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Ithe northesn stae. j - SATURDAY, JULY 30,1842. i ^ -~—^ ,,.. .
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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1 TOTTINGHAJIXSHI 21 E , GBEAT CHARTER DEMONSTRATION IN HOXOUR OF F . O'CONNOR , ESQ . ; MOJOUY , JcXT 25 . Nothing can exceed the enthusiasm of those meetings ! The death-knell of t"he factions has been again Tung out by 40 , 000 tongues , and new life and spirit-infused into the giant of popular ¦ will . Mr . O'Connor , arrived in Nottingham by the Derby train at ten o ' clock , and almost immediately drove in an-open carriage into the Market-place , to join the procession to the Calveri-on tea-party . The
Market-place of Nottingiiam , one of the most beautiful ' and spa « ions squares in the kingdom , presented one imnsensa mas 3 of human beings , o" *" whose heads floated a goodly number , of beautiful Bags and banners , garlands , and Siar portraits , got up for the occasion , with admirable taste . A fine military band was in attendance , snd upwards of fifty carriages , loaded with respectable ¦ we ll-dressed persons , each decorated with garlands , devices , mottos , &c , drew up in order of procession ; amongst them "we remarked the following : — - lie Shoemakers , with the splendid banner ' of their
Union , led the van , flanked with the beautiful green silk flag of the Rica place National Charter Association . The motto npon the Arnold flag ( also green ) was—Injured Justice demands the release of Frost , Williams , and Jones . A green Cap of Liberty , bordered with gold . , Garricgton flag , motto—In hononrof FeargrB O'Connor . The carriage containing Mr . O'Connor , Messrs . Clark , of Stockport , Vicars , of Belper , Sweet and Langoire , of Nottingham , E . P . Mead , of Birmingham , was preceded by the band , and decorated by portraits of Frostj O'Connor , Emmeit , See ., with garlands . In another car wa&a profile medallion of O'Connor
snxronnded wiih a garland , and crowned with laurels , motto—Now let merit be crowned—the banner ' s nnfurl'd , The signal of triumph all over tie world . And numerons others . Mr , O'Cojwor addressed the assembled thousands For a Tery considerable time , and the procession mored on in beautiful order np Cumberland-street , and along the Mansfield-road , accompanied by nearly the whole population of lie town ; as far & 3 Arnold , fonr miles of the route ! the spectacle was S sublime one , when the Csrriiyjtoii , Basfbrd , Arnold . Bucknal , and BuilweU Associations fell icto the line of march ; ih 9 day was splendid , and ihe scenery of the whsle lino of march was beautiful
indeed ! Abont a mile from Calverton , their Association , headed by the Sution brass band , met us , leading the procession , with several beautiful fla ^ s , banners , garlands of fresh and living flowers ; and the scene on entering this peaceful village was most striking ! We drew np iu an open space .- at the extreme end of the village close by the church , and being introduced by Mr Vicars , Mr . O'Cotcor , bare-headed , beneath a "blazing sun , again addressed the multitude . Then the people gave three cheers for Frost , Williams , and Jones ; three for O'Connor , and three for the Charier , when , we a : once proceeded to the festive scene . A teat , forty yarc ^ by ten , erected in a beautiful pasture bousded by splendid weod , a marquee , and various stalls ,
exhibited a coup del inconceivably grand- Nearly » thousand of ihe sons and daughters of toil partaok of excellent tea , plnm and plain cake , bread and baiter , < Jfcc , to their hearts content . Too each praise cannot be given to our worthy old frknd , Mr . George Harrison , member of ihe late Convention , and his honest dame , for their indefatigable attention to the accommodation cf the Cfcariist friends . At one time we suppose thcra could not be lea than 5 , 000 persons attending this moral fete , in honour of O'Connor and the Charter ; all sorts of innocent amusements—iiss in the riug , country dances , and fan , ad infimtum : amongst theresi we observed a Nigger , a real Nfggtr , accompanied by tiro fiddlers , dancing Jim aloss Josey
in real Nigger style . At seven a . wasgon was drawn into the close or meacoTr , ij-fcieh terrains : es in s rising height , whtxe the people stood in aTrpiri-Hieairicai order to hear Mr . G'Consor ' s address , ci which we cannot give even a mere omline . He .-poke usably two hours ; and when completely tired out he retina amia x ^ e reiterated fcheutidf the gratified ana immem * nsultitnde . We calculate a vast amount of good has Wn done . The lads snd la ^ es kept np the amnsements or- »»* h } , recitation , &c . Mr . Mead took , the chair for the erm ^ e- , } dr . Vicar 3 , of Belper , and oar young froiic-iovraft friend Paddy Clark , from Stockport , addressed the company in the course of the ni ^ . h ; , and the bonny moon was " glaBving her horns iVa the lif ; sa high , "
and the Tnddy hue of Aurora enamelled the horizon , era the nappy asstrably soraTaied to snatch , a brief repose * to enable them to bear tie exertion of tomorrrow , a £ Satton-in-AsiiSdd . One eircumsiaace we nm :-t not cmtt , in order thai ii may act as a caution to osr jgoor fronds , especially to enr lecturers . There-is evidently » vigilant espiour-ga kepi up by GovernmCBV . A P ^ rtJ ofonrNewark Jxiends have fereiied outanimJividuil of this genus , who followed " ifcera to Calvertea .: He has freqnented their rosin and isirofnMd-anBself to several of oar lecturers , tryisg to Rfi ont what are our ulterior measures , ar . d talks very bij < abcus oar Charter not going far enscgh- In this way he tried to entrap Daffy and Mead , but n-aarnot wilv encsga
to disguise his cloven b * of . He ia a slender , thin , higiily respectable Icwkisg individual , with a daik Eortout and fancy trousers , carries a silver-nioanied xsitan , and has » ae appearance of a military efficer . He lias bo osvensiole pea ^ H of living , and nobody has any knoiriedge of him or Ms bnsines 3 in Newark . He followed the Newark party to Calverton , vras pointed oat and interrogated , but denied ever having ; been in the Chartist room , iul Head identiSed him Trnl / our friends ongbt to bs caatjong . The silent Bysiem would be certain death to some of them . __ Tuesday mooting , \ rs started from Calverton , dti Dine , Mr . O Connor . Harmon , Mrs . fiarrifou , Yicars of Belper , Ckrk of Sawkport , in the carriage , - and Commodore Mead on the box .
As & report oi thepp esches wonld be ageless , a description cf the scenes ox this day ' s eventful history is all we can atiempi ; and it is , after all , bu ; an attempt—a mae ron ^ h skefeb . Within abont three miles of Mansfield , stands Byron ' s oak , at the gate leading to Newstead Abbey ; here the avans-eouriers of the day * 8 grand spectacle met ue , like . ^ so m any running epistles of Chartism , eacxi containing a pithy paragraph printed upon v&rioB 3 slips of coloured paper , fluttering in ihe Dreezijfrom the napless hats , tattered caps . ^ nd bare poles , of these jnveaile Mercuries of Chartisoi . — Amongst these pitiy sentences we observed th 3 following : — More fat pigs , and fewer parson ? . Holberry and Clayton were martyrM by the Wh : # s . The judgment of Heaven is labour for food , but
ihe judgment of kinga , is io 5 i and starvstion . Welcome , welcome , brave O'Connor . Frost , Williams , and Jones—never forgst them . We will , we will , we will be Free I 11 Down with the Com Law hucibu " , and « p with the Chart ?* . A tear of sympathy for the marryra—Cl ^ jten and Holbsrrv . : There was a black ihg ai ' so belonring to Snttou , bearing this moito : —• ' Ti ; on shah do no marder , " end on the reverse— " We are men of ptacs . " Pesos , law , and order . The Chatter , and no mistake . Hafl thoa whom the peop ? c delight to honour , To * popTiR , Vox Dei . ' - ¦ - '¦* ¦ Equal rights for ail—Cheap justice . These and many others fluttered m the breeze . |
The" number of these living epistles , read and understood of all men , was surprising ; from six or eightto eighteen or twenty years of age , we suppose more than 400 pjet U 3 a mile or iwo in advance of the proc ^ iioD , acd ran along with the carriage . At laagUi-srecaincnp vrith the vanguard , headed fay a fine band , and the black banntT used at poor Holberry . a foneral , and numerous flags , of all siz- ; 3 , colours , devices , and tint ? , from the toy paper ooe of tne young Feargus ' s , of which sort there were a pretty considerable number , to bankers taking up the whole breadth of the road . The entree inta thf town of Mansfield was splendid .
Affeer bearing our innumerable emblems of liberty round the town , the high pries : of Chartism ( a 3 Lord Claude Hambletoa calls Mm ) inonntcd the Lusiiags , » nd Mr . Hibbaid , a working man , being called unanimously to the chair , Mr . John HamWing read the placard containfag ihe requisition , when the following resolution was moved : — a That thi 3 meeting do adopt the memorial to the Queen , agreed opon by the late National Convention of the "working classes . ' * This having being seconded , Mr . O'Connor , in ft long and stirring address supported it , and concluded amid thunders of appla-nse . The magistrates were Bitting in . conclave in the Tows-hall . ^ The boiled lobsters stripped off their sheila , were crawling about in all directions , as thick as land crabs'in Barb&does burial grounds—persons who
b * d been selected by these sapient Dogberries to collect scraps of our speeches opon paper ; bat we understood the trap too well to be caught . We are ioo old spairows to be caught with chaff . Thomas Clark of Siockport , Vickera of Belper , and HamsoQ each addressed the meeting briefly . Threa cheera ware giv « i for the Charter , three for 0 'Connor , and three for Frost . Williams , and Jones and ire separated till four o'clock , when the trumpet again eonaded the gathering note , and we started for Satton , three miles of road , with thirty or forty ¦ thousand human beings , two military bands , and feundreds of banners . Belper seat twenty j yptttr ighMB , Calverwon , Alfreton , Hucknal , Arnold , Gbcs *« feld , Sheffield . Mansfield , Satton , and aeroral bfcfeer localities lent their ensigns of Chartism iiw , th « - « c » sion , and augmented their immense
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Abont two miles oat of Sutton , the Female Chartists , two and two , bearing most elegant garlands , and headed by a large black flag , with a white lace border , bearing this touching device : — " A tear of sympathy for the martyred Clayton and Holberry f Flanked by two elegant garlands of black and white crape mott tastefully designed , were met ; the young females bearing them , and also those besring the other gay and eleeant garlands , were dressed in white , with black handkerchiefs and bqsnets . At length the moving mass entered the village . O ! heavens' -what a sight ! Doors , windows , and walls presented hundreds of Chartist mottop , Star portraiis , flags , garlands , oak-boughs , and evergreens , and Toofej windovrs , aud "walls ~ were crammed with tinman baings . The shanis , as we passed the streets , rent the welkin . In our passage down the higlin , we passed under several triumphal arches , which
wera suspended across the street from house to nouse . At length we reached the hustings . Mr . Samuel Fox , being unanimcu .-ly called to the " chair , read the placard and requisitionists names . The memorial was proposed and adopted . Mr . O'Connor again addressed the assembled thousands amid ihanders of appl&nseand '" God-bleFs-you ' p / ' andwas followed by ClaTk , Vicarg , and Commodore Mead . We then repaired to the tent—a spacious erection , and enrious , too , as spacious , the sides and ends being composed of house and chamber doors , the covering , of bed quilt 9 and counterpanes ; it was fifty yards long by fifteen wide , and abont twenty feet high , elegantly adorned with portraits , flowers , evergreens , devices , chandeliers , flags , and banners . Tho tea and accompaniments wore excellent . — Commodore Mead sung , —" Awa \ Whigs , a ? ra ';" responded to tfce sentiment— The people , the only source of legitimate power ; " and delivered an enthusiastic speech appropriate to the seBtiment .
Mr . Hardy , of Arnold , sung , — " The brave Northern Star ) " and the Commodore gave , aa a sentiment , — The Tories suspended from infamy ' s gibbet , and the devil pelting them with Whigs . "A song by a young man with excellent taste , — " Then here ' s to the man . the brave true man , who stands in our cause . " The Commodore gave the health of the brave trne man , Feargus O'Connor , with three times three , withiBirmingham broadsides , in regular ship-shape . An address was then presented to Mx . O'Connor from the brave lads and lasses of Sutton , to which Mr . O'Connor returned thanks in a most eloquent speech ; after which a native pcet sung a most laughable comic song , with recitation , which , elicited rounds of applause . - Mr . O'Connor then retired with his friends , and we started for Nottingham in the carriage about eleven o ' clock , and arrived there about two .
Thus ended the great and magnificent Demonstration lor Nottinghamshire—one of the most splendid and enthusiastic ever witnessed in tbesa parts . We believe this will indeed make Tories tremble , Whigs enrse God and die , and the working millions roaolve to be free !
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TO THE . EDITOR OP THE NORTHERN STAS . Dsar Sib ;—I have been asked a thousand times aboat the f'HiTia modal of Hunt ' s monument , bat could " give no answer ; il you wonld instri the following in tne Slar of this week , it wonld satisfy many of your readers , and save me the tronble of writing , and the expense of posting , a large number of letters . Toura faithfully , Wai . Ghiffin . 8 , Robert-street , Bank Top , Manchester , July 27 th . } Bnrslem , July 26 th , 1842 .
Sib ., —Yob may peniaps think I have been neglectful in not writiBg to you sooner respecting the Hunt ' s Monument ; but the fact is the colliers have turned out , and cocsequsrtly there lias been no coal to be got , which has prevented me from tiring ; bai I have now between npvaids of two hundred passed through the first kiln—they have to pass throcgh two more fire 3 , \ rkicb . I shall be able to accomplish in a few days , and then I will send yon a specimen , upsn the reception cf which soa will please to send me -word ho-w they are approved of , together 'with any other information you may / think necessary . I remain , Yours very respectfully , "WM . BEACH . Bell Works , Sarslem . To Mr . We Griffin , Secretary to the Hunt ' s Monument Committee .
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TO THE CHARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN . AS APPEAL TO tHv . SYMPATHISING CHABTIST i n-BLIC ON BEHALF 0 F MHS . KO 13 EKTS , OF BIBM 1 ?> GI 1 A 3 I . i Bsetiixes , —On the 21 st instant I received & comi nnmieatien from the unfortunate and bereaved Mrs ! i Roberts , ot Birmingham , detailing her sufferings and \ destitution . ] If assiaiacco be Dot promptly and tfficieDtly rendered , ' she and her fatherless children will be driven to the ' . horrible necessity of seeking shelter in a Whig and i Tory baaUle . ¦ i On Sunday evening last , I related her troly distress-I iiig case to tha meetiig of the City of London Chartists , ! T-hen the sum of eisht shillings and sixpence was im' roeniately subscribed .
; She wishes to be provided with a mangle , for which I purpose , together "with other requisites , I trust that ! a snm not less than £ 20 Trill be raised . I With , the fullest confidence that this appeal ¦ will not i oe made in vain . ! ¦ 1 am yours in the cause of humanity , ' .- . 12 , Dorrington-street , Richard Cameron . 5 - Cold Bath-square . I P- S . —I shall bs happy to receive any sums that may , be subscribed for Mr . Roberta ,
; STAT . EyBHiDGZ . —On Sunday evening , tee tad a g : oriou 3 lecture delivered in om Uoom , by Mi . JP . m . i Bropfty , from Dablin . Mr . Brophy in > pressed on hia i bearers the necessity of coming forward and joining j the" Charter Association , A number of men came I forward and enrolled their names , and took their cards i at the close .
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i SOLUTION j OF THB ASTOUNDING ANOMALY , ! THAT ; over-production of clothing axd ;¦¦ food , ! CAS AN'D DOES EXIST AMONGST A STARVING AND PINING ' -n y * s ~\ t > T T" *
I PEOPLE . i We live in queer times . Every thin . q around us betokens vrealth ; and fcrervwliere is the cry of ; poverty and ruination raised ! Our means for ' producing wealth have increased in an almost ! incalculable degrea ; aud yet destitution and misery ; art ing from the want of the barest necessaries of j life increases on every hand I One entire class , the Trorkiag cb ? s , are en-indEg the mast horrible l ^ acd hitheru ) ( ia England ) unheard-of privations , j and another class , tha shop-keeping olas 3 , are fast approaching the same condition !
We live in qaeer ticies . Every thing around us sesms to be anoisalons ; but the most astounding and most perpiexin ? anomaly of all , is " ovtBPRGDrcnoy of wealth co-exislent with destitution and KiLiit amoBgsl its producers and distributor ? !" We are avrare th * t" over-pboductiox" is denied _ We are awsre that cuckoo-sayings are bandied about by surface-skimming economists , the moment " ovER-production" is named . We are aware of > he question : " how can there be ooer-production , when
tho people are starving and naked" ! We are a-ware Of lae cry : " orer production means that the people arc too industrioits" We are aware of thes 9 stock plrrases , and a good many more mouthed forth by the Anti-Corn Law gentry and "Extension of Commerce" advocates : but , maugre it all , we mean to show and to make plain to men of common understandings , that " ovsa-paoDucnos" ean exist along with poverty and misery j nay , that " ovkk-PBODCcnon"' causes poverty and want amongst a trading community ..
It would be enongh for our porpose ( were we disposed or forced to rely solely on it ) to point to the fact , that from a certain point , as Great Britain has increased' her means of producing wealth , in the same proportion has hex people been reduced frem comparative plenty to want and destitution . It would be sufficient fo ? ns ( had we nothing else ) to point to this fact : that as pboduction hs . s
increased from a certain point , so also has increased penury and indigence . It would be sofficient for n 3 , were we so disposed , io throw this fact into the teeth of the denyera of " oveb-frodection , " and ask them to account for it on any other hypothesis . Bat we shall not so act . We will show the why and the ieherefore . We will show the modus overandi . We will maka the subject nnder-Btandably plain and clear .
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spianing-wheel . They found , on examination , tk t they agreed in the conclusion that the proportion between the quantity produced by one person with the then machinery and one man on the former plan , vraa as one hundred and twenty to one ! Subsequent improYements have raised the proportion to that of more than two hundred to one . It is computed that there are above 300 , 000 persons employed in cotton-spinning in Great Britaia . It ;
would therefore require 60 , 000 , 000 of woirk-people to produce on tho old method , and unaided by the late mechanioal and chemical inventions and improvements , as much cotton yarn as is now produced by the 300 , 000 ! Now 60 / 100 , 000 ia just onb-TKNtH of 600 , 000 , 000 , —the estimated present amount of mechanical and scientific producing power : and yet cotton-spinning is only one branch of one manufacture !
The present amount of producing power pos sessed by us , then , would appear to be : — Manual labour ( one-third of the population , 27 ^) 00 , 000 ) ............ 9 , 000 , 000 Mechanical power ..................... 600 , 000 , 000
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Total producing power . > .... 609 , 000 , 000 ! 1 ! Showing an . inorease since 1817 of power equal to the labour of 371 , 756 , 000 handsV 11 ! The proportiofi which our . ' present produoing power bears to the population is more than twentytwoioovLO I ! ! We have before argued on the assumption that one-third of our population is engaged in producing . It follows , from that assumption , tl ; at each producer in Eo /» land at the present moment is enabled , by means of mechanics , chemistry , and other sciences , to produce as much in any given period of time as would , before 1792 , have taken sixty-seven workmen to produce in the like period ! 1 Great Britain , therefore , SIJQTJLD BiE ^ sixty-seven times triore wealthy NOWHhan shewas then III !
What is the fact ? Lot the ^ Corn-Law Re ^ poalors answer I L ^ t the "Corn-Law Gonference " unSwexM Let the statements laid by them before the Minister answer !! i Let the Squeaking meetings of tho shopooraoy answer ! !!! Let the loud outcries of ^ starvation ?' li BANKSUiPTCY i"' * RUIN " answer !!!!! Let the Qiieen'e Speech and the . SYMP j ATHISINGS" of the Premier answer !!!!!} Let the stripped homes , tho shirtless backs , the ehoolesfl feet , tha empty bellies of the producers
answer ! J !! !! ! Let the . fact that more than onefoubth of the population of the very town in which we write ( itself one of the best in the whole kingdom ) is pauperized ; let that onefact answer . !! ! !! Here ia a Btrange faot : wlien bur productive power was , 03 compared with our population , only one toone we found means to exist | . and to exist comfortably , top : now that we have a productive power increased to the proportion of twenty two to one , we are in the very jaws of death , from famine ! !
Lst the reader ponder over this fact well i Let him weigh , and canvass it in all its bearings Let him study the lesson it gives ! It teaches that formerly onot sixty-seventh part of England ' s present means of producing \ vealth affordediierpopulation subsistence and comfort ! It teaches that an inoreaso of those former means sixty-seven times over has not added to the meal-tub on the bread-creel of the working man ! It teaches that the comforiia ho once enjoyed haye been enatohed from , him I It teaches that tho ¦ working men of England are not ( from some means or other ) permitted to enjoy anything like so much as a sixty-seventh part of the wealth they produce !!
Wheno ? this evil ? From " over pboduchon " ?! is our answer : and thus we prove it . Every step we have taken in increasing-production , from 1792 to tho present moment , has been a step in the downward path of KViR ! This is proved beyond all dispute by the fact , that we were comfortably off , " well-to-do , " when we started on the journey ; and are now buinkp even loba hnfnm we have arrived at our journey ' s end ! This fact completely and unanswerably proves Our
position . All the reasoning ; all the S 9 p ]» 8 iry ; all the BpecioneneBS in 'the world cannot upset that position , unless it can alter the fact . Wo mere " well-to-do } " we have inpreased our productions : A . \ ty-seven times over : in the exact proportion as we have increaeed those productions , in exactly the same ratio have we decreased the workman ' s means of comfort and even hard living ; and we have ended in a consignment of hitn to penury , destitution , and death ! while we have brought the Bhopkeeping class to beggary and ruin !!!
Now why is this?— Attend . 'Wealth is the aggregate of those objects that supply the wants and contribute to : the comforts of man . He who has a regular supply of the objects of necessity and comfort is a wealthy man-. ; ' he who has not this regular supply is a poor man . It'is evident that if each man could produce f » r him self all tho articles of wealth that heneeded , he would be a wealthy man ; and no possible injustice could happen in the dish il > ulion of his products for he would himself consume that which he produced .
Such a state of things , however , is impossible , without giving up the immense advantages attending a division of labour , and a returning back to what is denominated "the eavage etate , " A worktaau oannot pfoduco with advantage cither to himself or the community more than a very few different kinds of wealth . Those , it is evident , cannot supply // his wants . Hecanj himsolf , only use but a small p : \ rt of the things he has produced : and the rest he must exchange with those of his fellowmon who have , in like manners produced a surplus of other articles of wealth .
II : nce arises CosiMEnciAx Exchange , or Tbad-I ^ G : and it is the manner in which these necessary exchangesare NOW made j that produces want and poverty ! In other words , it is ihe present system of Commerciai , Exchange that deprives Bbitisii laboubebs , in some way or other , of more THAN SIXTY-SIXTIETHS OF THE PRODUCE OF TilEia INDUSTRY 1 AND CONS 1 GNS THEM TO FAMINE BECAUSE THEY HAVE OVERSTOCKED THE MARKET , AND BECOME USELESS AS PRODUCEES >
Let us traco the working of the system . h * t ns suppose England to be inhabited by one large family , the various members , ' of which are of various occupations : some growers Of food ; others buildera of houses ; othei' 9 luakerg of wearing apparel , and others baker 3 of broad , Further suppose this family producing for its own consumption ^ The farmer would have to exchange sorne of his grain with the maker , of clothing : for while the one cannot do without erain , tho other cannot do
without covering . The builder would exchange the produots of his labour with both : for while Bhelter is necefiaary to alii he too must have food and dress . And so throughout the whole family . To facilitate these exchanges ^ they would make use of money as a medium of exchange . Haying established a standard of value , the one would sell his Surplus produoe , and buy the surplus produce of his brother . This is the Commercial System in its simplest and least injurious form .
FiirtheT suppose that this family are jusi able to supply their aggregate wants j thiit the farmer grows just enough of food ; the builder makes just enough of shelter ; the weaver and tailor produce just enough , of clothing ; the ' baker : Ib able to bake just enough of bread ; in ahort , pappose that the family's means-of production are , iu proportion to their number , jnBt drie to onei" is it not apparent that with such a simple form of necessaty exchange ^
ill must be comfortable ? The farmer , as soon as his grafh is ready , brings it toi Tnarket and finds a ready customer . With the money he receives for his produce he goes to the twlor and buys what he needs to clothe himself ; and the money he leaves with the tailor , as the -representative ef the wealth given him in exchange , enables the latter to go to the baker to buy bread : and thuB each Would regularly obtaini : the mean ? of purchasing ; the different articles of wealth he daily requireuV
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An increase of productive jpower would greatly inorease the aggregate wealth of the family . Each one would then be able to aupply »» t «* mre than liis portion towards the family wants . What follows ? \ iThyv that ¦; . the market is pverato (| ked . The supply is greater than the demand . The farmer brings ; his grain to market , but finds that each one 4 s supplied with food ; and he cannot seil » The weaver produces hia oloth j but every one is already clothed , and ho moire is required . What then foUovrs 1 Why , that the farmerj thongh he has grain enongh and to spare , can get nothing else : the baker has bread ; but he cani obtain no mojoey wherewith to purchase othet articie 3 of necessity : the weaver ,
though he has plenty of cloth , cannot procure food for a single meal ! If we suppose that these persons have saved . alittle money , still they will purchase but sparingly , not knowing where they , may obtain more / Diminishing comumplion increases e&ch member's stock on hand . At last the market is fairly glutted . Then one farmer , or other producer , lowers hisprice , th at ' --be may'undersell the others . Others are foroei to follow his example , though oonsoious that by so doing they are obtaining ' less and iiess for their labour . Even low prices will not induce the members to buy more grain or more of other produce than their means will permit them to consume : so that such relief is but momentary , and is ultimately r « " » ow *» ;¦
What ; then , remains to be done ! To look out for a market abroad , ; where the wants of other families are not so fully supplied ; and thus dispose of their surplus produce for the money they reqaire , to obtain from their brethren the necessaries of life . But here another difficulty presents itself . The means of production increase , both at home and abroad . The foreigner requires less and less . The English family must make more and more . To induce a purchase , they reduce their prices below those of the foreigner . This increases the difitoalty . To make up for reduoed prices , longer hours of work are necessary . More . must be produced to make up th 8 former sum . Still the markets arefull and fuller : and still production is increased
and increases . The labour of the 'Mittle one" is called in to aid the father ; and ultimately the mother is forced to take her stand by the side of both . This but adds fuel 'io the fire . At last the foreign market is glutted , as wall a 3 the home market . The warehouses and granaries are weighed down with wealth ; and the producers of all are compelled to starve to death because they cannot sell ; because they cannot prqcvue MONEY to bay the different articles of wealth everywhere abounding !!! beoauso the members of the family have , each one , so much wealth that they cannot find means to exchange products with one another !! because , in fact , they are ¦ ov ' eb-su ppwed with all the necessaries of life to such a degree , that
THEY KNOW NOT HOW TO PREVENT THEIR MEMBERS STARVING FOR WANT OF THEM ! Ml This would be the state of a family under the present Commercial System , even where every one is a producer ; and where every one has the opportunity of keeping his own products to himself till he can either sell or barter them for other products he needs for his 6 U 3 tentation and comfort . Apply the supposed case to our actual conditiou : and consider , if suoh be the case where every thing is in favour of
the producer , as far as thekeeping to himself hia own productions is concerned , what must ba the condition of those who are obliged to daily sell their physical energies for their daily bread ?! Each one in that state is not or En-supplied .-and yet his want arises from : OVER-production t The produce of his labour is not in his own hands , for sale .: it is , hovyever , in the hands of others , waiting for sale > ;¦ ¦ ; and it is because it is unsold that his employer does not buy more of his energies :. and there he is ! starving , —because he has produced tod much !!!
Tho Political Economists wh « n they speak of the imposMiHcy Of " OVEB production" leave ona Or tvro essentials out of their calculation , which make all tho diffcrenoa between their conclusion and burs ! They forget , ox will not remember , that there is buying : and selling iu conneotion with our pTesont Commercial exchanges : and they also forget that buying and selling is riecsssary in order to other buying and selling * The accumulated produce of labour must be sold , before other labour can be employed or bought . If the market is overstocked , no first buyer can be found . If the first oae is wanting , the second is wanting too ! and thu-, all is at a dead lock . !
An anecdote told by an old friend , of ours , whose teachings on this subject will not soon be forgotten by thousands of the working people , will truly illustrate our : present position . He represented two Manchester mea as having met in converse on the " hard iime 8 ; " and that Bill had just asked Joe , "when he thought times would mend . '' The answer Was : " I konno tell . Theaw knaws ' at warehawses ar' au fu 11 ; an' ' at we konno get wark 'till ther ' n emptit . They konno be emptit 'till we get'h brass togo beouy t' stuff . We kouno get brass ' till we get ' n wark ; an' we konno get % ark 'till we
get'n brass . So thaw sees we ' ar au fast togeither !" A perfeot picture of England ' s present condition arid a poser for the deniers of ovee-pboduction !! And is it always to be thus ? Doea it necesaarily follow that every increase in the means of producing wealthmust lead ' 'to this direresult % -Is , that whioh must , in itself , be a blessing , always thus to prove a curse ?! Must it always be that an increase of wealth must inorease our poverty ? I 3 not it pos ? sible to prevent over pboduction , without at the same time preventing the illimitable inorease of wealth ?
No ! things are not always tobe asthey are ! It does not necessarily follow that the increased and increasing poverty of the people must be the price of an increase in the means to produce national wealth . It is possible TO PREVENT over-production , and yet allow of the illimitable inorease of wealth ! Other principles , however , and other practices , to thoie adopted by ouv present Commercial men must be brought into play . The necessity of having to waii ; for buyers of labour's products before iabour itself can be bought , must be superseded . The benefits and blessings of every improvement in mechanics must be secured to all . Then , produce away I Then , enjoy yourselves , every one , to the top of your bent ! Then , no want ; no fear of want I
Then , no " over puoduction" ! Imagine , that when the members of tho family we : forrotrly Eupposcd , were locked completely fast : for want of a market , both at home and j abroad ; when they were starving for want of the ' respective . articles of wealth , of which , in the aggregate , they "tad . more than enough ; imagine , that , when in this state , they had agreed to dispense with buying ^ nd selling ; agreed ^^ each one to place his particular sort of wealth in one common stock , from which a // should be supplied as he had need ; and suppose , further , that they had agreed thai all the Wealth each one afterwards produced should be so dealt with : imagine this | and tell us , could ovER-pRODucTibN then exist 1 Let the " Extension
men" answer % Lot them crack that nut , and proclaim ! what sort of '» kernel they find I We have learned bow to proiuc ^ wealth : we have not yet learned how to distribute the wealth we produce , ; ' . ' . ¦¦ " . ¦ :: "¦ : - ¦' ¦ r- - ^ X- " \ . ¦¦ - ; . ' ¦ '¦¦' ' ,. ¦ '¦ . ¦'¦ : .. ¦ - ^/ Our position , then , is >* ijro » en ^ ' •* Over paopuciioN of wealth ? can and does exist amongst a Btarying and pining people . •' Ovjbb FBODucrrow " of wealth is a necessary xwnsequence Commercial System . Bui over prodbctiow ' may be
superseded ; and full : play giye n to tho energies and inventive faculties of man , with a full certainty Of zddmg to iho coinfprtsi and blessings of all ' ! The fatter object certainly cannot bo obtained by listening to the demands ; of those who bawl ' and threaten for another Extension" of our present commerce : whiles it is equally certain that that " Exteosion '' would continue to us in an increased degree all the evils we are , how endarinjs from "OVER PRODUCTION . *'
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DOINGS OP THE SOJDEAKERSioi , ^ The Mayor of Leeds ^ and ^ somei othe ^ eight or tea ; gentlemen , have just bad ani interview with Sir ' Robert Peel and others of the Ministers t& preisr ttppa their attention Corn LawVRepeal as a means '" to " extend" our commerce . A long report of their "interview" with the PreniierbaVbeen poblishedin the Sun , which we regret ^ om inaba ? ty 'i 6 h ^ m 4 r « c to our olumns this week , with appropriate com' .
mentary . That report contains the reasons urged by the Mayor of Leeds and hij attendahtflfo ^ iftiirther ^ cxteBBion . " They are too impor ^ ni ^ U ^ ba passed over ! They muBt be gaietteff "F' ? ^ Ncfc week we wilt try to immortalize bokK I 4 r ^ PAWS 0 Ni of Leeds , and pur good old : friehdj ( B ) ik , ty i Bfeooici of > Hnddersfield . Two such btonins and-fsbining lights" Bhould not be placed ^ under a ybusbeiw ^ lfc shall not be our fault if they are not " seen ; of men * ' ! •>" ' " ' ' : ¦ ; : ^ - r- ;/ ' ; : 'V ; ' ' ¦' ' '
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THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEICESTEIU SHIIIE DELEGATES . It will be seen , oh reference to another column , that our Leicestershire friends have put ns ** in » pretty considerable fix , * ' as Brother Jonathan would aayV They have come to resolutions , which' they recommend io theserions consideration of their Chartist brethren thronghout the Kingdom ; and in whioh they dissent very decidedly from some of the opinions , and . censure very freely , some acts of the Exeouti ve » while they require information regarding others . Not to have published those resolutions would , of oourse , have been to VBurke'V the resolutions
of the people ; publishing them , we shall , Of coursev be said to denounced the E& eciitive . fiavinff , therefore , no escape from both Scylla and Charybdis , we choose to pnblish them , and leave them to the people ' s consicleration . And , while we do so , we will merely just observe , that we think they merit the serious attention of the Executive . They ; come from a very large and inlportant Bection of the Cha , ttist body j to ; whoso opinions and convictions oonsiderable deferenbe ia due . We know that Chartist 3 in other localities
besides those of North and South Leicestershire hold similar opinions , especially on the matters referred to in the first resolution . ; ; Individually ^ o ur opiriion is that if the Leicestershire friends require only their own satisfaction on these matters , the business might have been better done by letter to tho General Secretary , than in this ptiblic way- If , however , as seems to be the case , they wish to have the opinion and sense of their brother ^ Chartists through the kingdom , they have a perfect right to ask for it , and we have no right to prevent their doing so through our columns , as the acknowledged National Chartist organ .
We think their demand for explanation in the first resolution is almost as vague as the statements they require explaining . They should , in our judgment , have pointed oat some , if not all , of the particular items Of " postage , " and " agitating expencea , " Which they think need exposition . This might hsvd materially lessened the labour of explanation on the part of the Executive . We sincerely hope that the assertion of the second resolution , that > ' the sixth article of the plan of organiaation , whereby it is provided that :-: ; .. * a book shall be kept by the Executive Committee , in which
shall be entered the names of the memberaof thisas « soctatien , thronghout the kingdom , ' hag beeen . neglected , " may prove to be unfounded . If this be indeed so , the Executive have grossly and shamefully neg lected their duly ; and have wantonly iand needlessly exposed ; themselves and the whole Association to much danger , which proper attention and a little trouble would have precluded ; if it be not bo , oar Leices ' erehire friends have been very hasty in their concliisionsj and are highly censurable for thwr indiscreet public attack on the Executive , on a matter ; which they had always the means of knowing ^ : . . - . :.. '' .:, - ; v-. : ¦ : - ^ " - ' ¦ . ¦ ..-V : ' -W- / -- ¦ l ' -l
We believe that all our readers will bear witneas ; ^ tha !) from the first . estabUshment of the Association , j ,. the Executive have always found in us steady ani . « cdnsistent ^^ upporiers ; we ^ wait anxiously for thpir , j response to the resolutions of the Lsic © E ( tfrshi ^ , ^ delegatea ; and . we tell the delegates fairly thajt t we shall be well-pleased to see them answered / . to -tteir , « : own perfect satisfaction ; ^ : . ; i - t ; Meantime , the whale Chartist body will look for ,, the result with an anxiety not less intense than !; , ; ours .. If the Executive : meet and pass ^ thiough Ibis . investigation triumphantly , they will weave for
themselves a web of public confidence more enduring than even that which they have hitherto worn ; ifthey donoi the people will be nothing daunted or discouraged ; they know that disappointment always follows those Who trust implicitly to men as individuals ; they will know that though the Executive as a body of individuals may have forfeited their confidenc * , the organization yet remains , the masses are yet firm to our glorious principles , and the triumph of democracy , will but be manifested in the fact of all matters of personal esteem and reverence being merged in one common , earnest , aad all-absorbing oryof duty .
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4 ' ' . ' . ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ THE NORTHBRN STAR .. ¦¦ ¦ . ' . y . ¦ : : . v ¦ '¦¦ . '¦ y ; : : "' , ,. . ¦ ¦ ¦ ; V " : ^/ V ^
Ithe Northesn Stae. J - Saturday, July 30,1842. I ^ -~—^ ,,.. .
Ithe northesn stae . j - SATURDAY , JULY 30 , 1842 . i ^ - ~—^ ,,.. .
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That poverty and indigence have increased with production , is a fact now admitted on all hands . That increased and increasing want is endured by the two ina ' n classes of society , the producers and distributors , the workmen and shopkeepers , is attested by even the "Extension of Commerce" men themselves . In fact they are now , even at this moment , pressing most urgently , the fact , that the working people ate starving to death j that they are utterly unable to procure for themselves the commonest
necessaries of lift ); and that the shopkeeping class are reduced to bankruptcy and quin . The " Extension of Commerce" gentry j the denyers of " over PKODreTiON ; " the Anti-Corn Law Conference , are now , at this very timo , pressing , urgently , vehemently , importunately pressing these / facts upon the attention of the Minister of England ! There is no dispute , on any hand , as to the existence of dire distress and privation . The Minister himself admits it , and deplores the fact .
That our meaas of produoing wealth have increased during the last fifty years in an enormous and astounding degree admits also of no dispute . The introduction of the eteam engine ; the increased application of water power ; the invention and employment of the spinniDg-jenny . the male , the willy-, the throstle , the power-loom , the Lowis m&ohine , the heckling machine , the combing machine , the flax-spinning machines , and a thousand others , which are well known to all engaged in manufacturing processes ; all these things betoken an increase of means for producing wealth .
To understand this subject thoroughly , however we must particularize . We must endeavour to ascertain what the increase in our means of production really is . We must compare our means in this respeot at the present time with our means some sixty years ago . In 1792 wo are stated to have ad a population of 15 , 000 , 000 . By far tho greater proportion of that population was occupied in agricultural pursuits . Manufactures were , with them , a secondary
consideration . Thoy seemed to act according to the dictates of nature : food first : clothing the next . The inventions of Watt and Abkwriqht were then new . Their introduction into use was but Blow ; yet they were being introduced . The population , too , possessed at that time other mechanical and scientific power . According to the Ssatioians of the day , about one-fourth of the population were engaged in manual labour . At that time , however , human labourers were men ; not women or children .
The producing power of England , at the period we speak of , haa been computed by thoso most conversant with the subject to have been : — Manual labour ... ... ... 3 , 750 , 000 Mechanical and scientific power equal to ... ... .. . 11 , 250 , 000
Total ... 15 , 000 , 000 The population was aho 15 , 000 , 000 . Thus the aggregate productive power and the population in 1792 were about equal , or as one to one . The condition of tho population then , was that which it has never since been . Indeed they experienced a degree of substantial prosperity , equal , if not superior to that cf the inhabitants of any other part of the world . Pauperism wa 3 comparatively unknown . The poor rates auiounted only to £ 2 . 000 . 000 : and out of them were paid , as now ,
the county rates , salaries , and law expences . Now , wo are told , the poor rates amount to £ 8 , 000 , 000 !! This can be accounted for . The manufacturing system bad then attained that point which gave- tho highest value to manual labour , compared with tho price of the necessaries and comforts of life , which it was calculated to afford ; and it had not then introduced the demoralizing eifects which soon afterwards began to emanate from it . . . . ~ Ou « V TTT > ' \ r < + \ s r % . *** Atini J \ r ' * ws \ rf itfim rt YM \ rPftT 1 T > # ¦ V \ A » t » o . t ^ asthe am ount of producing in the
n power y ^ ar ) 792 : aua e ^ , h ^ B { n to of tlio pupii | alation . Let ua . now see how both these matters Eland at ' the present . . Manual , or rather human , labour has been increased . The labour of women and even children has been called into , long unceasing daily action . To such an extent has tbis been the case , that Staticians now estimate that one-third of the population are engaged ia hand labour , instead of opefourth as computed in 1792 . ' : " [
But if the producing power of England has been increased by adding to her rnan-ual labourers tho whes and daughters , and the infant boys and ^ irls , of working men , what , O what ! has been the increase in her mechanical and ecientific power ?! In the year 1817 , when the population -was estK mated to be 18 , 000 , 000 , it was found that there had been a real increase in our mechanical and scientific power to produce wealth equal to that of much more than two hundred millions of stout , active , well-trained labourers ! an increase equal to more than ten times the then population ! an increase equal to more than thirty times the manual labour England could then eupply for the production of wealth !!
In 1817 , then , the producing power of England stood thus : — Manual labour , ( one-third of the population , 18 , 000 , 000 ) ... 6 , 000 , 000 Newly-created scientific poorer , from 1792 to 1817 . understated 2 ^ 0 , 000 , 000 Scientific power in 1792 ... ... 11 , 250 000
Total producing power ... 217 , 250 , 000 1 !! The population at this puiod , as vro have before seen , was 18 , 000 , 000 . The proportion which tho producing power now bore to the population was as twelve and a fraction to one . In 1702 the proportion was as we have before seen , just equal , — as one to one . Here v / as an increase ! What ossht to have been the Tertiii .. ? The people ; tho whele people ; workmen as well as mastera ; the producers and tho
distributors ; all ousrbt to have been twelve times richer in 1817 than they were inl 792 ! They had increased their Eicaas of producirg wealth frcm the proportion of one to one , to more than twelve to one ; they ought to have been twelve times more wealthy The workman ought to have had twelve times the amount of wages-in 1817 Shan he had in 1792 . Tho employer and dietribntor ought to have had twelve limes the amount cf profit . These things clearly ou ^ fct to have flowed from such an increase to our means of producing national wealth . :
We will not stop here to inquire whether this was the ease or not ; whether the condition of both employer and employed was the better , or worse , for this vast increase in ocr producing means . We will not enter upon that iuquiry here ; but proceed to ascertain what tho amount of our producing power is at the prcsc-nt moment ; ascertain what has been the increase sikcb the year 1817 . The population at present , as appears from the last census , is , in round numbers , 27 , 000 , 000 . As
the employment of females and children since 1817 has not decreased , but , on the contrary , greatly increased , we adopt the last estimate , that one-third of our population is employed in hand-labour . ( We are now arguing generally ; and not with reference to the present " depressed state of trade" aa it is called , and consequent want of employment . ) Those most conversant with the question aver that we have now a mechanical and scientific prodnoive power equal to the labour of more than six hundred millions of hwids" !
This ia no random guess . It is the resnlt of deep and searching inquiry , and extensive practical knowledge . One of the means to ascertain the amount may be here stated . It will give an idea of the kind of data on which the conclusion just named is founded . , ' " v Some time ago , three ' of the principal British manufacturers of cotton yarn in different parts of the kingdom , made separate estimates of the quantity each workman in their respective establishments produced , compered with tho average production of one person on the plan formerly pursued ; that is , with hand-cards and single
Untitled Article
THE ANNULLING OF THE JUDICIAL ' ¦' . . ' ¦ : ¦ ' : " * . . '¦ ¦ ; . - ¦ FIJNCTIOKS ; " ' . THE POLICE CONSTITUTED JUDGES H Oub readers will perceive from the report of the debates in Parliament , that the Staffordshire victims are to have no redress . The petitions of the people , and the motion made on behalf of the eufferere , are , as per custom , treated with contempt ; and Sir Robert and Sir James seem determined to prove themselves worthy successors of CASTiEREAG andSiDMonrii . " ; r
The Chartists now see the exact position in which they stand . All that any thick-headed or blackhearted constable needs for the dispersion of a Chartist meeting is that he be disposed to disperse it ; he being the sole judge of what is legal and what is illegal . And all that he needs to make the most illegal capture perfectly legal is / the verdict of a middle class jury , founded upon his own evidence . He may then snap his fingers at the world ; and it becomes a base and wicked libel in any man not being aaM . P . in his place in Parliament , to say that his conduct was not deserving of ail praise .
Well , woll , so it is ! and so we augur it ever will be , until " the powers thatbe" are consigned ' - ' to th& ¦' tomb of all the Capulets . Wfceathe Ethiopchanges ft his skin , and the leopard his . ' . " spots / then , but a'dt " ' till then , can we expect j astice to emanate from the pest-houae of faction , Or mercy to ooza from ihe " callous heart of an oligarch . : ^ \ y ' : i ; 3 jil - Mason and his colleagues are ¦ hone 3 » meii-r-iaen . " intent upon aiding in the / work o £ polfticat regeifr- ^ ration—men who from their souls abhor- the ^ cannibal system which , in its baneful operatidD 3 as ' ^ spread poverty and its numberless concomitant evils ' T throughout the whole length and breadth of the , " land ; they are men sseking the good of their country and kindj and men too of spotless character ;
Should ^ we marvel , then , that such men are the prey of the insatiable wild beasts who prowl , or ¦;'„• . send prowfers , through the land in quest of Victims !| No ,, we marvel liot . They were ; markediaea ; and - ; j we may r ^ st assured that they are not the only maxkei ^; men . The snare of the fowler is ' . st'lli laid ; and as : ^ the end of despotism draws to a dose , the number ¦ V > of victims will multiply , and those victima , wilkbe e f < thebraveat and choicest of our troops . This ; is one n of the last kicks : of tyranny : but we ^ conjare tto ;; S : * people not to be exaiBperated thereby , asi \ o& -vifai ® great desideratum o { our rulers at the present jutt ^ - ^ tore . - . : ' : '' :- ' ' - '¦ . -v :-y- " ; .: : -r- ' -. ' . .-. ¦ .. / - * ¦¦> - ¦ " ^"' ,
Keep a sharp look out . Eye vrell your cbmpan | ip particularly rie ^ merit of each fitrangeri jfbr siioh mil be ' $ W $ i&' f $ * & Think sot that the pragmatical nincompoop of > " Sedgeley , yolep'd the ^ conBiabieV ^ .:. is " vthe $ rAjL 3 pander of the ravening jwoiVes , ' wjoi . inj ^ J ^ i : ^ ill-fated counfaryij .. vThew-i ^ - ^ iip yi ^ v ^ l . ^ unft ^ kidnoyiwith "brief anthority , " and ^ thout ; and ^ all thiese will be held guiftless Tbyth ' e' oliquB ^^ I , ^ administer the laTVB , of ; the , 3 tand .,: . ^^ i pxetf m ^ be the atrocityof their deedaj i ^^ MdyMmmpoi ^ power will be ^ held oyar ^ tbemi w ^ A ^ ir ^^ f ttUtfl oppressor' MnWp ^ ed onf ! di ^ uususpedtirg victim . ¦ ''" . : "' - ' ' - : ' -y \ "¦ : /' , : ¦;¦ ; :
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 30, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct764/page/4/
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