On this page
- Departments (1)
-
Text (8)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
TO THE IMPEBIAL CHARTISTS.
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
Ht -wsu- bklotxd Fbixnis , —Ate * such a week cfa gifcfr ™! suck as I have never experience ! in the worse of iny fifb , I at dawn to give 70 a a digested report of my ScotdTtour , You shall hear nothing bat the plain and raaple troth from me . On Saturday , die 5 * 4 I spared at Greeoook , at t ^ o o ' clock , after a very boisterw passage . X jhoflWeay that I left Ecrolon * t si ; o ' clock on jndftj morniBg . I am a recj bad salfcr , and was Tarj jlL However , a * y «» have learned from tbe & « . ua Scottish Patriot all tiwBllto ffiasgow an *
GreenoekDtmonstrations , I . floatt - pass Stem orer , ginply remarking thai ih # deaoostratiea at CBaagov is admitted by alLssve the Whig press , to have bee * by far the largest meeting ever witnessed" on the Green ; and if joa trish / oar proof , you hare it in the iast that the Whig papers gare to the ^ DocAii , Whits , and Cwxiss' demonstration 3000 , while the same veritable organs gave bar oBBbers on Monday last at from 10 , 000 to 12 , 000 . It w * a a glorious flight , and so pen can do it justice The fools are compelled to admit that the Soiree in the evening was " splendid , " tt brilliant , " u
magnificent . " Just imagine 2 , 700 persons sitting down to a Chartist banquet . Two thousand fire hundred tickets were sold , * nd about 200 more of delegates and anxious friends were bubseqnently admitted . The arrangements were perfect , the sentiments rousing , and the speeches of the first order ; but that which justly elicited the most applause was , the presentation of an address and a very valuable diamond ring , by three lovely girls of the Chartist Association . The manner in whieh Hiss Moir read the address , and subsequently enforced the necessity o perseverance , drew tears from many an eye .
1 now pass on to the Greenoek Soiree , of which fhdjou have not had a report . It was held in the Mechanics' Hall , a spacious building , erected by the working ffien , and into which they hare jnst introduced aboas £ 790 worth ot valashle books . About 7 00 of the working and middle classes sat down : the boose would hold no more . It was a splendid treat ; i&d never was there a more brilliant speech made tlian that delivered by John M'Cne , M . P . for Greeoock ; the whole was most glorious .
On Wednesday morning a deputation of the ship carpenters waited upon me to say that Mr . Scott , a mister builder , had turned off 200 of hi 3 hands for attending the demonstration on the previous day . He told them to go to Mr . O'Connor for work . I inquired wkat he was , and was told that be was a hmker ; and I also learned that the society of carpenters had £ 500 in his bank , and eculd probably muster about £ 500 more of his notes among them . I told them to go with my compliments , and say that I regretted not being able to find permanent work for them , bnt that I had given them a job , to get gold for their £ 1000 of his rags . This seemed to be approved of generally ; and I hare since learned th « a soTareign in Greenoek is thought to be as valuable a- one of Mr . Scott ' s notes .
On "Wednesday I went to Paisley , the most distressed town in Great Britain ; and there wa had a magnifie-nit meeting in the Old Low Church , the largest building in the town , which was crammed to suSx&iion , thonaand 3 haying gone away disappointed . Mr . Thoma 3 on , the people ' s representatire , was in the chair ; our Chartist resolutions were unjujimon . 3 ly pissed ; an address was presented to me from the inhabitants , and also one from the Chinists of EldenJis , the birth place of
"Wallace . The proceedings went off in the n » s pleasing Tn « . TtT > t » Tr At eight o ' clock , we hid a rer ? epienaid soiree at the great Exchange Booms , waicii was densely erowded . About 800 sat down . Singing of patriotic Bongs and good speaking , nith Basic and soul-stirring recitations , kepi us till berweea ; w elve and one o ' clock , when we parted in high spirits at our prospect of speedily relieving tas thousands of distressed who are to ba seen pining in the streets , and hourly expressing silent censure upon , our tyrant rulers .
On Monday I crossed the Clyde to Dumbarton ; asd now I eome to an important part of my histcry . Dumbarton , as Greenoek , is a noted place for ship building ; and the masters refused the men liberty to turn out ; howeTer , the Bbip carpenters and apprentices , to a man , struck work . Just one ? era abous the term apprentices . They are not indentured , but are poor Droken down fellows , who lack from Ireland , the Highlands , and the oyerttocked nanafacturisg market , who work at the trade for fire years to qualify themselves as journey-UeiL . They receive not more than six shillings per
week ; and after eighteen months are made to do eqoii work with a journeyman whose wages are twemj-four shillings a week . Thus the masters , for three years and a half , pocket eighteen shillings a-week for their inEtrnction , and thus does machinery * 5 ec ; even the ship carpenters , as the market is full of apprentices coming from the manufacturing towns ; and this system ha 3 made the men entirely dependent upon their employers . I explained this with grew tSeefc io the Miip carpenters ; and all cow are beginning at long last to discoTer that sieim is the inveterate enemy of man . Oar meeting was not to hare been in Dumbarton : it was to
h » Te Deeu in the Vale of Leven , a heavenly valley , commencing about three miles from tha town , aud forming a beautiful rale embo 3 » ed in a rising ground , not bills or mountains , but a 3 it were , a radiant boundary of slopes . Our meeting was to k » Te been held in this sweet spot ; but the tyrant Blasters , after haying given iheir men permission to attend oa Tuesday , recalled ihe leave on Wednes-& 7 at noon . In this dilemma , what was to be done ? iir »; , I must tell you that we held a meeting in Bamoarton , at two o clock , to which the Bhip carpeLrtrs' apprentices , and a por-. ion of the population marched in procession whh music and all the
fcsgm-a of their crafi . We had a yery spirited tteejin ^ ; bu : all looked forwud to the night—and now , what in the dilemma was to be done ? Well , I il tell you ; the brave children of the valley thanked God that « night they were free of their taskffi&s-ers , and they insastly get about making hunbvis of torches—aye , in faith , torches ! Tie Bigat Wi 3 aiTful . argix 0 - d (> ckj tie ^ P carpenters' apprentices , and a number of good Cbar : ist 3 kft Dumbarton wiih a band of music , to join the procession about three miles onward- I ¦ aned witn the Committee about half-pas ; six , and toe silent val 8 vpon our approach , made the slopes vooad re-echo with the djonu of liberty , while the
wuuant blaze of torch light illumined the valley for Bines » roand . We passed through a town called Jwntoa , whsre we received an accession of In-Wmanes , flags , a ^ a ban ^ and tha 3 aUR . fcsied , we marched on about one . mile and a half tather to Alexandria , where we were met by another »* _ of torch bearers , a reinforcement of numbers , * m aaoiher band ; and taa procession being thus «| mp . ei *}} the Tale presented such a sceae as non * ' habitant ? ever ber ' ore wrnessed . As far as Ke e je C 0 H i ^^ ^ emVdQg counteaailoes of lne » ons and danghters of the peaceful valley were to be * ea sen-ing forth their jocund mirth in spite of *^ d ard rain , which fell m torrents .
* -y friends , I cannot describe the eff&et whieh the W- euy of such a . scene , and ibe amazement of the » 2 £ regated thoossuida h&d -upon all arcusd , therewe itej shall gpe ^ for ^ eagejye ^ Wilh one ««> ri the working mm declared that they would ** have lost the demonstraiion for a whole year ' s ¦»*«? . Mr . Thom&Bon , M . P . for Paialey , who is *» iwated in the Tale of LeTen , and of whose «* t Mrrices all bear testimony , nearly lost hia * ses ind was with difficulty restrained from " ¦ Patent of the carriage u it went on . The j * " ^^ , a set of the most spirited and fine * «> ws 1 8 Ter met withj were gq ^ jy lighted , . Bai ' tte 7 had neTer upon any fonaer occaj Been * ^ A P&rt of the number assembled at lerea . I Sat now comes the * touch and go . " It was « intention of the committee to have gone on to
Untitled Article
Bonhill , another town on the other Bide of the rirer LeTen ; bat , alas , the monopolists hare built a toll bridge over the water , and a halfpenny toll is paid by each foot passenger . Just as we reached the toll-gate , a prodigious procession , as large as ours , was on the bridge on their way to meet as ; and upon the carriage reaching the gate , the people were throat back ^ jtod not being prepared with halfpence , became' desperate . Well , my friends , yon can better imagine than 1 describe my position . Just picture to yourselves a most enthnsiastio people intending to join in procession
separated by a large iron gate , while I , in the dead of night and in a strange country , found myself surrounded by thousands and tens of thousands over whom I could not have an immediate control , and where one incautious , or violent , or thoughtless act might have committed me in any mishap whieh occurred . In this dilemma , and not at all blaming th « gate-keeper , the ship carpenters advanced to the gate with their implements ; the two parties met with the gate only between them , and threatened instant destruction of the gate if it was not opened . Thus situated , I proclaimed
silence , haying first ordered a place to be cleared to the right of the carriage , and directing another part ; to go to the opposite side and torn the carriage , horses and all , around like lightning . This manosuTre was performed as quick as thought , and Instantly our party left a space of about twelve yards between the carriage and the gaie > at which the Bonhill men still continued to thunder . Hereupon I commenced speaking , having sent about twenty men to keep order at the gate , and in the space of a few minutes , all could hear , and then I began to reason with them , saying
that I would first address tnose at one side of the river , and then proceed on the bridge to Bonhill . This had the desired effect , and upon the close of iny address I insisted upon all retiring from the bridge ; this order was also promptly obeyed . The gates were thrown open , I joined the procession on the bridge , and thus ended the most anxious moment of my whole life , and one which for some time threatened consequences of which no man could see ths result . Our second procession soon formed , and onward we marched through the whole town , in brilliant style , to a spacious hustings provided for the occasion .
It had been originally the intention that I should have addressed them in a large church , bat it w&s discovered that one-twentieth of those present could not gain admission , and to the hu 3 : ing 3 we repaired , where I addressed the vast multitude at considerable length , and apparently to their satisfaction . At the close the procession again formed , and with torches blazing , colours flying , and hands playing , we retraced onr steps to Alexandria , where a public sapper had been prepared ; as we reached the bridge a second time I made my way in advance to the tate , but the toll-keeper very good naturedly
threw i ; open free to all . I had now—ten o ' clock at night—been at work for twelve hours ; had addressed three out-door meetings ; and proceeded to take my place at the festive board . The people ' s own room was beautifully decorated with the Star portraits , laurels , and evergreens ; an excellent sapper was tastefully laid upon the table ; that best and most eloquent of men , John JPCrea , was in the chair ; Mr . Thomason , the people ' s schooloaster and friend , was in the vice-chair . John iPCrea made a splendid speech , as did Mr . Thomason , and they were
pleased to Bay that mine was not a bad one . 1 was fifteen hours at hard work , went to bed at half-past one , got np at half-past six on Friday , and started for Glasgow , about nineteen miles ; breakfasted at Glasgow ; and , at twelve , started for Hamilton , in company with the brave , the bold , the indomitable James Moir . The rain fell in torrents , and the prospect of a meeting was nearly hopeless : however , when we arrived within five miles of the place of meeting , Bothwell Bridge , the clouds opened , and the sun sent forth a succession of brilliant baams , which gave us a hope that all would yet be well .
On our arrival at Bothwell Bridge we were met by a large procession , with bands , and a great number of large and splendid banners . We marched on in procession about two miles , to Hamilton ; and here again the people , who understand the locality , shall speak for themselves . Moir stood np frequently and leoked at the mo ring mass , exclaiming that it was truly wonderful ; and all the people declared that they never saw such a demonstration in Hamilton . The ground is uneven , the Bun shone bright and clear , and the effect of the procession moving in the low ground as we viewed it from the
heights , was truly grand . At length , after traversing the whole town , we reached a well-made and commodious hustings , where resolutions were passed and addresses presented , and capital speeches made by Moir and several working men . The middleclasses attended , and so great was their anxiety to meet and hear me again , that they offered any reasonable Bum for a ticket for the soiree ; but could not procure one . Many , however , had previously provided tickets ; and at half-past seven , we sat down to an excellent soiree in the largest church in the town , nearly 1 C 00 in number . Mr .
Hamilton , of Stone-house , was in the chair . Mr . Moir and myeelf were the only speakers . There were several amateur singers and clubs in attendance io enliven the evening . Moir made a capital speech ; and I may , from the result , say without vanity , that I did not make a bad one . I say from the result : because many , very many confirmed Whigs , who were my bitterest opponents , gave in their adhesion to Chartism—and as bitterly as ever they denounced me denounced their organs which they-said had grossly maligned me , the Chartists , and their principles .
My friends , I speak of facts , and only of fact 3 , which every working man , in Hamilton , can confirm , namely , that some of our bitterest enemies have now declared for the Charter . Let me give you one or two instances : —One gentleman , who was in the habit of denouncing me and my party , on his return from the soiree , went to a coffee-house and took up the Glasgow Argtu containing a report of our Glasgow meeting , and which represented me as a wild declaimer ; he instantly tore the paper in pieces , and swore he would never read it again , declaring that the Whig press had been the rain of Reformers , in consequence of its slander of the Chartist 3 . Another gentleman met me and said that he was converted . But hear this ; aa I was returning from the out-door
meetixg , a very gentleman-like person , dressed in black , made his way to me , and in presence of those who accompanied me , rushed up , seized me by the hand , burst ont crying , * nd said , "Sir , lam , or rather I was , a high Tory . I came thirty miles to satisfy myself . Dear Sir , I am satisfied . God bless you—go on with your holy work . " On Saturday morning , as I was about to start for Strathaven , the whole . committee assembled at my hotel to say ¦ g ood bye , and the Chairman did me the honour to say that my visit had rendered Chartism triumphant ' -that their old and systematic opponents met them at all corners , shook hands with them , confessed the justice of their principles , and tendered them their support in their accomplishment .
At twelve o ' clock I left Hamilton for Strathayen , amid the cheers and blessings of the blistered hands . Mr . Gevin , from Straven , ( as they call it for brevityJ came for me : and in order to make ay tour as . bene-
Untitled Article
ficial as possibl e , the good me& of LarkhaU , who attended the dev non 3 tr *^ fcm on" ^ the previous . day , and marched firrt ja the ranks with their white flag , requested me t < T stop and address them . ¦ : The whole population wasaa ^ mbied ; and I did address them in a Speech strftaM * for nrial villagers . The shopkeepers attended , and J think ! staggered their faith in a Whig Government , or Tory govern * ment , or class legialatioa . From . Lai : khall , we pro * oeeded to Stone-house , another large Tillage , about three miles from Strarea ; and there likewise the whole population turned ont to hear the " wild
Irishman ? ' , I think , I shook their faith ala 0 . Here the procession from Straven , met us ; and , it ; truth , a procession it was . The day was cold but nnO > and * as we reached the town our numbers incre , wd until at length the whole population appeared to hare congregated . The Irishm en crowd in great numbers to this plac e to dig the potatoes ; at present there are about nine hundred of my migrating starring countrymen there ; the day not being fit for their work ( as potatoes cannot be safely dug while the ground is wet ) , they all joined oar procession which at length reached a very excellent hustings .
Mr . Gsvia wm called to the chair . A resolution to petition the House of Commons for the Charter and one of confidence in myself were passed ; and after I had spoken about an hour , the meeting adjourned again to assemble , as many as could fiud room in a splendid new church , capable of holding about eleven or twelve hundred , and of which Mr . Campbell is the pastor . This gentleman though very young , is considered the most highly gifted person in the West of Scotland ; he is of very prepossessing appearance , and has a countenance beaming with intellect and humanity , which I am told is a true index of his character .
Here an address was presented to me , which I forward with a request to Mr . Hill , if possible , to make room for it . It is the production of a starving hand-loom weaTer who never had a rote , and , ye * who is insolently told that knowledge should be the test . If it is inserted , you will then judge of its merits . ' I spoke for an hour and thirty-five minutes . I know that , as the clock was opposite to me . I was the only speaker . The bankers of the town , and nearly all tbe middle classes attended ; and , as at
Hamilton , I converted all our enemies : and lest those who are prone to falsehood themselves , should suppose me to be guilty also , I have to request of the men of Greenoek , the men of Paisley , the men of the Vale of Leven , the men of Hamilton and of Straven , to meet and briefly to state through the Star and Scottish Patriot , the effect which they believe my visit to those several towns has had upon the very highest of the mid die classes . This 1 ask as a favour , and as a means of producing a similar result elsewhere , and also as aa answer to those papers which abase me and my party .
I remained in the Session House attached to the church for a length of time after the meeting , to get cool ; and the most working of the working men assured me , that I bad disarmed every one of their bitterest enemies . It was by far the largest demonstration they have ever had . Thus , my friends , commenced , and thus ended my first week in Scotland , during which I have been travelling to , addressing , aud attending publio meetings , for ninety hours , or fifteen hours a day , for the whole we « k . la rain and sunshine I have addressed sixteen publio meetings ; and am now , thank God , very much better in health than when I lauded on Scotch ground .
Oa Monday morning , Messrs . Moib , Ross , Cdllex , Mill *_ r , and a gentleman whose name I don ' c know , came from Glasgow to Striven for me ; and they had an opportunity of hearing aud j udging for themselves . While they were present , one gentleman came into the room , confessed his former prejudices , admitted his conversion , and declared that he had been a reader of the Glasgow Arout but would now give it up and for ever .
Have 1 not now , in part , redeemed my pledge that without stirring a hair ' s-breadth from the Charter , I would get the middle classes to join you ? I now renew that pledge , and promise you , that without goin ^ one hairVbreadth to the right hand or the left , we will , in three months , have three fifths of the middle classes with ns . I have expounded the Charter temperately . I have pointed out your sufferings and their consequent poverty and debasement . I have exposed the vices of th © present system , and the advantages which oar system would confer upon all . I have exposed the fallacies of the Corn Law Repealers , and made manifest the absurdity of the remotest hope of resuscitating the Whigs as a party . I have explained to the middle classes the danger
of an impoverished people ; and to the working people I have stated the claims which the Irish have upon them for support for the only measure which they consider would render them ample justice-Upon the whole , my beloved friends , I am vain enough to flatter myself that my visit so far has been productive of great good . I rejoico to tell you ihat the "Old Gentleman" himself never again will be able to direct public attention from the true and only Chartism . We have resolved , and I think wisely , to allow all tbe spurious outsbots to live and die unnoticed , as we only give them importance by recognition . Chartism has increased in Scotland one thousand per cent , since the English persecutions commenced .
I think there is only one circumstance which I havo omitted mentioning . At Greenoek , the people have a most talented and virtuous instructor in the person of Mr . Thomason ; and , prior to leaving that town , I visited his seminary of from 100 to 150 young Chartists , all brought up in veneration of God and lovfi of liberty . I shook hands with every one of them , and blessed them all . Let not my English
and Irish children suppose that because I am enraptured with the Scotch , I therefore , love them the 3 es 3 . No , I love all alike , and will struggle night and < lay , until I make all happy , peaceful , and prosperous , or I will lose my life in the attempt . Again * I say that I will break Oppression ' s head , or Oppression shall break my heart . " Onward and we conquer , backward and we fall . " " Wniversal Suffrage , and no surrender . "
Let no man mention the words " moral force" and " physical force" any more ; we hare in Scotland stripped the hobgoblin naked , and whipped it from the land . I shall next week send you a narratiye 0 the week ' s tour . Meantime , let every man , woman , and child sign tne Petition . 11 iB a " whole bog" petition , » n £ so much the better . We reserve nothing ; and he who is our friend will sign it . We want no delusion even upon paper . —I am ,
My dearly beloved friends , Your true and faithful Friend and Servant , Feamus O'Cohnob . Black Bull Hotel , Glasgow , Oct . 17 th , 1841 .
Untitled Article
Ikcendubt Fire . —On Tuesday evening , ahout eight o ' clock , a fire was discovered to have broken out in the stable-yard of Mr . Clark , a very respectable fanner , at Kirby-Hardwiok , near Mansfield . We understand that thirty-three stacks , the entire produce of seren hundred acres of land , were consumed . The fire is supposed to be the vwrk of an incendiary , las property was insured .
Untitled Article
SHEFFIELD . : ' ' : ¦ fF ^ ou totvn X ^ esjHmdent . ) StwiM * Bv ^ iiu « aoiiKCto * B .--Mr . Otley lectured to a veiy w » pect § bV » « a < tienoe , on Sunday evening , in thftroem , »* 3 tae-laae ; the subject of bis discourse was , ? Xto ^ reisAom' of our Anowtora . " Xoetectarer divide * b ^ addrew into three principal parts , Yi * Rsliglon , Philosophy , and Polities , and la each depart-Kept brought forward , most extraordinary , though wellauthenticated facts , ttlttstr&tife of the " wisdom , " Or rather , the £ , rpss : folly of " oar Ancestors . " TJadet the head Of " Religion , " the lecturer narrated the disputes of Che " learned" in the Middle Ages , upon the , question of " how many angels could dance wa the ' . po&t of ;¦ ¦ ¦ _; rv ¦ ¦ ¦ - . ¦ : % . \ ¦
a needle , " adducing many similar proofs of their wisdom . " Under the head of ' •? Philosophy , " he exposed the absurdities of astrology and alchemy , and the barbarous cruelties Inflicted on hundreds of unfortunate creatures for the alleged crime of witchcraft ; and under the head of " Politics , " he examined the boasted " wisdom" of our fathers , commenting upon the well-known mode of settling disputes by " trial by battle , " which the lecturer showed was th « foundation of many of the tews by , which we are still governed . At the close of the lecture , Mr . Harney i-ead a vtry lengthy letter from Peter Foden . at the pvesest time in Wakefleld hell . The letter , which is rau .-ih too lengthy to insert , breathes throughout a spark ot unbending hostility to oppression .
BaoNTJERRE OBrikn , Es « . —Qn Monday last , this incoxruptifia and talented patriot visited Sheffield . Splendid gtaea , placards announced ; that Mr . O'Brien wouldlecture * n the evenings of Monday and Tuesday , iarlhetfew Circus . The magnificent green siik Jumser or tire-. National Charter Association floated la froa * tf tbe building , while from its summit two beautiful trl-. coloured fligs revelled in the bretza . On the doors being opened , at seven o ' clock , a rush for seats took place , and almost immediately the gallery , pit , and boxts were fitted . The Ctrcus will hold upwards of thirteen hundred peopla Some delay In commencing proceedings was occasioned by the very miserable supply of gas ; the stage was in darkness , while it was with the greatest difficulty that the people in the
gallery could be Been , and this state of things eootinued daring the whole evuning , jaueb to the annoyance and discomfort of tbe audience , candles being to be procured to render the lecturer visible , and allow your correspondent to perform bis duly . The conduct of tbe parties connected with the gas . works was most disgraceful ; tl . ey demanded a sovereign previous to the lecture , which was paid them , and jet , after all , did not supply the gas ; but this shameful work is oaly another proof of the bitter hostility entertained towards the principles of Chartism by the plundering proQtniongera , who fatten on the fruits of the poor man's toil . We were similarly tricked by the gas company upon the occasion of the dinner given to Mr . O'Connor , in the theatre , and it would be most unjust to
these who pay their money te hear and see , to allow such scandalous doings to pass unnoticed . On the motion of Mr . Otley , Mr . Oil ! was called to tbe chair . Mr . O'Brien immediately came forward and was greeted with tbe most tremendous cheering , which , with clapping of hands , and waving of snow-wblte handkerchiefs , testified the delight of the people on seeing once more their patriotic friend . When silence bad succeeded the oft-repeated and boisterous applause , Mr . O'Brieu commenced by remarking , that he had been about to Biy he was glad to see them oil , but for his soul he could not sea them , though they Bppeared to bd glad to ee him—( laughter and cheers ) , —and as one good turn Aeserves anovher he wouW have been glad to seo them ; for to see honest people was a treat to him , after
seeing none but thieves and smashers for eighteen months —( laughter );—to give us no gaa , looks like a plot to extinguish us —( laughter );—they have tried their hands at that before , bnt failed . I urn not extinguishedyou are not extinguished—and the flame of liberty , ihat bums brighter than ever . ( Cheers . ) He supposed they all knew that for the last eighteen months he bad been in quod ; that for that time he had been keeping the company of some very honourable persons—rery like a set of gentry in a certain house in WestminsterthleTes and blackguards—( laughter );—that now he was bound over in some hundreds of pounds to be of good behaviour , and to keep the peace ; his being of good behaviour nioant that he was not to expose the bad behaviour of certain of her Majesty ' s servants ; his
keeping the peace meant that he was not to denounce ihe conduct of a scoundrel police keeping the peace by breaking the heads of the people in the Bull Bing . Well , he was hound to be o ? good b * . h : wiour j the best proof he could give of his good behaviour was , teat , in sixteen days after his liberation bo had attended sixteen meetings ; as he had been keeping the company of thieves and smashers , it was only proper to tell them wny be was sent to Lancaster Castle , lest they shonld think him as bad as the company he had been keeping . Well , his offence was , that , on Invitation , he had attended a meeting similar to this In Manchester ; the meeting was strictly legal ; nothing was there said or done opposed to the law . But , twelve months after he was dragged to the bar to answer the charge of
attending a seditious and illegal meeting , and then and there conspiring with divers persons unknown , it the number of five thousand or more , to get up routs , riots , tumults , insurrections , and rebellions against our Sovereign Lady the Queen , her Crown , and dignity . ( Mr . O'Bexcited roars of laughter by his mimicry . ) Now he had no connection with the people attending that meeting , yet were they all conspirators . Now , all that be had said upoa that occasion was approved of by the people , nay , applauded ; but their good opinion went for nothing , against the opinion of the miserable wretch who gave evidence against him . Well , they imprisoned him—they confined him In a felon ' s cell ; the cold Btone for bis floer—the cold stone for the vails of bis dungeon , and his only furniture a three-legged stooL
For the first six months he was denied pen , ink , and paper , and allowed to have no books but thoea given him by the chaplain . Now , he must do Parson Rowley the justice of saying taat he was a very fine fellow , and much good be had reaped from Parson Bowley ' a prayers . ( Laughter . ) After eighteen months' imprisonment with all aorta of villains , who at the termination of their confinement were let loose upon society without bond , shackle , or restraint , he was liberated ; but before letting him out , he was brought before a magistrate , and asked would he confess he owycl the Queen £ 500 7 He replied be supposed he might as well confess this , for whether he did so or no , he presumed her Majssty would say he did . " Just so , " said the worthy magistrate ; so you see what was the
magistrate's opinion of our lovely little Queen ' s honesty . iL&ughier . ) Well , the faction that bad imprisoned him had now gone the way of all flesh , but we had but exchanged tyrants ; we had gotten another set of thieves to rule us in the place of those we had put down . Now , he wanted—and he trusted they wanted the sameto put down thievery and tyranny altogether . ( Cheers . ) He bad an idea that the dftyj of the present infamous system were numbered : it the people had honest leaders it could be knocked on the head quicklyleaders « ho would give up their jealousies , abandon their rivalries , and poll honestly together . Let them have such—such to direct and command them , and the infernal system would speedily be brought to the dust ( Great cheering . ) He understood the subjects upon
which be wiw expected to address them were—the means of gaining their rights , and the use to make of those rights when gained . ( Hear , hear . ) Upon another occasion he would give them his opinions as to tbe means of gaining their rights , but now would give them his opinions as to the use they should make of their rights when once achieved , though with many of their leaders he differed as to the remedies for the evils of the present system , yet he contended for nothing but what the law of nature sanctioned , and tbe lavr of revelation approved of . ( Cheers . ) If the people bad the Charter to-morrow it would be perfectly ns-jiess , unless they made use of the legislative power it would confer on them to obtain for themselves—that is , the whole people , a complete and absolute controul
over the land , and a similar controul over the making and issuing of the money ef the country . ( Cheers . ) The people had been taught to look to a reduction of taxation , or the annihilation of certain monopolies , as the only things needful to restore what was called England ' s prosperity . Now , he was an anti-Corn Law man ; he was tor tne repeal of the Corn Laws ; he was for reducing taxation—but they must pardon his saying , for he must speak the truth , whether they liked it or not , that the repeal of Uje Corn Laws , the repeal of the soap tax , the repeal of the malt tax . or the repeal of any other tax was sheet humbug . In his opinion , if the Com Laws treto repealed to morrow , if the national taxes , aye , and the local taxes too were all swept away , no permanent benefit would be reaped by the working classes . Mr . O'Brien then entered on the question vl the land , and asked , " What valuable consideration do
the landlord ! give in return for the sixty million / , of rent they pocket ? " The answer might be : — " ^ 'hsy give the land . " But the tend ii not theirs to give . Who made it theirs ? Neither reason nor reTdhUton notions the robbery 0 * the « oiL ( Ch « e » . > . Here Mien yoa are . robbed of sixty millions per jrju ia the shape of rental of the land ; you are robbed of about two hundred millions yearly in the shape of . wary ud profits—again you are robbed of your occupancy in the land . They had all read Mr . O'Connor * , ! letten to the Irish landlords—they would remenr ' tbec that Mr . O'Connor had shown that was the land let out into small allotments of ten acres each , a man renting ten acres might support himself , his wife , and children In abundance of food , aa < V would have « t the year ' s end , a surplus of £ 46 worth to fepo&e of in the manufactv . rirf market ; now in Ireland nine-tenths of the labor jrers do not , taking the
Untitled Article
year tbrongb ^ get more sixpence » day ; we will suppose Uwy get doable this . sayasn . UHnyao ' ay , this will br £ 18 4 s . for the whole family the year through , thus instead of living in abondancOand having a surplus of £ 45 to dispose of in articles of manufacture at the end of the year ,, tbey have to starve the year through upon £ 18 ; why was this f becat we they are robbed of their right of oecupancy In the lat v ) . It they had that , and that they would have if th ey got the . Suffirago —( cheers )—they Could do what Mr . O'Connor wishes the landlords to letfthem do ; the robbing of the people of their Tight ot occupancy in tbe land la » robbery transjeadiog all othera ; compai ® d with this the sixty millions of rest , is b mere trifle , h « repeated that the landlords rob tbe people two ways >
first , rob them to the tone of sixty millions in the shape of rent He might bo asked would be not take rest if he -was a landlord ? He had no doabi he would . He did not quarrel with the landlords receiving rent , J * a majority of the people sanctioned it : what he demanded was that the whole people should have a voice in the political and social arrangements of society , and what be protested against was the landlords making use ef the power their wealth conferred to prevent the people " baying any -voieaia the formation of tbs testitotions of society ... He might be asked would he take the land from the aristocracy , no , he would not , bat he would compel them to sell their land , to the state . ( Cheers . ) Should he live to be a member of the Honse offCommons , andhemeaattobe —( great cheering )—he should feel it hia
d « ty to propose that when a man dies , bis estate shall revert to the state , that is ; that tbe Ghrrermneat for the people shall purchase th * estate from the heirs of the dead man , gifiof / , to tbeot the fall vatuatioa of the estate ; tbe heirt ahonld hot hare the land bat t&e price jg f , ii , iJtiE . broaching- this doctrine , year ptedoos member , dr . Ward , bad , invia bis miserable , tKaby , Grosnaore oumal , denounced blm as a spoliator ; the charge was a false sad lying one ; be was no spoliator , he had sever advocated the taking from any class under the present system—what he adyoeated was , that under another and a bitter system erery man should have eqttal . facilities of acquiring property . Now , the law he would propose would not . take effect till the man was dead . WoulU that be robbery ? Did yo « ever hear a dead man
cry out that he was-robbed ? ( Laughter andchoera . ) Oh , bat then he would $ ob the heirs . How could they rob a man of what they never had ? How . could they be robbed if they had the fair value of the land ? Bat how are they to be paid the value ? He would answer , out of the proceeds of th » land . The devil ' s in it , if the land , which now return * sixty millions in rent to the landlords , would not then return that and something more . If the land was allotted into small farms of ten , twenty , forty , or fifty acres , the occupiers could far better pay £ & per acre than 30 a , as is paid tor many thousands of acres now , Tbe werthy lecturer concluded hia remarks upon the land by observing that he was not the inventor of these doctrines , he was only proposing what bad been advocated by tbe great and wise of all
ages , bat had never been yet earned into effect , because tbe sword had always been employed by tbe aristocratical brigands to smite and crash those who dared to defend the rights « f the human race . Mr . O'Brien next took up the subject of the currency . In former times it was treason against the sovereign to make or issue money . But as the aristoeracyaud xnoneyocracyacqaired povrer they trampled the prerogatives of the sovereign under foot . Up to the time of Cromwell tbe aristocracy were compelled to defend the state—to raise and pay troops for the defence of the country , but when they had . cut off the tyrant Charles ' head , they—the greater tyrants—the aristocracy relieved themselves from all feudal services , and compelled the people to perform those services instead . Now as they held their estates
on condition of performing these services , when they ceased to perform them , they ought to have ceased to bold the estates . The monied classes have increased in power too , to that extent , that , la con junction with tbe aristocracy , they now rule the country—the sovereign is a mere cipher ; they have taken from her her crown lands , they have robbed her of her private income , so that she cannot get even a basin of soup without a vote of the House of Commons . If yon knew a tithe of tbe villany committed in the "United States by the banking scoundrels , yoa would Bay that kings , and priests , and lords , and thieved of every other description were personifications of virtue compared with them Bmnahera and robbers , the makers and . issuers of bank notes . They would , perhaps , imagine that
their burdens had been reduced Binoe the dose of the war , if so , they were never more wrong . They were told th « taxes has been reduced from seventy to fifty millions : the Tories in fifteen years tock off sixteen millions of taxea ; the Whigs in ten years took off five millions : but now see the villainous humbug of the thing . In 1812 , a £ , 100 stock in the Three per Cents would sell only for £ 60 ; now a £ 100 stock will sell for £ 90 . Thus has the fundholders' property increased fifty per per cent ., that is , instead of their burdens being reduced , they had increased ; but this is not all . Since 1812 , the prices of goods have so fallen , that every £ 1 of tbe moneymonger ' s £ 90 would purchase twice the quantity of goods now the same money would bave
purchased in 1812 . Between 1812 and 1831 , Birmingham goods had fallen to one-half , or between that and one-third of their cost iu the former year . In Manchester , the fundholder could now buy three , and in some cases four , bales of goods for the money it took to purchase one bale m 1812 . Things , he believed , were not much better in Sheffield . He was told that for setting , that is placing the blades in the handles , a few years ago the workmen could get 4 s . a dozen ; now they could get but Is . a dozen . ( Several voices , " 'Tis true . ") Of conrse all 6 orts of cutlery had depreciated in price ; and the fundholders and men of fixed incomes reaped the benefit . When Peel passed his infernal Bill in 1819 , he knew well , that in making money scarce he would make it
more valuable . Now if money was mado scarce , and our means to support the burdens imposed upon us curtailed , it would havo been only just , had the then Government had one spark of honesty in Its composition , that it should have reduced our burdens to the like extent . Peel , Russe ll , and the Times newspaper have deolarod over and over again , that the Legislature is not to blame for the existing misery—this misery , say these worthies , is the inevitable result of the progress of civilisation . ( Ironical cheers . ) " Fools that these working men are , " says the Times to imagine that the Legislature is to blame on this account : let them show , by legislative enactment , the distress can be removed . Let them immediately draw up an Act of
Parliament to do away with the distress ; and corrupt aud tyrannical as these woiking men imagine the Parliament to be , we have no hesitation in saying the legislature will be most ready to sanction suoh an Aot . " Such has been the language of tho Times ; but , my friends , this is all humbug . It is not one Act of Parliament that has brought us to our present slavery and misery ; nor is it one Act of Parliament will restore us to liberty and happiness . He was ready to prove—1 st . That ail the social evils we complain of are the results of Aots of Parliament—2 ud . That these Acts were framed for the purpose of robbing the people—3 rd . He was ready to point out the particular Acts . He would take the statutes at large , and point out , not two or three ,
but hundreds of Aots , passed for- the purpose of plundering the people . Ho was ready to provo that the people were plundered two ways—1 st . By not being allowed to earn wealth—2 ud . By being robbed of that they do earn . He was ready to prove that large masses of the people were robbed of five-sixths of their earnings . Mr . O'Brien here stated the wages of the weavers of Cumberland , Lancashire , &o . He might be asked , what had the law and the Parliament , to do with that 1 His answer was , who are the robbers , and who are the receivers of the stolen property ? They were the parties who live oa fixed incomes , whether rents , annuities , pensions , &o . &o . The fundhoHler who , in 181 % could only get £ 60 , where he coalPnow get £ 90 , could also get
four bales of goods now , where he only could then get one ; this he was enabled to do by the competition among masters bringing down prices ; and the competition among the workers bringing down wages . He would ask , who ia it tat the Government that gives the fundholder the taxes ! What hare Acts of Parliament , indeed , to do with the misery of the people ! Everytbiag , was hia answer . All the loars that have been contracted since 1694 , have beea couwacted by Act of Parliament . What had legalised usury in this cwmtry f—Aots of Parliament . It was not till the rf ign of Heajy VIII . that usury was allowed i » this country . Usury is denounced by the common law of the land . Usury was denounced by the Fathers of the Chratjan Church . Usurv was denounced by the sacred wntera
of the New Testament . Usury was deaonncert by Moses and the Prophets . ButHenry ' a infamous Parliament flung Moaes aud tho Prpphetiowboatd , and . legaliaed usury entailing npoirBS ite unspeakable curses . But for Henry tho National Debt would have been long since paid o& As it is , we . pay the debt every twenty years and yet hate it always to pay . 1 before said that the men of fixed incomes were enabled to plunder the wealth of the working men—in great measure through the competition in tbe labour markets—but what causes this competition ! The cause is , that the people have been robbed of their right of occupancy in the land . Villains talk of surplus population . Let the surplus population be placed on the land , and see the results , la the first place , those on the land would , as shown by Mr . O'Connor , live In abundance ; secondly , there would be a far greater amount of food raised than at present , and , a 3 a matter of
Untitled Article
&Z * U < &t 9 ^ 2 ^^ , /^ A ~ S&f ^/^ ^^^^^ ZS ^ o ^^ C warm , food would be far ^ fetaper ; % nd thlrdTjF there no longer being the present eompetttion io tbe labour' market in our ihanuf&oturuig districts , ths manufacturing artizan would be able to die&ato terms to his employer , and , as a matter of conra * . his wages woolof advance—or , suppose this not to . be the ease , " still one shilling then will procure a »_ T 3 in « h foodaB three Bhillings now . ( Cheers . ) In . Naples ju ««« now the four pound loaf may be /? ot for twopence—in LoWoii it costs tenpeflce . Now ,, why ; shonld not the- fonr wand loaf , be purchased as .
cheap in London as Naples ! The answer was t Ac 1 » of Parliamentinrerent itL 'fife repjaafced , he attributed t « Acts of PsrliMnent , and to Acte of Parliament only ^ « U the som al ilte that ifflict ui . ( Cheers . ) Ur . ^^ B ^ V ^ Ti ^^ l ^" ' ^ ' ^^ ' ^ o' ^ f >>> ' ! | •^ concluded by 1 commwiting on ^ he Newcastle Electjoo , showing that although the veritable represenUtira of tbe people , he was , bf an Act of Parliament , pri * vested fakioff big se * t ia the Honse of Conunoa * Let them , then , pull together , honestly and detect minedly to make their Charter law , and secure to themselves [ theearningsoftheir labour , uifllohedjar the authority of plundering acte of Parliament . K& sat down amidst the oft-repeated and enthusia&ifr
cheering of the meeting . 7 Tvbsdxt ETBJrttto . —A select companf of th » friends and admirers of Mr . O'Brien entertained that gentleman to dinner in the large room of the Black Swan , Burgess ^ stteet . The dinner was Berred up shortly after bix o ' clock—the provisions made r « - fieoted every honour on the worthy host ; Mr . Parkea . who is an able and ' zealous advocate of the good cause . On ths cloth beingremoTed , several patriotic tongs were sung and toasts given , including the > health of the patriotic guest . Mr . O'Brien . Univer * t " < al enjoyment pervaded the company , until the a wift -winged Hours notified ' twas time to make for U > , e Circus , whither we proceeded , and' found it
aft ain thronged , to listen to tbe words of wisdom » n i instruction from the lip 3 of the people ' s friend . : ¦ Sin * rtly after eight o ' clock , Mr . Gill was again called : to > t he chair , and Mr . O'Brien , who was received iwhV the like demonstrations of applause as the ' preri ous evening , immediately commenced hts address by reviewing the remedies suggested by Paine ami & 'bbett , for removing the distress of the people , and «« t&blishing the prosperity of the country , Bhown > % ' that their remedies—reduction of taxation wealdlx ¦ > productive of no perceptible or permanent benefit , Mr . O'B . next entered at great length into the histerf r and ^ iilany of the funding system , and showriiue t * e means , and the only means by which
the JSFfttieiai vl Debt could u paid off . Mr . O'Brien thea-ahow * i the way in which the public propertythe ctowb H 'ids—the churthianda—the tithea—the taxe 8—the » i tes , &ev dro , were , plundered from the people ; and ¦ , concluded a very lengthy and truly eloquent ieei * e by inviting discussion , and expressing his- WHliist ness to reply to any question put to him . Mr . HS fy oake , socialist missionary , stepped forwatfdyiB * v \ wef but beautiful address , he expresse * hia adatt ration of the principles and talents of Mr . O'Brien ; a « the same time , he took exeption to certain things advanced by that gentkinan , as to the impraetiisabilA y of the means by which * the Sooiaiiats proposed to > achieve their ends , " He ( Mr . H . ) maintained th * t their schemes were perfeotly
practicable ^ and lie believed that it would be found * ultimately , that thet shortest and surest way ot ' gaining political equality and social regeneration , was in / theadoptioBefthesche nieaoftheSociskliats . attheaame time he should be ready . < andhe truatetfSDoiaiists generally would be equally ready to afford to the Gkartists everyhelpand aid in theirpower , in theiretrwgglefor justice and . right . Mr . H . was iondly . cheered . Mr : O'Brien rose to re ply , but before doing so * noticed a question put to him from one / of the boxes ,, to the effect oif- ** Why w as he opposed to the Cora Law Repealers ¥ ' In aa swer to this question , he * advanced three reasons ft » r his opposition to the * repealers . First , that the Repealers do- not ; pro nose
any measures to accompany tne repeal , which measures would guarantee the benefit of rtpeal to the mass of' the people . Second , , Because tbo repealers have been fche , unrelenting persecutors of t& > Chartist body . Third s because thean / i-Corn Law movement was got up to put down Oiartism . Ifit-O'tfrfea proceeded to-speak at great length in support of the above , exhibiting as he proceucied , the viJlany _ -aad rascality of the repealers . His remarks were responded to by the most tremendous cheering , Mr . O'Brien then replied to Mr . Hollyoake , witlswhom , though he differed , he expressed himself as- being highly pleased . Mr . Otley then moved the thanks of the meeting to Mr . O' Brien . Mr . Harfley seconded the motion , which was carried by
acclamation . Three glorious cheers were then given for Mr .. O'Brien , three for Mr . O'Connor , and three for the Charter , when the meeting dissolved . The proceedings lasted upwards of four hours , it being past twelve o ' clock , wnen the chair was vacated . The great length , of the proceedings and the crowded .. state of oar columns must be our excuse for giving , but this very brief and imperfect outline of the busi » - nesaof tbe evening . We moBt not forget to mention that a great number of the lair sex were present each . evening , and appeared to feel deep interest in the truth-telling statements of the Poor Man ' sGuardian Mr . O'Brien has done an immense amount of good by hia visit to Sheffield , the fruits of which we trust , will be speedily seen . -
Untitled Article
RIPCOISDENr . —On Sunday last , Mr . Vever ^ of Huddersfield , delivered an excellent address to an , attentive and nomerous audience , after which several ; persons came forward and enrolled their names as , members of the National Charter Association , both * males and females . On Moms at last , Mr . Daffy related to us thV horrors of refined cruelty practised in Northallerton Hell-hole , and urged on his hearers the necessity of ? joining the , National Charter Association , for the .
obtainment of Universal Sufrrage , which alone could ,-save the working classes from the gnawing fangs , of Whig and Tory tyranny . At the conclusion of biaraddress , three cheers were given for Mr . O'Connor ^ three for Frost , Williams , and Jonep , and three hearty cheers for a Repeal of the Union ; after which , thirteen more persons came forward and joined tbe Association . Oar room is capable of ? holding above four hundred persons , and is crammed to suffocation etery time we have a lecture delivered ' n it . ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ '¦¦¦ - ' • . ¦ ¦ . ¦ - . - ¦ ¦ ¦
HOWDEJf . —Mr . Skevt ' ngton lectured here 00 Thursday , the 14 th , in the Market Place , to a very orofvcled . &udieace , fully exposing the present evils bearing on society by the means of ola-ss legislation , the Chartists of Howden pledging themselves ton agitate for nothing less thnn the Charter , and to join the Association . : ¦ : ¦ ¦ " ¦ WOLVBRHAjaPTON . —Our cause inoreases ,, and our principles are spreading far and near , in these districts . Our meeting was well attended on Wednesday evening , and seven fresh members were enrolled . On Sunday , in the morning , Mr * Candy * lectured at Bilston , to some thousands of the miner
and colliers . His exertions have been crowned with abundant success—upwards of three hundred good members , and a happy spirit of unity and love to our holy cause is manifested , and each , member seems to outvie the other in striving to promote the principles of Chartism . We fully reokoau on twenty thousand signatures for the Petition , and are determined to do everything in our power to * induce our noble-minded patriot , Feargoa O'Connor ^ to pay us a visit . Laos Grave . —Mr . Candy lectured here on Suaday afternoou to an attentive congregation ; and : likewise read ; the National Petition , and the Glasgow Demonstration . This little place is quite healthy in the cause of Chartism .
Biublev and Halls Green . —On Monday evjening , Mr . H . Candy unfurled the banner of Chartism here to a numerous audience . It was fully expected that Mr . Mason . would hare beeaable to come 5 : btttnot obtainiug him , Candy was sent for from Wolver ~ hampton , a uistance of five miles . BARNSIiETr . —TheBarneley CbartlsUi held their usual weekly meeting on Monday last , when H ) s , were ) agieed to be sent to the Executive , at Manchester . Th * Secretary read a letter from-the Hon . J . S . Wortlej ^ M . P ., in answer to a memorial eent to the Home Oflloe » 1 b behalf of Win . Ashton , and Joseph Grahtree , ofc which the following is a copy : — IO MS PSIS& BOIT .
Sib ,, —With , reference to- a memorial which Igecenei a short time since , to be transmitted to the Sscretan oft State , to behalf of Jwepi , Crabtre * and WUfiasoi . Aahton , I have now to enclose the answer wbl « h £ . hare lately received to that application * which I foxwant herewith . I regret to gad that it Is anfavoarmble . 1 remain , 8 ir , obediently , J . STVAB . T WO » TLBT . The following is . tbe answer : — Whitehall , UUvOet 1841 . Sir , —Secretary Sir James Qnkftm b&viag carefally considered your application in bebalf of Joseph Crabtree and Williaaa Ashton , I undirectedto express to you his regret , tfaal thwte i » no aattdent ground to jv *> Ufy him , coasirtently with his pnbUo duty , in advising herilajeaty , to comply with the prayer thereof . lam , Sir , Your most obedient humble servant , H . MA 7 IXEKS SOTTOJf .
The Hob . J . B . Wortjey STONE , Stavfobdsbibb . —A deputation from Hiu »« ley visited this place on Monday last , for the pirposA of tormlsg a Charter Awodation , thej ware met > y aa interdict , the Tory majiete » te forbade the landlord , o « psin of loss of bis lioewe , from permitting such cbano ten at Chartists to open any ssaociatida at bis boose , and although the room was property fitted uplpttka occasion , they were oblitedto leave withoirtbeiB * abte to speak to the people . Bat thoogh magisterial tyranay has prevailed in this case , yet the visit hat sot bank without good , and though they matt sot most at a pahlie-house , yet sneh is their detonnination , thai if they cannot meet In public / they will meet la . private booses and sow the seed of Chartism , eTen i « deflanos of tbft p ^ Yret of ty ^""^" ^ ^ h ? n f ^^ "" gm ^ BV ^ K
Untitled Article
Astbonomt . —Mr . Topham , ( late of Wi ^ ohesier College , ) delivered two lectures on astronomy , in thfj Theatre Royal , Sheffield , on the evenings of Monday and Wednesday last , to numerous ' . and delighted audiences . .
Untitled Article
. '' - ' - ¦'" . ' ' " and *; im $ m .: i 0 i ^ sM ^ M ^ M ^^ Mf ? - sSi ^
Untitled Article
YQL . IY . $ 0 . gQ 6 . ~~ SATTTRDA |> OCTOBER ^ 1841 . ^^ gg *^^ W ' ' ' ' .- " . . ' ' ' . *¦ - -. ....... . -., \ - ..-.... ¦ - ¦¦¦" - ¦ '' : ¦ ¦ ; , rTlf" : rV- - "" . ¦¦ ¦ * . ¦¦ ¦ -. > \ r . ¦; - ? - ¦ J - - ¦
To The Impebial Chartists.
TO THE IMPEBIAL CHARTISTS .
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 23, 1841, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct726/page/1/
-