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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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EM 3 GBATI 0 N . © BSEE . VAIMGX 3 COKX 2 CIED WITH MB .
PITKEXEHY'S T 0 TJ 3 . Having uotr eonpkied lieuoies of ej tsur , in tie wnnse cf Trloch thB leader Trill , sa doubt , i = xe cercsived 4 fce -rarlens sSvsBtages -which would accrue to Emigranta possessed of a liUJe caiaisl , inansSrions habits acdapsiseTEiisigsfist-, Is-hall proceed to siaheafe's ? obscrratiosB xelaSve to the tcnnsiion of ** Tise British Smgrsnls Mutual aid SorieJy , " estaoEshed ia-Hali&x , September 7 th , 1 S 42 ; a crpy cf the rales of which Sodsty I shaU-presentto the reader , in order the more ecpHdEj io convey to the public mica tba intrinsic ¦ olgect Intended io be attained and which I verily 2 > £ Hev 8 to be . easy of accomplishment . My jgS Tjnrpdss T ? ni bB to supply such information to Emigrants as appears to me indispensibly necessary io tuaMe flxa £ o ioH tie stratagems and evade the snaeiizast ^ aBs of an liost « f swindlers -ffco aiB erer on
the alert "to jfca 6 ex aca Vicfenrsi taa anvrary . These ^ vampires ( as vr 2 ] lave tees seen from the preceding sots ) s / gann tai both sides -the Afisntla , and even npon ihje face of thegreat deep ; and it tfiH require Incessant eanrlcn ana -watchfulness to escape ih 9 Enarea they lisve so prafessly spread in the ps& cf ibe pilgrim journeying from the 4 ark ravens of despG&m to the " fireat RepuHie . " Much has been ¦ wroie and reach said , pro and son , respecting ILeSnBtifaitJons , climate , sad soil of America , and also «> scemlng fbe tn ^^ r . » T ^ sn& habits c ? the people . ThB factions , and i 2 iase tredded io ev 2 s "Jrtfih are tbs isseperabie concomifcmiB of monarchical XovsrnniEnJ ? , f who , by tie wsy , are only thsss who
lira on ths produce of other men ' s industry , ) have irspngned the system of government which obtsins in the States . The Interested traveller has dilated on the Jj » Mn 3 « ffsctsTS-2 Kch 2 ib rlimsfe may probably produce upon the constitutions of Europeans , and also upon Sits efenfity of fhs soil anfl lae immense labour and expense xeqirMte to perfect clearings , and render it prodncSve ; "while others would have us believe that the inbabiisaia are a mde , unsocial , and uccmiiz ^ d peopla—a rasa of vrild Indians , 01 beings s'DowEdmatiag thereto , " WIiesb imte' -orVl minds , Se 3 6 od in denes , Or bears ^^ n in the -wind " .
On 2 a othsr bani , many exaggerated Ecconnts have i « £ n giren of tie felicity enjoyed in this " land of promise , "' -which is-re indnced many to Emigrste under the idea that on their ? " » fl »* w they wonld enter a perlert eljcnm , and . be blessed tntb Sib fell fnnfion of all eartbly iiapplnEBSj bnt , fl ^ fiiT > g tbeir dreams iot TeaUzsd , thsy b&Te bees filled -with chagrin and disap-3 > oxn » E £ nL 53 ie fe «^ Ja , Tnr-Ti must there , as f ^ eH aa in « T £ ry ether land ^ eain bi 3 bread hj the sweat of bis fcroir . Be must labour : bnt be eon enjoy the frait of Msohfh inftnstry ; be « m " ait under bis o-sm Tine and his own -fig tree , none flaring to nmie him s&nld . " Sbere beiSj free from tbe ^ gaUin ^ yoiB of slsTery , and cxnstzM ^ erect 5 n t hB atfitnflB-oT afeeemEa , possessing that Inestimable gem , liberty , "withont -ebicbBfe cannot be ^ njojed -with tbst zast -wMcb . 'iras designed to be the lot of TBETL
The prrrsSoiis snd oppiEEsioiis endured by tbeBrit-5 eh opantiTe , and the apparent determination of the factions -who alternately inle the ^ Estasies of this conntiy tojxrpetnsZe the erfls of misnOe , impelled s sumber of onr countrymen to adop . measures to escape the Yatse thanEgjptjsn bondage ; and being acquainted tbrcngh the pnilkaHon of the letter adurefssd by Dr . Smyles to myself , ( and "Erich J inserted at the comaaencement of my Journal ) , of the fast resources of . the Western JS&tes of Soiih America , it was resolved to act npon the suggestions corfsreed in the . said letter , at being deemed far more advsjitageous to migrate to a tome slreaSy prepared , and to abide zmeng relatives
and frisnds , *>»¦• " to paTe ths -way and settle among ztcmgers -when tfcej tad zzrrrea in a foreign land . J ^ Ttfl , moreoTer , ite scsrrty T ^ fgmn which protracted Jyranay has left at the disposal of Troii ± 3 g men rendered it absolutely necessary to ooperate for the acquisition of funds to compass the deared object . SencB the establishment cf the Eodsty appositely termed *? Ths . ; BnSshETnigrani 8 Mntnal Aid Sodetyi " lbs character sod design of Tfhich . I tannot better describe than by the publication of the rules by -which 3 tis condscted . Ihey axe somewhat lengthy : nevertheless , I opine <* w » t the reader "HiHi arise from the perusal * riih a feeling of satisfaction that the time devoted to ^ j ^ f -l . vmnrrw ^ pp bas- ^ ot been mispent *
B . UEES . SdIb 1 st—That ibis Society be denominated tie jBrifeb "RniTBTm » itv 3 dntual Aid Society , and that all znles and regnlalions be suijart to , and in accordance ¦ With , "the snprema Ixws of the state or territory in Tiiich the colony msy be located . 2 nd . —That tlie ol-jtcv of this Sodety is the purchase < £ a tract , of unappropriated limd iatliB State of WiBcoman , or other Western State as may on inspection by & deputation of one ex more competent persons be daemed most suitable for the purposes of a colony cf settlers irom this country , upon a principle ol Tnntrmi is
Srd . —When snE ^ ait money subscribed , ona or store persons zball be ssnt oui yn& pover to select and pnrcbasa tie biBd , and procure a smrey thereof , under promise or -writteix assarance of the Society tiat the money shall be transmitted throngb ths bands of the jA-mpwe-L-n Conral resident in Liverpool , to the United States'Soremnient Agent , a ^ t ^ oiized tp rectdTe the same in that toaniry . 4 th . —That the sabKripUors to this Society be depojsited in JieJHalifis Joint Srock Bani , and tfhfin the 'pnrehase 3 s completed be transferred to the American Consul ( who bas Engaged to transact this business ) Shrongh an order sanctioned by the agnsiures of tbx&elonrths of the members , and presented by the committee
£ ih- —* r » "t * ibis Swaely be composed of as many snbaeribeia as'will iske up , or purchase thirty-tiro sections cf land , <* 20 , iSO seres st Congress price U | dollar Trhich ihaS be diTiEabie amoagst the said members in proportion to thai TespectJrB £ nbscnptiDB 8 , in ten acre lots , so as toigi've the poorest an equal benefit in the distribution aztd choice with the larger pnrhasers , yet sot UmitSns ny subssrlber in bis amount of purchase . 6 tfc- —Thstin crder Io organise and cany into tfiec-5 rre operation the objects of this Association , ft ^ wn siembers be chosen at a public general meeting , to form acommiftee of maaagement , from wnnugHt trbom a
president , Tice president , treasurer , 2 nd secretary , be appointed ammaHy ; four members of the Committee as they stand upon tie list to retire annually but to be eligible to re-election ; which election shall be annual , on a < lay hsra&fler to be fixed ; first the committee , ¦ then the officers out of that committee ; in both cases iy ballot , or Vote of aS tie members of the Society ; Jhe majority to determina and be fcTil ; every Shaieiolder from one to Lwciity to have two votes , and so in proporSoB , increasing on Tote every ten shares ; seven of th « committee to be a quorum , and the majority of that quorum to determine .
71 h—xiiat the President in all -cases ( after the establishment of the Colony , ) have a triple vote , and -the Tice president ths sams "when acting as-president , iu tkfi pTsadent' s absencs ; "but not in other cases , or bat his angle vote ¦ when acting in his own capacity . - Sih . —That Jhe committee shall , previous to the completion of the purchase , appoint seven of the subscribers as trustees for the property jointly , in whose Tratnq tha purchase shall be effected , and to ¦ whom it shall be conveyed In trust to tbenseof the aaid eud-Haibers , and be by the said trustees re-conveyed to Ihe said subscribers individually , describing bis let or share by its number and contents in measure upon fixe EurvejorS pbnbereslter to be made , a true copy of » bicb , or ibe original * b «^ always be in the possession or teeping of tbs sucl trustees for general reference , siwlije lithograplied for distribmion amongst file sabscobsra . In case of the death o ! a Trustee , a Buccessor ah ^ l , as soon after as conveniently may ,-be appointed by the committee as in the first instance .
9 th . That "when sufficient funds are subEcnbed and 5 » 3 in , a Euitatle person or persons be fully authorifsd imSer tbe sigastaxe cf the committee and Trustees , to So oni to tbe state cr territory agreed to , and select , Eurvsy , and purchssa a suitable and -sufficient tract of land in cue or mere lots as the same can be obtained , including some navigable river , or river that may bereaftsr "be la ^ Ee navigable for boats -ot steam vessels—the Tr . ifl tract t > f landio be , as mucb as can be so ebtained , m « qas 3 ^ nsatities on each side of the said river , in crder to locate every allotment as contiguous as may be
to "water conveyance , and other "Water purposes said tract of land to extend along the banks of said river ^^ t nHks in lengta of the same , and two mijeaback-Trarfsfrom ssSl : rIver , on each side respactxreJy , or in qoaaSsy eqaalto-Si ^ e f ^ ven dimennoos tfbsiivei uol io bein tbsxssasnreaaeBSn this vnll give the cpantity of fisirty-tsro seeSona , or 20 , 480 acres , Ice amount raqmred , and the form Trill afibrd the eaaest meass of access to the greatest Eumber for rjavigaSoa purposesfat mill sitea and other business sctaasiona berealter itgniriag abandaaee of "water or -water power .
20 dJ . That the stated meetings of the committee be £ xcd fat the first "Wednesday in every month . Any proprietor may attend , but the business to rest cxdumvfeJywiQithe eemmittee—alterations or rescindm 2 of ibs pre&ent Tules , or proposing sew ones , to be given notice « f in "writiDg at the stated monthly meeting of the committee , one month previous to its
dis-- ^ PPK ^ oyl ^ ua . Tbat " mutnal aid"l > e the bond of tins assoda Kob , as furtber spedfed in rule 12 tfe ; and that in order to accommodate the poorer members , they shai ^ psy one or more -gfrnTfngg -weekly , according to their ability , for every sbjoe subscribed for , until the fan amount d ibax xespeonve sbcies be paid up , -wbich fcH smoant sntst be completed against ths Kmy ol payment for the general pnrchasa . 15 th- —That as tfcs leading object of this Society la assntasee to £ ba " poorer subscribers to the means of
iettedng their condition , and getting out to the aetVle -snent , it is proposed to fEnusb such members -with pe cuniary assistance , on condition of their "worMBg for the person advancing the same , at the rote of-wages current at the ame , in ttat country , Or by the following method , vit , laming on shares aril is called and practised in some ^ artB of America , the farmer giving ign'iftfrmT ycnH aftfTiBo ^ j "fl ^ * «« . p i ^»^ st providing the necesaary stock , seed , and implemeEta , asd trbat other waistance or meansmay be agreed npon—said capitalist leeeiviLg cne-baif &e produce ol the land , and in-
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cresse cf catiie or stock annually , until the whole advance -with cott of subaitence { as may be agrised ) shall be xspsid , oi its . capitali £ l more easily galiaiieii ; the lot cr thars ci the pecon so assisted to be security to tte capitalist nclll the engagemtBt be fulfilled , { tha comnattes to have the power of enforcing this rule , or hold the property in abeyance until the claim be satisfied . 13-h . —Tfr »* one whole Scctic-n of l ^ nd or 040 . acrea be reserred for a town building lot to be ths joint property cf ** be Society in a society capacity—^ yet
nevertheless say individual may purchase whatever portion he may require bb his ovrn separate and individual property—the proceeds of such sales to form a fund for general purposes , more especially such purposeBas ara of a benevolent nature , beneficial alike ] to every branch of the Society in the town or country , ondei the direction and management of the committee for the time being , or such other directing body , under whatever name or denomination they may be known , that the management of the affairs of the Society m&y b& deputed to . i
14 ih—That the laying out of the townIn streets , squares , market-places , ailotmeitsfor public buildings , places of Trorehip , allotments , sites of schools , ' cemetery , ¦ water conrees , reservoirs , ic , be hereafter determined , excepting the town front to the river , which shall be left open full fifty yardB in -width , the whple leDgth thereof for public pleasure or business , as may be fitting hereafter , thtse reservations to be made before any allotment for sales or other , disposition of the Town I < and Lot ba made—and if it be found advisable to plant or bnild a part of the town on each bank cf the river , a similar reservation of fifty yards in -width in front of the same , be in like manner adopted . '
15 th . —That , in order to provide for the future ¦ welfare aad prosperity of the Colony , the town | allotment be public property fer beneficial zn& liberal fpnrpo 3 es , in aid of the whole proprietary in cosuaonf 'with the surplus " Toirodsip lands , " as stated in the 17 th rale , -whereby an ample and continually increasing ; fond and revenue will be secured for geneHQ service—fthe order and regularity of building in the town better preserved , nuisances prevented , a better style of building secured ; improvements will also ba more spiritedly undertaken when a known means ia at hand , and the whole community "will be more benefited by the increased value of the town lots in compact order , than , by scattered
and detached buildings , especially as the greater part of the small sown lots must ncessarily He far apart from th * ir correepondiEg country allotments , and , at inconvenient distances for joint occupancy—the committee in tta early period of the town will be disposed to accommodate all craftsmen and other town residents , with lots suitable to their purposes at very moderate rates during the mora early periods—and the purchasers of these selected building or town lots will be more benefited by a suitably Selected lot and a public assisting f nod , than by having a lot at random , as the choice by ballot ¦ would i . ecessarQy be , and -without the advantage cf such building fund . ¦
Or in lieu of ibe li > th role above recited , in case it should be resolved to apportion town building lots to ibe country land lota , tasy must necessarily be Email , in order to give each proprietor a lot and secure a pnblic reserve for streets , roads , public institutions , rquarea , markets , && , and at same time leave sufficient for contemplated public resources , of mutual assistance and pecuniary revenue . : If we assnme a town building lot ( to every original ten acre country lot ) of ten yards by thirty yards , and as there will be few ao small as one troly of theBe , it will give ample Toora for any business premises—then 2048 such lota will amount to 127 acres nearly , which with the river front , —reserve for public Institutionssquares—markets , —sites foT places of worship , cemetiy , Ac . 140 acres , making together 267 acres which deducted from 640 ths -whole town lot , leaves 373 acres of available property for public revenue , f either & 3 rented for farm purooses or as appropriated for sale .
This aispesftion of the town lot may perhaps be store acceptable to ths subscribers generally than appropTiy . trng &b wbdB it > pablie service—aiid" as immediate shelter -will be wanted for the settleis as they arrive— "by this means they aiBy have a lot of their otm after tha streets have been marked off—but in general to farm settlers the lots -will not be much benefit , as their rlBe in price wDl not be very immediate , and any attention to them will but divert too much of their time from their ( to them ) more valuable occupation en their country allotments . ;
16 th—That as the whole tract of 20 , 480 acres 1 b assumed as subscribed for , It becomes necessary to provide for the different reserves { viz . ) that there be one acre deducted frcm every original share or ten sere lot . into vrhich the township ia assumed as divided , or so considered to be , even though purchased ; in larger amounts—so that one whole section shall abate 64 acres—the remaining 576 acres to ba considered and taken as one whole section lot—and in like manner the 10 seres rednsed to nice acres shall be deemed and taken and called an original ten acre share in cansMeratioii of the benefit the -whole ; communnity -will hereafter derive from snch appropriation , and which ia more fully explained in the ensuizg rule . :
17 ih—That the section reserved for building shall be < a ! led the " Town liand Lot" —and the balance after all allotments from it are made , shall be pnblic property applicable as it is stated in rule 15 along witfe the balance of the reservation of one acre per original share from the Country Land Lots , after all deductions for highways , < tc , are made , and shall be called the " Township Lands" —which two joint : properties shall belong to tha original share holders , their heirs or assigns , in trust ss public property for ; benevolent and general improvement purposes , under the management of the committee or whatever the- managing body i&ay hereafter be called , as stated in the fifteenth xnle .
18 th—When the funds expected from the puttie property are available , they shall as occasion requires be applied to ths assistance'of all entitled to the same at the discretion of the committee ; acting on behalf of the proprietary , in such manner and proportion as they may at the time think prudent , in the irsy of loan , apprenticing youths , relieving widows and infirm aged , assisting young persons to begin : the world , and such other laudable and benevolent purposes as come 'within the limits and views of this institution . In all loans and assistance to individuals in the nature of loans , satisfactory security shall be required for the return of the capital , and payment of interest upon the same , hereby securing a permanent and' increasing fund for beneficial and ebsritabie purposes both to the present and to future ages , the proper objects of which shall be determined by the recommendation of proprietors and the judgment of the committee .
19 th . —Should the funds arising from the pnblic property be at any time mon than is wanted tor current demands , the surplus « h » n be vested Jin the purchase of further new and unappropriated land , -or other real property , -which additional purchases shall merge in the other public property , and thus become a source of continually increasing funds and means of prosperity and comfoit , and be in like manner as other pnblic property , under the management and care o ? the committee , or general council , according as the managing body may hereafter be denominated .
20 th . —In laying out ro * ds , previous to the sub-divi sions of the general property , the natural iundulatiocs of the country , and bendings of rivnlsts shall be accommodated to the greatest advantage , sot adhering to straight lines wben an advantage or benefit can be obtained by a deviation ; provided always that exact quarter sections , or any number of exact . quarter sections be laid together ; but in dividing the ! quarter sections into the smaller allotments , straight division lines shall be adopted ; all intractable shapus or odd quantities of land that may be cut off from any of the divisions , shall be and remain public property until otherwise disposed of . This is one advantage of having a surplus quantity of land for pnblic disposal , odd quantiiie 3 C 2 zi be thrown off in this maEEer wittjOUt incoc-Tenienticg any one , yet remaining valuable to tbe general body as public lands available for sale ot other purposes .
21 st—That when the land is purchased , it shall be surveyed and divided according to the previous rule , and rule 16 , into sections of b 76 acres ; snd further iiito quarter sections of 144 acres , each section numbered with its corresponding quarters . Then such of the quarters asaball be determined by ballot , for choice , to be subdivided into nine acres or original shares , as is agreed to in rule 16 , In order to accommodate the smallest purchasers ; and that therefore the ballot * for ch&ice be in quarter sections , those having subscribed for more than one quarter section , to complete their choice from the same drawing , either in lots adjoining , or otheaitoe at their own option .
Subscribers for tbe small lots , or original chares to nnita in numbers equal to quarter sections , and draw for choice tot XtaX amount , bj one of ttieir ova body or number ; then in a similar manner draw again for thB choice cf the smaller lots , completing their quantity from one drawing , if they require more than one of the aaid small lots , proceeding in W * manner until the whole is appropriated . i 22 nd . —That an the residue and remainder of the property after the xoudsand other reserve * have been deducted , and all tbe shares , &c ., appropriated , shall be and remain public property as by rule i 7 is determined ; this arrangement affords the subscribers an opportunity of choice to the last , as there will be several shares thus unappropriated , and a considerable accession to public property available as mutual aid , as explained in the 18 th rule . i
23 rd . —wben the town lot , the highways , and other wadstoprlTate ocenpancy , and all the sections and shares shall have been appropriated , the remainder shall be public property as stated in the 17 th rule , and shall be applied as is there and elsewhere directed , or in rewards to iadlvianala fox services Sn istabliaWng
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*™ J % ; m& * So * iaHoHng adopted in this rule , is to avoKl the great difficulty of apportioning the respective m ^ lots so as to afibrd ae proprietors the option of choice , on account of the impoesibffity of their all S , E ** ^ * ^ HnJ-ihen if not P « aent there can be no chotee-and-if no choice be b ? Z d ^ f ^ i ^ i *¦* " *¦ **¦«¦* ***** i # is&iigi ssr- 'sws
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this colony or township , m lieu of mo&sy payments during the infancy-of the establishment as- in the judgment of the' committee shall sienf proper , tut not to apply to the expenses of survey , going out , selecting , && , as these must be met with present money pay * dent i 24 th . —That when any of the smaller lots that have been balloted for in quarter flections shall fall out inconvenient for occupation , from tbe circumstance of being mach inBulated from tbe occupation reads , or wasting too much lanis- In such roads , the proprietor of Eai& lot or lots unay have a fresh choice according to measure and quality- out of the unappropriated or
surplus lands at nisi or their option if applied for to the committee within ( twelve months from the time of the original ballot ( that all may be satisfied , and all may be comfortable ) bj paying into the public treasury , one dollar for each- and every such small lot , and the expenses that maybe thereby incurred—and may further if desirable at the time of such exchange , enlarge his lot from land adjoining hit fresh choicb or other unappropriated { land- by purchase at the valuation of the committee , and may be accommodated in the payment by security in the premises at the discretion of the committee—this is another advantage derivable from the surplus or township appropriation .
25 th . —That the town front next the river shall be left open and free ) as stated in the rule , for pnblic promenade , health , and greater safety from accidental floods in case such should occur , which sometimes happens in America in even well selested sites—that the houses be all built with the first floor a few feet above the natural level of the land—it will give greater Bcopa to the future ' improvement of the street—and that foot paths be left free for pnblic use along both banks of tbe river , the -whole length of the township ( eight miles ) for the exercise and health of the inhabitants , and that -styles or gates be fixed to accommodate the Bame , and that the said foot paths be always kept in sufficient passable-or walking repair , by the owners of the lands respectively , the committee to have power to enforce the same . ~
26 th . —That in selecting the town site especial regard be had te future capabilities or possible future capabilities ; choosing a rather elevated situation near a navigable river , for ifnture conveyance of mcrchandiza , should be a first essential , —salubrity and good soil with contiguity of fuel another , though navigation may relieve or assist in tho article of fuel—then the land to the extent required to be selected in tbe form described in tbe 9 th rule or as near as may be—and as the command of water power is one of the most essential points as regards town employment , and without town employment no town can make much progress—this by a judicious foresight maybe obtained to a great extent by selecting as above stated , a town Bite upon somewhat of an eminence , or elevated plot , Or gentle rise near the river ; then previous to any allotment being made , a
tract of laud ranging to some convenient higher point of the river should be determined upon , and reserved for the purpose of 3 water course or canal * to terminate upon tbe highest level of said eminence , yet sufficiently regulated to prevent any overflow to the damage of the town or adjacent landB , —here a reservoir would command every point of the town for domestic supply , and furnish power to any number of millB the original stream may be equal to : this also to be public property , and be undertaken at public cost , and will become a source of great and advancing revenue as the town advarces in business and population , by sale , or renting the power , as the same may be required—but in the mean time tbe tract need only be reserved—scrupulous ' y reserved as an essential to the future prosperity of the town .+
27 fca —That bnilding Bites for two hotels be set off from the town allotment , at the two opposite corners of ths foot of the principal cross street , and fronting the river , of . such 'dimensions as may be thought sufficient , which said ; street shall be at least thirty yards wide , extending across the whole town allotment from the river to the town's utmost boundary , expanding to a square sufficient to accommodate the future market , at the low ei > d thereof , and shall be calJec ] Warfietstreet , and Market-square respectively . Theeaid building Bites shall bo set ont previous to any apportionment of the town lot to tbe subscribers and shall be public reserved property for the express purpose , and built at public expense , in tho speediest
manner for tbe immediate accommodation of arriving parties until their own dwellings can bo completed , which said temporary hotels shall remain public property , and be conducted now and in future as Temperance Hotels , and be under the superintendence of tbe committee and bava pecuniary assistance from them at discretion until able to support themselves , but shall always hereafter : with all others be conducted upon strict principles of total abstinence from spiritous liquors , and upon this account ia tho pecuniary assistance given , and that no other description of hotel be ever permitted - ; thus one fruitful source of misery and crime ia intended . to be prevented from tbe very commBncemDnt of this interesting settlement
And provided the Colony should be located in the State of Illinois or In the Territories of Iowa or Wiscou % : n , a most pleasing and profltablo employment m ight be punned by females and the younger branches of families , encouraging tbe growth of the Mulberry Tree and the increase of tbe Silk Worm . 28 th . —That a : suitable site for a pub'ic school and master's house , with room for ample conveniences to the same , be reserved from the town lot , regard beiug had to the most desirable and central situation , the expense of building and master ' s salary to be defrayed from the public funds or proceeds of the pnblic lands sufficient to encourage a first-rate teacher , the test of wheBe abilities shall be judged of by somejinture determination , as also whose children be free or otherwise—a similar appropriation shall also be made in the country districts upon similar prl&clples .
29 th . —That a reserve be made out of the town lot to assist or form a salary for a clever medical practitioner , whosq abilities must be sufficiently attested ; tuis in order to secure a respectable one from the commencement . 30 th . —That a reserve of five acres of land in Borne suitable location in the town lot be appropriated &s a cemetery equally available to all classes—nevertheless private family portions may be disposed of by the committee to such as require that privilege ; the proceeds of these sales to be in aid of the public funds or treasury , and under the management of tbe committee . 21 st—That a : public saw and grist mill be at the earliest opportunity proceeded with , as public propert ? , under the direction of the committee , and regulated hereafter as occasion may reqnlra
+ 32 nd . —That all woods , ¦ waters , water courses , quarries of every material , mines , and minerals , shall be freely and fully enjoyed by and wholly the property of the proprietor in whose lands they may be included . 33 rd . —That all forms of religion be equally respected and accommodated as regards property , and their ministers supported in such manner as their respective congregations approve . 34 th . —That all cases of difference or dispute be settled by arbitration , in order to preserve the harmony and unanimity of the society ; and that tbe committee or council ( whichever name the acting body are known by hereafter ) be considered standing arbitrators , to whom all such cases stall be referred , or to whom they shall appoint
35 cb _—In case of an original proprietor , bis heirs or assigns , disposing of the whole of his allotment , the beneficial right in the township and town funds shall be in the purchaser , provided he buy tho whole allotment—but if it be sold in parcels the said right shall be adjudicated ^ amongBt the respective purchasers by the committee ori their successors jointly with the trustees of tb . 6 township lands , by a majority of at least twothirds in number and vsdue . 36 th . —That each member pay threepence per month for every ten acres lui subscribed for , towards the expenses of seeding out persons to select and purchase the land , surveyiEir , dividing , and other incidental expenses , until the whole be completed , and the full amount of ssid expen&es discharged .
37 th . —That persons wishing to retire from this society § be allowed to dispose of their lots to any other person , with thB consent of the committee ; the purchaser thereof making cooa all arrears , if any , or to be liable to the same in like manner as the original proprietor would hT ? e been . 38 th . —That if any lot or lots of land remain two years unclaimed , or unoccupied , after the adjudication or apportioning of tbe same , they shall be forfeited and merge in the gpnrral property , because this is not a scheme or specula tion of profit by purchasing land with a view of gain by tbe improvements of others , but as a means of bettering the condition of the industrious , by awtual simultaneous exertion .
39 tb- —That none fcai persons of known good reputation , and of sober and industrious habits , be encouraged to join this society ; this is essential .
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* AH along Bb . ieh caral there would be powerful ¦ waterfalls down to the river again , of different degrees of elevation , more especially at the terminus in the town , "where they might probably range from twenty to thirty or forty feet , ¦ with a constant head of water in the reservoir so as to be at all times preserved from the power of frost . f If a sufficiently powerful river be selected , which may doubtless ba found either upon the Mississippi or Wisconsin rivers in the territory of Wisconsin ; the situation commanding the whole valley of the Mississippi by water communication , and its numerous branch navigations opening ont the vast territories of the Far West , as a market for its manufactures , of whatever kind , and tbe great facilities the said navigation affords for obtaining the raw material from the lower States bordering on tbe Mississippi .
. Iron ore of the finest quality ia had from the Iron Mountains of Missouri , where it is procured without digging for , merely taken from the surface of the mountains . There is also tho probability of finding coal in tbe Wisconsin or Iowa district ; it ifl already in inexhaustible quantities in the neighbouring state ol Pennsylvania . , $ It will behove the parties making the contract with the Government Agent to attend to the subject matter of tbis rule , as they cannot give a perfect title unless they themselves Sposses 3 it .
§ Before theyrhave fully paid up their subscriptions , er nave received- their title deeds ; for after completing their purchase , it is evident they may dispose of their property as they please ,
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40 th . —That although some of th « S 9 rule 3 are calculated'for the future , or advanced state of the aseoci . ition , yet las they Bhdwa proviaioa . for the same , \ % j 3 resolved that they stand as part of the code—su ^ jost nevertheless to revision—improvement , or even rescinding according to future circumstances , at any general meeting of the proprietary oalleU for the purpose- —of which me&ting a full mbnth ' sf public notice shall be given to the said proprietary previous to discusaiug the subject—tind that no rule shall ; be dispensed with , or become bifading , but by tha authority of meetings so constituted or called together .
41 st—Persons residing in any part of the country may form societies on these tulea , by sending the names of new members to be entered in the general register monthly , aud by transmitting their subscriptions quarterly , to be deposited in the Halifax Joint Stock Bsdk ; and for copies of rules , and , any other information connected with the society , application may be made to any of tbe ' follQWiag gentlemen , ftnd if by letter ' : post-paid , inclosing ! tnree penny postage stamps , i Mr . Pitkethley , Merchant , Buxton Road , HaJdersfield . ' ; Mr . Jabtz Todd , Giocer , Upperhead Row , Huddersfleld . Mr . Joseph Nicholson , Printer , Grove Street , Halifax . [ [ Mr . William Haigh , Gentleman , Wade Street , Halifax .
Mr . Thpmas Bewley , Gentleman , Setmurthy , near GockernWuth , Cumberland . Mr . Elijah Grabtree , Agent , Broad Street , Halfsx .
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in our own institutions , and all that ca" be culled from the Americana , or other sources , ancient or new , forming a complete establishment cf judicial , social , moral , and intellectual worth . | " Parhaps I niny be running along too fast ; but it Is well to have every possible combination of good in view , and to plan accordingly . Whatever is omitted or neglected in tbe outset is with difficulty afterwards brought into operation . " I am decidedly of opinion that agrist and snw mill should be undertaken in the first instance by ths
Association , unless some ' experienced person , should be desirous of undertaking it on his own account . Even that is not the moat desirable ; they are the two most essential first requisites , ! and ought to be at the command of the directing body . A short paragraph in our local papers , referring to some known person for information , may , when that information is complete , be useful and proper . When any communication on the subject ia committed to your papers , please forward a copy to my address . j " I am most . respectfully thy friend . "Thomas Bewley .
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nity of small tewss anri villages . Imagine then how much greater the difference must fee in the remote parts of toe United States where there are so tew settlements . I ha 7 e in the " Notes of my Tour ' given some few cases , especially at Chicago , of the rapid rise in the value of land , and particularly building ground ; and one instance where about a quarter of an acre had risen within a few years from five-sixteenths of & dollar to forty thousand dollars . This was effected by an increase of population , and the consequent establishment of a little traffic , which , with a moderate number of colonists , could most assuredly be equalled in the projected colony in a very few years , and which must induce the rich to invest their funds in the soil , and . also in , carrying out such improvements as may be deemed neces sary ' ; such as roads , bridges , canals , or railways , and in assiatihg poor persons to locate themselves upon the land , all which departments being alike sure and profitable investments .
Persons who have been engaged in agricultural pursuits ought to take a deep interest in the formation of the colony ; farmers feeing pre-eminently qualified for the object , while it affords the most ample field for the display of their skill and talent . The breeding and rearing of cattle and sheep may be tamed to good account , and fowls may be increased to any extent . Many have turned their attention to the breeding of sheep and growth of wool . I saw some cf the finest sheep I ever beheld , and I have no doubt bat the finest wool may b 9 grown in the Far West ; and for carrying on manufactures of every necessary description there can be every possible facility afforded . It is not improbable that minerals may be obtained in the colony , which would afford an additional source of Lcddstry and wealth .
The selection of the situation must be made with great care nnd caution , after the most minute enquiries and investigation of all the regions within tbe prescribed territories . The extent of land on -which to select'tbejlocation ia so immense ; the quality so various ; the difference of situation so important ; the existence of water-falls of . any weight and extent for mechanical purposes ; tha certainty that coal and other valuable minerals abound ; the knowledge that the difference between prairie and wooded land in regard to clearing and cultivation , and tbat part wooded and part clear ; is , with a good soil , no secondary consideration , nor that water and other cheap and easy conveyance to a good market must not be lost sight of , and that a healthy situation is above all other considerations , renders the trust of selection one of vast responsibility .
Tee extent of population gives additional value to tbe land , buildings , mines , and every description of produce . In the Western States of North America , . where the population is bo small , this ia peculiarly visible . To this the Yankees , by birth or adoption , are perfectly alive , which is made evident to every one who visits them , and who are one and all hotly pressed , by every argumsnt which ingenuity can devise , to settle on their land , or in their immediate neighbourhood . Wherever a town can be projected and designated by the name of sime European metropolis , or city of renown , up gets the price of land , or plots , set apart by the projector for bnilding , from the original price of one and a quarter dollars per acre , to ten , twenty ,
forty , eighty , and upwards , for one-eighth part of an acre . I have seen a plot of thic kind get up to 40 , dollars , as stated in my account of Chicago . In an infant town , of no large population , if a house is required upon rent , nearly , if not altogether , the amount which the building cost will be charged for one year's rent ; bo that by going out individually , or in single families , as is generally the case , the tax in this way upon Emigrants is enormous . I therefore prefer a scheme of " Mutual Aid , " but independent property colony ; whereby , instead of submitting to such heavy imposts , we shall be enabled to give Brother Jonathan a Rowland for an Oliver ; and bo ourselves enabled to sell building plots in the
projected town , in the centre of tbe colony , to our brethren at their own price ; or bouses may be built , as they do theirs , at a very small cost , and let to them on their own terms . And be it understood that while the town increases in siza and population the property will proportionably increase in value , and the farms and country allotments will be increased in the same ratio ; and in a very short time , with proper management , would enable the fortunate holders to sell , if they so wished it , at twenty dollars per acre , and that would go on increasing to more than doable the amount in value . This is no visionary picture , for I have seen it to an immense extent : and tte is one great source of wealth to the Americans .
The first ; public property in that colony would , in al probability , be a grist mill , next a saw mill , then such schools as might be required for the children , a post office , library and news-room . Every description of manufactures found necessary could be carried on by > rater power . Tho finest sheep could be bred and kept . Exceedingly fine wool conld be grown at a very trifling ; expence , also fhs and hemp . The mulberry ( and & new plant the name of which I have lost ) is cultivated aud many employed at their own homes in manufacturing silk frost the worm . Farmers , mechanists , and artificsra in every department of trade would be required .
Let it be borne in mind that I advise none to leave their native land ; I would rather they would rise in all their native dignity , display their own omnipotence , regenerate their fallen country , and , with it , themselves . Such a triumph would be wortb a universe ! Emigration schemes would ¦ lose their charms , and evaporate , while all would remain on their native soil , in the midst " of plenty , contentment , and happiness . Could I but discover one dawn of hope-HJOuld ; virtue and patriotism be so far united as to inspire my countrymen to make odo grand , united , peaceful , but determined effort * my paper , pen , and ink would instantly lay unused , and I should be found in the front of the holy band .
I work for those who love liberty sufficiently to cause them to watch ita enemies so closely , as to keep ona eye open while asleep ; who are ready at all times for the field of combat against the common foe ; but I bold no communion with the monsters in human shape who are ever ready to devour our species . Therefore I shall proceed to carry ferward my views for the benefit of the deserving few , in the anxious hope that my information and experience may in scmo measure conduce to their happinesss . ( To be continued . J
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Singular Suit . —The German papers speak of a strange circumstance , which is about to give birth to a law suit . A middlo-aged man was not long sinca playing pharo at Koethen . in the principality of AnhaH . He had beea playing for some time , when the card ho held won 1 , 000 ducat 3 . Tha dealer handed over the money , and inquired how ha wished to continue the game ; but the made no reply Repeating tho question , and reoeiving no answer , fie
desired one of the bystanders to see if something was not the matter witii the man . He did so , and the player was found to be a corpse I The dead body was taken away , and the dealer very coolly drew back his 1 , 000 ducats , saying that the game was a aynaUagmatic contract , made between persona capable of fulfilling its conditions , and could not be supposed to hold good between the living and the dead . The heirs have claimed the sura , and the matter has been referred to the tribunals .
A Wheeling Article . — Going to dinner the other day , we saw a little codger , about two years ' old , sitting in a wheelbarrow and trying to wheel himself . It struck us that many people in this world are often caught in the Bame act , and wo shall . alway 3 think—hereafter : — When we see a business man trusting everything to his clerks , and continually seeking his own amusement—always absent from his counting-house , and yet expecting to get along—he ' s sitting in a wheelbarrow , and trying to wheel himself . When we see a professional man better acquainted with every thing else than his profession , always starting some new scheme , and never attending to his calling , his wardrobe and credit will soon designate him as sitting in a wheelbarrow , and trying to wheel himself .
when we see a farmer with an over-abundance of " hired help , " trusting everything to their management , hiB fences down , implements out of repair , and land suffering for want of proper tillage—too proud or too lazy to off-coat and go to work—he ' s sitting in a wheelbarrow , trying to wheel himself . When we see a mechanic ran half a square everyday to borrow a newspaper , and may be h& \ e to wait ten or fifteen minutes before he can get it , we shall suspect that the time he loses would soon pay the subscription , and consider him sitting in a wheelbarrow , and trying to waeel himself . When we see a maa busily engaged in circulating scandal concerning his neighbour , we infer he ia pretty deep in the mud himself , and is sitting in a wheelbarrow , aud trying to wheel himself out . — Wheeling Gazette .
More Leeches— Pknsions—Civil List . —A List of all Pensions granted between the 20 th day of June 1842 , and the 20 th of Jane , 1845 , and charged upon the Civil List ( pursuant to the Act of 1 Victoria , o . Sis-September 24 , 1842 . —Louisa , Baroness Lehzea fin consideration of the faithful services rendered by her to her Majesty during a period of eighteen years ) , £ 400 . " .. . Nov . 17 , 1842 . —Elizabeth Deverew Kennedy and Anna Maria Kennedy , sisters of Sir Robert Kenned j late , commissary-general , ( Additional pension , in testimony of the public services of their late brother ) , £ 200 . Nov . 17 * 1842 . —William Wordsworth , E ? q . ( in consideration of his distinguished literary attainments ) , £ 300 . Nov . 26 , 1842 . —John Curtis , Esq . ( in consideration of bis zealous devotion to soience ) , j 6100 .
Nov . 25 , 1842 . —Richard Owen , Esq ., member of the Royal College of Surgeons , Hunterian Professor and one of the Conservators of the Museum ( in consideration of his distinguished exertions in the improvement of science ) , £ 200 . Total , £ 1 , 200 . G . Clebk . Whitehall , Treasury Chambers , June 29 .
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f I - ¦ 6 THE NORTHERN STAR ., j _
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The original rules of the Society were , for the purpose of improvement , placed iu the hands of Thomaa Bewley , Esq .- a member of the Society of Friends , residing at Setmurthy , near Cockermouth , Cumberlaud , a gentleman possessed of much practical knowledge , having resided some yt-ats in tbe United States , and devoted much attention to the subject The foregoing are thd rules in their improved state , subject , of course , tbisuch amendment as circumstances may render expedient .
Before I proceed to give those necessary cautions and instructions to Emigrants , without which my object would be incomplete , I beg the attention of tlio reader to three very important communications I received from my esteemed friend , Mr . Bewley , and which communications are too valuable and too closely interwoveu with my subject , to be kept from tbe public eye . I theieforo give them without further preface : —
No . 1 . Setmurthy , near Cockermoutb , ; 7 thmo . 23 rd , 18 * 2 . Respected Freind . —Having in tbe conrae of last week seen an advertisement of a published letter of Dr . John Smiles to yourself , on the subject of Emigration to the United States , I was induced to send to Manchester for a copy , which having received , lam much struck and animated [ with the correspondence of his views and sentiments with my own . " I have been a few years in the Stotes of New York and Pennsylvania , and in the Lower Province of Canada ( four years in the city of Montreal ) , but not in the territory of Wisconsin , though I hava heard much of it ; and which 1 consider highly favourable to the English agriculturalist , or to the English generally .
' * I frequently saw tUeir uative papers \ n Philadelphia , hence my decided good opinion . I h ; id formed precisely the same idea of a company of known ( te each other ) Englishmen purchasing at once a comprehensive tract of land , combining as much as might ba , every requisite for future application , aa to quality of land , climate , means ef transfer , water convenience bntb for mechanical operation and navigation , with other et teteras . 1 have been more immediately led to tbis speculation from the circumstance of having a few nephews who havei lost their parents , and whose prospects in this country present nothing but gloom , together with young rising families for whom no cheering prospect can be anticipated . They are at present occupied in farming and mining pursuits , and are healthy , strong , and industrious . ¦ ' I have had consultations with them on this subject ; and had formed the plua of going eut with them as pioneer , into this very territory , for some time before seeing the above letter .
" Now : the perusal has added considerable animation to my mind , and opened a much more extensive view of the subject . ; I should be truly glad to contribute tbe remaining energies of my mind to the furtherance of some plan of this nature which Dr . Smiles and yourself , with others , may concoct , and as introductory thereto , shall he truly gratified with your correspondence . " I have no family of sons , but have two daughters , both married , obe in Liverpool , to Robert Abbott , 8 , Elliot-6 treet , Clayton-square , and the other to Robert Benson , In Pi-esfcon , both wholesale grocers and tea dealers ; so that my own family inturests form ho part of my inducements , but an earnest desire to rescue my unprovided-for nephews from the difficulties staring them in the face in this country , as also to extend that probable benefit as widely as possible to my suffering countrymen . I have no wife living—am biassed with exceeding good health and constitution , with much of the active pnergy of youth for such undertakings—perhaps superior—being more modified by experience .
" Dr . Smiles appears to expect you visiting the States this present summer . Should this be tbe case , perhaps some of your home friends will favour me with the information ; if not , and this comes to your own hand , please favour me with your correspondence which I shall be happy to respond to . I am , most respectfully , Your friend , Thomas bewley . "Address me , to the care of Joseph Watson , Danker , Cockermouth . " 1 " To Mr . Pitkethly , Huddersfleld . "
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No . 2 . " Setmurthy , nenrCockermoulh , 11 th mo 16 th , 18 42 . "Esteemed Friend , —Thy acceptable letter of the 8 th inst , came to band on tho 14 th , bavins laid at Cockermouth a few days . We have not daily intercourse with the town .
" I haye paid great attention to ita contents . As far as concerns my taking active proceedings in proiuotiug the extension of tho Association it seems premature , inasmuch as I am In ignorance of your entire views , conditions , and regulations . " If you have drawn up any prospectus or plan of procedure , I should esteem it a favour if tbou wouldst transmit me a copy , in order to weigh the matter , and become fully master of your views of the subject , so as to point oat the atlvantages likely to be derived , and to meet tho inquiries atid objections that may be expected to arise even from those favourable to Emigration and the plan generally ; and , if necebsary , to make such additions as my experience of , and my acquaintance with , the country and the habits of the people may dictate ; Isubject , notwithstanding , to tbe approbation of tbe Association ' so far as formed , that we may act in unison . ' .
" As stated in my former letter , my views were latterly limitted to pioneering the road for the benefit of my nephews , but expanded on the perusal of Dr . Smyles ' s printed letter . As your absence has prevented or delayed intercommunication , so as not futty to understand your views mid intend ?*! mode ot procedure , that object seems now the most necneeary first step ; aud to attain which I am now fu . 'ly at liberty , as well as to devote my whole attention and energy to its furtherance , in active exertion , if the plan of scheme meet my view ' s ; as also in such suggestions as I may be enabled ' to lay before the Association for their
approbation and adoption , as it wiil be desirable and necessary to meet every possible ohjtctifn , as well as to give entire satisfaction in the mode of raising the money , its safe deposit until a pui chase shall be made , and various other pecuniary considerations : then the mode of survey , and equitable distribution , roads , reserve for schools , and other beneficial institutions and works , even though not immediately wanted , ought to be feseseen and provided for , with a very liberal and ample plan and scale of a town by all means upon the banks of a river available to navigation , and on both banks if possible .
" I am conversant in ship and boat building , especially a superior plan of propelling by steam not yet in practice ; peculiarly applicable to inland navigation . I have also been engaged in practical agriculture the greatest p . irt of my life , both in this country and the United Statc-s ; and I apprehend the most efficient service I could render would ; be in that country , in selecting ' a location , and arranging the purchase , &c , as the thing should be gone about with a considerable Knowledge of tbe people and country , with somewhat of apparent indifference , but as the Americans say , " wideawake ; " more of this-hereafter . In the meantime , I should bo glad if you would detail a little of your tour ; your impressions as you went along , both as to the country and the people ; the route you took from Montreal ; your interview with Dr . Smyles ; his sentiments in personal communication ; and tho locality you might have most approved for future operations , either in your own judgment , or in conjunction with the Doctor .
" Your friend , John Leach , who replied to my former letter in your abaeuca , stated' that two societies were being formed or forming—one at Halifax , and the other at Glasgow , ; but I have had no communication with them , consequently know nothing of their plans or progress ! I have preferred , as , it were , laying upon my oars until informed of the result of your tour : and am sorry to ; find the state of trade and confidence at so low an ebb ; it will discourage many in their views of emigration , for it ia astonishing how readily and eagerly jpeople , especially fanner ? , lay hold of every discouraging circumstance as on excuse for their own apathy . 'jalfchough they acquiesce in tbe opinion of the benefit of emigration generaHy , whilst property remains , they are cowardly individually and difficult to be moved ; [ local prejudices and family ties seem difficult to overcome . . ' *
" Although I am fully able to appreciate all your views to the utmost , it is notwithstanding expedient and desirable to f have one uniform code or plan of procedure , [ tangible , and comprehensible by all , and to which all may be referred . If this be not already done , it is desirable that it now be forthwith , embracing every substantial fact I . could wish us to make a powerful demonstration—a great master effort—one grand model settlement , combining all tbat is valuable
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JNo . 3 . " Setmurtby , near Gockermouth , 12 th Mo . 17 th , 1342 . " Esteemed Friend , L . Pitkethly . —Thine of the 3 rd inst ., and oue frpm E . Crabtree , Halifax , under date 1 st instant , accompanied by the rules of the Emigration Society now forming , came to my hand together on the 7 th . He mentioned having received the letter I addressed to th ' ee on the 16 th ult , and which he expressed had given himself and the society at Hairfax much satisfaction , jl may in reply , thank you both for your faveurable sentiments , and also assure you that it will give me great | pleasure to be in any degree " instrumental , " in progressing the society or its views . J " Siaco I have received the rules of the Bociety , I have elevated my time ; very fully to tbe consideration of them , and to their future bearing . I have analyzed them very fully and approve them generallybut aa they do not so fully embrace the subject as my
views extend , I have reconstructed them , returning tbe substance and adding what bath so far occurred to myself in addition . ; Win I have a little longer weighed their bearing io tbeir more extended forjn , I intend transmitting a copy to E . Crabtree , and if time would ptrmit whilst thou reicainoth at Glasgow , jl feel disposed to do the same to thyself : perhaps they might be somewhat useful to the society forming there , if they be disposed to form au union with the " West Riding ; " but this I must leave to thy better means of judging . An additional reason for uniting the two societies is the smalluess of the land allotment fixed by your rules , viz , 10 , 240 acres—it will incur nearly as much expanse in a person going out , selecting , surveying aud purchasing as a larger lot . ( I should [ suppose one competent person sufficient on account of j the expenses , or rather in order to keep them as low as possibly . )
I have fixed , and calculated according to double that quantity , viz , 20 , 480 acres , and have also varied the form , say eight miles isj length , by four in breadth , to be if possible in equalj or nearly equal halves on each side of some navigable 1 river , or one that can easily be made navigable for boats or steam vessels . ( I have previously mentioned my acquaintance with steam navigation . ) Steam vessels in America , are made to draw very little water , I shquld say two-and-a-half or three feet may be found sufficient for such inland navigation , as is here contemplated . " Then the form efjthe plot of land I have mentioned admits of the greatest facility to the most remote settlers upon it , as none will be over two miles from water carriage , and it may be further possible to meet
with some branch navigation making it still more accessible , but at all events , it may bs said to bring the most remote within thejlimits herb assumed . " Then tbe larger the plot , the less tte outside fence will be in proportion , j A larger association Will also rsduce the individual outlay , for unavoidable expenses in tne purchase , survey , | &c . I also differ from tbe rules in regard to the town jlot . I prefer its being public or joint property , for several reasons which are given in the rules I have alluded to ; and as the town let will necessarily have to be deducted from the aggregate amount of acres in whatever way appropriated ; the highways and occupation roads muse also be abated from the said aggregate ; it therefore follows that ful'i ten acres cannot be aet oui to each share . I have
therefore so apportioned these Bbates as to meet tho circumstances , and learja a balance as public propertystill calling the teu acres shares—*• original ten acre lots , " which I think will receive no opposition , as each individual will hava an interest and a benefit in the public property , and in its increasing value . And further , the present eacrifice is so trifling , in the first instance . The toads , at all events , must have to be abated bafoie any appropriation can take place , all this will more fully appear upon reference to the said coda of rules , which I havd with considerable attention and care . drawn up for the consideration of the society , embodying tbeir views us much as I can . with my own , as before observed .
' . ' I hope thou haa been able in the course of thy journey to find persons who duly appreciate the merits of the plan , an : l v ? ho will spiritedly co-operate in . ita completion . I wait with anxious desire to know what may probably be expected , ' aud should indeed be highly gratified whenever opportunity and place can be found for personal interview , j ** FromE . Crabtree ' s letter , it appears but few seem yet to have embraced the plan , avd from tbe slender amount of acres I should supppse ihoae few of rather Blender means . It will bs neceasajy , if possible , to have some pretty weighty subscribers . I should like to hear of
individuals , practical { agriculturalists , putting down their names for whole sections ; there ought to be a decided majority of that profession , for although others may become farmers , tuey wiil themselves labour under considerable inconvenience for years , that ia , in comparison with those more familiar with the business . Moreover , there is the necessity for men of capital . I shall with pleasure resume , after I hear from thee and after thy return ; and in tbe mean time , rest assured of my sincere friendship and interest in the project . " I am thy friend , " Thos . Bewley . " " Thos . Bewley . "
I have considered that it will be useful to the public to publish the Letteij , No . 1 , from Thomas Bewley , because by it will be shown , that with his experience obtained by an eight years' residence , he had , before the perusal of Dr . Srayles's letter to myself , formed a plan of going out in order to provide snch homes and comfort fer his nephews as he could not effect in their own country . The spirit of this letter is precisely what is requiredjto be infused into society ; while the views of this plain ! spoken gentleman cannot fail to enlighten and stimulate the mind to virtuous exertion both at home and abroad .
Mr . Bewley ' s letter ] , No . 2 , breathes a combined spirit of caution , utility , arrangement , organisation , discernment , aud kindntos ; and also conveys his end my own views of the 6 l ject to be attained , in a manner superior to my own . It likewise shows how the rules and regulations may be brought to maturity . Letter , No . 3 , ia iioJk'Ss valuable than the first and secsnd ; inasmuch as | it demonstrates the practicability and advantages of the ; ScheHie . It is als * pecifiiarly calculated to awaken a spirit of inquiry and criticism which mast lead to a beneficial result , if conducted in a proper spirit , It also shows the great
advantage which must accrue from the applfsation ef a mind so admirably calculated to develops the principles in a . 2 tbtir fceariags . In the person of Mr . Batvley , we find a gentleman possessing a mind peculiarly adapted to tho [ subject ; a man possessing cxteusive knowledge ancl practical experience , and who being frea from , tbe carts of family and business , anil secluded from the bustling throng , is enabled to devote bis entire thoughts to this his darling subject ; and I feel confident that I on ! y echo the feelings of thousands , when 1 say that I feel no leas proud than grateful for such invaluable aid .
From my extensive and multifarious communications acd correspondence I find that in many instances the Wm " colony" is confounded with tho word * ' community . " However , let it be understood that every property will be distinct , y and separately the property of an individual er family , or company , as tfce case may be ; bnt that no rule exists to ] prevent any number of individuals from combining jand subscribing for one or more lots , aud upon which they may form a community of goods . That is a matter left entirely to themselves , and to be arranged upon their own estates . Those who take 10 , 20 , 40 , $ 0 , or 100 acres , will , in proportion to tho extent , have proportionate interest in the property reserved for general purposes ; but that claim win apply only to the [ extent of the land , end not to the number of persons located thereon ; and each will havo it in his power ) to dispose of his property the same as any one not having entered a colony but who br . s purchased bis property on the common individual plan .
No other plan than this exists whereby a person can purchase less than eighty acres ; the smallest quantity which the Government [ will sell , unless at double , treble , and often ten and twenty-fold the original price . The money will be [ paid to ti e American Consul in this country ; so that no one shall have occasion to be entrusted with the fun ' ds , and , consequently , they cannot be misapplied . / The price is one dollar and a quarter per acre , which is equal to five shillings and pence-halfpenny . Tenjacres will onlj cost £ 1 12 s Id ! . ' not half the amount paid to many of the aristocrats in the ehape of rent ? for one acre , and from which the tenant is frequently liable to be ejected : whereas the consolation in this ! case is in the knowledge that you are settled upon your own land , from which no
landlord can remove you—where no one can demand rent , tithes , or Easter ] dues , and where the taxes are merely nominal—that yon are free and independent , and that every improvement you effect is for your own advantage , and will be [ handed down to your posterity . It is not an affair in which one is to profit by the industry of another : ] but a scheme for mutual and general advantage , each one having a voico in the government of all public property , matter , or thing . No speculation with ] which I am acquainted would afford on equal certainty of a large and quick return to any capitalist who migbt invest his money in the colony . It is universally known that even in Britain the price of land is very much affected by the numbers of the population upon it ; that in the neighbourhood of large towns the land is higher in value than it is in the vici-
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 15, 1843, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct810/page/6/
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