Hospital , aiid . continued go up to the 24 th of March last , when he was discharged as incurable . He has , however , been radically cured , in a very short space of time , by the above invaluable medicines . This is another proof that any wound or ulcer , however dangerous , may with certainty be eured by their means , when every other means have failed .
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Market Intelligence.
MARKET INTELLIGENCE .
Untitled Article
Decembeb 21 , 1844 . THE NORTHERN S TAR . I 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 21, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct687/page/7/
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