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_„ THE PRODUCERS OF WEALTH, AXD ALL THOSE WHO LITE BY INDUSTRY OX THE LAND.
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OLCHAIYI—On Sunday last a discussion took place in the Chartist Room, Greaves-street, on the best plan
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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and which four acres would not require : therefore I leave that ont . Then I hare taken the rent at £ 5 6 s . 8 d . an acre , instead of £ 1 ; and taxes of town land at 10 s ., instead of perhaps 2 s . for usual fanning land , and we find wife all these disadvantages , that a man bj 47 days' work upon dear land can earn £ 57 3 s . 4 d . Now , we have only three-fourths of an acre in the above table ; but take a whole acre , as I wish to lead the young mind gradually on ; and you will find that if three-fourths of an acre produces £ 57 3 * . 4 d . with
forty-seven days' work , an acre will produce £ 76 5 s . with sixty-three days' work . And if aD acre produce £ 76 5 s . worth , with an expenditure of sixty-three days' work , four acres will prodnce £ 305 worth , with an expenditure of 252 dav 3 work ; that is , £ 305 clear above rent , £ 5 6 s . 8 d . an acre , or £ 21 6 d . 8 d . for four acres ; £ 2 for taxes ; £ 2 for seed ; and £ 2 for wear and tear . Thus a man can , by moderate labour , earn in good solid stuff , better than silver or gold or notes , £ 305 worth .
On referring to Mr . Liaton ' s table yon will find that more than one-third of the entire is under grass ; and- may be therefore said to be useless . You have also to bear in mind that a man has , Bay 3 ir 2 working dajs in the year ; and that 252 days prodaee £ 305 , and that the remaining 50 days work , would bring the whole four acres into spade cultivation , and obviate the necessity of an expenditure of £ 5 for straw .
Moreover , I do not allow anything for a moment ' s labour of any of the family of a four-acre farmer , save and except his share of the overplus after consumption produced by the 100 acres of common ground . Now I am ready to sink all that : I am ready to preserve the high rent of £ 5 63 . 8 d . for land worth no more than £ 1 . 1 am ready to admit the taxes , as if all was corporation land . 1 am ready to make 3 ir 2 days' labour equivalent to 252 days '
labour . 1 am restdy to deduct £ 105 , or more than the one-third from £ 305 the net produce , and what do I find ? Why , that it leaves £ 200 -per annum But . I will take off one-hair of that , and still continae all the responsibility , and what ttun do I fiaSH Why that after &U , it leaves sound , good , whole-8 ome provision of all sorts , to the value of £ 100 per annum , for one man ' s moderate , wholesome labour . Now , who will deny this ? No man can ; no man dare .
Well , but , says an upholder of " nationalgreatness , " What is to become of our foreign trade 1 > Jy answer ia , these is a home market , greater than the market all your foreign customers put together can furnish ; and as foreigners look to themselves , let Englishmen , Irishmen , and Scotchmen now look a little to themselves . " O , but" says a Malthusian , you would have too much beef , and pork , and mutton , and milk , and hides , and fruit , and poultry , and eggs , and batter , and cheese ; and the foreigners do not want those . " My answer to that is , better have a surplus of food than a surplus of paupers . Better to bury the fat ox , as overplus , thak to be compelled to DIG UP THE MURRAlNED COW FOR FOOD !!
Before I saw Mr , Linton ' s admirable table , yon will bear in mind that I had roughly estimated the profit of a labourer at £ 300 per annum . You will also recollect that in my letters to the Irish Landlords , I only spoke of 280 days" labour in the year ; so that upon the whole you will find I have not been much mistaken . j 1 now come to take another view , and for argument ' s sake , may admit that the present owners of the soil are entitled to a portion of any increased value that an extended application of labour would ; confer upon the land ; and what then do we
discover ! Why just this ; that laDd not worth £ 1 pen acre in the wholesale market , is worth £ 5 6 s . 8 d . - in the retail labour market . Now estimate ¦ 30 , 000 , 000 acres , as now closed against labour , at £ 1 psr acre rent , and you have a reatal of £ 30 , 000 , 000 sterling a y ° ar ; estimate it at £ j an ' acre in the free labour retail market , and yon have £ 150 , 000 , 000 sterling a year , or an annual overplus of £ 120 , 000 , 000 sterling , which , in less than seven years , would pay off the whole National Debt !! You will find , however , that , at present , we have not population for more than about 4 , 000 , 000 acres , which would occupy in every way more then 8 , 000 , 000 of the present populat on .
Thi 3 overplus , created by an increased application of labour to the land , in all law and fairness must be the property of the cation ; and may be made availably so , by a remission of the rest . I merely nse the figure for the purpose of showing the trifling value of land , in its present state , aa compared with that value which labour can confer upon it ; and also , and above all , to leave no argument unused , or unravelled , by which it can be proved that " labour is , in truth , the source of all wealth f and that furthermore , the most beneficial use of labour will be found in its application to the laad at home , when appropriated to his benefit who tills it .
Good God ! if the Repeal Rent , of above £ 600 aweek , aiid all the pence that have been wrung from my poor starving countrymen had beec applied to such a purpose , what a paradise the now distracted Ireland would have been ! If instead of endeavouring to transport the warm hearts and lusty sinews of the poor to savage climes , there to contend against every difficulty " that the mind can imagine , those professing liberality and philanthropy were to look at home
and really do something for the poor , which their rulers dare not propose , then , indeed , might we say that the day of regeneration was at hand . A decayed nation cannot , bowever , be revived in a day . But thaDks , everlasting thanks , to the ever glorious and immortal Father Mathew , and to Mr . O'ConnelPs new exertions , through the opened eyes of Ireland I trust to see the regeneration of my countrywhile , as an Irishman , I labour on the British stage to make both nations what they ought to
be" Great , glorious , and free , Gardens of earth , and gems of the sea . " As I predicted , the growlers are beginning to nibble already . The Leeds Mercury , of last week , selects a scrap from ODe of my lettere , not for comment but for ridicule . Ridicule is perhaps the least effectual substitute for criticism , and is in general nsed as a substitute for argument . Will the Mercury dare to contest the principle of my plan ,
and undertake to shake hope in its result ? r » o ! Every man knows that our friend of the Mercury is the M red-herring" drag of the capitalist , and that he looks with horror snd disgust upon any project which has for its object the emancipation of those upon whose poverty , destitution , and want of legal protection , the capitalist and adventurer fattens . A free labour market is , to our Mercurial friend , just what pure practical religion would be to the Bench of Bishops and their spiritual staff .
The Mercury extracts my Ftateznent of Mr . Linton ' s doings with hi 3 little-more-than three roodB of land , for the purpose of having a sneer at the whole Land question . Will he dare to contradict the Btatement given in last week ' s Star , and also in this , under Mr . Linton ' a own hand , as to what those doings « e \ "Will he dare U > shew tbe fallacy of the argument I have built o pon the fads Mr . Linton has furnished us with ? I should lika to see him try ! He may b « able to write or rather compile "Histories of the Cotton Trade f 1 r weave together the names and professions of a town into a street " Directory , " bnt I doubt very nmcb bi 8 capability of predncing either potatoes or cabbages from the land . And it is rather too much for him to inf « r , that because he lacks the knowledge how to do this , it is impossible
to every one else ! But let us see what it is that the Mercury really does = 3 y . Let the readers of the Northern Star have ihe benefit of his " profundity , " as vftU
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as the readers of tbe Mercury . This is bnt fair . He may call statements a " monstrous mas 3 of absurdities . " Let us have those statements over again , and also the Mercury ' s bkfutation of them ; and then I will try to "blunder" upon something like an answer . Here then is the Mercury ' s article , every word of it : — 11 Cha . btjst P » os ? Ecrs .--That very profound poli tician and political economist , Mr . Feargus O'Uonnor , iB at present engaged in developing a plan for the advancement of tbe wealth and happiness of his
followers , and for securing the success of the Charter . This scheme is beautifully simple , and is comprehended in the single sentence— - * Get possession of tbe land . " Not all the land , that is unnecessary ; but each Chartist is to buy or rent four acres . Having accomplished thin object , he is to set about the cultivation of his farm , ' and the following he is assured will be the reward of his labours : a large ironfounder , of the name of Limon , at Selby , in Yorkshire , the Chartists are told , cultivates three roods of land , near the town of Selby , with distinguished success .
And now , " says Feargus , ' for the result of his experiment ;'—{ we quote Mr . O'Connor ' s own words ) —* upon this three-quarters of an acre he last year fed two cows and eight pigs , besides a quantity of poultry , and had vegetables for his table . We will suppose the eight pigs to consume as much as two cows , in order that we come to something like a calculation of value . To do this he harnot cultivated any thing near th « entire of the three-quarters ' of an acre , and he gives his labourer 3 s . a-day for every day ' s work . Leaving out , then , everything but the four cows , see what the profit of nineteen days labour leaves , for ( hat is , I understand , the number of daya' work required for ail Mr . Linton ' s operations up to the present time . If an operative ean now sell his labour for fifteen shillings a-week , he considers himself a happy mau ; and let us see by this
scale what it would be worth . We must not suppose that Mr . Linton ' s bad ground possesses any charm beyond that which labour can communicate , and the following is the result upon three quarters of an acre . He feeds , or conld feed , four cows . Suppose each cow to give six quarts of milk at a meal , for the six summer months , at 2 d . per quart , each cow produces £ 18 4 s . worth of milk ; bat to be under , take £ 3 4 s . from the produce of each , it leaves profit upon tbe four cows £ CQ for 30 days * labour , and 15 s . rent , for this land is not worth more than- £ l the acre , or 15 s . for three quarters of an acre . Now four acres cultivated in the same way , would leave , after deducting the £ 3 4 s . from the above moderate rate of production and price , the sum of £ 300 per annum , out of which £ 4 rent should be paid !'
" Is it possible that any man in Europe can be so ignorant as to be imposed upon by this monstrous mass of absurdities ? And is it further possible that such a man should set himself up for the founder of a political sect ? which is in due time to swallow up all other political parties , and to become Lord of the Ascendant . "— Leeds Mercury , May 6 th , 1843 . Now , it might , in all conscience , be considered a full answer to the above specimen of Mercurial ** profundiiy" to adduce the statement of Mr . Linton , as to what he has actually done with his little morethan
three roods of ground . It might be considered , and would be , a full crushing answer to this sneering " Political economist , " to show that when Mr . Linton ' s three roods , partly cultivated , leaves £ 57 , after payment of a " BACK-rent , "and payment of taxes too , as well aa for seed , and wear and tear of implement ? , — focb acres cultivated in the same manner , and bearing the same rate of expence , 'would leave £ 305 !! as I have conclusively shewn in the foregoing part of this letter . This , I say , might be considered
and would be , a sufficient answer . But I will not leave it there . I will not content myself with that statement and that shewing . Mr . Linton is not the only one wbo has been trying experiments with small portions of land . Others have turned tbeir attention to this matter , as well as Mr . Linton ; and 1 am happy to be able to give the resnlts of a series of " experiments , " which fu ll y bear out Mr . Linton ' s statements , and are besides bard "facts" which will take all the " profundity"of THE "Political Economist" of the Mercury to overcome ! Here is tbe statement : —
11 Growth of Potatoes , —A correspondent , who takes a good deal of interest in tbe production of potatoes , and -who on a former occasion furnished us with a communication on this subject , sends us the following as the resuU of bis labours . The experiments may be found very useful to those parties who are just now engaged in cultivating small plot * of ground . The plan has been pursued for two years ; tbe month of March in both years being selected for planting . In order to show which plan is tbe most productive , every row of potatoes is reckoned ten yards leng , and the first row to produce 40 pounds : — lbs . " 1 st Ashtop Potatoes , size of a hen egg , cut in two , but planted before they begin to sprout ;
many small ones ¦ when npe 40 " 2 nd . Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , but sprouted one incb bt fjre they were planted ; the tops were shorter and firmer than the above , and the potatoes ready for use fourteen days sooner ; when ripe , few small . ... 30 " 3 rd . Aantop potatoes , the size of a goose egg . planted whole , and sp-ronled ene iucb ; -when full grown very bushy , and few small ... 40 4 th- Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , and sprouted one incb ; they were ready for use fourteen days sooner than the above 45 " 5 th . Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , &ud planted before they begun to sprout ,- when tips , part small ... ... 40
"It appears from th ' iB statement , that one Asbtap potatoe , the mta of a hen egg , cut in two , produced the same weight as the rizs of a goose egg set whole ; tbe only difference is that there were less small in tbe latter ; and it will be found that a potatoe cut in two will , after having made its appearance above ground , in tbe course » f ten or fourteen days , appear more premising than a whole potatoe ; in about a fortnight afterwards , however , the whole ones will take the lead , bat tbe cut potatoes will be ready for bs < j first lbs . 11 6 tb . Prince Regent potatoes , the size of a wslnut , but planted whele , before they began to
sprout 80 " 7 tb . Prince Regent potatoes , cut in pieces , so as as to leave only one eye for a plant ; very weak 30 8 th . Prince Rrge » t potatoes , the bizj of a cricket-ball , cut in two , but sprouted one inch . 160 " 9 th . Prince Regent potatoes , sprouted one incb , and planted whole 120 " 10 th . Prince Regent potatoes , cat inpiecesso as to leave only one < -ye for a plant ; strong tops . CO ' 11 th Whole Prince Regents , tbe siza of a child's ba ) l , p lanted with long stable litter ... 22 " All the potatoes ( excepting No . 11 ) were planted in manure composed of ashes , road-scrapings , lime , soot , night soil , &c , well mixed together .
11 Tbe land is rich black soil , clay , sand , and red earth ; and in order to ensure ft fair trial , six rows of each sort of potatoes were planted in different parts of the field ; and potatoes have been grown on the same land for four years , and the last crop has been the beat . "Onr correspondent formerly sent us an account of 10 yards 10 inches producing 10 stones 5 Ibe ., tbe tops weighing 7 ston e * 3 lbs . ; oat of 12 rows , measuring 10 yards each , he obtained 70 stones 5 lbs ., or out of 120 yards 985 lbs . of potatoes ; 24 of these potatoes weighed 28 lbs . '' Ashtop Potatoes . —The ridges were 20 inches asunder ; Prince Regents , 30 inches . " Now , where does the reader imagine I have picked up this statement \ Where is it from \ From the Chartist , Mr . Linton ? or from a Chartist at all ? No ! It is from the Leeds Mercury itself ! !!
The " correspondent" is the Mercury's own ; and the truth of his " monstrous mass of absurdities" is vouched for by the Mercury ' s " profound" self ! Let us examine this statement . Let ns analyse it . Let ns see if it does bear out both Mr . Linton and myself . One row , ten yards long , produced , of Prince Regent ' s potatoes ( No .- 8 , in statement ) 160 lbs . This sort was planted in rows thirty inches apart . A small plot of land , ten yards long , and ten yards broad , making 100 square yards in all , would have twelve rows , ten yards long , producing I 601 bs . each row ; or l , 9201 bs , in the whole .
In an acre of land , there are 4 , 840 square yards . If 100 square yards produce l , 9201 bs , one acre cultivated in the same way will produce 92 , 926 Ibs . ; and four acres will produce 371 , 702 ibs . A Bjjhel of potatoes is accounted to weigh 72 ib 3 . When bought by weight , 723 bs . is given to the bushel .
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One hundred square yards will therefore produce 26 $ bushels ; an acre will produce 1 , 290 bushels ; and Foim acrks 5 , 160 bushels . Potatoes are now selling , frwa the Boats at Warehouse Hill , in Leeds , at 9 d . for 481 ba ; i . e . Is . 144 the bushel of 72 lbs . This price w extremely low ; tower than has been known for a considerable period . The average price is accounted Is . 6 d . per bushel . 1 will , however , take the present market price . If one bushel of Potatoes sells for J » . \ h& ., the produce of four acres , 5 , 160 bushels , wiH sell for £ 290 2 s . 4 dJ !!
Bravo " profundity" ! I estimated the yearly amount of produce of four acres , when cultivated so as to give FIVE CROPS in three yejibs at £ 300 ; and THE Political Economist * of the Mercury exclaims " is it possible that any man in Europe can be so ignorant as to be imposed upon by this monstrous mass of absurdities . " The Mercury himself shows from actual fact , from stern , stubborn " experiment , " that four acres , with only ONE CROP per year , will produce £ 290 2 a . 4 d !!! Where now is the sneer !
The Mercury ' s man has beaten Mr . Linton hollow ! His " monstrous mass of absurdities" are sober statements , compared with the " monster monstrosities" of the Mercury . Let us examine each of them . Mr . Linton ' B statement is , that upon 1 , 748 yards he produces 140 bushels of potatoes . The Mercury ' s Man produces upon 1 , 748 yards 466 bushels . ' . ' . ' or MORE THAW THREE TIMES THE QUANTITY . ' Mr . Linton , with his mode of cultivation , keeps , upon the pro duce of his little more than three roods , two cows and eight pigs . For the Bake of simplicity , in that
letter from which the Mercury made his extract , I supposed the eight pigs to consume as much as two cows ; and assumed that the produce would maintain four cows . The Mercury ' s Man , if he could produce Jive crops in three ycors ^ with as great an increase upon Mr . Linton ' s produce aa in tbe case of the potatoes , would be able to keep three limes the quantity of cattle ! Should we say that Mr . Linton could keep four cows , the Mercury ' s Man could keep twelve ! Should we say , what is the actual fact , that Mr . Linton keeps two cows and eight pigs , the Mercury ' s Man could keep six cows and twenty-four pigs ! But should we sink the pigs altogether , as the Mercury seems to doubt tho pig-keeping capability
of three roods of land , and say that Mr . Linton only produces food for two cows , the Mercury ' s Man would find food for six !! Mr . Linton with his two cows , and his 140 bushels of potatoes , calculated at Is . the bushel , showB a return for labour of £ 57 Z * . 4 d after rent , taxes , seed , and wear and tear of implements has been paid . Tbe Mercury ' s Man would have a return for labour of £ 171 10 s . for the littlemore than three roods ! ! If he could do this with the amount of land Mr . Linton farms , he could produce from four acres the sum of £ 844 6 s . 2 d . ! ! ! And "THE Political Economist" of the Mercury " profoundly" sneers at me for saying th&t the produce of four acres might be made to amount to £ 300 . Let his " Profoundship" try again .
There is one fact , however , which will confirm the ill-used labourers of this kingdom in their prepossession in favour of an agricultural life . It is the strong contrast which their altered position would present to their present state . I have shewed that the aggregate of national happiness must consist in individual prosperity . Will the Mercury deny that t Is an overflowing bank ; the possession of the whole land by a few thousands ; the commercial , mercantile , and manufacturing operations , by a still less number ; the command of the labour market in the hands of a
less number still , who are interested in its depression : does , I ask , national prosperity consist in such a Btate of things \ No , must be the answer . What then must be the feeling of any working man under tbe present system , and what would'be the feeling under that which I propose as a substitute ? Let us test it by reason , and not by Mercury chop logic . Which , ihen , of the two persons whose condition I shall describe , would be most happy , most comfortable , most loyal , and most contented wlih his lot 1 " Tell me , " says a traveller to a walking ghost , whom he meets at grey morning or dusk of night , near Leeds ; " what are you . and how
do you live I" " Why , " replies Bob Short , " I am a hand-loom weaver , and live in a cellar at the Bank . " " Yea , but how do you live ? " " Well , I ' m bless'd if I know , but as well as I can . " The same traveller meets John Bull returning from market in the evening , and asks him , " What are you , and how do you live \ " " I am a husbandman ; I live in D , Electoral Department , and at No . 4 , Paradise Distriot . " " Yea , but how do you live V " O how do I live \ why jast as I please . " Now , whether would a community of Bob Short ' s or of John Bull ' s , present to the mind of the traveller the notion of " national greatness ? " Let our pig-doubting friend answer that question !
It will be seen that Mr . Linton has something more than three-quarters of an acre , that is , about twelve perches over and above threequarters of an acre , in part cultivation only ; and from that he lays before you what is produced by forty-seven days wholesome labour , after payment of fire times the amount of rent which should be charged .
Now take that to your homes , read it , and ask if tho mau who works for Linton is better than yourselves ? Is Selby nearer the sun , or paradise ? Are Linton ' s cows peculiar ? or his potatoes or cabbages better \ And , mind ! I allot more than five times as much land to each individual . Pray mind these things ; and then let the poor Mercury rave away , and reconcile you to Red Herring Soup , if he can !
In my next , I will give an account of my own experiments upon a larger scale than those of my excellent friend , Mr . Linton , for whose promised co-operatiou I beg to return" my best thanks . There is not . a post that does not bring many letters speaking in the highest terms of my plan , and beseeching that I may not abandon it . This 1 assuredly shall not . I am your faithful friend , Feahgus O'Connor .
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for a practical experiment on tbe land . At tbe conclusion a number more enrolled tbeir names , determined to carry out the object . Tbe discussion was adjourned to Sunday next , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , when it is expected that there will be a good attendance . In the evening Mr , Wni . Booth delivered a very spirited lecture , which gave general satisfaction . Also , on Monday evening , Mr . Win . Bell , of Heywood , delivered bia first lecture on the evil effects of low wages , which he handled in a masterly stile , and gave great satisfaction . A vote of thanks was unanimously passed for the able manner in which be bad argued the question .
PERTH . —Mr . Robert Peddie , of Edinburgh , delivered two lectures in this place , on the evenings of Wednesday and Thursday Ia 9 t . The subjects of the lecturea were the exposure of the Whig spysystem , in all its detestable reality , and the barbarities infl cted upon political prisoners in the dungeons of England . He also gove a narrative of his own commitment , trial , and treatment in the dungeons of Beverley . He also delivered two discourses , on Sunday last , to respectable and attentive audiences . The time for action has now arrived , and aa a means to an end , a meeting of delegates from the principal towm of Scotland might be of great service in arranging some general plan for future proceedings . It is to be hoped that some Chartist district will take up the subject with spirit .
LEICESTER . —The Chartists of Leicester fhave determined that the Iodal tyrants of that neighbourhood shall not find the imprisonment of Cooper to be a triumph or any thing really gained . Their spirit j-ises with the occasion , and they muster as usual on Sundays , and , nowithstanding "the general ' s" absence , take cours 1 with each other .
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GREAT PUBLIC MEETING . MR . O'CONNOR'S VISIT TO MANCHESTER A public meetisg was held in the Carpenter ' s HaJl . Garret-road , Manchester . On Monday evening las * , to bear a lecture fr » m Feargus O'Connor , Esq . la consequence et an error * in Air . O'Connor ' s letter , in the Star of Saturday last , a large meeting assembled on Saturday evening ; bat Mr . O'Connor , after having sees the mistake , wrote immediately to rectify it . His friends therefore Bit about making Mr . O'Connor ' s correction as public as possible , by reading his letter in the Hall . Placards were got out earl ? on Monday morning announcing the meeting lor eight o ' clock in the evening : Admission to the body of the Hall , « ae penny , gallery twopence , and the platform threepence .
Notwithstanding the tine appointed' for the meeting was eight o ' clock , long before 3 even hundreds had surrounded the HM , anxious )? waiting for the doors to be opened . The committee in ordw to provide accsmmodation for as many as possible , removed the whole of the seats o » t of the Hall . Eon& before the time for business to osmmenee , Hie spacious build-. ng , which is capable of holding upward * of 3 , 000 comfortably seated , wa » crowded in- every part , and many bad to go away that could not gaift admittance .
Shortly after eight o ' clock , Mr . O'Connor , accompanied by Messrs ,- Leach and Hatrgre&ves entered the hall , when a sccae ensued that baffles description . The whole living mass burst forth in one simultaneous shoot of welcome , whioh was followed by the most rapturous cheers , clapping of hands , and waving of hats and handkerchiefs . It was a task of much labour and difficulty for Mr . O'Connor and his friends to make their way through the living mass to the platform , the band playing M See the Conquering Hero Conies . " On the motion of Mr . Dixon Mr . Leach was unanimously called upon to preside .
Mr . Leach upon coming forward was greeted with rounds of applause . He said he was proud to see that meeting , and more particularly 90 when he considered the disappointment they experienced on Saturday evening —( several voices , " Oh , never mind that" ) Well , said Mr . Leach , it appears that you dont mind it . For his pare he felt thankful that they escaped as well as they did on Saturday night . He would not take up any more of their time but introduce to their notice a man whose unwea * ried exertions in the cause of human liberty had secured for himself that esteem amongst the working classes of this country that his name or face was sufficient to call together the people in such numbers that no room could be got large enough to hold them . That man was Feargus O'Connor , Esq .
Mr . O'Conror on rising was received by deafening cheers . He said he had not had an opportunity of meeting with them since he went down to Lancaster to try the Government for conspiracy —( loud eheers ) . Before that trial , the press of the country was teeming with vituperations , and heaping upon him and his brother "conspirators , " © very epithet of which their foul vocabulary was capable ; and to judge by the stir that the " strong government" made , no doubt but the people were led to think that on the 17 th of August they had " conspired" to blow up tbe whole of Manchester . With all the crimes of the League on their backs , no doubt but the people thought themfin guilty of nothing less than high treason . But , however , every action of the 17 th , was laid before them
the Northern Star of the 20 th , and this was fully proved upon the trial . Public opinion w « uld however be too strong for even the '' strong Government . " The very fact of there being a " strong Government " in existence , ought to arouse all good men to oppose them , a Government which night after night spent their time with gambling with taxes taken from the nation , to support a soldiery and a navy . These things will bring the middle classes to their senses ; you have been brought to yours long since—( cheers ) . They were beginning to ask how it was , that notwithstanding there was plenty of everything in the market and all very cheap , yet all was a drug . They were beginning to find it out that whilst the Cobdens , the Gregs , the Phillipses , and tbe
Holdsworths were accumulating , that they were becoming worse and worse , and that these were accumulating at their expence . Mr . O'Connor then stated that on Tnursday last , they appeared in the Court of Queen's Bench to receive judgment . They had , however , succeeded in getting an arrest of judgment , and had compelled the Lord Chief Justice of England to say that there was something in these mens case that must be examined before judgment is passed upon them . The League have said that there was an understanding betwixt us and tbe Government . He ( Mr- O'Connor ) would tell them the understanding that there was betwixt them and the Government : it was this—that if we don't beat them , they will beat us—( tremendous cheers . ) He thanked
God that there was such a thing as law in tbe country , for , by taking advantage of the law and their assistance , he had been enabled to obtain an arrest of judgment . " But oh , " said the League , "this fellow , O'Connor , and his companions , the tagrag and bob-tail , —what can they know about the law ? It is too bad to allow them to take advantage of any legal flaw in the indictment against them . " He ( Mr . O'Connor ) had often told them that there was one law for the rich and another for the poor , but by their pence , they , although they were poer ; could make one rich man ; and , thanks to public opinion and their exertions , when they appeared in the Queen ' s Bench , the whole of their business was transacted in about twenty minutes . He ( Mr .
O'Connor ) however , was determined not to leave the Court whilst there was a Chartist that might stand in need of his assistance . He remained and heard the whole of the evidence against Cooper read , and the next day he sat along side of him for ten hours . Cooper spoke for eight hours and would have given them eight more , if the Judge would have allowed him to breathe until next morning . But thia the Judge refused to do . He was then sentenced . But he ( Mr . O'C . ) pledged himself to use every mean in his power to have the sentence reversed . And poor old Richards too received sentence , after one of the very best speeches that he ( Mr . O'Connor ) had ever heard in his life . Richards is turned seventy years old . but his speech was that of a
Chartist of two and twenty . Cooper had got two years and poor old Richards twelve months . ( This announcement was received by loud cries of shame , from all parts of the room ) . Mr . O'Connor said you cry shame—he would tell them a fact . The laws were always administered in accordance with public opinion . If it was true that Cooper was guilty of the crime laid to his charge , twenty years ago they would have transported him for it ; and four years ago they would have transported him for it . But he would much rather have seen him go homo to his Shaksperians than getting two years . And Cooper told the Judge that he must give him such a sentence as would be in accordance with the opinions of the people . Mr . O'Connor then said
that it had cost the Government for the late Special Commissions and the trials in March the sum of £ 17 , 000 , —and what had we laid out in the contest with them \ He thought that £ 550 would be the outside of the money expended . And he asked them if tfiat was not laying out the people ' s pence to the best advai tage * ( Loud criea of " It is . " ) Well , said Mr . O'Connor , on the 25 th , we must march up again ; and , on the 26 th , like the King of France ' s men , we will march down again . ( Cheers . ) Mr . O'Connor then referred to the present movements of the Government to put down tbe agitation for the repeal of the Legislative Union ; and urged upon the people of England the necessity of their uniting with the people of his unfortunate
country in their struggle for liberty . The Government had sent one Brigade of the Riflemen to Ireland yesterday , and another brigado this morning . Notwithstanding the proffered aid of 500 , 000 fighting men to suppress Chartism , and the blow that he received on the side of his head , and the barbarous deeds of Stevenson ' s Square , they were willing to forget and forgive all , and return good fox evil . ( Cheore . ) We will show them that amongst democrats , when we see them use tbe means to obtain the end in view , we will not be backward iu rendering them our assistance . The Irish members were now following the advice that he had given them when he was in York Caetle ; namely , stopping away from the Imperial Parliament . And he Mr . O'Connor , would be a bad man if he saw them deserted in their endeavouring to obtain liberty for the land of his birth . H » considered it to be his duty to
do all in his power to destroy oppression in that country , and to amend tbe condition of its peasantry . They know that without our assistance they cannot carry the Repeal ; nor ean we without their assistance carry the Charter ; but united we would be allpowerful . He knew from his experience of the working classes of England , that they would render to his countrymen not only their sympathy , but their assistance to secure their liberties . The Whigs knew full well that if they could only keep the people of the two countries divided , that separately they could not succeed in forcing them to grant to either any measure that would benefit them as a whole , and in this they had unfortunately succeeded . But the time had come when they must unita to destroy that despotism which was preparing to put down the agitation in Ireland . He had always found that the working classes of England were as desirous for
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the freedom ot Irishmen as for ttisttwttes and hd I had often told them that if he conld help it EDriand riouto not have her rights one moment before I e . J lanu , ^ this sentiment had always been received bv them witn * <* rty response . If the Government had sent the riifctneu to ehoot his countrymen , tho very first man S . hat was shot , he ( Mr . O'Coanor ) would travel nig ^ C and day to arouse-the people of this country to put a stop to the blood-stained career of despotism . The leirgne are contifinaUj bawling , about the repeal of corn laws . Why they might as well tell us they would * . eat onr corns . We have
got too far for the repeal of the « ora laws to benefit us . He had got a remedyr bnt they did not like him or his remedy . Why did the / not like it I Because it would not only repeal thv corn laws , but make the working man independent of then , and thai was why they did not like . His tttaedy would ( make the labourer happy , and at tite same time it would pay off the National Debf ib . seren years . His remedy was Tbe Land ; and if labour was the foundation of wealth , by the land and labonr he could make all happy . But they said that his measure was Utopian . CTtopian as it was , tbe land would produce beef , avttoa , honey , bread , butter , milk , bacon , woolflaxVegetables
, , , and fruit . Ij was not possible to extract honey f > oma , macbj ! T « . He nevtrkaew a " mnle '' Jayan egg . H » would rather have the black hen that'laid a wh 9 te egg for'hrs own benefit , than the black machic » which laid his sweat and toil in the shape of gold at another man ' s door . Suppose , said' Air . O'Coanor , I meet a ptwr factory slave that works for a . Cobden , a Greg , or a Holdsworth , and itask him hi > name . " Tom Snsoks . " " Where do you live ?" " In a small cellar in Great An coats-street . " And I meet oncof those free labourers from one of thosehappy home colonies , aioi I ssk him bis name . "John Bell . " " Where do-joulire T " In section 3 j . No . 11 , Electoral District , ns Lancashire . " " Who is « 1
your master V " . Godand good law » . " This is thedifference cf the two , —the « e lire * in a little cellar under ground in Great Anetmts , and the other in »> house above ground breathing the ptre air of heaven ,, having no master but his Grod and good laws . The professed humanity mongers , na theshape of parsons , are making noise just now for fear that your minds should be injured ; but where is their sympathy for your empty bellies ? ' Tbty never cajte to the help of the people against tbe oppressor : but no Booner are they- touched than they cry oat to the peeple for them to « onw uui help them . For his part , when he found them prawbing tbe gospel and advocating the rights of the labouring poor , ho
weald believe thavtbey had begmito read the Scriptures aright , and to draw proper conclusions therefrom : but so long as be foundthea leagued with the oppressors , and going hand ia hasd with those that rob the industrious poor of the rights of their labour , he could not look upon then >> with anything like complacency . Why did be (• Mr .-O'C . ) stand by them now I because he found them able to beat any faction out of the field themselves . The League had oalled a meeting to denounce Tom Etanoombe , because he would not go and tumble for them at Sadler ' s Wells , to a ticket meeting . % ( & , said Dnncombe , call-a public meeting and I will tumble with the best of you , but I will not toufcle to a ticketed meeting . They therefore called » public meeting
and brought forward a long . slank fellow from Manchester ; and James Leach—aye , modest James Leach—gave him three hours of a- gentle rubbing down , which made him smaller tkan- he was when he began . They will have no more public meetings in London for fear of Leach , the terror of the tyrants in this part of the country . Mr . O'Connor said that he wonld give them an analysis of the trial at Lancaster , before my Lord Leach—( great laughter ) . He then went through the principal features of the trial . He said that several persons had aeked him since he published his letters on the Land , if he intended giving- » p the agitation for the Charter t And he thought that he was in duty bound to make the men of Manehftsfer acquainted with his views . It was to the men of Manchester that the Chartist cause
owed m » eh . Manchester was the strong hold of Democracy . He would not give % straw for four million acres of land to-Morrow without the Charter , to enable them to keep it when they got it ; for within the last fifty years el »? s power had robbed them of seven million acres , and if class power was allowed to exist , it would rob them of it again ; therefore he would never rest Bbort of the Charter . He had now been with them for tea years , and he had either proved himself a good Chartist or they were d—d fools : they might choose oat of the two which they liked—( loud and long omtinued cheers . ) Mr . O Connor then in a humourous Banner referred
to the Emigration Plot and the Duke of Argyle . and gave the following anecdote with good effect ' . — " A former Duke of Argyle provided for tile convenience of his countrymen ; and when they were enjoying the benefit of his generosity , they exclaimed , God bless the Duke of Argyle ! " But if lie was sent to Prince Edward ' s Island , and there left without house or home , being an Irishman , he would say , " D—n the Duke of Argyle . " Mr . O'Connor then said that the late trial had made a wonderful impression on the public mind ; and he would appeal to Leach , if , when they went down to Lancaster , they were not looked upon as monsters and not men . The high sheriff and the ladies seemed to be looEne
for their horns and tails . Indeed witen he took off his gloves they looked to see whether he bad scales upon his fingers or not . But at the end ef eight days their tune was changed . They all wished the poor Chartists might get off . He ( Mr . O'Connor ) had come to , renew his covenant with the good and honest working men . His friends had said to him , — " Now Feargas , as you have escaped this time , do give up your mad political career , and return to the bosom of your family and live in peace . " He had returned to the bosom of his family ; and that wag to the suffering sons of toil , and that Bight be would renew the covenant : " that he would never leave nor
forsake them until he had broken oppression ' s head or oppression had broken his heart " -- ( loud cheers . ) He then made an earnest appeal fc » the people to unite in the holy cause of a nation ' s liberty ; and in the most feeling manner endeavoured to impress upon them the duty of every lover of liberty , at the present crisis , doing all in his power to strengthen the hands of their Irish brethren , a » all who knew anything about democracy knew that the liberty of Ireland was the liberty of England , and tbe liberty of England was the liberty of the world . Mr . O ' Connor sat down amid themoBt rapturous applause which lasted for a considerable tine .
Mr . David Ross was then loudly called for by the audience , and , upon coming forward , was received with every demonstration of re » peet and esteem . He delivered a speech which , has seldom been equalled . Mr . O'Connok then pledged himself to deliver three lectures upon the land in akoat three weeks from that time , either in the Carpenters' Hall , or the Hall of Science ; and thus ended one of the most glorious days ever witnessed by the Chartists of Manchester .
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OAE . KEITBT . —Mr . Dickinson lectured here on Tuesday evening last , in tbe Market-place , to a good meeting . GLASGOW . —The Extension men finding they have hitherto failed to obtain a footing here , have resorted to what , no doubt , they in tbeir wisdom consider generalship . It is a regular Fux and Goose Club ; but the dodge will not do . We announced a few weeks ago that an attempt was being made to get up an operative Anti-Corn Law Association , thia miserable junta have at last presumed to issue an addreM to the operatives of Scotland , purporting to be from a body of men wbo bad for a considerable time pact exerted all tbeir influence , and expended their money to procure the universal enfranchisement of their ooantrymen , and
assigning as tbe reason why they had abandoned that object , that it is no go , and that it was completely overborne by tbe agitation for tbe repeal of the Corn Law ; that they are deeply convinced that no other qnestion can obtain a patient hearing till that allabsorbing one be fairly settled ; and that they are satisfied that when the Corn and Provision Laws are repealed they shall be in a better condition than at present to agitate for universal righto . But for the above attempt to palm themselves upon the public as a body of men wbo bad abandoned the agitation for the Charter , I shoald not have expended one peofnl of ink upou them . I know all tbe renegade * auvngst them . The cause of Chartism is wall quit of them . One of them , with a mahogany handle to bit naue , had
better come and settle scores with th ^ ft'Connor Demonstration Committee before . to . Ipjjilar < an ; more about sacrifices in the caQM . <^ ip ^ iattsm . Those who know the fellows , know . thftV ^ drofr their numbers nor theii influence is worttl ' * - |^| p ( jto any cause . They are mere drum boys in the tatefeW of the League , beating up for a few crombi of the £ 60 , 000 . To * men of Glasgow laugh at them ; they intend to get vp lectures , circulate tracts , 4 c Who pays the expenses of all these undertakings ? The Leagae . On Wedses day week , the Rev . Alexander Harvey , of Calbon > delivered a lecture to this augtut body , In Neton Street chapel , a place capable of holding aboat 300 , mbjeet * the Corn and Provision Laws , and sot machinery , the
cause af the present distress . At the clow of the proceedings , Mr J . Colquhoua rose sad asked the ekalnuM * whether he would be allowed to put a question to Mr . Harvey . The chairman consented oa Mr . & aMrariBg him he did » ot mean to eater opon say diMoasion . as he knew in tbe terms of the bill calliag tbe meeting he was not entitled ; but he wished to aak the Uoturex whether be was prepared to discuss in foMio bis views regarding machinery and free trade . Mr . Harvey declined public discussion , but if tit . Colquhoun was willing , he Mr . H . would discuss it through the press . Mr . Colquboun showed tbe impossibility of inch a step , and Mr . Harvey declined on . any other Urma . —C < jrTes- < pondent . „
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AND LEEDS GENEEAL ADVEETISM . ¦ ¦
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¦ , — — ¦ ¦ - ¦ ~ ' - . l _ . - -. 1 1 n m 1 . 1 - —j ^ m ^ m | ^^ j >^^^^ j TOL- \ L go . 287 . SATURDAY , MAY ~ J ^ Tul ^ V , V ^ % ™™™ ~
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j t - * _ , / ¦ ' "" " ^ M ^/ JLo . ^^^^ s ^ Zj ? £ k
_„ The Producers Of Wealth, Axd All Those Who Lite By Industry Ox The Land.
_„ THE PRODUCERS OF WEALTH , AXD ALL THOSE WHO LITE BY INDUSTRY OX THE LAND .
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x , the starving people hare had more than nEh of theory , speculation , and promise , their ^ m Bio ^ must h enceforth be directed to matters j ^ Lao * - For this reason , and knowing that , to J ^^ jole nation ha ppy each man mast really ^ a biJnself as an essential part of soeiety , I f ^ jjferr ed presenting my notions of happiness ¦ ifSFP ** k * PP individuals , to the usual I *** ^ rf guessing at means for producing national ' *^^ » nd inferring therefrom that all must be & . , _ tB Aflt
Vor if " national greatness" means an excess of _^ 2 it , with the cotemporaneous existence of poverty , jwlind is truly " great . '' My notion , however , is * jX poverty brought on by willing idleness is the H ea ? e in which poverty becomes a crime ; and ^ 1 w ell know that every labouring man in England , jeirlj all , are willing to work for a decent snbas » DCf , and would work hard if the produce of their t * n ixbon rwas seenred to them , I look for such Janges as fill produce real national greatness , ih rooth individual independence .
gBgj , % change never can be effected by other BetEg th « i free labour - When one man employs jBoiliei » od makes profit of his labour , let others jjH j ; what they please , I call it slavery . That is , Tided the man employed is compelled to work w too ther because he has not the means of worker for himself . The case is far different , when kji doors ire open , and when t >» e workman may gota ti which he pleases—the natnral door , which jj die l »»^ t m tne srtificial door , which is the haerj . I s 060 c * * ! the standard of wages estaj&slied in the free labour , or natural , market , TatcerB the man who works in the ^ artificial market ffoa choice ) just as independent as his neighbour .
You vill observe that I am against any , the ciibtes , compulsion ; and that my system merely p « w A . sad B . there are two doors open to you ; tfceueby which you may enter the free-labour market , iaj the otber by which yon may enter the artificial ^ jfceL If A goes in by one , and B by the other , A is sbeistural market establishes a price for his jjbesr mder which B kked xot work in the artifci »] m » rke ; . 5 erer mind , if I am tediou 3 and purfeit you with repeirt ^ D open repetition . I mean to repeat and t ^ t ente until I make you love freedom and hate siTerj .
] sow procxd to show how national greatness ean te prodseed by individual independence . Although I a prepared with practice upon a much larger scale goa that laid down in Mr . Linton ' s very admirable , tJor , a&d satisfactory account , yet I prefer , in the £ rs instance , arguing from that simple table ; and W « will bare it inserted for immediate reference : —
TO IHS EDITOS OF THE SOUTHERN STAB . Dius Sib , —According to Mr . O'Connor ' s reqnest , 1 have sect ; on » correct statement of tbe average profoce d mj experiment on tbe land for tbe last four yaus . J biT ? 4 0 ! 1 gnare yards of land , divided into four pcru , » jtii crops u follows : — >* o 2—* 25 square yards , first crop potatoes , second pop Svadish tarnipa . Xi - 2— aiS square yards , first crop cabbages , second avp potaioe * . Nu . 3—923 squn yards , first crop cabbages , second ( top Swedub tornipa . $ 0 . 4—1 . 330 square yards in grass . Total . 4 . & 21 square yards .
I get tbe crops every year from Numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , and >' mbci 4 alvavs remains swsrd . Tbe above is the aiet of the crops for this Tear . Next year tbe crops cm >' mnbei 1 trill take the place of Number 2 . and Jf caber 2 viQ take the place of Number 3 . and Number : yQ take tbe place of Number 1 , and so on every year lbcsi&v ; so thai I have a regular rotation of crops , i ! ws } t fcaviBg that portion of land laid up in ridges in ycrranber that I shall w&nt for potatoes in the followog rpriuf , and escb portion of land has in its torn what 1 sea 1 winter fallow . Ibe following are tbe particulars of each crop , and Tit I have found from practice to b * the average pnosee of qmntity and value for ene year : — £ s d
J * lred 2 contains 1 , 748 square yards ; profis t * 240 bnaiela of potatoes , at Is . per tahd ... ... ... ... 700 ?« . l mi 3 contains 1 . 748 ifoare yards p ' -mWd with Swedish turnips , at the ate of six in the square yard , it-swing in "weight 4 lbs . each ; total - *« && , IS tons , IS cwt , at Ida . per too .. 14 1 3 S * S tad 3 contains 1 , 846 square yards , pasted -nth cabbages , at the rate of £ - « r in the square yard ; average weight 41 b . each ; total "weight , 13 Usz i cirt sold at 28 cabbages for Is . 23 3 S
£ 34 5 0 1 £ v % thii sts&ement as the selling price that it may te eoap&red with the value ' when tbe produce is consa * d bj caifcs , 1 have b * d two cows supplied with lood lot tbe las ' , two yean from tbe produce of this land * fca tbs exception of a little oat straw . Tke total mseh : of turnips and e&bbaces , tbe produce of one T&z , it 31 ton * 15 cwt , or 15 cwt per week for forrvt »» Teefca . Tbe other ten wteks they are fed on P »« bj Bio-wisg it as it becomes fit . I find the aver-H * QBiKity of nsilk prodneed from the two cows fc > be twenty quarts per day for forty-six weeks , * 3 fl"ring eajjj cow *< , remain dry for six weeks ev « ry Tat £ a . d I » atj qsxrts of milk per day for forty-six
T » etrk » at twopence per qaart ... 53 13 4 * » 3 calves , tbe produce of each cow , . ^ 2 0 0 lii ' bwaeli of potatoes Is . per bushel ... 7 0 0 ^**! &f produce for one year ... ... 62 13 4 Cjst oi ptoductaofl foi one yew—£ s . d . Kttofi » a ... ... 4 0 0 Ttt e * ... mmm _ 0 j 9 0 * ' &JS hbom at 3 & . " per day " 7 10
rr ~ — . . . ... 0 10 0 ; "zw tau of oak straw , or if ' dedaeied bom the selling ] Ficeafmsirare ... ... 5 0 0 ' noiizi tear of implements 9 10 0 ' £ 17 11 0
Kr fpro £ i ... >> # £ 45 2 4 1 k » n a bow pig , & breeding sow , and several other PP . ttat lite cbifcfi ? from tbe refuse during tbe Bana . * f " £ & *<* , 1 am very glad to see from Mr . CTCon-J *» mien that he is determined to combine the plan « cxtete firma with National Organisation . I am ^ convinced that the People ' s Charter will be ~ j *« obuiasd by » nch s combination than by any £ « atans that I am yet acquainted with . 1 shall * er 7 k * PPT to render every assistance tJoat is in my * " : I to &t > aiB * o desirable an object . 1 am , fiear Sir , Tour ' s truly ,
t- JOH . N Ll . NTO-V * -J , April 253 i , 2 S 43 . - ow from the above you learn that Mr . Linton ^ * kree-fonrths of an acre of ground , for which / . ^ Ji * reat of i' 4 a year , or at the rate of r ~ - - 23 . per acre . You find that the proonce estunaas at £ > y 2 135 . 4 d . per annum , at an J ^ ace of £ 17 nd . For tbe j ^ of argument , « 3 _ W > allow ail latitude for discusrlon , I will - / ° fa as to suppose that a four acre ^ 1 £ ? Pays for his holding a ren : of £ 5 6 s . S J . an -- >« £ -21 Ss . 8 d . for the whole four acre =, being
^ . - -s - 8 d . more xian the actual value- I make ' viaissios merely for the parpo 5 c of strengibtt ^ f .. . oft -rePe&ted assertion , that with a retail ^ c : i or l&nd , rent is oce of th ' e most nnim-^*^ considerations ; while ia the wholesale ^** s « becomes ali importan t , and for this g ^ 5 Qa > * large portion is a-ways in an unproductive $ f ^ w * Bt of the application of a sufficiency j ^** > aod that portion cannot bear an equal j ^^ of rent wi ; h the productive portion , j . » se of & farming labourer thus occupying ^ tainhs of an acre , the aceoant wonld stand
-d . 4 . s . d . " ¦ eduoe . 6 ^ 13 4 _ ¦• * *¦ ¦ * \ J » its ~ f ipeadirure snd rent ... 4 0 0 ?* >* » J 0 10 0
: r ~ 010 0 " « t sad tear of imple-^ t * .- ... 0 10 0 W ^ ^* - 5 10 0 « ducted from total produceleavea £ 57 3 s . 4 d . te 1 ^^ ] : aTe oct the forty-seven cays work , ^ -Wi ^ ib 0 W what la *> * " i 3 worth . I only Ur » , ^ ° f lile Eman amount of three-fourths of an ta re T-ixes £ 5 worth of szraw for manure ,
Olchaiyi—On Sunday Last A Discussion Took Place In The Chartist Room, Greaves-Street, On The Best Plan
OLCHAIYI—On Sunday last a discussion took place in the Chartist Room , Greaves-street , on the best plan
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Carpenters' Hall . —On Sunday last , two lectures were delivered in the above Hall by Mr . Wm . Dixon . The audiences were numerous and attentive , and the lecturea gave great satisfaction . Ia the evening , Mr . O'Connor ' s letter to the ** Imperial Chartists" was read from the Star .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 13, 1843, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct802/page/1/
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