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'HE HOBTHEMT STAR SATURDAY, JANUARY 1, 1842.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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te « ATAL RAILWAY ACCIDENT AT LEEDS . - ' On Monday mornir > g . an ip . gnest was beld at the Court Honse , before John ' . Blackburn , 32 sq ., on the body of Henry Hoyle , twe- ^ tj-Sve years of age , an engineer on the North MW ' iand Rail way , ^» ho died in tbe Leeds General Infirrjary . on Saturday morning , from , injuries occasioned ' jy the breaking of a wheel , en 2 Jo > 18 , locomotive enq j 1 Q with which he was conveying a Irst train from V erby to Leeds , on the Wednesday previous . Tbe inquest wa j attended by Mr . Pattison , the © 6 mpany ' B Becreto .-y , from London , Mr . Eddison , of ieeda , solicitor t j the company , and Mr . Creag , the manager of tiie J ^ eeds station , and it is but justice fo ssy , that every facility , -was offered by the company , in Che cour » of the enquiry , -which lasted several hoars . -: " \ The foIloT / ing evidence was adduced : —
John Crf ssy—1 tras nppar guard on the North Midland Rail v / ay from Derby to Leeds , on Wednesday last . I lave bf . en nearly two years in the situation . I knew Henry Fioyle ; be "was a driver on the North Midland Raflwo y , "We left Derby at one o ' clock . There were four f jst class , one third , and three second-class carliage ' j . We were fifteen minutes iate at -Belper -we did not make np the lost time . Hojle was "peJ .-fectty aober during the whole journey . I believe the engines are always examined at Derby before smarting . We got to Nomi&nton at thirty ifiV ? e minutes past three ; we ought to have been there ' « fourteen minutes part three . We travelled from Normanton at tbe rate of twenty-five miles an iwur . ffe could not go fast Hsyie « aid he conld not get his * tesm vd , as tbe cote was very bad . I was in the secsnd-ciass carriage , where the break is , next to- the tender , when tbe scecsst happened . I was looking out ot the window at the time I saw the engine and
¦ fcander leave th « carriages and run -across the Ime . The ] accident happened about fifty yards from * he bridge j ^ rhieh crosses the / Wtktfield road ; the engine stopped on the embankment The wheels of the carriage I was : in were lifted up , and were thrown off tie rails ; the couplings bad been broken that attached the tender t « tha carnages . Hayle was laid close by the tender . E « waa inssssible , « ad very ruocb . cut about * tbe head ; ks waa reaevedin about fifteen minutes ; * ae stoker wts irVaTHiffig near , » ot much bart I found tbe engine off tbe Bee about thirty yards from the carriages , nearly st the bottom ef tbe embankment Hie fore wheel of tbe « agine wss broken ; the tyre had come off it- I canact say -whether thia injury arose beforeihe engine ^ tt © ff the Umb ot -not I observed tothing ' on the line to obstruct the progress of the engine . At the -time ot < &a accident we wece going twenty-five miles an Ijobt . it « as quite light I cannot form an opinion as to the naase oi the accident . Hoyle was ! a sober
num . Mr- ABanson , house surf eon at the Leeds Infirmary . Hie deceased was brought to the Infirmary * bo * t halfpast -seven on Wednesday evening . He was insensible . His skull was severely fractured on -the left-side , and . he was bleeding from the left ear ; several portions of bone had entered the brain ; these were removed by Jfir . Smith . He died about three o ' clock oa Friday noraing ; he never spoke after be was brought in . The severe injuries dons to &a brain were £ he cause " of death .
Mark Wakefield , the foreman of the engines ,. at Derby . Was at Jtoby on Wednesday , when No . 18 engine started . I examined her at half-past twelve o ' clock , at whkh time I . considered her all right Tbe tyre o £ the wheels iras of wrought ir » n ; the engine has been in ase since May last ^ do fresh wheels have been since that time put on ; but this wheel that is broken had been mended a little on the flange in July last ; tbe wheel had failed a little . I have Been the tyre of the wheel since the accident , but have not examined it ; there is no difference in the construction of tie wheels . I considered the wheel to be" perfectly safe when it left Derby ; I could not tell where the -wheel had been rcpiired after it had been done ; I "thought it as strong and aa good as
anewwheeL-John Morris , Esq ., of Hunskt I was on the Wakefield road on Wednesday afternoon , on the new cutting , nest the bridge . It was abo&t a quarter to four o ' clock . I saw the train coming down ; it did not strike me that it was going at an unusual rate . I did not see anything on the line to retard its progress . I was looking at the train at the time the accident happened . I observed the engine all in a moment dart across tbe line , and the carriages Kerned to be passing it . I immediately went to the spot . I was probably from one to two hundred yards from the place .- When I got up I saw Hoyle laid near ths tender j the engine was entirely off the line , and down the embankment ; the tender was also on the slope . I -did nat examine the engine ; a TP"TT was holding Hoyle , and "he eald . he was dead . One of the rails , over which tbe engine had crossed was broken , but there was no obstruction at all on the line on which the train was travelling .
Robert Craven , servant to Mr . Bateson , of Wortley , who was also on the WaLefield read , corroborated the evidence of Mr . Morris . John Take , fishmonger , of BaiBsley . I was on the bain when the accident happened on Wednesday last I joined it at Cudworth station ; the train was sixteen xoinuUs behind it * time ; we left Cudworth at four jBioutes past three . In my opinion , we travelled too quick all the way . The time to arxrve in Leeds is four o'clock ; when we got to Normanton , we were before time , and were detained there some minutes . I had so watch to guide me . , I was told by a person in the ¦ ame carriage that it wanted twenty minutes to I four o ' clock a very short time before the accident happened . X was in a third class carriage ; about a mile before the accident happened , an nnrumal quantity o £ hot coals were blown into the carriage in which I was , and I then thought something was about to happen ; I was
afraid and stood up ; I have travelled a great Seal on the line , and never experienced the coals fly into the carriage bo much before ; we then got into an extra speed . In my opinion > we were travelling not less than forty miles an hour . I was standing up when the ! accident happened ; I think it was quick travelling and the csevenness of the line which threw us off the line ; I consider the rails there are not evenly laid . The < jeeeaaed was in liquor ; I observed it after the accident happened ; he smelt strong © f wine . I beld hiia up ¦ when I smelt his breath ; I covered his face with my handkerchief , and washed him afterwards ; he vomited something of the colour of port wine . A surgeon was aent for , who attended immediately , and paid -every attention to the deceased . I have na hesitation in saying Tpg -srere going at the rate of forty miles an hoar . We were before time at Normanton , and were detained there some minutes .
Cressey recalled . —It is usual to Etop some minutes at Normanteu . We leave carriages there both for York aiid Manchester ; the York carriages leave before we do ; we were not kept at Ncrmauton because we were before our time ; it was thirty-five minutes pasi three -when we got to Normanton , and 45 minutes past three ¦ when we left , having stopped there ten minutes . It would be near four , by my time-piece , when the accident happened , but I did not look at it particularly ; ths time to arrive at Normanton is fourteen minutes past three . The usual time from Normanton to Leeds is twenty minutes . I am sure we did not average more tban twenty-five miles an hour at any time of our journey . I did not hear any complaint of quick travelling from any of the passengers . I think there is do ¦ nnevtrSDess in tbe line at the place where tbe accident © scarred .
Inomas Djbson , engineer , cf Derby . I am in the Bervice of Uie North Midland Railway Coapany , and superior ? nd the repairs of the locomotive engines . The engine , No . 18 , was repaired in July and August last ; on that . occasion theflvnge was repaired , it had given way a little longitudinally ; there had been an n £ Boundn § s 3 in the iron ; the tire was all taken off , and a new piece of flange was welled onj I considered it quite sound . It is the duty of Wakefield to examine the engines before they go on ; ,- they come into my hands when they want rcDairine . My ODinioH of the quality of the iron from which this tire is ^ made , is
that , on the -whole , is is tolerably good iren , » Ed roffideiit for tbe purpose far which it is intended ; some parts of it are good and others indiffaretit It was a Tery severe iroft on Wednesday , and this , in my opinion , had acted upon the iron , and had assisted any mischief which might have been going on . I cannot detect any flaw in any part of it If the line was uneven it mi ^ ht accekrate an accident I do not think extra speed would occasion , it- I cannot tell , whether the tire had broken before the engine was off the line or not If the tira had come off the wheel it would n ? t have stopped it 3 passage across ths other line , tfeoagh it migiit have retarded it
John Fotherby of Sheffield , machine maker . —I was a paisenger by the train when the accident happened . I got in at Birnsley , which place we left a iittle after three o ' clock ; we stopped a short time at Normanton ; I can Ecarcely form an opinion as to the rate of speed from Barnsiey to If onninion ; I think we were going qoic ^ er when the accident happened than at any former titae—we were then going very quick , I can form no opinion as to the time it occured . I should think we ¦ were going at the rate of thirty miles an hour ; we had not been long at that rave . The accident happened in a moment . I stood up , and saw the engine going
down the embankmeist ; we were passing it I did not notice the wheels of the engine when I saw it passing ; I examined the wheels afterwards ; I found tha tire all detached from the wheel ; it was laid on fiia downline , about thirty yards from the engine . I exunined the metal , and having been am « ngstitall mj life , I should say that it is of a very indifferent quality ; it appeared to me at the time to be more like cast metal than wrought . I had no idea at the time that it wm wrought iron , I did not hear any of the passengers complain of the speed , nor did I bear any aLtrm expressed .
Wm . Walker—I am a stoker on the North Midland BiQway . I knew Hoyle , the deceased , and have done ever since the SbeSUid and Botherham line opened . He lias been an ecgiae driver aiuce that period ; he did cot go out every day , but was two days out and one in . I waswith him when the accident happened . It wanted twenty minutes to four when we stsuted from Noricanton : wa trartiled at tie iste oi * from twentyfive to thirty miles eh hour : we had very little fire in -when ths accident happened ; I tad thrown en-all the coke we had at Nomanton . Tse spttd hud begun to decrease before the accident happened ; and I aid not expect we Bhould have steam to Bee the train is . I was on the ] f oct plate when the accident happened ; I
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first heard a bit of a rap under the engine : the engineer whistled twice , and I ran to the break on the tender ; I then saw the engine run off the line , and down the bank . I did not know the cause of the accident until it was over . I am not aware of any unevenness in the rails at the place where the accident happened . 1 do not know that there is any defect i do not think the engine would have run off the V aq hod not the tire come off nrst I cannot account for the tire coming off The wheel and tire were Jjoth perfect , so far as I know . I was thrown within a . few yards of Hoyle ; I had a rib broken , and re jeived some bruises . To the best of my belief , it was < entirely accidental ,. and no blame attached to Hoyle . I am sure we never went at the rate of forty miles * q hour ; I do not think we went so much as thirty . \ think it was about four o ' clock . I am sure Hoyle w & perfectly sober .
William Burdett—I am a guard on the , Korth Midland Railway , and was in the same carriar ^ withCressey at the time of the accident I believe •< /« were behind our time , but I don't know as to the < Jfcme . We were going at the rate of twenty-five miles . « hour . I am sure we never went so much as forty . ? Joy to complained that his cake was bad , and said he . could not get his steam up . We havs travelled tester . I hare nofc noticed any nnevenness in the rai ' a at this particular place , nor am I aware that it is v jisven between there and Woodiesford . I cannot spe ik as to the precise time of the accident . I had spo" £ en to Hoyle at Swinton , he was perfectly sober . Mr . Thomas Dyson , assistant engineer on the railway , hid frequently examined the line , andd « gosed as to its general excellence . Tfeis being tbe whole of the evidence , the Coroner went minutely through the whole of it , and pointed outto the Jury the law as applicable to the case .
After the very iumiuous summing up , the Jury after a short consultation , returned a verdict of " Accidental death , " expressing an opinion that' the iron of the tire was not of the best quality , and recommending the ^ Railway Company in future to have the iron used for wheels propedy tested .
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^ --- , r . j-j-j - ^ r -r _ l _ . «_ M ^^^^^ J-J-. l -J-. l *>~ , * V . | -J-U ~ * -J ~ . * . * . ^ . r-TREMENBOUS EXPLOSION OF GUNPOWDER , AND LOSS OF LIFE ON TH- LINE OF THE
BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTER RAILWAY . Bristol , Tuesday A . tsmoon , One of those frightful accidents , attended with the sacrifice of human life , consequent on the careless usa of gunpowder , and which , since the commencement of the various great railway and otter undertakings , have been of too frequent occurrence in this kingdom ,, took place yesterday ( Monday ) , on the line of the Gloucester and Bristol Railway ( now in course of construction ) in the neighbourhood of the small town of Wickwar , Gloucestershire . The accident was of the most serious description ; three of the unfortunate labourers employed on the line were killed upon the spot , their bodies being frightfully mutilated by the force of the explosion ; and five others were so seriously injure * as
io render it necessary that they should be immediately conveyed to the infirmary in thia city , where they now lie , one or two of them in & dangeross state . This afternoon one of them , John Hodges , is sumci » ntly revived to admit of his conversing on the subject of the melancholy and fatal occurrence ; he does not seem capable of giving a . very clear account of the matter , but his statement is as follows : —The labourers in the employ of one of the contractors were engaged in excavating some earth-work in the neighbourhood of Wickwar , for the purpose of making a tunnel , and on their leaving off work at the close of the last week , they placed a barrel , containing about half a cvrt of gunpowder , in the mouth of the excavation , thinking that by so doing they should secure it at once from depredation ; , and
from the action of the weatb . ee . On Monday morning , one of the men , named Henry Williams ,, who is a blacksmith , was directed to point and sharpen some of the tools used in excavating . Whether be was aware or not of the presence of the gunpowder does not seem very clear , but he went on working in the usual manner , by heating the iron and beating it on the anvil , until at length a spark came in contact with the powder , and a tremendous explosion ensued . At the time of the accident there were eight men in the tunnel and its immediate neighbourhood . Three of them were killed immediately , their bodies being blown to a considerable distance , where they were afterwards found dreadfully Bcorched and mutilated : one of them was without his head , which was forced
to a great dietwee from the trunk . Hodges states that two of the dead men were named Matthew Stephens and James Bennet ; the name of the third he does not remember having-heard , but he says be is quite sure that three were killed . The names of the five men at present in the infirmary are , Thomas White , who has lost one eye , and the other is dreadfully injured , and whose body is burnt and bruised in every part ; George Collins , much burnt , and has received an extensive wound of the leg ; John Hodges , much burnt on the face and legs ; Lewis Crew , much burnt aad bruised ; Henry Williams , ditto , ditto . The explosion blew the blacksmith's shop and a mill-pound on tha works all to atoms , and scattered the stones , &c , in all directions It may be readily imagined that the utmost consterna
tion and alarm iras produced in Wickwar and the neighbourhood , the inhabitants being for some time at a loss to account for the very violent shock . A working man who came here this afternoon , and who says he was in Wickwar at the time , gives a somewhat different version of the matter . He says the workmen were lowering the powder into a shaft , and It I a spark fall into it Hedge ' s account , however , is generally received as being the most correct The force of tbe explosion was felt to within five or six miles of tfrt « city . At the villages of Almondsbury , Tockington , &c , the houses were shaken in such a manner as to gr « atiy alarm the inhabitants , who imagined for some time that they had been visited by an earthquake . Almondsbury is seven miles' distant from the scans of the explosion .
'He Hobthemt Star Saturday, January 1, 1842.
'HE HOBTHEMT STAR SATURDAY , JANUARY 1 , 1842 .
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pancti jn , or to be made on the authority of either Gov ernment , general war must be the inevitable resjil ^' Having thua frankly stated tbe grounds which the American natioa have to think themselves ill nsed in the affair , it is passed by as unworthy of farther notice , with the mere expression of a "Hope that the British Government will see the propriety of renouncing , as a rule of future action , ( be precedent which has been set in the affair at Sohlosser .
On the subject of the new regulations among European nations for the suppression of the slave trade , by which the right to detain and search all suspected vessels is recognised , the President holds most unequivocal language . He deprecates the slave traffic is strongly as possible , but demurs , in toto > to the subjection of American Ehips and citizens to any cede of maritime regulations to which they have not been parties : —
" However desirous the United States may be for the-suppression of the slave trade , they cannot consent to interpolations into the maritime code at the mere will and pleasure of other Governments . We deny . the right of any such interpolation to any one , or all the nations of the earth , without our consent . We claim to have a voice in all amendments or alterations of that code . Certain it is , that if the right to detain American ships on the high seas can ba justified on the plea of a necessity for such
detention , arising out of the existence of treaties between other nations , the same plea may bo extended and enlarged by the new stipulations of new treaties to which the United States may not be a party . This Government will not cease to urge upon that of Great Britain full and ample remuneration , for all losses , whether arising from detention or otherwise , to which American citizens have heretofore been , or may hereafter be , subjected by the exercise of rights which this Government cannot recognise as legitimate and proper . "
This very proper spirit is characterised by the factious papers as an evidence that the professed anxiety of the President for the annihilation of the " wicked traffio" is insincere . No honest man can find any such thing in it . The latter portion of the Message is occupied with domestic matters . It contains an outline of the projected new treasury arrangements , which , if adopted , will do muoh to prevent the recurrence of the fatal mischiefs of the bank system .
The French Chambers have been also opened since our last , and the " Citizen King" exhibited his confidence in his people by opening them in person ; proceeding to the duty in a close carriage drawn by four horses , and attended by four other carriages , precautions having been taken to prevent the approach of any person within musket-shot , of the line of march , except the military on duty ; even the terraces of the Tuileries gardens were closed .
The trial of the conspirators , Quknisset and hi 3 fellows , has been concluded . Three of them are sentenced to death , and seven to various terms of imprisonment , ranging from five years to life ; among whom is M . Dtrporr , the conductor of the Journal du Peuple , in whose person the utter prostration of the French press is aimed at . A spirited protest has been , published by the greater
portion of the newspaper press , and by the chief literary characters of the Kingdom ; exposing very mildly , but firmly , the atrocious character of this attempt to extinguish every vestige of the "liberty of the press ; " appealing to the Deputies for protection , and , in case of their dereliction of duty , to the eleotive body . It remains to be seen whether the throne of the tyrant be so firmly set as that this last atrocity will be borne .
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CAPABILITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN TO
MAINTAIN ITS POPULATION . Amoso the various attempts which political economists are continually making to throw dust into the eyes of tbe people , in order that they may carry out their nefarious schemes of despotism and plunder , there is one aim , one determined purpose , from which they never turn aside even for a moment . They never forget to pat forth their claims to tax the people in every part of the empire for their own especial profit and advantage . It is not , however , on all occasions that they exhibit their purposes . The cloak of patriotism and the mask
of philanthropy axe most frequently assumed ; and intense selfishness ia not ( infrequently made to assume the appearance of regard for national honour and public prosperity . Sometimes , however , the cunning of the serpent is onnd inadequate and the foul form peeps through its drapery ; of which the first article in the Colonial Gazette of last week affords a striking proof . The Colonial Gazette is the organ of the " Liberals" of the Whig-Radical party , and is devoted to the support of the men and measures which have been a curse , and would still further be a curse to some
of the fairest portions of tho globe . Of course * " Ships , Colonies , and Commerce" is their motto ; and emigration , for the purpose of filling the pockets of unprincipled speculators With gold wrung from the labour of the unfortunate exiles , is with them a favourite project . In the article to which we allude on Colonial Government and Taxation , the writer takes vast pains to persuade his readers that be is most anxious to promote the welfare and prosperity of the colonists . His zeal , however , has carried him too far ; and he has let us into the somewhat startling secret that the prosperity of our distant dependencies is to be promoted for the landable purpose of compelling them to yield a
considerable portion of xevenue , in addition to the local taxation , for the support of the central government at home . We have taken some pains ia our recent articles on Emigration to give to our readers such information , as might enable them to arrive at just conclusions as to the designs and effects of tho newfangled scheme of wholesale transportation . We never had a doubt' as to the fact , that either Whigs or Tories would starve , hang , or banish the people , providing they could realise a profit by the speculation ; and we are happy to find that the " liberal " writer in this " liberal" journal fully bears us out in the opinion we had formed of the unblushing rascality of both the rival factions .
That we may not be accused of misrepresentation , we will quote the writer ' s own words : — * ' It must he a principle in the consideration of the subject that the unoccupied lands of our colonial territories belong to the empire ; such being the case , of course they are not to be given away to any body of applicants without due return for the benefit of their original owner , tbe empire ; and thai return must consist of the utmost postible advantage , which can be obtained from the arantees . Settlements therefore
founded on these lands should be conducted m such manner as not only to be no burden to the parent state , but to furnish their quota of aid towards the strength and welfare of the empire at large . In order to that , they mint be governed on a scale commensurate with imperial requirements . But if the power of taxation were altogether surrendered to the aeUlers , they would forget the larger interests in their ovn pettier objects , and would laugh at exhortations to lax themselves for imperial interests . "
Truly , and go they ought . Of what earthly use or moment are "imperialinterests"to those whom "imperial" tyranuy has compelled to leave their native shores , and to . seek an asylum in the distant wilderness . We especu Uy request our readers to note carefully the sentences . " which we have printed in Italics ; and then ask themselves what the plain English of it all comes to . To as it appears marvellously like this . "We have coloL'ies which are almost unprofitable to us for want of Lands to cultivate them . The ' Government has , by its wasteful extravagance , impoverished ths people ami exhausted the treasury .
Ministers want money , and the aristocracy want places , sinecures , and pensions . The colonies must take off our Burplus population and recruit our finances . But how ! We have it : we'll sell the unappropriated lands at such a rate as shall tempt purchasers ; but under such well arranged conditions as shall secure an aristocratic government , and at the same time , subject the-colonists to be taxed by the Imperial Parliament , at any time , in any way , and to any extent , that our necessities may render desirable , or circumstances advisable . " We leave any man to judge if this be not a fair interpretation of the sentiments quoted above : and if it
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social system has draw ¦» hundreds of thousands of our agriouiu < al populatioa from the healthy and invigorating pursuits of country life into those terrestrial hells—Leeds , Manchester , Stockport , and the other dens of darkness , which hare sprung up With mushroom rapidity under the blasting in * influence of the manufacturing system—a system which has said to gold "Thou art my hope ; " and to the ^ fine j ?» ld , " Thou art my confidence . " A system which , under due and proper arrangements , might have been ; and will one day be , an bcaiculable blessing ; but which at present , under the
directing influences of Belfishness , avarice , and ambi tion , like the loousts of Egypt , devours , with an insatiable ' appetite , every green thing . In connection with this system , we have a machine power which , though in its infancy , is capable df producing more of the necessaries of life in fire years , than the whole population of the Globe could consume in fifty . Thus , then , we have a producing power which encourages in us a spirit of the most reckless and destructive competition ; and we have a Landed aristocracy , who neither know their own interests , or care for those of their country . Tho one party havd got power , which they refuse to relinquish ; the other party are seeking to gain the power , which , if thoy had U , they are too igooradfc to use for any
beneficial purpose . A death-grappie Is rapidly approaching between them j arid it behoves the people most assiduously to watch every movement of their oppressors , audto seize on every favourable opportunity for elevating their own characters ,. arid improving their own condition . The fact is , the people must have the waste laud at all events , and they must have capital , without which to reclaim them ia impossible . This capital might be raised by the establishment of joint stock companies ; which , if fairly and honourably conducted , would be productive of great good :. but thgse are liable to the objection , that their progress would be unavoidably slow ; they would partake too much of tho nature of monopoly , and the advancers of capital would be almost certain to obtain more than their
fair share of influence in the management of the concern . We do not say that these effects could hot be guarded against , but we think a much safer arid easier plan , and one more likely to produce immediate beneficial results would be , that suggested by Mr . O'Connor to the landlords of Ire * land ; - : - / v-V ¦ ; ¦"¦ ' . "¦" - ; V- ¦ '• .- ¦ . ;¦ . " ; '¦¦' / ' ~ . / :..:: ' . Speaking of the waste lands and the means of applying them to the relief of the existing distress , that gentleman says : ¦ — ;> " The value of those Sfteen millions of acres , at twenty years' purchaae , at a lent of one shilling and fottipenca per . acre , would coat Government £ 20 ^ 000 , 000 . ^
•• Now what I propose is , that Gownmenfc shall purchase the lands from you , say at that rate , and then , under proper official management , at the head of which should be a Cabinet Minister , to ba called the Minister of Agriculture , lease these landB at one shilling and fourpence per acre in lots of fifteen acres , irith a capltal of one hundred pounds advanced to each tenant , subjecting the tenant to a rent of five pounds p « annum ; for the land and the interest of one hundred pounds at four per cent . ; that is , one pound for land and four pounds for interest .
" This sum of £ 120 , 000 , 800 I propose to consolidate into one national fund , which shall stand as a mortgage upon the fifteen millions of acres , and over which the Parliament alone shall have control ; and that It shall not be a transferable atocki or « stock allowed to be made the medium of exchange , barter , or traffic in the Jews' temple ; but that the Government shall merely bo agent for the fund-bolder and fund-payerreceiving from the one and paying to the other .
- " I propose that after the first eleven yeara the tenant shall yearly pay ten pounds in liquidation of his debt ; thereby liquidating the whole amount in { the next ten years , or with the twenty-first year of hia tenancy ; at the close of which , perldd-r-twenty-one years—I pro ? pose that the tenant shall pay no more than the original chief-rent , of one shilling and fourpence per acre , and all local taxes ; or a pound per annum for bis holding for ever and ever , and Amen—until some future generation , in its wisdom , shall see the State necessity of making the then occupiers —( themselves being parties)— -pay something more as a quota of any national
requirement . Now , those who are in love with a national debt as a bond of union , have it here in the flesh and the spirit ; those who bo loudly call out fox the cultivation of our waste lands have here the only chance by which their desire , which is improvement and the bettering of the poor man ' s condition , can be simultaneously effected ; those who ' fe » e that population presses too hardly upon the means of subsistence ' have here the ineans of obviating that disaster ; those of the school of political economy have here the practical illustration of one of their da rling principles—that * when circumstances close up one channel of speculation
and industry , other circamstinces open another channel ; ' those who would gladly find a resting place for the ' surplus population , ' made such by tae substitution of artificial for natural labour , have bete the harbour open for them ; those who would add to our now , as they say , too scanty surface of wheat-producing land , * have here an extension offered to them ; while , although I would much prefer the more improved field for the establishment of a free labour standard of value , I hava no objection , provided he gets thetheans , ^ to allow ; my client to work out his own salvation in the more barren field ? " ' - ¦ '¦ .:, . ¦ : . •¦ ¦ . •¦¦ ¦ . ¦ ; ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' " ¦ ' . ¦ ::.- ' -. ' ••¦ ¦ ¦ : . - . ¦ . ; . . ; ¦ ' ¦ ' ¦ "¦ ' ' ' -:
We know of no better way for the estabhshment of a system of home colonisation ; and we know of nothing but such a system of co-operative unity as is . involved in home colonisation , that is capable of preserving the country -from ^ irievitabie destruction , Let the people be drawn away ^ fromthe manufacturing districts , and located upon the land , in eompanies of from twelve hundred / to two thousand persons , of various ages , and capable of performing the . yarious operations of mechanics , artists ,
manufacturers , and agriculturists ; and let these be pro vided with the means of subsistence , and the materials for labour , and we have no fear for the result . We are satisfied that if the locality was well chosen , and the arrangements judiciously made , these actively producing would soon become self-supporting colonies ; and that in a comparatively short time they would be able to repay the money advanced for their establishment , and would become independent of money-mongers , capitalists , Corn Laws , arid foreign markets for even
, There are some things connected with these projected colonies too important to be omitted , though our space forbids us to go into the subject at length . Good water is an absolute requisite ; . arid the proximity of stone quarries and coiil or iron mines is a subject of no email imporance where such advantages can be ; obtained . It ia not likely that all the various mechanical arts and manufactories can be combined in one settlement , nor is it at all necessary that they should . Local circumstances would mainly determine the peculiar aypcationB to which the skill , industry , and capital
could be most profitably applied ; and each colony wquld interchange itB surplus productions with itB neighbour , arid thus a fraternal union would be established throughout the whole . The buildings would be no unimportant matter . They should be bo constructed as tj aid the purposes of healtbt cleanliness , convenience , and to combine the advantages of sociabilty with the most perfect adaptation for individual and domestic privacy . We would have them surrounded with every appliance for the moei perfect davelopement of agricultural science , arid
with all the beauties of nature and art , which the indoBtry and eaterprise of the inhabitants could procure or produce . Thus , a community of intereata and all that is really valuable in social instituiiona wou ) d be obtained , while every man would ; feel hintself invested with not only a right to the possession of the fruits of his own indratryj but aiso of the power ; to { eixeroise such right . All would be equal before the law , while the rights of priyate ' property wonld be inam'dually ^ recognised arid collectively maintained . : ¦/• V-- ¦ : ¦'¦ ' . ¦ ¦'¦ - ' - ¦; : v--V : - ' -: ¦ :
Let us now look at some of thef results Mich would flow from a proper appropriation of the means at . our disposal . ' ' ... ;) . ' ¦ -- " ¦ [ : ? ..: \ -. '¦ , - ; - : - ; ¦;¦; ¦ . - . From all that weibare said , i « i is plaint that the only elements requisite for the securing of national prosperity , are land and labour and capita ^ in combinatiye unity . Of the first we have five timea more than would sufiice for our present wants ; of labour , we haya a superabttndance--willing and anxious to ba employed ; arid of capital nobody : ever dreams that there is any lack . How ^ is it , then , we ask , thatwe have millions in a state of p auperism , or fast approaching to thai fltate * How U it that with { plenty of landj plenty
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4 - . ¦ ' " ¦ " ¦ - - - .- ¦' . THE NOITEfllXiS ; ¦' ¦¦/• j- ^?; / ? .:: C ^ i / ff : ;> . :, ¦ :: : f . ^ V : ^ W ^ ¦ ¦ ¦ j ^' - ^' _ _ ' ¦ _ - ' - ~ - - ' - ¦ - " ' ' ¦ ' ' * — "" ~* . ' " """ "'"" ¦ *" . i ^ W—1^—^— . . . . ¦ ¦¦ ' ¦ ' " *^^ __ , _ , - .. _ , . ¦ i . i ¦ ' ¦ . — . _ .. — — ¦¦ i i . , ¦ ¦ i — ; i li _ " . ' "" " ^ " ' ' . ¦ - . . , . ¦ - ¦ . - ¦ . ¦ ¦¦' - ¦ - .. . .. - - ¦ "¦ - ' ' . '
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Siace our last , the arrival of the American Packet Ship * ' Independence , " has put us in possession of the American President ' s Message . This important State document presents , as usual , a striking contrast to the infinite deal of nothing" which we are in the habit of enduring under the name of a royal speech . The document is mach too long for us to print . But we are glad to perceive that , in so far as the relationships of the United States with this country are concerned , its tone is everything that could be
desired—mild and conciliatory , but firm and independent—euch as befits the mouthpiece of a great and free people . The result of the M'Lbod affair is referred to in terms of satisfactory gratulation ; while , in reference to the right claimed by the State of New York to adjudicate independently of the Federal Government , in a matter which , by the recognition of M'Lbod's acts by the British Government had become international in character , the President says : —
" I cannot fail , however , to suggest to Congress the propriety , and , in some degree , the necessity , of making such provisions by law , so f » r as they may constitutionally do so , for the removal at their commencement , and at the option of the party , of all such cases as may hereafter arise , and which may inrolvethe faithful observance and execution of our international obligations , from the state to the federal judiciary . This Government , by our
institutions , is charged with the maintenance of peace and the preservation of amicable relations with tbe nations of the earth , and ought to possess , without question , all the reasonable and proper means of maintaining the one and preserving the other . Whilst just confidence is felt in the judiciary of the states , yet this Government ought to be competent ia itself for the fulfilment of the high duties which have Jbeen devolved upon it under the organio law by the states themselves . "
In reference to the burning of the Caroline , the President holds that : — " No such atonement as was due for the public wrong done to the United States b y the invasion of her territory , se wholly irreconcilable with her rights as an independent power , has yet been made . " He denies the right of any country to invade the territories of another under any pretext unless when a confessed and voluntarily acknowledged inability to enforce its own laws renders the Government
nugatory and helpless . He puts the question we think in a very clear and just light , in the following paragraph : —
" If , upon a full investigation of all the facts , it shall appear that the Caroline was governed by a hostile intent , or had made common cause with those who were in the occupancy of Navy Island , then , so far as he [ the owner ] is concerned , there can be no claim to indemnity tor the destruction of bis boat which the Government would feel itself bound to prosecute ; since he would have acted not only in derogation of the rights of Great Britain , but in clear violation of the laws of the United States ; that is a question which , however settled , in no manner involves the higher consideration of the violation of territorial
sovereignty and jurisdiction . To recognise it as an admissible practice that each Government in its turn , upon any sadden and unauthorised outbreak on a frontier , the extent of widen readers it impossible for either to have an efficient force on every mile of it , and which outbreak , therefore , neither may be able to suppress in a day , may take vengeance into its own hands , and , without even a remonstrance , and in the absence of any pressing or overruling necessity , invade the territory cf the other , would inevitably lead to results equally to be deplored by both . When border collisions come to receive the
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be , then , we Bay , Don ' t- ^ migyate . aV ^ U % ';' / £ ad . esk y 6 ' QC to destroy the ariatocratio influence * t home , instead of making it take deeper root in our possesiona abroad . " ; , ' ;; , yfV ^ ' ;\ - ^ ) - : > C- ; . ; X '; . When wesay ^ Don ' t emigrate , ' we aay Bofrom the conviction long since expressed by us , that there is plenty for every man at home ; that the land , if properly cultivatedj would yield a supply of food sufficient for four times the number of the present inhabitants . And this fact we now proceed to demonstrate . ; ' ' ' > - ') ' : ¦ ' ' _ ¦ ¦ ¦ /¦ ' ¦ " : ^ . - ' .. ¦; :. ' ; : '¦ •• ¦ •"• ¦¦ : . ¦¦ : . ' ¦ ¦ . .. ¦ A writer in the Colonial Gasette % iri an article on " The Causes of thoNatiorial Distress , " thus ^ coolly insults his countrymen , aad libels Providence .:-
—, f When the extent of the superficea of the British Islands , and the sum of their actual population , shewn by the recent census to amount to nearly twenty-seven millions of souls , are compared , the conviction cannot fail to force itself upon the most offu 8 cate understanding , that the time is fairly come , when England , even if every acre of her soil were cultivated , . can no longer , of herself , supply either food or employment for a very large proportion of her children ; and though certainly it does not follow , as a prinoiple of justice , that one portion should quit tho common territorial inheritance for the mere accommodation of the rest , yet eelf-preservation is an influence that will not the less suggest the expediency of sacrifice which minor influences might prove insufficient to enforce . "
Such are the bold and unblushing statements put forth for the evident purpose of inducing the sons of labour to forsake the land of their fathers , arid to seek a distant borne ; not for the sake of any real advantage it would be to them , but simply that they may become ' imore entirely the bond slaves of the p ' rofit-morigers and \ the colonial aristocracy . The writer says "the conviction cannot fail to force itself upon the most offuscate understanding that the time is fairly come , when England , even if every acre of her soil were cultivated , can no longer of herself supply either food or employment , for a
very large " portion of her children , ; " Our understandings may be " most offuscate , " at least in the estimation of Whig traffickers xn sophistry and delusion , but we have tho vanity to suppose ourselves not quite destitute of common sense ; by the uso of which we hope to show our readers , firstly , that the lands of the United Kingdom arq amply sufficient to produce all the necessaries of life for at least four times the number of the existing population ; secondly , point out the best means by which the natural-capabilities of the land may be developed ; and thirdly , exhibit some of the results which would flow from a proper appropriation of the means at
our disposal . : As to the first poiut , we will cite authorities from which our opponents will hardly venture to dissent . M'CuLLoqa , generally considered an authority by the " Liberals , "states that the United Kingdom could produce food for one hundred millions of inhabitants . Bishop Watso ^ says that Great Britain is capable of maintaining thirty millions of inhabitants ; another writer , Dr . Hall , says it would support , with ease , ninety millions ; while the J ^ arl of Lauderdale , one of the modern political economist school , declares it might support one hundred and eighty millions I
Here it will be Been that Bishop Watson is vastly below Dr . Hall and the Noble Earl , and yet he is upwards of three millions above the existing popul ation , which , according to the recent census is no * quite twenty-seven millions . Another writer of considerable eminence says : — "On the most moderate calculation , Great Britain and Ireland are capable of maintaining , in ease and
affluence , one bund ed and twenty millions of inhabitants . Thli proceeds on the supposition , that the whole mountain and waste land is deducted as altogether unprofltablo , arid that the remaining arable land is divided into three parts , of which two-thirds are entirely set astda for luxuries and conveniences , and that the remaining third alone is devoted to the staple food of man ! partly in wheat and partly ' . i n ^ potatoes "—Sheriff Allison ' s" Principles of Population , " p . 51 , voL 1 .
England can maintain ............... 60 , 000 , 000 Ireland .................................... 48 , 000 , 000 Scotland . i .. ........................ 15 , 000 , 000
' The British Islands 123 , 000 , 000 This calculation , though much below that of the Earl of Lauderdale , is four times greater than that of Bishop Watson , one-fourth more than Dr . Hall , and one-sixth more than Mr . M'Culloch . These five gentlemen have all considered the subject— -they have arrived at widely different results ; the numbers of population which they severally give as capable of being supported in the British islands from our own produce , amounts in the aggregate to
five hundred and twenty-three millions , which divided by five , gives , as the average result of their labours , one hundred and four millions six hundred thousand , which is four millions six hundred thousand more than the population allowed by M'Cullock , and nearly seventy-eight millions above the actual population of the present time . We presume these authorities will be deemed by all reflecting men , much more worthy of attention , than the unproved assertions of a nameless soribbler in a Whig-Radical newspaper .
We beg to call the particular attention of our readers to the following table : drawn up , as it has been from official sources , it has high Claims to the mo 3 t attentive consideration of the whole people * Reasonings may be fallacious , but figures , like facts , are stubborn things . QUANTITY OF LAND IN THE UNITED KINGDOM .
' , ,- Uncltivated TT ... Cultivated but cpble of m S TotaL imprvement » DIe wste Acres . Acres . Acres . Acres . England 25 , 632 , 000 3 , 454 , 000 3 , 256 , 400 32 , 342 , 400 Wales 3 , 117 , 000 B 30 . 000 1 , 105 , 009 4 , 752 , 800 Scotland 5 , 265 , 000 5 950 , 000 8 , 523 , 930 19 , ^ 88 , 930 . lreland ' 12 , 125 , 280 4 , 900 , 000 2 , 416 , 664 19 , 441 , 944 Brit-Isleg : 383 , 690 166 , 000 569 , 469 1 , 119 , 159 Totals 46 , 522 , 970 15 , 000 , 000 15 , 871 , 463 77 , 394 , 433
From this table it appears that there are fifteen millions of acres of uncultivated land capable of cultivation in the British Islands ; and these , according to Mr . O'Connor ' s calculation , would " immediately produce food for seven millions ; . pf people ; and in less than ten years would provide for fifteen millions of people ; and at the expiration of twentyone years , the original farms of fifteen aorea each would be capable of being subdivided for the families , into farms of five acres each , if necessary . Thus would our present waste lands , New England , Ireland , and Scotland , of themselves , support on the spot twenty-one millions in affluence , comfort , and splendour , at the end of twenty-one years , and forever !"
This calculation is , however , far below the mark , as we shall show presently . We will , howeyer , first see how the present system works in reference to . what 13 called cultivated lands , because we shall then discover how it is that we have a " scarcity of food , " and a " surplus population . " We presume the average lands of JEnglarid and Ireland are pretty much alike—equally defective under bad management , arid equally productive under good . We will , therefore , avail ourselves of tUe calculations of Mr . O'Connor , in his
u Letters to the Landlords of Ireland j" a work which h * B no equal for practical utility and moderate reMoning in the English language ; which ought to be conned till all its principles are familiar to him by every honest man j and which : being now published in the "Labouret ' a Library / ' by J . Hobsoo , fo . * twopence , may be arid should be obtained by evei y working n » n . We beg the especial attention of our' jead «* 3 to ^ the following details . The calculation . is made npori the produce of a farm of one hundred vacres , and on this subject Mr . O'CoKNba thus write . ~~ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ . ' ; ¦¦ ¦•'¦¦ ' : -. ' ¦•' ¦ :: ¦"¦ ¦ . ' ;; - ¦ . ¦ ' : < '' . ¦ -: V .- '
" Ten farm < . ^» ^^ j "oWing one thousand acres of land in the coui ty oi Coi *» » nd livlngr UPpn these farms for t ^ ent ^ -five j < 5 ars ' ( a time when the family becomes marriageable , ) wii not . unitedly , have spent £ 20 per annum in the mat ^ facturing market . They live very iitUe , if aDythinif , better . than their labourers , with whom they breakfast Mid dine ejx d » ys in the week ; breakfast being potatot *> and thick mim , •« blue , " from sixty to elghtr-four ho VB wd , eometiaies boUed iato
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curds and whey , and sometimes cold ; and they have the same for dinner , from the 1 st of January to the 31 st of December . H the farmer can hold possession , and keep the stock together , and if , in the twenty-five years he has scraped together £ 250 for his children ' s portions , ha conaidera himself right well off We will suppose him to have , three sons and two daughters To the daughters he gives £ 180 each ; the second son he marries to another farmer ' s daughter , with whom he gets one hundred pounds ; tbe eldest son remains
for some time unmarried , and when bis parents meet with a suitable match for hfm in their old age , . they with the isossoon ( flie youngest son ) give up the forin t '»; the heir , ( with " his Honput ' a" consent , and toinethingiMre , } woAlive themselves upon a few acres of which the son pays the rent ; and the fifty pounds Spared after the daughters ' , portion remains for which eves shall be survivor , to live with the youngest , Who seldom or never marries during the life of the old couple . * ' '¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ , ¦"¦ " '¦ ¦ ' . ' : ; "';" : ' : ; - ' '¦ +- ] - ' '
After some further observations , which it ia not nec > S 9 ary to quote here , he proceeds : — ' r ' - '¦'; , " Let us now see what surplus , after such rapport , the farm leaves for traffic and supply , in the consuming and manufacturing markets . We will take a year ' s produce : ~ ''¦ . ' . - : :. . ' . ' . . •¦ ¦¦' •'• ' - "• '¦¦ : ,, ¦ Fifty bags of wheat at £ 1 5 s . per bag ... 62 10 0 - Sixteen cwts . of butter , seconds and thirds , at £ 3 5 s . per cwL .............. 52 0 t Twenty barrels of oats , spared from - horses , at 10 s . per barrel ............ 10 0 . Ten fat pigs , at 2 J cwt per pig , at £ l . . "¦ .- - per cwt . 25 0 0 Spared potateiea .............................. 21 10 0
r £ l 70 ; 0 D Rent , say 20 s . per acre ..... 100 o Tithe and county rate ....... i ....... 10 0 0 Paid to five labourers , besides diet ...... 20 0 t Renewal of cattle for dairy .............. 10 0 0 : Wear and tear , smith ' s work , and additional men at harvest .... ; ................ 20 0 0 Laid by for chlldrea ........................ 10 0 0 Spent in manufacturing market .......... 0 10 . 0 £ 170 10 0 " Now what interest has the farmer fox his capital em ployed as follows ?— » Price of twenty cows , at j £ 7 a head ...... 140 p 0 Four horses , at £ 10 each 40 0 0 Carts , tackling , ploughs , harrows * &c ... 20 0 0 .
£ 20 . 0 . . 70 0 " What interest has he for that which requires £ 10 ayear to keep it up , by the renewal of dairy stock to its original value ? He has just the £ 10 a ye « , which he lays by , if all goes well 1 And what is his remuneration ? Just the ameunt of comfort that I hare shewn him to be partaker or I And thus , for twenty-five years he and his family : undertake great risk and responsibility , and at the end of that time are more than happy if remunerated with " his Honour's" bond « Ot £ 250 . " ¦ . '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ , ¦¦¦ ' ¦ - . . ; - ; 777 '' ¦; .- - . ' ' ; ' : \ " ^ ,-: - Having thus shown the effects of the present system , he proceeds to contrast it with what would bo accomplished by a more just and rational system of management , HeBays j— * v
" Landlords ! let us now consider what a hundred acres of ground subdivided into ten farms of ten acres each is capable of doing ; how many it would malntaia ; the description of maintainance ; and the surplos , after having supplied the family , which it would leave for traffic iri the manufacturing and commercial market I shall , according to promise , take the rudest calculattonB ; arid , firstly , as to the gross produce . : " One-and-half acres of potatoes , half an acre of fallow ,
one acre of lay ( sward ) oats , two acres of wheat , half an acre of meadow , quarter of an acre of flue with clover , one rood of kitchen garden , one ditto of vetches , spring and summer ; and four acres of pasture . Produce for family ' s consumption for one year , ( family consisting of a man , his wife , and five children ) sixty stones of wheat ; fifty stones of oatmeal ; five hundred stones of potatoes ; twenty stones of bacon ; vegetables ; half the milk of a cow ; with poultry , eggs , and honey .-. ¦ . " . . ' -7 ¦ . }¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ '¦' ,:. "¦ : ¦ ' . ' ' . .. : .. '¦ . ' '¦' ¦ ' - ¦ ¦"• •¦ . 7 :-
" Let ns now see what this will afford the family per week . More than a stone of wheat flour ; a stone of oatmeal ; ten stones of potatoes ; for forty-five weeks , deducting seven weeks for Lent , ( a time when Catholics atataln from meat , ) two pounds of bacon on Sundays , Mondays , and Tuesdays , every week in the year ; and three quarts of new milk per day , twenty one quarts per week , —thus estimating a cow ' s milk at twelve quarts a-day for the summer season , and allowing one quarter of her milt in summer and the other quarter to be used In butter during winter ; bat I take all as milk . Value of produce , after the above amount for consump tion shall have been deducted : —
Nine bags of wheat , at twenty Btone the bag , at £ i . 5 s the bag .................. 11 5 0 Produce of a cow and a half , valued at fSpercow ................................. 12 0 fl Fiv » barrels of oats , at fourteen stone the barrel , at Z 03 . the barrel , or leas than 9 d . per stone ........................ 2 10 0 Profit on four bacon pigs , fed from May to March , and baught at nine montks old , £ 2 10 s each ........................ 10 0 C Profit on four sheep , fatted after Bheturtog , 10 s . » head ....... ; ......-........... 2 I Eggs , poultry , linen , ( or spunflax ; . „ ... 5 0 0 Those amounts , added , make ... £ 42 15 0 From which deduct : —
Rent and rates ..... 11 0 0 Laid by for the girls ' portion and casualities , per annum .... 7 15 O 18 15 0 Total ..... £ 24 0 0 which deducted from tbe £ 42 15 s . leaves £ 24 to be annually expended in the manufacturing and commercial market . " These statements we think are sufficient to convince any mind capable of being convinced that the deficiency of food , so much complained of , is not to be attributed to a want of capability in the land ,
but to a want of justice in the system and common sense in the landlords . We now proceed to show that the land is capable of doing much more than Mrvd'CoNNOR has calculated . Ia Mr . O ' Connor ' s account of his visit to Selby we find an account of certain experiments , made by Mr . Linton , upon one-fifth of an acre of land . It appears that he has three-fourths of an acre , for which he pays four pounds per annum rent ; of this only one-fifth is in a high state of cultivation , from which , after paying a labourer three shillings per day for ten hours work , he is able to make profit at the rate of sixteen pounds per acre . He last year had one cow , but the produce was so much greater than the demand , that
ho has this year two cows , a flock of geese , some pigs , &o . Last year , with only twenty-four percheg cultivated , the profit , over all expences , after paying four poundB rent , and after paying for labour , for seed , and all other expences , the profit was about twelve pounds , on one-seventh of an acre in producing order . If the whole was highly cultivated , as the grass land yields little or nothing , it would leave profit , kfter outlay and rent , eightyfive pounds per annum . These are facts , and they warrant us in coming to the conclusion that the waste lands alone , if highly cultivated , would produce the necessaries and comforts of life for at leaBt three persons per acre , that is , for forty-five million souls .
We think we have now proved beyond the possibility of successful contradiotion , that the British Islands can produce food for ^ four times thoHamber of the existing population . We wilV however , add one calculation more , which will put the matter beyond all reasonable doubt . We will take the population at twenty-seven millions , and we find by the abore table that tbe number of cultivated acres is ^ 46 , 522 , 970 , to which : add 15 ^ 00 ^) 00 ^ making a total of 6 U 522 J 970 . Suppose that ohlv 45 000 , 060 out of this 61 , 622 , 970 acres are cultivaf ed so as to produce food , per acre , for three persens , they would provide the means of subsistence for 135 , 000 , 000 human beinga , which is just five times the amount of the population taken at 27 , 000 OQG
We leave these facts to speak for theiriselves , and proceed to point out , secondly , the best means by which the natural capabilities of tbe land may be developed ^ Labour is : the best marinrei arid the land will flourish more under the Bubduing power of the spade , in connectiori with a human foot and hand than by aU the steam ploughs and new-fangled ifnachinery that has ever been applied to it . The labourer who puts his earnings into the Swindling Bank truly earns wageB to put them into a bag with holes ; but he who prits his strength and energy , and capital if he has itj into a bank of earthy puts it into a bank that never refuses payment , and always pays iri interest tenfold more than it receives in principal . 7 Wo have got what is called a surplus population that is tosay , th 9 miaglsd ^ folly and raisoality of our
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 1, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct735/page/4/
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