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fflE ftOETHEJlff STAK SATURDAY, JUNE 17, 1843.
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One Law fjor the Rich and another for the Pooh—A case occurred at Marlborough-street
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8T<r 2ftea&n# an& @OYYe0$ovtotW
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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CCffiOKER'S IKQUEST . { From the Morning Chranicle-J Bsath x ? p a Chartist Riotie »* ihe Psktes 52 abt . —Ob -SsSordsv , a leagiheatd investiirauoi took pt ^ ce in the Gsnrral Penitentiary , MiUbaak , "Wesfinin-Jer , before Mr . Bifigs . deputy corona- for "Westminster , and 3 reFpasabie jnrj , on tbe body cj JpkiTAshlev , aged 3 £ , Me a tradesman at StaSard , srd leader of s GharJisi ssscciiaos , -who . was con-Tie * ed in October last , at the Stafford special sessions , in beircj concerned Kith othera in the Staf fordshire Chsr&t riots , asd sentenced to twelve months * imprisonment in the J'enitentlsry . The esseexsiedErcch interest . After the jury were sworn ibev viewed the body of the deceased , "which "was laid in the dead house of the prison ; ft presented so emaciated an appearance ss to excite ihs sympathy of & 3 prc -set . On the retara of ihs jnrj to * he inqnest room , the following evi-£ ensB Tvas adduced .
TheiSev . Daniel NihIL , governor and chaplain of ihe prison , deposed that the deceased was received an the 7 « h of Deeember 3 having been tried and con-Tieted ifcs previous 1 st cf Oclobar , a ? the Stafford special sessions ^ for riot and b&ing concerned in cnlairfal EeeiSngs , for which he was Fenton ^ ed to twelve months * imprisonment is the penitentiary . By ihs Porecisn of the Jury—The deceased was in frood health -vrhen he ¦ srasreceived into the pr- ' ssn , in ; hi ? mindappsared « lfieply affected si Ms Etenadon . He irss 3 master tailor at Stafford , and has left s ssidosr sad family . By las Coroner—The deceased first became SI in Isbrnsry last , ffben bs "was receiTed into tho infirmary , and attended by Dr . Bailey , physician to , fee Alison- His sentence did not include labenr . ]
By & Juror—Sines M 3 imprisonment he has occa- > sonalij t-een visited bj Ms meeds , after which he "was gensrany more depressed in mind . While in j health he -was not allowed more than the prison diet , ' Jrat dsringthe pexioo he wasin the infirmary he had j every description cf nourishing articles ; in fact , ; whiic » er the medical attendant considered essential I io his recovery . ; By the Coroner—33 ie deceased was allowed to walk 5 n the yard occasionally . Ho nndne severity was ever exercised towards nwn . I afforded him all t < * e indulgence in mv power , having an eye to the
Govenunssi orders respecting such description of prksners . He never made any complaint to me . By xbe Foremfiu—The deceased was allowed books , and pens , ink , and paper , " and was accusioinedto i ^ d Tery much . He was nos allowed to yni-x -wiih the oiher prisoners , but often conversed I wiriMbe officers of the prison , when he ^ dvoeated Us principles snd complained of the unjust sen-, ience he had received ; si the same time alluded io the Government persecution cf Peargns O'Connor snd other martyra to their canse .
By sjmir—The slent system is done away with In the jsriscn . The health of the prisoners is bet- j ter tissn formerly , owing to the short sentences ; There have been only seTen deaths curing the last j twelve months . 1 l > r . Bailey 3 physician to the prison , said—The fleeeased was admitted to the infirmary in Febrnsry last , snfierir-g fr&m Ecrcfulons sifsciion , rhen- \ jnatlsiD , ianndice , and general debility . He had 1 every care and noziriaaineni aJForJed him . bai hs j gradaally sonk , and died on Wednesday . Hisi i > ody was opeiied , when the "riscera , hears , lnngs , j and isesenrcric SuiUs wers found affected with i SCTD ^ - ' a , j By ihe Foreman—Serofvla is a prison complaint ^ j but the deceased was constituidonali y scrofulous . ; Imprisonment viB aggravate ihe disorder . j ihere being no further evidence , the jaryj T&nmed a Texdict of "Died by the visitation of : Gotu" : j
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? F R TBIAX OP "WILHAai KENKEDY , BEFORE ] SLR- SOUCITOB SENERAL , AT ATBY , ON EBIDAY , THE 24 XH DAT OF AUffUST , 1797 "jyiOiam Kennedy stood icaletid for aiding and assisting a unnisrcns armed mob , con Satardaj nl ^ iit the 6 tbtif Xaylas * , in an ***?*•> on its Chartsi-Ei 3 ioi , iiiDnsa of Gsrbeny , inhabited . by Stepiea Spares , mxKcr ' Ibaeof , Tszzh . « i inteDtioa to laSe airay the Ufa of the ; rsiflmaEtcE , snd to rob ins said hesse cf srsas , the pro- petty cf the aid Stephen Sd&i&e , asd cf zrnis tne property of Eerejal yeonisn of ths Giasd Canal Legion , thETB dspcatsd ibrsa&iy ; aiid also for Sring serial " shots intc the said house , Tfia an intaction to Tap tie add Stepfesa Spsrfcs , contrary to tfae Sfcstuta , &c ; he
Oa f > , t . « i-TmiipjTnpT »^ tfss air aigned , and pleased 2 Tot 6 a 3 ^ y . I St ^ hsn Spa rks , sworn . —Said is "sras mastsr © f ihe Cbart « r-sthool-h 6 UEa of Carbetrj , that hs sad a good j aght to remembBr fee 6 ih of 2 Jay ; iis * reason for re-: aefflbassg 5 i so T ? ell was , lhat en tksX night , or Xhe < jiSXi nioraing , Ms Boose was attacked by a great xnaibsi ; of men , he "bglievcd near 'Sires bnndrsd , meet 01 ttkem ver ? snaed "siih gnus ; they attacked the fccuse in j front ; they threw a great Dumber cf stones and fired ! againstthe -windowa ; the gnus ¦ were loaded with ball ; j thB itoi entered into several windOTS el the room , lodged In the trinaew-frames cod slmtvezs , sad many ' iZEg&l slasg the Trails in different direcuoni Witness j sever staM long in ssy one situation , he ran from cue .
" » iauoT » Id another ; hs was exposed to the shot -of the i pascisfl ifho fired Tery frequently , several balls passed 1 doss to him , te thanked Gcd neither be ai Ms ; £ am £ v o ? parry recaved any -wound . He had six per- 1 sons in tGeionsa beside his son ; &ej Srsd repeated ) y on ihs ^> eisos 3 vrbo made-tiie attackj ¦ wbenevei the ; par ^ y wJiaoatfired a Tolley tbey save a fihost , or ratfeer . a jell ; tlhjy deareu-citiiKS to tirov out bis arma . i ¦ Witness sad iis party kept firing on them ; he did not giro ibem Ms arms . They -went off ; be beard a great \ about ; they saia they-woe ] d be back sgsin asd senti f -jritness snd Ma fannly to cell ; he saw a party on ths \ tSS . consicg towardy tne conse , witness Ihonsht they ; Jjad Ta 3 ied ; ce said bis par ^ y fired on tbem ; when ba 1 ieard lie words " Wicklow—friends , " they stopped
tiiehr Sra ; one of tie Wicklow was unfortunately iollea by aahot from aabongebeJoretisy were kroTm ; t& sa lie p ^^ qtipt si ihs bar was soon after brought \ to Ms boose in company with -another mm - ' they "were ; irouFQt in by a party uf the Wicklow ; witness knew t £ ie prisoners ; ts asked , ths prisoner Kennedy , for Godi = sake , Trltat could induce him to attack witaes 3 ; hs ironiaiiot mala any answer ; would not speak one ] ¦ word ; TFitnesa solemnly declared Kennedy was as sober j as ie 1 the ¦ witness ) was at the timp of giving iis evidence . Ihere ^? as a ccusideraWe fisal of aEjuiy done the ionse ; j ^ « OBfnpwards rf fifteen pounds to repair the windotrs ; , aeveral balls were fired into the room where witness ' s . family "were ; ne msde no doubt bnt he was frequently j in great danger ; he beard several balls pass quite close ]
to iim ; ie stood mosUy in iront , . to have an oppor- ; timity- «? ilriug with ^ SEefc Hs is convinced there . could not be less than three iundrei men at the aiiack . ) lieutenant Heppenstall said ie was a lieutenant in . Sdenfierry in 2 Jay last ; remembered the sight of the . 6 fll 0 ! May . The soldieis at &e camp -were- alarmed by , file frequent reports oi mnsgnctry ; abont twelve si TSght . , the dram , taat to aims ; the paxfy was forsved j into tnree divMons ; witness commanded one party ; thsj took different roads ; witness marched Ms party , towards WSIiamEtowzi ; ie bad got a Wtit that Hz ., " WjliiamB' and Gaptsin GrEltan ' s iooses would he ! attacked that night ; fatness had not marched far ,. when ie iesrJ -roBies towards Carberry Mil ; ie crossed ever toTards it ; ie sSH heard the firing
and shouting ; when lie came to the top of ths t-Dl lie saw a bouse Tinder Mm ; ie asked "whose it was ; some b ? the men said it was Sparkes ' s ; they had sot returned far , when several shots were discharged from the house at his party , obb of Mb men was shot ; scA tflrrwif near being killed , the bsH passed through Ms side lock , he threw himself on the ground , and cried onfc murder—Wicklow—firiends—several balls passed tftrtmgh Ms clothes , lie saw a man running from tie iouse , witness ^ np to Tittti and knocked Mm down . Mes ^ ked him -who he , bnt ie would not make any -answer ; . witness swore ie would put Mm to death if he did not tell wiD Lewas ; but is wonld rot speak ; 31 -wastbe prisoner at tbebai ; ie gave Mm in charge
to Ms serjeast , snd went forward with some of the men ; be soon after saw another man running along the MU ; witness came Tip with Mm ami knocked Mm down "With tie butt end of Ms firelock . The maa asked for mercy , snd that if Ms life wss spared , ts would discover the persons whs were there ; witness s&zbd him by the collar , brought Mm up to where be had iefS the otter prisoner ; asked Mm if he kne-w tiistmsE , pointing to tie prJsocerat tie fear . Hyl&nd , Iheerher prisoner , said yes , that is BDl Kennedy , the ircsce-maker , bI KisliBtranna , ie wsb vith na . Hyland said thai Kennedy had swom Mm , before t £ ey vreat to Spark ' s in "the old church yard of Caxberry ; witness browht them ^ own to Ifix . Sparks .
Oil iis cross-gxaminafion , ie said ie did net see a gnn 'stitli tie prisoner at tha bar . He s » d be put a iop * ressd fha pnsoner * B neck , and swore he would long him if he did not discover Ms party , and acknowledged ie drew file cord pret * y rigit ; but ie could noi get a word from Mm . Hyland discovered of several © ties , * sio "were taken that morning . Alexander Gamy said ie was apnvate la tie Wicklow ^ MShu ; Yen ! out under tie command ef lieutenant HeppeasteH , the sight tie C 3 barter-bou 3 e was attacked ; they came up just as it was over . The defenders made off when ae Wicklow eame up ; they fired some Jihote—one of Ms oomradBs was killed . witaeaasawthftyrx ^ mt-T TnTm ^ Ti g fffmn tie ionse from Hie wall up the iffl . He was taken by the party . He tad s gsn in Ma hand . Toe Eentemnt knocked ^^ Tn down ; ie would not tell wio ie was .
On ill -cnJBS-exBmioatian , said ie is sure Kennedy iad -a gun as ie came up . WitnEss was witMn a jard of the Xieutenant ; ie kept near Mm , and © onia see thB priKSiET as -wsjl as ie . He is pesitive Sennedy iad a gun , and witness saw fri ™ drop it Serjeani 3 PomiElen said iesaw the prisoner running Irom tirfconse . He dii not sea a gun witi Vm ; but ia »^ jn < S » bc » t tMrty yards from where Ire was naming . WifeoeStos dose tc Mr . HeppenstaH ; lieutenant gave ths " griAsr into -b-IJubsb ' s care . The pnmner lay down toi ? HT > nld u&t speak swerd . Tie party sodd after brdnfihfcuD smother priEoner { Hyland ) . Ha ssid the fest jean was K . nzi&Sj , tie brogne-makex . Th « prisoners were'lhrcnibt down to Mr . Sparks , and after"wards to tie camp at Edecderrj .
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Stephen Hyland , the approver . < i . Do yon know Kennedy , the : prisoner at the bar ? A . Tea , and by "Birtne of my oath I never knew any ti « 3 of the boy in mj life . ' i 2 f B . Hyland was ordered off the Sable—a bQl of indictment Beet up to the Grand Jnryigainst Mm—put ca bis trial—convicted , an ^ had sentence of death psssEsl on Mia instanter . The evidence for tie Crown closed here . Patrick R = Uy , for prisoner , said lie overtook the prisoner at tie town on the « vening ; of tie 6 tb of MBy last , near Ms own ieuse ; but was so drunk , that witness would not pay Mm fifteen shillings he owed him for saoes . The prisener would not lei witness quit him till ie drank with him . Witness would not have
rai turned with Mm , but was afraid be wonld fall in tie difcefc . Tbsy wentte one Duff ' s , in BSabawanna j pri-. socer called for a pot of ale , and soon after quit Mm ; ! it was after nightfiill . Witness did not see him after , i till is saw him in Conrt . Id ausver to questioBS by the Court , said he lives j wltiia a mile of tie prisoner ' s , and witbin about two . miles of Mr . Sparks . He htard Kennedy was taken ( prisoner nest day . He never told Sparks or any ! other person that Kennedy iad ; been bo drunk that evening ; IL-anaedy was a lad of very good cna-! raster . ; j In iis cress-examinations Mr . ReiDy ssid heiad been ' attacked by the defenders bimself , some time before ; bat bad beaten them off .
Catherine Duff , sworn—Lives at Kishawanna , tie prisonsr and Paddy Keiliy came into her ieuse about uightfell , the nisfet Mt Sparks ' a iocse was attacked , Kennedy was tie drunkest man she ever saw , tkey drank a pot cf ale tosretier . Mr . Reilly went away , and Kennedy qusTrelled witi witnras for not jiving Mm more l > qnor , the would not let Mm stay any longer in tbe boussj for fear of the soloiers ; ie went as she thought to bis own house , lives "within five or eix perches of witness . Rose Kennedy , swom—Slaves at the new chapel , saw tbe prisoner , the night of tie attack at Mr . Sparks , ie
came to ier father ' s between ten and jelevcn at night , tiiey were all in bed but witness . He was so drunk , ie was hardly able to walk ; he sat by the fire , as much as he could do was to keep from falling . He was courting -RdtneBs , she heard the shots , and was afraid they would waken her father ; and sis made ths prisoner go ont , Ebe pnlhim oct by force , because her lather would be angry if he found him there , she said she loved tbe prisoner , and let him visit itr against bar father ' s consent several nights . Counsel for ] the Crown did not cross-examine her from motives of delicacy ; sie appeared a modest and very beautiful jgirL
Here the evidence for the piisoner ' closed , tbe Jury retired and in eighteen hours and a half brought in their verdict" Guilty . '' Oil account of the evidence in favour of this prisoner , Ms remarkable good character and tie informer ' s evidence that fear alone made Mm lodge examinations , but above all as one of tbe Jury refused te find Mm guilty , till iis brothers were going to throw him out of the window , several gentlemen , grand jurors , and others presented a petition in Ma behalf to tie Solicitor-Gene ral , -who promised to send it to tbe Lord Lieutenant ; but Kennedy was extcoted .
Ffle Ftoethejlff Stak Saturday, June 17, 1843.
fflE ftOETHEJlff STAK SATURDAY , JUNE 17 , 1843 .
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KEPEAL OF THE UNION . Avter the ineffectual attempt of Hehst Geatian and a few other Irish members to resist that unhappy connexion with England , which has since proved snch an endless source of ezpenoe to both countries , Ghattas exclaimed : " Well ; thanks be to God Ireland will now be avenged for all the wrongs , the insults , and injustice that England has heaped upon her ; for she will send one hundred of the most reprobate rascals that rabid Faction can produce to mix with her legislators and poison her counsels 1 " Whatever Guatta ^' o feelings were , when rejoicing in anticipation of this negative triumph , we imagine
be had bat htue notion that , in reality , the very faot of inoculating the Brinth Legislature with the spirit of Irish faction wouid lead to the restoration of an Irish Parliament . In the present article then , we shall establish tho fact , that the question of Repsal is , in reality , more an English than an Irish question . We do nst , like the Times , handle this question according to the varied shapes in which Irish agitation presents itself . We do not rely so much open the " ii this be so , that ought to be so ; and , if h ia noi so we can ' l tell why it is not so . " The deductions , the collateral issues , the similies , the
tropes , the figures , the metaphors ,. the prophecies and the fine-spaa reasonings of the Jtmes , are aboTe our humble comprehension and far below our contempt . Accustomed as we are to see an amusing variety in tbe political Kaleidescope , we were scarcely prepared fsr &o many new patterns of pnblic opinion , even in these daya of invention , as that Journal has presented . Floundering about between Administration and Opposition , the Stock Exchange and Commercial Interest , Doctor Pdset
and the rope , the Orange Faction and the Catholic Hierarchy , tbe English . Chancellor and Irish Magistrates , it has done much mischief without one single good " gness" in its recent articles upon the Repeal of the Union and the State of Ireland Let ns now see whether or not tho question of the Union is one of interest to the English people . We do sot use tbe twin people here with any limitation . In our present consideration , the term people applies to the whole of English society , and not merely to the working classes .
On the 1 st of January , 1801 , 100 . Irish Members became part and parcel of the Legislature of the United Kingdom : and if wa take np the Parliamentary history of the country from that period , especially to 1815 , when peace was proclaimed , we shall . find that Mr . Pm in his day , and Lord Liveepool in hi 3 day , relied upon the corrupt support , of the Irish Members as their majorities to increase the Debt , to violate the Constitution , and to overawe public opinion .
No twen ty years of the history of England present snch a catalogue of Ministerial profligacy , corruption , and tyranny as these twenty years , from 1801 to 1820 , both inclusive . And ihe reader will find , with very few honourable exceptions , that the 100 Irish Members invariably constituted the mischievous majorities of the English Minister . An open contract existed between the Irish Orange Faction and the English Minister ; the conditions of which were : —
" Take ye bank notes j Giv « me yonr votes : " and any benefit which might have been likely to result from a cordial union was destroyed by tbe means to which the Irish party were compelled to resort for tbe purpose of strengthening their Parliamentary interest at home . Places were created withont number ; pensions were bestowed withont sgrnce ; titles were conferred withont merit ; every channel for jobbing that human ingenuity could devise was opened ; road jobbing , land jobbing , church jobbing , law jobbing , army jobbing ,
navy jobbing , customs jobbing , Tevecne jobbing , excise jobbing , and police jobbing were so many profitable speculations handed over to the privileged few . Dnrisg that period the claim of the Catholics to Emancipation was the absorbing Irish question . The Catholics most interested in its accomplishment were ineligible to sit in Parliament ; and the Protestant candidates , with never a half dozsn exceptions , could best recommend themselves to the favonr 01 the drivers of Catholic forty shilling freeholders by a pledge to support- ; a Tory Minister and our glorious GDnstnution in Church and State .
Some three or four large landed proprietors in each county were consulted as to the most profitable disposition to be made of the monntainers npon their estates . The Catholic voters were driven in fiocks by the Squire ' s bailiff to vote for a Protestant candidate , pledged to perpetuate their degradation . In return for thiB Bervice , the whole traffic of the country was handed over to those landlords by whose coalition the Protestant interest was upheld . Tho representative thus poked
into Parliament was the tool of the coalition . He femed , and bristled , and threatened the Minister with the opposition of self and brothers if any attempt was made to interfere "with the acknowledged prerogatives of the Orange parly . Irish indnsiry , thns paralised , was , very shortly after the Union , unequal to the task of enpporima those domestic cormcriBts ; aDd ihe English Minister was compelled in 1816 to violate the most important article of the Aci of Union by consolidating the Exchequer © f the two- countries ; domestic plunder
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being found inadequate to pay the Irish party for their corruptsupport . It will be seen by the articles of Union , ( to be fonnd in our eighth page , ) that by ihe seventh article , the respective debt of the two countries was apportioned as follows : —England , for her share , to pay 15-17 ths , and Ireland , former share , to pay 2-l ? Ehs . It will also be seen that this contract wa ° to hold good for twenty years ; and that any subsequent contract for the following twenty jears was to be regulated by a just re-appointment , reference being had
to the rule established by the Act of Union . By the 58 of George III ., this most important of ti p several articles of Union was violated by the consolidation of the English and Irish Exchequers . This flagrant act of injustice was forced npon the English Minister immediately after the peace , when the disruption of the army and its several lucrative concomitants so increased the hoard of idle paupers , that tho single field of Irish peculation became too narrow for their use . Tho document to which we refer is of great importance ,
and wiU be road with deep interest by all who would confine their advocacy of Repeal within legal limits . We would a "? k , wherein differs a contract supposed to be made between a king and a people and a contract made between two individual ^ and if not only aonperformance of the stipulated conditions , but total violation of the whole contrast , would be grounds sufficiently strong for declaring it null and . void in the latter case by what rulo of right can the very discussion of the violation of every one of its provisions in the former case he held to be
seditious , . illegal and unconstitutional ! Let us see what realiy are the leading conditions of this contract which in the ** habendum" aa we may call it , is stated to last for ever . The first article by which the number of Irish members is apportioned , was violated , we acknowledge , with the consent of the United Parliament , by giving to Ireland five additional members . : In the six subsequent artiolea wa have the terms upon which the Irish contractors sold their country , every one of which has been violated : except , indeed , we are to consider that the
condition to expend the stipulated amount in Irish improvements was fulfilled by its application to factious purposes . We have before analyzed the condition of the seventh article which was to hold good for twenty-years , and which the united Parliament had no power to alter . If it had not been for tbe support of the Irish Members , the English Minister wouid hate found it impossible to increase the National Debt to its present amount . Had it not been for the subserviency of that party , the
English Minister would not have been able to make the successful inroads upon theoliberties and privileges of Englishmen , which , with their co-operation , he has made without difficulty ; while had the amount of monies contracted for , byjthe act of tbe Union been faithfully expended upon Irish improvements , England would not now be overrun with an Irish corps de reserve of labourers for the masters to fall back upon , as a means of reduoing the wages of Englishmen .
If we take a still more comprehensive view of the whole subject , we find the time of th « United Parliament , night after night , occupied in angry Irish discussion '; and whether Whigs or Tories are in office , they but become the administrators of patronage to their respective parties .. The great value then to be attached to the present agitation is the fact that it takes the question out of the old Bee-saw It is no longer a question as to which party can best govern Ireland , but as to how the two countries living in a state of union and amity can best govern themselves .
The purification of the English Parliament is surely matter of deep importance to the English people of all classes : and this can only bo accomplished by extracting from it the Irish poison upon which Gbattan relied for its contamination . And Ireland can have no chance of dealing with her domestic grievances—the principal of which is an expensive and unprofitable law-church , —so long as her representatives are chosen by persons upon whom the Protestant landlord must confer the franchise .
In the words of Mr . O'Connou we say : If you have grievances to complain of , and if the most prominentare the burdens imposed upon you by an adverse Church and the restrictions imposed upon yon by landlords lest your Emancipation should damage that Church to whose patronage they look for support , —how can you suppose that those landlords , as patronBl-of Church property , will carve their Protsstant lands into electoral qualifications to be used against their interest !"
So long as the Protestant land must constitute the electivefranchise , so long will Catholic Emancipation be a mere empty sound ; so long will all the burdens of the Law Church be allowed to continue ; so long will tiie restrictions of landlords remain in force ; and so long will those angry feelings which disgraco both countries be kept alive between Catholio and Protestant . Tho remedy therefore , the only one which can be effectual for the correction of these grievances , is a transfer , from the soil to man , of that right which is inherent in him , and of which
he has been unjuBtly deprived by brute force . Enfranchise the Catholio man instead of the Protestant or Catholic land ; and then , when in full possession of his constitutional rights , should he invade , interfere with , or attempt to abridge , those of his Protestant neighbour , we shall be amongst the first to demand from a freely chosen Parliament such measures as the weak shall require for their protection against the strong . So long as the Protestant land is the shield of the Protestant
Church , so long will the proprietor prefer leasing it to a Presbyterian or Protestant or Dissenting tenant , ( upon whose voto he can rely ) for twenty shillings an acre , to leasing it to a Catholic , ( whose vote he dreads ) for twenty-five shillings an acre . Whereas if the Catholic bad tho vote in virtue of his person , the Protestant landlord would accept him as a tenant at twenty shillings and sixpence an acre , rather than give it to a Protestant or Dissenter for twenty shillings and threepence an
acre . We think it , therefore , the dnty of the English Chartists to straggle zealously , peaceably , constitutionally , and incessantly for a Repeal of that Union by which their Legislature has been poisoned ; while it is equally the duty of Irishmen to Btruggle by the same means for the acquisition of those rights by which alone they can hope to have snch a Legislature as Euglish gold cannot again corrupt ; and by which alone the Repeal becomes valuable or important to them . We have much yet to say , and especially to the Irish people , upon this great subject .
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THE RIGHT OF MR . O'CONNOR TO WALK THK STREETS . THE DUTY OF GOVERNMENT TO SEND HIM TO THE HULKS . Wb give the following article , whole and entire , withont the abridgement or alteration of a Bingle word , from the Times of yesterday week : — u There are some things which may be either a blessing or a curse , and among them we may reckon the refinements of law . Where it ia necessary that the liberty of the subject—the free enjoyment by every one of the social immunities to which , ho is fairly entitled , whether they be of purse or person , of fame or fortune—is to be secured from the tyranny which could otherwise be exerted
by might against right ; where poverty in rags is to be Eaveil from the merciless oppression of wealth ia vested with ! power ; where a virtuous minority is to ba sheltered from the rage of a remorseless majority ; or where the . majority itself , exposed to hazard from being in a more or less defenceless condition , requires a shield against the attacks of a well-arnscd and cruel minority—in any 01 the ^ e ca ? es we rejoice a * the subtiity of the administrators of the law being able Fuccessfully to defend the oppressed against the oppressor . But even in such cases our applause is not unqualified by the conseiousut ss that there is something which ought to bs censured ; w « cannot bring purstlves 10 acqukace with tho whwe heart ia an acquittal being obtained by a iti-re quibble , however cordially wo may hail tbe fe < H
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of there baying been an acquittal . When , however , a convicted criminal , who , either for the mo < jt selfish ends , or acting from mere recklessness , has instigated hundreds of his deluded fellow-subjects to set the laws of their country at defiance , has successfully urged them , by plausible sophistries , to peril the proporty and ; lives of themselves and of all Within reach , of their violence , has succeeded in placing extensive districts uuder a system of terrorism , and in subjecting them , without compunction , to the calamities of cml war , and after his poor tools have been imprisoned and transported by scores for merely having obeyed his bidding , escapes
himself with absolute impunity , on the sole ground that the astuteness of eome-lawyer discovered a clerical error in the indictment , it is impossible to repress our indignation at the scandalous prostration of justice betbre the Bolial of verbal nicety . WHAT RIGHT has Feargus O'Connou to BE MOW WALKING THE STREETS OF MANCHESTER as an innocent man ? Is there a single individual in Great Britain who has the remotest doubt , that , so far as justice was concerned , OfConnor was guilty of the crimes for which he was tried ? Is there one , either on the bench or off it , who entertains thfl shadow of a
suspicion that O'CONNOR OUGHT , a 9 between himself and the community , TO BE NOW EXPIATING HIS OFEENCES against his victims of every grade—whether his duped colleagues ia crime or the innocent sufferers from his criminality -ilN A DUNGEON OR THE HULKS ! He has been ' let off' because in one count of the indictment—in one of what are denommauted in Westminster Hali ' the Gregorian count ? , ' for what reason we cannot pretend to eay—it happened that * the venue' was , omitted ! No matter what was the notoriety of bis crime—no matter that every Judge on the bench was as fully aware as tho convict himself of what the indictment meant ,
and had no more doubt of its moaning and of the accuracy with which it conveyed to the prisoner the fullest possible information that was necessary to enable him to make his defence—there was a clerical error ; and the judicial conscience could only be set &t rest by Riving the prisoner the benefit of it . Law this may be ; justice it is not . How much longer is this to be permitted ? Are acts ofj Parliament made to bind the good only : are they framed for the express purpose of entangling the poor in their meshes , and of allowing the rich , as Mr . O'Connell boasts , * to drive a coaoh and six " through them ! ' Wa : plainly tell our Legislators
that the time is coine when the conviction of a criminal muHt not depend on the chances of an indictment against him b ' eing so framed that the keenest legal acumen shall not find a single phrase in it capable of being distorted into conveying a meaning which no ordinary man could detect . We must have the practice of ihe criminal law reduced to some accordance with common sen se * and the people re-assured by finding that the laws which they are required to obey are not incompetent to defend them against the grossest outrages . What example can be of worse effect at the present time , when " the ' ordinary power of tho Constitution' are referred to
as being relied on by the Government to suppress rebellion in Ireland , than an acquittal like Feargus O'Connor ' s proclaiming the utter inefficiency of those ' ordinary powers I' Sir R . Peel id bound individually , if his law reforms were not intended as mere clap-traps , or were not introduced by him merely that he might reap the laurels which had been planted by Sir S . Romily and others , to obviate by sufficient enactments tho glaring injustice , of which we havo oi' late had such repeated reason to complain , of the spirit of the law being entirely set at nought in deference to its mere letter , he is bound , as the head of the Government , to justify the extravagant cost of the late special commission by securing the punishment of tho leading offender , and thereby to clear the Government aud its officials
from the suspicion under which they cannot but rest , of conniving at the errors of their subordinates . If it was a proper exercise of the discretion of the Government that O'Connor should bo prosecuted to conviction last autumn—and of its propriety no suspicion has ever yet beea hiuted—it is equally as proper now that a fresh indictment should be preferred against him without a single week's delay , and that , while the facts are in the recollection of the witnesses who were produced on his trial , their evidence should be again made use of . It is of more urgent , importance that the supremacy of the law should be ; vindicated , and that those who are disposed to disobey it should be taught that the chance * of a criminal prosecution are not on a par with those of a lottery or a dice-box .
" There are plenty of gentlemen in Parliament who would not suffer a poaoher to escape scot-free under similar circumstances , and we rely on some on ^ proving in his place there that his whole sympathy is not coiifined to his preserves . There are plenty who would give up even the Derby-day to vote for or against free trade . Let us see that there aru some among them who will require the Government to prosecute O'Connor to a successful conviction . " We are at a loss which to admire most , the malignity , the impudence , or the ignorance , of this tirade . Fortunately all these qualities are so conspicuous that it must excite in every man ' s mind who reads it and who knows the facts , a thorough contempt and loathing for the scribbler who could write it .
' * What right has Foargus O'Connor to be walking the streets of Manchester ? " forsooth ! The right of his obedience to the law , you fool ! a right which yon violate in the penning of this Ilagitious article , and for which , if O'Connor does not trouDce your proprietors , he deserves to be bugbittea . to death . The Times asks : —¦ " Is there a single individual in Great Britain who has the remotest doubt , that so far as justice was concerned , O'Connor was guilty of the crimes for which be was tried 1 "
Yes ; there are at least fourteen individuals in Great Britain who havo no doubt at all upon the subject ; who know that O'Connor was not " guilty of the crimes for which ho was tried "; and these are the twelve Jurymen who tried him , the Judge before whom he was triedj and the Attorney-General who prosecuted him . All these parties kiow , and have recorded their conviction that O'Connor is not " guilty of the crimes for which he was tried . " He was tried for conspiracy , for riot » for illegal meetings , and tumultuous assemblies ; for the forcible prevention of labour ; and for a host of other " crimws" committed by the patrons of the times . All these were
industriously set forth in the indictment ; but the Judge said that these allegations of " crime" had no business there—that they could not be sustained—the Attorney-General acknowledged that the Judge was right , and he abandoned many of tho ¦ " crimes" sought to be charged , at once . But though , even then , the indictment still charged many things upon the defendants which the law does consider " crimes , " the Jury refused to credit the indictment , there being no evidence to support its allegations , aud they , by their verdict , affirmed that they held O'Connor and others to be guilty only of that which they had just been told by the Judge Was " A MOOT POINT 1 W THE VERY HIGHEST
QUARTERS , AS TO WHETHER IT WAS ANY OFFENCE IN LAW or not . " These wero the very words of the Judge , when charging the jury , in reference to the allegation contained in the fifth count of the indictment , the only count upon which O'Connor was convicted . And yet this malignant libeller , knowing this , impudently writes about : — " A convicied criminal , who , either for the mo 3 t selfish ends , or aoiing from more recklessness , has iiibiigated hundreds of his deluded tellow-subjecta to ? et the laws of their country at defiance , has
successfully urged them , by plausible sophistries , to peril the property aud lives of themselves , and ot all within reach of their violence , and succeeded in placing extensive districts under a system of terrorism , and in subjecting them , without compunction , to the calamities-of civil war , and after his ' poor tools have been imprisoned and transported by scores for merely having obeyed his bidding , escapes himself with absolute impunity on the sole ground that the astuteness of some lawyer discovered a clerical error in the indictment . "
And affirms that " O'Connor ought to be now expiating his offences in a dungeon or the hulks" !! The animus of ail ttia is so apparent ; the impotence of disappointed malice is so obvious , that if We had no other proof of that which we told the people at its very beginning—that the strike was an infernal faction plot-rwe should point triumphantly to this article as our best confirmation . Of course the Leviathan liar and slanderer ib followed at a respectaful distanoe by all tho small fish of the same fry . The Nonconformist , the Bradford Observer , the Leeds Mercury Goody Goose atid each other potty hireling of faction has its own " wee" note in the wake of " the thundererV roar .
They willnot succeed in inducing the Attorney-Ggreual to prefer auow \ u . i \ ciuient against Mr . O'Connor ; for this simple reason : vho Attorney-General knows as well as ihe Times knows that he has no ground of legal accusa-uoc against Mr . O'Con-
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nor—that he has notbiag whereon to make an indictment stand : He has done his best already , and the Judges have shown him that his " best" is ¦ " no go . "
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police omce on Monday , which furnishes another beautiful illustration of the faot , which we have often had occasion to insist on—namely , that there h one law forj the rich , aud another for the poor . The particulars of this case are briefly as follows : — A young Bcionjof nobility , who , it seems , was powerfully refreshed with something considerably Btrouger than tea , was driving ia a cab dewn Shepherd-street , about four o'clock oa Monday morning , when suddenly he caught sight of a cock , and jumping down from bis vehicle , commenced a vigorous pursuit of the bird , and after a ten minutes chase succeeded in bagging it , and was just in the act of driving off with it , when a policeman who happened to be passing at the time— -a miraculous interposition , for it is a well known fact that policemen are never to be found
when they are wanted— " knowing the fowl to be the property of a house-keeper in the street , pursued and stopped the cab , and took the ariBtooratio delinquent into custody . " On being brought before the sitting magistrate , that considerate functionary after healing the statement of the ease , blandly suggested tint possibly tho cock might have been abducted by way of a JarkJ The quick-witted policeman instantly caught at this merciful suggestion , and adroitly replied that he . thought his Worship was right , and that the affair was a mere joke—nothing moro ; whereupon thja prisoner was dismissed with a fine of five shillings [ tor having been found drunk ! The inference wo diaw from this magisterial decision is , that provided ! a man be rich and nobly descended , he ni'ij bn ; , as nvsny cocks an he pleases , the . circumstances of hib wealth and nobility bting convincing proofs thai he bu # s them with no felonious , inte , nt i but simply Id way of s , " iark . "
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE MOBNINq ADVERTISER . Sir , —Will you allow me space in your paper f a word of comment upon the brutal and sigujju ,. * attacks to which I have been subjected in the Time newspaper , since my successful opposition to the Messrs . Walter , in their attempts to usurp there , presentation of Nottingham . I shall pass over tie libels which appeared in that journal in connection with the two elections , and which appeared prior i the recent decision of the Court of ftoeea ' a Beach upon the Rule to arrest judgment upon the oqI * count , in a long indictment , upon which I washy
and found guilty at Lancaster . I pass these by ; u , writ in a civil action for those libels was served upon the Solicitor for the Times on the evening preceding tbe publication of the very ignorant letter of f u Special Plsader , " which appoared in yesterday ' s number of that journal . Before I offer a few re . marks upon that letter , permit me to observe that I laid the two recent outrageous articles which appeared in the Times newspaper in connexion with my case , before counsel , with the intention of pi 0 ceeding against the responsible parties , and up ^ which I received the following opinion , from ^ authority which will be considered better than that of the law-recruit of the Times . It runs : —
" I am of opinion that that par ! of the article fa the Times of the 9 tb June , 1843 , which I ^ , marked with ink in tho margin is a libel npon Xt O'Connor ; and that be might sustain either an isdic $ . ' ment , or an action against the proprietors of ^ paper . I also think it possible that the Court of Queen ' s Bench might grant a criminal information against tbe proprietor upon tbe application of jj r O'Connor , but their eo doing would , I think , saini , ' depend upon tfce ability of Mr . O'Connor to negative by affidavit , the truth of the charge contained fa f £ e ' fifth count of tbe late indictment against hW
which alone I understand he was originally fo ^ guilty . The Court expects an applicant for the < t {^ ordinary powers of the Court to come before than with clean hands ; ani if Mr . O'Connor negatives , on oatb , the g&Ut of the charge imputed to him , I s % no reason , in justice , why the Court should not affoid him the same protection and advantages which tbe ; would afford to any other innocent individual agaiaai so violent and mischievous a libel as this appears to me to be . If a criminal information is moved for , it must bo moved this term , which ends next Thursday , and it cannot be moved for the last day of term . "
Now , Sir , as an Irisnman answers one question by asking another , I think I may answer " Who is the traitor" ? by asking , "Who is the liieller" ? With respect to the commentary of the " Special Pleader" upon my speech at Manchester , it applies to the Times' Manchester correspondent rather than tome . In the short notice with which the Times honoured my speech at Manchester , there is not one word of truth . I never mentioned the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , the Irish Secretary , or George IV . ; all of which the Times puts into my mouth . There was not a single resolution passed , although the Times correspondent communicates the fact that several resolutions were passed .
And now . Sir , as to what I did say relative to the charge of treason . I said : — " They talk of making the agitation for Repeal , treason : why , they would have made the agitation for Reform , treason , had they dared to do so . Treason , indeed ! What ! a whole nation to be guilty of treason ! If it was made treason to-morrow , and if my conscience , my mind , and my judgment , approved the treason , then should I be compelled to commit it , in conjunction with my countrymen peacefully struggling against oppression . " Sir , tbe difference between Mr . Walter and me , as Journalists , is this .: my name stands boldly in tbe imprint , as the registered
proprietor , while he tries to gratify his petty vengeance with impunity under that sympathy which a defenceless female would be sure to receive at the hands of a British jury . I mach doubt that there is another instance on record of a journalist so far prostituting the gentleman to the wounded feelings of the angry politician , as is furnished by the Times in its endeavours to mark me ont for unrelenting persecution ; and to meet and beat which I rely not more upon my own vigilance and discretion than on the overstrained exertion of Mr . Walter and his tools , and which must create loathing and disgust in the mind of every hoaest Englishman .
If such are the means by which the Walters hope to dispose of political opponents , they will find themselves mistaken ; for wherever they present themselves before an English constituency there shall I be also , determined to resist eo gross a violation of all those rules by which the gentle * man , the politician , and the journalist should be bound . In conclusion , Sir , I must say that it is rather an unfair mode of procedure to have a speech reported for me by the Manchester correspondent of the Times , which I never made , and then ba arraigned upon the falsehood when published in the Times .
I have the honour to remain , Sir , Your obedient Servant , Feargus O'Connob 6 , Chapel-place , Hammersmith , 14 th June , 1843 .
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Atrocious Outrage . — We have received from a number of parties , who pive their names , the following particulars of a ' diabolically atrocious
outrage on a poor woman . — "A certain poor woman , resides with her son and daughter , in a cottage by tbe road aifie , in tb « chapelry of Artley , pariah of St . Mary , county of Salop , and to which said cottage is attached a small croft , or crofts , of ground , with garden , &c . The land is of ancient tenure , being in shares or doles , the present occupiers being proprietors 01 tnree doles , tho Lady of tbe Manor one dole , ewera ! others one dole each , for which is paid 2 s . 61 each dole , as chief rent , which ia all they can demand . But to the subject : — "A rich neighbour , a " gentleman , " ia proprietor of one dole . The said woman has
perceived for some time past hia desire to obtain possession of her bit of land , by his claiming som « trees growing in tho hedge adjoining the tatnpite road . £ he put up a board in one of the said trees warning all trespassers ; but , Abab like , be com not be happy without this bit of land , a ° ™™' Btanding ali his possessions ; therefore , on M * 3 13 th , he brought five men with bim to fell tnese said trees . The woman ' s son , a youth , P ™ ™* their intention , declared they should not cut iw trees down . The gentleman challenged niffl 1 w fight , at the same time putting himself in ngnUD | attitude , and struck the young man ; but P " ""! he could not get him to fight , he ordered some ™ the men to bold him , whilst the otbers cutu trees . As soon as the mother knew she n ° rescue her son , whom they were ill B 8 in * "f £ » fully . They aeizad the woman , and pitc&ea u « lUliy . XUCJf OC * £ t 3 U tUO nuiuau ^ w«— c , tMfi tue to
. clean over the hedge , into a ditch , en fTZ She got through the hed ^ e again : one 01 w again sent her into the hedge by a « oIent S " At the savno time her daughter recaved a w >«" blow in the mouth , und another in the »<» , S . "'* her a black eye . But notwithstanding &li ^ " ^ they stood to protect the trees , when the' ge man' * shouted , " Cut their d d . «»¦ ™ will stand the blunt , " or brunt . Ota of tnej » cut the woman ' s leg with the axe a most dreaoi wound , three inches in length . We saw tbe owoj cut to the length of four or five inches , an" cot with blood . They threw her into the wad aga «> when , being exhausted through loss of blooa , » was carried home , and Mr . Clarke , surgeon , ca »™ in , who stitched up the wound . Tae 8 f *! l daughter ' s anxiety were then directed W »«» ther . whilst the « centlemaa' and his men . navm *
further interruption , finished their diaooncaj ^ ¦ with cheerfulness . But thora was anotnsr * w ™ . finish the piece . What does this b ° j *" gentleman next do but procure a magifit ^ * t mons , in the name of the barbarous misC 1 ^ who cut the woman ' s leg , against tbe ' P '* jj son , snd daughter for assault , thereby de P '" L ' of them of the opportunity of giving eti ^ and the poor woman had to bo conveyed ¦ »> milss in tbe state she was in to appear befjrei * magistratea , when tbey were ali three bound ow appeal ; at the SeMion ,--the viUiiin who wooou * - her being the prosecutor . " If the facts be as here slated , the scoundrel tl S ^' man" ought to be gibbelled . We hope the V * ticulars of the trial at the Sessiom mil be * us with the names of all the parties ' The King-Pit Qwuzus . — We did publish llu * scriptions received for these men last
iceekparagraph was amongst Ike Newcastle »*«* ^ R . T . Morrison , Nottingham , jorgoi to ««^« v j day of meeting in his forthcoming noticecourse it was of no u * e . , «/« W . Pinfield , KfcDDiTcit — We have made M o < use we can of his letter—sent if (<> - - Q ^" ' _ A Charttist , Tower Hamlets , presse-v ct the al& tion of all Chartists , the riecessay oj ejer on behalf of the families of our J ' tenas dw ance .
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4 THE NORTHERN STAR . j _
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THE PRESS GANG—THE BLOOD GRY . The Tory press , from tbe Times downward , is demanding the blood of the Irish Repealers , with a yell of savage recklessness which we scarcely sapposed that at this day could have been assumed . We give * as " a sample of the sack / ' the following from the mouthpiece of the Sheffield Tories , the Sheffield Mercury : — After some siupid abuse of Popery , the Editorial bloodhound thus proceeds : —
" We have already stated that measures are being taken to me 3 tj tho difficulty at the point of the bayonet , ttoujd it not be better to meet the agitation with a halter in hand ? We have had a great deal of political special pleading of late about abstract rights—there is no evil in social life , no infringement of the common , law , that is not capable of being argued by the same modus operandi . We want a weU defined cure , not for those who are taught rebellion , so much as for those who teach it . " * j * " We trust ; Parliament will apply a strong remedy to portending evils . "
* * i * " But , say the Irish demagogues , the Union was an act of the Legislature , and it is jcompatent in any British subject to petition for the Repeal of any Act of Parliament . This is true Jin the abatract , but the Union—the right of fcucuession—the Monarchy are ail fixed and settled by the j Legislature , and , in our opinion , they are all treason or there is no such thing as treason . " 1 Did over each a born-fool handle pen before f ! M The Uuiou—the right of succession—the
Monarchy , all treason" ! ; these are his exact words . Gods , what a "f best possible instructor" ! "It is one thing for Parliament to Repeal an Act 1 having reference to questions of privilege or taxation , and another for the Legislature to stultify itself by aijt Act which deserves no other name than felo de se . ' ( * " Sir Robert Peel has no alternative but ] prompt , immediate , and vigorous measures—measures that shall reach miscreants who carry on a sort of wholesale trade in murder and incendiarism , and who evade the law with impunity . "
There , gentle reader , there is the spirit of Toryism with a vengeance . Meet agitation with a halter in hand ! Should Sir Robebt Peel want a " walking gallows" to assist in ? ' tranquillizing " Ireland , we hope he will not forget the special claims of the j" gallows" Editor of the Sheffield Mercury . Declare the Repeal agitation treason , and punish the agitators as traitors ! Softly , Mr . Addlebrains ; if to petition for the Repeal of the Union , or even the alteration of the line of
succession , bo treason , what were those who altered the succession by expelling James II ., and calling in Dutch Wilbiam ; Eh ? We have always heard that they were- * glorious revolutionists . " Your doctrine of " treason" " won't do nowa-days , ne how , " as the Yankees would say . Every generation has clearly the right oi willing by what form of Government it will be protected , —all your musty parchments and Castlereash Acts notwithstanding .
From this and other specimens of English Toryism , O'Connell may see what be has to expect at tbe hands of that party . And yet , even at fiuch a moment ; when the hand-writing is on the wall ; when the ships are in the offing , and the demoucry of " Put your trust in God , And keep your powder dry , " Is almost ringing through the land ; when the " Tory hunter&r' are panting for the blood of the Irish people , and waiting but for one false step , to " let slip the dogs of war" ;
" Like the ' swift lightning , which doth cease Ere one can say it lightens" ;—at such an hour , O'Connell spurns the aid of the only party in England , who either can or will efficiently assist him in the carrying of Repeal ! Well , well ; Dan kuows his own game , or thinks he does so . His speech at the Corn Exchange , last week , wherein he denounced the English Chartists , has created a spirit of indignation against him that may not be
very easily allayed . We speak not of the Chartists , but of the Repealers , whose grief and vexation at this conduct j of O'Connell it is impossible adequately to describe . The best possible feeling was existing between them , and the Chartists , who were mutually aiding andlassisting each other , when Io ! Mr . O'Connell throws in the apple of discord 1 and strives to undo all the good that has been effected by the real patriots of both parties .
Many parties , even of his best friends , speak and write most strongly on the matter . We are inundated with letters to which we , acting from a different spirit to that which the writers ascribe to him , do uot give currency . We desire to give every maa credit for the best motives by whioh he can be actuated ; and we make Mr . O'Connell no exception . Possibly he may have in view some stroke of polioy which we do not yet see , and which may sufficiently excuse the apparent suicidal course he is pursuing : " Charity hopeth all things . " But let O'Connell be wary . We have laboured hard to
obtain for him with the English Chartists credit for sincerity in this movement—credit for a honest purpose to carry through Repeal , and not to bully back the Whigs to power ; if this be his purposeif be be as honest now as we [ have tried to-think , let him not prevent the hands and hearts of Irishmen from uniting for the salvation of their fatherland ; nor imagine that Ireland can obtain her freedom by the disunion of her sons . Many Irish ' men who have not yet joined the Repeal Association , but were about to do so , declare that , if the English Chartists are to be expelled , they will not
join it . Others , who are members , declare , that they will now join tbe Chartist Association . Let O'Connell pause ere he finally reject the generously tendered co-operation of the English Chartists ; let him reflect that the battle is not yet over , nor the victory won . And , at all events , let not his conduct , absurd and foolish though it may be , induce Englishmen to be unjust to others and themselves ; to withhold thpir aid from Ireland struggling foT her rights . Let ub remember always that honour aud interest combine to induce us to sympathise with our Irish' brethren . Honour bids ns to assist
them , that the remembrance of crimes committed by English tyrants may be effaced by the fraternal deeds of English patriots ; and interest , that our labour market may be freed from Irish competition , and all the deadly consequences which have followed in its train ; while the manly feeling of our nature should command us to assist them that tho righo may triumph .
One Law Fjor The Rich And Another For The Pooh—A Case Occurred At Marlborough-Street
One Law fjor the Rich and another for the Pooh—A case occurred at Marlborough-street
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 17, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct806/page/4/
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