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OBGAMZATION . Ws presume inat by this time the people need not to be informed thai without Organization , they are utterly powerless , save for their enemies . The fre-< raerjt aiid successive efforts i » hich hare been made ferine establishment of s general and systemJzed Organization fihews that they are sJire to this fact ; while fke alter failm * xit every-plan jet acted ^ n , shenra equally the difficulty of framing an effective Organization so as to ayeid the thousand meshes af the law , purposely spread to circumvent ik
In oar paper or April the 1 st , Mr . O'Coxxes pnilished a letter Jo las people , In irhich he presents the outline of a plan of Organization ; -which we now rspnntj Because most of the .-other comnmnica gons on the subject which we have promised to lay before tjur readers , ma&e reference to it more or less , sndsome of them are mere comments on it . We wishionringihiaiinporiant matterbefore the people —BDwihaiweiMnk the time forgoing so hasaxziTad—in as broad and effective a view as possible tre cansfford Io lose no light upon it . Hence we give iie whole of Mr . O'Coxsob ' s plarv—id of the emendations and alterations therein which others
hare suggested , and their original hints and ideas on £ he mailer , In one article , trMeh , ibongb , of neces * sty , it must be long , will finis enable the reader to obtain aftHer apprehension of ihe many ~ bearing 8 of fliB question . The following is Mr . O'Coxsob ' s plan from his letter . "We request special attention io ihe nrsi . paragraph , as it embraces a point of consideration that should never be lost Eight of for a moment : — ** Wb akvkb . hate pocght ecjtjstice -rtth £ ll ihe weapons "with "which the i _ i"w . asms TTS , TET . We must begin to do it . I have no hesitationin saying thai the tors ©/ Er ^ flmA , if pj optrly
OdTB-imsatd , give , more protection io the sutpeci man those of asp ttiher coxxiry in ihe lotmcn tcorid ; xxd 3 HEBXPOBE , WE 3 TCST SOW DIRECT OtJB ATIEK-2103 TO TSEI 3 3 > SOPEB ADMTS 1 SXKATI 05 ; and fboB ^* te * 7 T » in end " » 21 be ona cf the mm objects of 2 ie new-system of management that I mean to propose 3 ms the protection of out par ^ , and ihe for thersnee of onr prSncipla . I sever did anticipate , and I think ire 3 » 4 no light to anticipate that an agitation like onis , composed « f so many elements , could be Tendered complete , * ficienix or even satisfactory , in its infancy ; Jmt "VTE HATE A SIGHT THAT OUB SACHXSEB . T , SF 5 CEP 3 TBLE OP SO ViW rXI 3 > SOYE 31 EXT 3 , SHOULD
BE KAI > S AS ZfSiBIT AS TOSSIBtE SUITABLE TO SSisti sg cx&cxrssixscES . That is , fio * where fhrtoiesied vAfh fresh assault , vx should strengthen owsdta u the assailable quarter , and where opportunities prtsad fhesiselrxs far a vigorous -move for such occasions , 3 IACHI 3 EBY SH 0 E 1 D BE 13 SEADIXESS , INSTEAD OF PAtSISG TO BEFLECT UP 05 THE BEST HEA 5 S OP jOxi . ce oa befssce . Could I then select ; a more iitting opportunity than'the present 1 ia submitting to yon the mere naked outlines of a project wbicb I bare jn ? win coatemplaSon ? We arcs ? be cxktraxizbd i—tte 3 TCST BE ^ nnTKD— -Tre ainst be prepared ; and , dbcnxall -we icacdhe tfiormtghly isimen . iO eacfe t ^ fter .
" I told yony ¦ when ia York CasSe , Uiat -we bad ihB 3 > B » fii to eieei a po-srer atHB ^ er tnan oppressen—a pnblic opinion stranger than lad laws . Now -wenmst hsTe z place of onr own to meet Io , and we unuSiare a complete carps for tie good management cf our tfMrs . 1 propose then to submit a plan to the dartist body Trnen I shall have consulted the leaders of oat party , fox the accomplishment of these purposes ; and ol which plan the folknring is but the mere skeleton . ** 1 suggest the propriety of taking & large and commodious Tftfli in London , to be fitted up -with all the necessary convsolences for holding public meetings , sad femdahed tritk dj&rent apartments as offices for conftprirnff OTU bnaDEES .
« 3 iat an ExeeafiTe , consisting of fire paid members T ^ nTI i » e chosen according to the present strangeicents Ihat ihirteencouncilHien , resident in London , be elected at pTifelic meatiags . *» T 3 ntthe Genesal Secaotary shall hare a permanent office in fee E > . end which shall also be the office of fiie ~ Eseea 3 are when they meet "That ihe CouecI * faan meet once in eTery fortnight nine to-consStnte a qnorusi . " That the Tngrn'hPTB of the Executive shaQ ex c&cio be Couni 3 men > »^ ma y si + ead at CoTmtal meettc ^ s and take -part . in any debate ; bat that they shall not hare a Tote as CouncDmen . *» ! that the Siecnti re shall 3 ay tbelr booka before the CcrancH at erery meeting . monUi
"Thai on the first Monday in e ^^ iy & pailic meetxag of th « Chartists resident in London shall be held , and before which the Tmtmtpg of all proceedings cf ihe Executive and Gouncumen Rfr * n be proposed for Tffftfi ^ nifltf ^ - « Thai ae Sscretajy ' s accounts shall be audited by ten persons elected by the ConncD belonging to the CfcartiEt body , but not members of the Council , once in nrfr , ^ nonth , and the decision -of the auditors shall be made kno-wn to the monthly pnblic meeting .
"That flie Secrefaoy shall bs remoresbie from office npon a Tota being taien tt a monthly meeting , of -which a ibrtnigfafc * * notice , at the least , shall be grren ; protided , after hearing the Paiges , two-lhirds of the persons assembled shall decide against him—the meeting I « -consist of six hundred members at lie least ; and in case the Secretary shall be removed , the Council shall appoint a substitute pro ion . nnta such rale as shall be agreed nponfor the . election of anew Secretary can be complied "with . *
« T >»»* no public doetoeni shall be issued by the ! Execn&ra ¦ sriihonfiist being snbnriSeJl to a full meeting of the ConncD , when a majority of tbe whole body—the Executive harhig votes—shall decide whether or not She document shall bs issued"Thai the Executive shall b 9 xeadsnt in London , and « W * xeceiVB a salsry of two pounds per week each-• ' That the Executive shall issue cards of msmbesiip ; and ihat no cs £ 3 s bstaasiEasitSed ia any iocaiity until psidlHt . "Thai s Treasnrer shiU be appsinted at tbe first monihly ¦ p ?«^^^ £ . -who shall give good secan * y , to the asieuct of £ lfiQO , for ths jusi discharge of Ms
" Tbatno ^ Ecapt but that of the Treasurer shall bs valid as a receirpt for any monies received , and that a balance sheet of the expenailnrebe published on the last Saturday in every month , which balance sheet shall be * nbmUtedto thenext public meeting , together with the decision of the sniitors . *» Ihataa Jeetaezs shall bs sppc 5 cted by a vote of the thirteen eouncQmen and 3 ae Executive , all having votes ; and a » t printed instructions shall be ddivexsito each lectmerioT Ins guinsnee . *« That -when aiecturer is to be appointed , credentials as to Sha fitness and character cf cssdidates Ehall he transmitted to the Executive from the locality in which tie candidate lives .
*• That jane half of all monies 3 aiTed from pay meetings rf the Ieebsiei 3 of the Assosaatioii , zfcail ba thB preperty of &e local brsEeb * -of the Associstion where such lecture shall be de&rered , and shall be used for loci ! purposes , and the other half shall be transmitted to the Gteneral Treasurer for genera ] -purposes . " That ao -pay meeting " frail he held t > j any branch Association , except at enca meetings as are convened to bear the lecturer , » xr some person Tesdent in the locality , and inownfo the public ; eud that the system of convening meefings to hear persons not well tnown to tbe people 1 » discountenanced as mu £ h as possible . " That local Jectnrers * HJ > be ieaio 7 eable in such Tnrrnrwr 33 fee locally to -which they axe appoiated » h 3 ? T deem fit , and of -sphich due notice ihaQ be given to lie Exscufive and ConndL
** That the sereral lecturers EhaB attend to Qie enrohnent of members after each meeting j and the S 3 cretary of the AssociaSon « HaTl hand the proceeds to the lecturer , fatfng his receipt , and snail write the result iy next post to fi ® GenessH Seereiaiy , and the lectnrsr shall , by the same post , transmit the amount by Tyc ^ -c £ Sce order . " That all disputes shall be referred to the CouncO , »» a shall not be published in ^ ny ne-wEpaper , except " ¦ Ka tfce concurrence of a . % least nine of the Council fflea , and as drawn up by them and having their signatots s Sxsd .
** Ttaa the Council and Executive shall also counstftntei D-fencBjandTIc&nPnnd Committee , and that all , grievances shall be submitted to them , and by them to j Jlr . Koberts , -who , I have svery reassn to hope , -veill in j the evs-nt-d the plan bang cardedout change bis resi-1 desce to London 5 and that no defence or prosecnVion j stall be Quaertaten , except -upon a mitton reccnimen-Nation by 3 itB 6 berto to Jbatefiset , ' Xhat all letters xeqming ansrceis , « l « w eantain a penny posa ^ e stamp ; and that all eoinplsints of neglect cf duty npon the part of the Secreiaiy or Execaja ^ e shall ~ be tisiuinittod to the President of \ 3 u& Council of j thirteen , ' '
" list trace in erery qnarta of a ysax , 8 a icm-mem- ; bets of Tie Esecntiva committee , shall make a cin-nit ' M tbeeonntryftS aS least one fortnight , one takin ?' lbs North , another tbe South , another the Esst , ' anujherthe West , and of which due notice tbail \» given . In Euch cases the members of ths Executive to T £ ceiva the addifional apences of travtiiiEg from tta Eev = isl localipes to -which fiiey are invited , holding is fcach locality cue metting , and no more . " Xux ? , 1 Uj to much of the und !? ested plan before jsn . Of Vtnse , I shall tafce connsel , aad look -sreli ; k . j ihe ti ^ Sty of every point ; as icy oljject is to jn ? & * -&Zii ~ -= a s i 2 sn ? f -srlacb uons saed 0 = 3 ess = Ily tlrani I tH = i ihe DuhTlfl mind is psapsied fc >? siich se ta-ysoiii ^ yn . I ¦ $$ ** the national stomach quite fittsslec . IcigesiiESit . -
_ _ , , , ^ ' ¦ ' T 7 e -ffenid isite our Hall a place for debafcng r ^ KBc qnerticss twice 5 n every week , asd thus {¦ t : ^ -n -r-pportuEity for the deveJopeinent of the J ^ s— " ;« -2 JZV 5 ef the -rrait ^ s classss . ** 1 s . ^ li ne i nist e ? PDy to reffnva air SEgsesBoia 1 -r- uzh ihs siar sec to haTB the aaastance cf all geed j si -. ' .-. c ^ rt ; n-g ou * . tGt 3 . our national obied . "
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In accordance with Mr . O'Consok's invitation , and with a similar one given Editorially , ] a number of good men seat in suggestions , which have been lying by us wailing till the feverish anxiety induced by the trials shonld have subsided and allowed the people to bend their consideration foil ; to the subjeet , We now give in successive order those com " mnnicaiionsj not entire , nox alwayB in the words of the several writers ; bnt a 3 mnch of tienj as is "to the point" expressed , as far as we know it , in the shortest , simplest , and most forcible manner . First , then we introdnec Mr . J . Kaisslet , of Lambeth , who suggests that , as the Executive are ,
on Mr . O'Coskob . s plan , to be assisted by a council of twelve , an Exccntive of three might { suit quite as well as one of five ; and so save to the country £ A weekly ; -which money ho thinks might be more usefully expended . On this matter of pecuniary saving , Mr . S . does not place much stress ; but h 9 throws out the suggestion . Bnt he insists strongly on the necessity of being exceedingly careful to elect : — An Executive that we can implicitly confide in , in
every respect ; it is net encu ^ h that we hxvtftonesimen —that we have good men , but we ought to have really intelligent men who have received a geod education Most persons arc sbj of signing papers on subjects Which they donot properly comprehend ; and if such precaution isnec&ssa ^ for the preservation of an individual how mnch more so must it be for the preservation of hundreds , which ml&ht be affected by the indiscreet act of an individual , and that person the Secretary ^ of tbe Executive Council . "
To obviate this difficulty he ' suggests that Mr . ^ Roberts be solicited to allow himself to be put en Ihe Executive with a view to becoming Secretary * and that the Chartists make it worth his' while in money matters io do so . Mr . R . G . GiiiMAQE says : — ; 11 There are some clauses contained in ihe plan which in my opinion would rather impede tbsn advance our cause . Tbe Council of thirteen 1 decidedly object to , because it Trill be falling into tbe very absurdities which every CbattiBt must , en consideration , so deeply deplore . There cannot be a greater evil in tke constitution of a society than for two separate bodies to possess the pover to stultify each others acts . ' I think ,
so far from the Executive being subject to any other body , they should be free to act , subject enly to one power—the pe « ple- If the members of tbe Association have fall eonSdenee in the Executive , why should another tody exist , in -which the people alsD-have confidence , having the power , to undo everything theotber has done ; as , according to the plan , would be the « xact position in which the Council would bs placed ; in regard to the Executive . These is ona other suggestion I would throw ont : that is , instead of the Executive being resident in Londen , they should perambulate those connties -which are as yet dead to tbe movement 1 knot ? that if funds were at our disposal , Vwe could bring the agricultural population into a union -with tbe
oppressed manufacturing operative . This jmigbt be done without incurring any considerable expense , and the maney -wonld soon be forthcoming from tbe new localities , who are ready to join us if made acquainted with our objects ; it is not tbe manufacturing districts that require so mnch agitation ; they have already been made to think and reason on the subject . Stern neces sity has been their schoolmaster . Depend upon it , Sir , there Is nothing that despots so mnch dread as to see the sons of the soil acquiring a knowledge of their rights ; and therefore I "would advise every man who lectures to the hard working labourers to impress upon them their right to the lane , in your observations on which , in common with many others , I heartily
Mr . Sum . wood says : — " There are several minor items in Mr . O'Connor's skeleton plan , such as giving increased facilities to the Executive , for communion with large meetings of their constituents , tbe constituting the Central Hall a debating fonun twice a week , thus establishing a Normal School for Chartist lecturers , would doubtlessly ee of the first importance . The whole of the above is piactreble 2 nd can be done under our present Organization . " And he presse 3 very urgently for speed in making all the necessary arrangements and . gettiag to work in good earnest . ilx . W 31 . Cottos , of Birmingham says : —
" I am of opinion that it will be anti-Democratic to allow two-thirds of a meeting to dismi 3 s a secretary , say tho meeting Jis SOt—600 can have the power of dismissing , may be in -opposition to perhaps 30 , 000 01 more members of the association scattered over the country . Secondly , I think and thousands will agree with me . that £ 2 jxsr week ia too mnch for the Executive . Thirty shillings , the wage of tbe old Executive . is , I think plenty , considering the present depressed state cl ihe times , and tbe low wages which working men are receiving . Thirdly , And as regards the Victim end Defence Fund Committee , I hope for the sake of preventing any dispute , Mi . Roberts will not have the entire deciding who shall be nt subjects to be
defended , 01 rice versa ; bnt if Mr . Roberts thinks they ought not to be defended or prosecuted , the Council a ; , d the Executive to decide upon the matter . Theseare my opinions upon the plan : with all otter parts I corcordikl ? y concur , and , as far as I can , will endeavour to cany them into practical operation . I could say re ore upon the subject , but others mnst have their say upon the matter . And , now Mr . Editor , one word to my fellow GhaTilEts npon one way of getting the franchise It is a tnown fact , that many of them are paying front 3 s . to 4 s . a week rent for their houses . Now ,- ' ( for the sake of argument and elucidating my motives ) eay there are 2 , 000 householders in Birmingham , ( which isa trifle ) in favour of the Charter ; and that they agree as
brothers ought , and sink tbemselvesdown to 500 householders , at a rent of say £ 16 or £ 18 a-year , two families in a house . The house taken in the name of one of thepsrties , the other living as lodgers , then you have 500 -Fotes -sri&ioaS saj extra expense . In fact , in my opinion , a veiy great saving would bB the benefit , beside the risht of voting ; tbe said vote being given -with the joint consent of landlord and lodger , to the canflidate whotfcey think fit . I feel satisfied \ if sneb a plaa was to be acted upon immediately , in tbe next Parliament , the People ' s Charter could be tho law of thelacd . My plaa of getting the frarjcbiee would work just ? 5 well in tbe election of tbe Town ConncU , aad place the whole Government of the country under the coBtroul of the > eople . "
Mr . Isaac Sowdes , of Great Horton , near Bradford , says ;—" 1 st—I would ask , win not tbe large and commodious Hall in London , with all the offices and fittings-up , cost more than the poor Charfigf a can afford tor the convenience of the Executive , in addition to their ( the Executive ' s ) £ 2 each per week . —2 nd , Are the thirtaan Co&ntilza&n resident in London , to be chosen by the London Chartists alone ?—3 rd , Can those ConncUinen be depended on to do the weighty work assigned them without being paid?—4 ft , Can the ExecnQve submit to being ex ojficio Conndhuen , and stiJl be deprived of votes as Connialmen ?—5 ih , Can they , the Executive , as tbe representatives cf the whole nation , submit . to the censorship of the Council , not even being allowed to issue aa address to their constituents without ; every word of that address meeting with tbe approbation
and sanction of every one of thirteen Oonncilmen ?—6 tn Is a London pnblic meeting a &t tribunal to mSke 01 unmake a Secretary of the Executive ot tbe National Charter Association ?—7 th , Will the various localities throughout the Empire comply with the demand : made on them , for the proceeds of all pay meetings ?—8 th , Will the localities refer all disputes to tbe Cenncil , and submit both sides to be silenced , except at least nine of the Councilmen , concur with one side , and even then tbe nine in ust set forth the zfis . lt in their own language , and sign their names to it ? and will all grievances be submitted to them that they may be EUbmitted to Mr . Hoberts?—sta , WiB not the Council have much jmore work to perform than the Executive themselves , having a right at any time to reamjTiR &Q books of the Executive , and even the choosing of the ten auditors , and a power to veto any act cf either the Executive or any locality ?"
Mr . Feathebstos , of Worcester , after strongly arging the importance of extending the movement in agricultural districts , as widely and as rapidly as possible , continues : — We mnst organise ourselves , and stand read ]/ io take advanlsffe of all chances . Who can tell what a day 01 aa hour ma . j Taring forth ? And now , brothers , II will proceed to show , thai ire must organise : and now let me state that the plan I prcpase has nothing olnewness or novelty about it It has been and is ( at Bradford , ic ) carried oui to a considerable extent in our beSy ; my only object in bri-giag it forward note is to impress it more forcibly npon the diffprent localities ; and to show them the advantages they
would derive from its adaption . The chiel end } and aim of sll Organisation , I take to be , the developing of our hidden resources ; with a view of bringing them to bear unitedly and . advantageously npon the governing power . It is clear that as long as we remain disorsardsed and dispersed in sections , we shall never attain apesi-aen so as to enable ns to oci with decision ] and . rfecL Organization must , therefore , follow hard npon prop ^ Edisns : or what we gsth er with the one han d , we ? b = il scatter with the other . In works on India , we rea * of a tree which flourishes in tfet < jonntry 3
esUsa the Baman tree , and which is sometimes of scca fa extent teat one tree will frequently Bhelt « a thousand honssLen , The branches cf this tree spread in . every direction , and when they reach a certain ; distanee from the main trunk , they descend to tbe earth , taksrso ; . and soon spread into a tree as large as the parest one . They again shoot forth branches , which spread , descend , and take root in tbe same manner , until whole acres are covered with them . That , brothers . Eiuai bs car plast . We must act frvm centres In fui-nilig new district ! , or organising old ones , we
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must fix upon some towns as a point d' appar , from which to agitate ^ an d send forth branches into the surrounding villages and hamlets . AU the places within a cirde of milesmust be firmly tmiledbpfrequmt delegate and council meetings ; and the district must be called by the nami of the chief place within xis UrnUs ; voA t&ese chief places would again elect delegates to 8 monthly coBsiir Selegate Tneetivg . tender this plan , the Wekti Ridin ? of York would be divided into ten aistnets . The Keighley , the Bingley , Bradford , Halifax , Huddersueld , Leeds , Dewabury , Wakefield . Barnsley , and SheSield districts , each having incsrporated with it tbe towns and" * iliages around ; and each having its weekly delegate meetings . Brothers , would not these districts be towers of strength unto us ? To bring tbe plan more individually home , I will take tbe town of Rochdale as an example . Suppose the good and true democrats—than whom there are not a finer
set in England , —suppose the democrats of that place to adopt this plan , Rochdale , as the chief place , would form the centre and give the name to the district The Chartist 8 of HoywoocL Littleborongh , Whitworth . Shaw Clongh , Scotland , and the other vUkges ( formed in classes of ten } wonld meet daily at each other ' s houses , and at their weekly general public meeting trould appoint a delegate to represent them at Rochdale , when , each $ unday , delegates from eash village , would meet and discuss all local business . I Would divide the whole ceuntry in this manner j and to crown all . I would have * an Emergency Committee' and a ' Reserve Committee , ' each of five , elected by the whole country . The first Committee to meet on any sudden emergency ; and to be for the time being an Executive Council ; and the eecona to supply the places of the first Committee , if arreBted or deemed unworthy . The ' Emergency Committee' to sit in ^ Manchester , and to meet on the public requisition of three districts . "
Mr . HinNET , of Sheffield , writes : — " I am not so vain as to imagine myself competent to draw up ' plans of organization ; ' bat as you are about to publish ' hints : and sugge&tUma' you have received from different persons , I send you my Ideas on one or two matters forming part of this all-important question . " That * money is the sinews of war' All admit ; tho necessity of a national fund none will gainsay ; yet in this respect the old plan has been feund to be altogether useless . The constant appeals fpr money for ' Executive — « National Defence— ' Local Defence' —• Nat ional Victim '—' Local Victim / and other 'Funds , ' has been one of the great mistakes of our movement One fund ought to hava supplied tne place of all these .
A Aatjonal Fond is the one thing needfaij ; and that fund adequate for jail general purposes , viz , tie support of the Executive j the employment of a body of lecturers ; the saturating the country with Chartist traets , placards , 4 : 5 . ; the defence of the persecuted advocates of democracy ; tho support of their families , &c , < Sjc , &c Such a fund ought to—must be established : but how ? " I am no admirer of the ^ Orgacizatiffln of the' Repeal Association ; ' but without adopting the odious classdistinctions of the Corn Exchange , may we not copy the good and leave tbB bad ? If three millions of shillings can be raised in Ireland for Repeal , why should not the same sum be raised in England for the Charter ?
" My proposition , then , ia , that every member of the National Association should pay a yearly contribution of one shilling , the shilling to be paid on enrollment , and renewed at the commencement of every year , and to be devoted entirely to the National or General Pand . Tie local expencea lntzht be defrayed from the profits of lectures ( delivered by lecturers paid from the general fund ) , ; voluntary contributions , collections at tho weekly meetings , &a Of course , I shall be told that the thing ! s impracticable . ' Take the advice of Mirabeau , my friends , and never use ' that blockhead of a word' ) ' the people are too poor , &o . The people are poot ; but if tho people desire liberty , they must make aacrifices to obtain it ; they have made sacrifices , but they must make more yet ! The despotism of a thousand years ' growth is not to be cast down in a day : nor will the gold-cased monster be slain with a few balls of copper . Oureneniy , like Bloody Clavera " , must be met with silver buiicts !
" Three and a half millions signed the last petition . Were the persons who gave their name ? , Chartists ? Were they in earnest ? If so , sorely out of the three and a half millions , one million might be found to give a &iillinff < i year—iess than a farthing per week , for the Charter ! ; " A million of shillings would be fifty thousand pockds . 1 question if there could not easily be found a million of professing Chartists , uho , by ihe abandonment of pipe and pot , c&old pay their shillings , and be great gainers as welL O'Connell demands three millions of shillings to cchicve his eljrcL Give to Chartism but one million , and we'll make such a breach in the walla of corruption that , without waiting for our storming , the garrison sha . ll be glad to capitulate .
* ' Upon one otcer point I wish to say a word . The system hitherto pursued of enrolling members has been far too ) sx- Tbe factious and the immoral have aa easily obtained admission into ocr ranks as the honeet and the virtuous . The treacherous factionist and drur . ken debsnehee fcava both pestered ub in Sheffield . Expulsion was the prompt bnt unpleasant remedy . We have for some timepaBt avoided the evil by having all candidates for admission nominated a week previous to their emollment , &nd the question of their admission decided by ballot The disadvantages of this system are that lecturers and active agents of the body ( performisg similar duties to those of the Reptj&l Wardens ) would be crippled in their labours of strengthening tbe numerical force and fund 3 of the general body . Might not the advantages of the old plan and that now in fexoo in SheSeld be combined , by the camea of all at
persons . ^ icinj ; their . shVUi&s being taken any time , reserving to the l * cal meetings the power ( by ballot ) of enrolling orrejecting as tLey might see fit ; in the event of rejection the shilling of course to be returned ? Or if there would be anything illegal in this mode of enrollment , would it not be well that whilo all persons paying their Ehiliicgs were admitted to tbe general body , that all local matters ehonld be transacted by local societies , distinct from , and independent of , the National Association ; and with the affairs of which no members of the National Association cculd have anything to do nnl . » ° g elected therein by ballot ? Ssefa a system would , I Enpjjose , be legal ; but any syotem ( not absolutely in violation of the law ) which afforded a protection to the leally patriotic and virtuous democrat from the contamination of despicable ruffians who are occasionally to be" found desecrating the name of Chartist , would be sufficient . "
Some of the parties who have favoured us with communications , advocate modes altogether difftsreat . Of these , Mr . &EOHGE Hi . ston , of Walttoeth , says : — I thiDk an annual Conference of delegates should form & part of our plan of Organization , to assemble alternately in Mancbtster , Birmingham , and London , in the firs ! week in May or June . I am sure the greatest advantage wonld result from its labours ; it wouid give life and energy to the movement The Conference should take notice of all matters relating to the tyelJ-beiric of the association ; they Bho&ld give such
ad-nce and direction to the people as the times may require ; and generally on nil subjects relating to theii moral and physical condition . The Executive Committee should make a full report of their labours to tho Conference , together with an Eccount of all monies received and exptnded l-y them . Instead of a fixed weekly payment by members , which many talented Chartists o jc ! Ct to , I would have each locality to make a collection &fc its weekly meeting in the first week in each caleodar month , and the whole cf the money collected be remitted to the General Treasurer of the Association . "
Mr . Joseph Fjrth , of Keighley , thinks a plan of Organization should be drawn tip and published for the instruction of the people ; and he give 3 tho following hints towards it : — " First—The nation shall be divided into divisions and districts . •• Second—That tbe society anal ! be governed by a President , Vice-Pfesideat , Secretary , and Treasurer ; the said officers to be elected at the yearly meeting same as the Executive . "Third—The divisions , or ridings , shall be governed upon the ame plan as the above . ' Fourth—Districts . to be governed in a similar manner- So that I may h $ better understood I wHl take the West Ridinjr of . Yetk&hire foi one division ; anrt Bradford , with Great and Little Horton , Lidget Green , Clayton , Thornton , Hannirjgh&m and Shipley , shall complete one district .
" Now let every part of the Organization be explained under its preper head ; that is to say " First—What is the business to be transacted at the yearly meeting ? " Second—What are the duties of the President , Vice-President , Secretary and Treasurer , and the Executive ? " Third—What are the duties of President , Vice-President , Secretary , and Treasurer of a division . " Fonrth—What are the duties of President , Vice-President , Secretary and Treasurer of a district " Fifth—What are the duties of the officers of one single Branch or Association . " Sixth—At what tiE ^ e of the year sh& ! l the yearly meeting beheld . . " Seventh—All thv division meetings to be held on one day . " Eighth—All the diftnet meeliDgs to be held a fortnight before the divisions meetings .
•• Ninth—The district , meetings aball be held a fortnight before the divisions meetings . "Tenth—Ail District ; Secretaries Bhall nm&e out a gaarteriy report to tho 3 ? ivision or Riding Secretaries , of all the monies that they have rteelred in their respective Districts , and the Division os Riding Saoretaries , shall make out a quarterly r ? port unto tbe General Secretary of all the monies that has betn received in their respective Divisions , and tbe Genera ! Secretary shall make out a quarterly report of all tfcat has been received by the society :, such report to be publiabed in \ hiNonhern Star ot otherwise . 41 Eleventh—What Is to be the weekly allowance . Twelfth—What is to constitute a Eiiare . "
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A number of other writers connect the Land question ; with their ideas of Organization . Of these , ; Mr . Thomas Bojto , who dates from Richmondstreet , Soho , London , sajs :- * m l' T ^^ Ifl t 0 m a new OTganfcation fc recom . mended , and that the Land question will be considered . I hopesome mode will also bef adopted to give all who are desirous of depositing tnoaey with the officers of the Association , every facility to do bo , and withdraw it when required . I am certain great good will be
The Chabtists op Hoslet ,. in a letter through their Secretary , snggeafc that a eianse be inserted in tho Organization to the effect that every member of the National Charter Association ( who is able ) PW one halfpenny per week , to be devoted to tho purchasing of land , implements of husbandry , &o . Houses might be erected uponjthe Land when bought as- residences for thoso who might be employed thereon , and a sound-headedipractical man placed at . the head , to give a proper direction to their physical jenergics . They are anxious to see some
practical plan of this sort put into operation . They believe that it would prove a great auxiliary £ 0 our cause ; that it woald servo as aa asylum to persons who might become victims to the present system of injustice j through their advocacy of tho cause of right against might , and that it would inspire the people ' s ( idvocates with courage and resolution to combat with tyranny , when they knew that they had something to fall back upon as a protection . Mr . James Bkanton , of Manchester * referring to Mr . O'Connor's plan cf a Chartist four-aores farm CommunHy , on which he supposes ten shopkeepers to be located , dissents from this idea , altogether . Ho thinks the shopkeeping class an evil in society , which ought to be discouraged ; and he suggests : —
" That in lieu of ten shopkeepers proposed by him , in his letter on the laud , of April 29 th , one surplus labour-exchangQ storo be established , where all , or any , 01 the four-acres farmers may deposit their surplus produce , . giving them a book , or cheques , for the same . If in cheques , the same to be taken in exchange for any commodity the farmers may want to the value of their cheques . : " I calculate there would be a large amount of surplus produce from 250 tout-acrea farmers ; and a considerable quantity of tbe surplus labour of others requited in
exchange ; by them . The cheapest way of obtaining which , would be to take a waggon load , or loads , as the case may be , to the nearest and best market , and dispose of the same to the best : advantage ; and at tho same time purchase with the money thus obtained such articles , at the first hand , as these farmers may rtquire ; and the per oentage allowed by the wholesale dealers would pay the cost of transit to and from the surplus labourrtxchange store . I would farther suggest , that all men placed in ttuat in this store should be servants , and receive wages . "
Mr . J .: H . Clarke , of Ledbury says : — " Never was I more truly gratified thaa on the perusal of Mr . O'Connor ' s first letter on the Land two weeks since . Convinced as I am , from considerate 9 experience , { having been engaged in practical agriculture for fifteen ) years , and surveyed sis parishes for the commutation of tithes , that tbe subject is one of the moat momentous investigated , and more important than any yet discussed by the working classes , and one in which they are more deeply interested . " Why ; if we allow a moment ' s reflection , we discover that all labour expended in manufactures , such manufactures being exchanged for the natural products of otter nations , is , in effeot , expelling or exporting
the whole ! value of the labour so applied , and lessening the general aggregate wealth of the country , by the amount of the exootta so exchanged . But if such labour were expended on the Land , the individual wealth of millions and , of course , the aggregate wealth of the nation is increased by tbe price of the whole amount of such exports . This applies to all imports intended for exportation when converted . The means of employing labour on the land would be increased annually by the whole priceof such exports , and as a consequence , a priori , would be forested in improving the capabilities of it , itnd thereby would tbe wealth of all owners' and occupiers be increased in nearly tho same proportion aa the transfer of labour from manufacturing to iroprovins the land was-effected . The first
business cf a people is to look after their own interest in their own country . Withost thoir producing their own iodfcpendenea really , as well aa nominally , by depending ; on their products of their labour from thoir own land , thia cannot be done . To depend on t-xu' -ic supplies of food is ANsn-rational dependence , instead of national independence . All labour expended on exports j / wreythaa ia expended on the imports returned , is juat « o mulch wealth fast to tile cation , which , labour wouM increase the ptnuanent preperty of ilia people if applied to tho land . The more tbe subject of ilia land is investigated the more will its immense importance be indisputably established . Mr . O'Connor has inado his calculations much below tho capabilities cf the Ian J . In this project failure is impossible . I coino to this concision by actual experience . "
Mr . John Colquhocn , of Glasgow , in a letter to Mr . O'Connor Bays : — " Your proposal to blend the social and political character' by uniting the qui stion of gettcng the people located upon the land with tfce movement for the Charter , hajs been rapturously received by the vast mass of the people in this quatCer ; in * isort , so ( ax as I have had aa opportunity of judging there la but one opinion upon toe subject , namely , tiiat tholaad is tbe only means by which the people can be tavert from tbe avaricious grasp of fortune-bunting manufacturers , bankers , stockjobfcera , and all other classes who fa ££ en on the present dogtavUng sjstem .
" Yoa say your present pltn can oafy be Gspeyimeatal . In that I entireiy agree with you * Without a legislative enactment tbe great macs of the people will never be provided for ; yet it is of-the . last importance that practical proof should be given , of a definite measure by which the groat body of our wctfcing population ean be raised from their present degraded condition , so that the desponding son of toil whose futuro prospects are giooray and ibenrtrending , who has it not in his power
to mafee provision agaiost misfartiuio , iufirrnity , and old age ; who possesses no means of protection against the caprice ; of a gold-hunting employer , and who caa eee tio mcana of relief , immediate or prospective under prssanfc existing circumstances : to such , Sir , your plan ifffiupported , as I hope it wj ] I be , by the intelligent , seil'Tespsctir ^ , nnd filave-abboring portion of your fellow ' Counrryjucn , holds put a haven of rest against toe ; deinou Multhusian storm of bastik , Q-odinsulting , man-debasinc system .
•• Yeu say : * the question >•! first phnpiples , will find a 0 room in your ieU , « i 3 . ' Here you arc eight ; you hare hitherto steered clear of these shoais . I trust you will ia future . The growing intelligence ) t'f an injured p : opie is a sufficient guarantee aguiuat the inroads of prejudice or superstition to teach men it ie their inherent rght to think and act accordiats ; to th « <\ 5 "tales of tht ir own minds , so long as they do not interfere with the rights of others . Convince than that it is a moral criina to gi ^ e unnecessarily the siigLteat pain toothers : then , and not till . then , will tiw human family enjoy that
felieify which originally piutugteU tka formation of civil compacts . " The most serious attention of every lover of his country ought now to be directad towards the great , the god-like object of getting tiio people piactd on the land . Let a ( Jevoted effort be made to gi ? o pi-jof of its practicability ; and spectators of ere ; y dsiiomiaation will be compelled to live by honest industry ; and their blighting schemes , l > y which tens ol ¦ fhnuxtnda hava been reduced to worse than Egyj > tian bondage will be put an end to .
** You suggest four acres as the amount to be alloted to each . Xtild point I consider must , to a certain extent , ha regulated tiy the quality of tbe soil . Fov instance . I know farms'in the West of Scotland pay £ 1 5 i . per acre . 1 knowiother spots paying £ D . Uluco may be considered extremes ; still it proves tho wido difference in the value of land . Fine rich soil , with an open bottom , suitable for potatoes , turnips , carrots , &c , must always bear higher ra \ ae than a bare clayey land , cultivated to itha highest possible degree . Besides , the 8 ituation of-the land alters ita value immenaeiy . I do not mean as to Its proximity to towns , I speak of its geographical situation , vrhich will , independent cf the nature of- the scil , evenly regulate its power of production .
" I ehall at a future opportunity , enter more fully upon the poict . I cmsitki- tLis the more necessary , as I fcnow that the land iu your native country , and in meet parts of England , is much more prpductiTe than that in tb . 6 N&rlh and West of Scotja-nd ! . " An Old Radical of Glasgow thinks : — " The OrgacizitioQ should be undo * the controul and guidance of a Council similar to the Complete Suffrage party . In this they have surpassed the Chartist body in wisdom . Lot ub i . ot bo ashamed * to take of theirs The
wbat is good , and reject what is b ^ d . business conducted unc- > G * r a lsirge bcuy , as Councillors , prevent these heart-burnings atd v . iin ambition in some , aud splenetic feelings ia others . We all know a motion « . f an individual up sooner becomes a resolution of a body of men , than it obt- « i ' . 3 qwite a different appearance with the public , to whom it becomes like a Ij . w to Obey ; tho individual proposing ii is loat eight of , Slid the resolution become the act of tho body ; not of one alone , but the whole Council , as it were , so to speak . "
A writer who sign * Jr / rm ^ a proposes : — 1 _« That the Chartists reor # rar . z 3 themselves imme diately , nnder the appellation of ?•" lie Land of England cud British Charter Association . . 2— " That twelve directors ba appointed to conduct its affairs , namely , three trufctess , thrse treasurers , three auditors , aad thieo secretaries , the latter , to be psid officers . : ;
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3— . " That one million of members ba enrolled with the least possible delay , and that they subscribe weefcly one penny eacL ¦ 4— " That persons oC both sexes of all agea , ana of every class , sect , or party , be allowed to become subcribets : the only qual | ncation being , a regularity of and acting in conformity to clause tbe 9 th . 4— " That the million ) of psneeor £ 4 , 000 thus wselsly subscribed j be immediately expended in the purchase o * freehold estates in various parts of England : no two consecutive purchases being made in the same county . 6— " That such estates be immediately divided into four acre allotments , aiid a cottage not exceeding a cost of £ 40 or £ 45 in iits construction , be built upon each . 1 7 _«< That each EubscTiteT givtB at the time cf enrollment a card , containing his name and address to be put in a bag appropriated to the county in whica he resides . i
8— " That upon completing a purchase ( which would occur every few days throughout the year ) a propetly appsinted patty should draw from the proper bag , the required number of names , and tha parties answering to the same , be duly apprised of their election to hold tbe allotment j 9— " That th& allotment or farm be held under a properly constructed leaW for 999 years at a rental of 203 . per acre . ( 1 G _ " That members elected to occupy the allotments , do so within a specified period , or allow other moaibera to take thoir turn . j 11— «« That members leaving their allotments cannot dispose of the same to day persons but those belonging to the association . J 12—" That a statement ef the society ' s affairs comprising its receipts , diabursments , &c , be made to appear weakly iu the Northern Star , or Bucb otber periodical , as tbe directors may think fit to appoint . "
The letters of " Gulccaus" aud of Mr . Galpin , our readers , of course ^ know all about . In reference to them , James Macphebson , of Aberdeen , writes thus : — " The great object of the present straggle being to increase tbe sum of human happiness by securing to every member of societjy the niosfc perfect ami eveahanded justice : and as this can only be effectually done by every individual having a voice In the mating of the laws by which all are j to be governed , so the great energies of the massesi have baen directed toward that object , as it ia foun < i embodied in that document called the People ' s Charter , j
11 Bat as the struggle for these rights has now been continued for about fiva years , and the attainment of them ia still apparently at some distance , it would be wisdom in thoso engaged in that Btruggle , that whilst they continued their txsitions with unabated z ; al and vigour for the attainment of tbe Charter , yet at the Bame time to loofc and see ff the attainment of some of the advantages expectod to flow frjrn that measure be not at present within onr reach ; and ia my opinion , a little reflection will soon satisfy tbe diligent
inquirer that much i 3 within our power , even as the law now stands , and that if we can duly prevent the enactment of new la ^ s . j mode expressly on purpose to apply to tha working classes alone , a course of action ia still open for us , which , if pursued , will insure , in less thaa ten years , our complete regeneration— morally , physically , socially , and politically . But indeed these are intimately connected and blended together , thai beforp you can effect permanently and well any one of these objects , you must necessarily havo accomplished all the others . J
" And It appears to me tint it is under this convietlon that thasa plans of Brlr . O'Connor , Mr . Galpin , and Gracchus , have been brought before the public . So far then we are all at one . namely , that something practical must be done . The only question to be solved is what that shall bo ; and in tfelis 1 agtee » Uh Mr . Galpin that the benefits to be derived must be clearly and distinctly seen . universal , and of sufficient magnitude and importance , and the means of [ procuring them evident ; but I gofartker , I . say that it m-ust be within tha power of the parties themselves to accomplish , without trustiug to others for assistance , anja that it mast bo of general , immediate , and smultaneous application to all its supporting members . I | is also myjull and deliberate opinion that no extensive support can be got to acy
scheme which is not under the effective controul of its immediate supporters , or in other words ^ that the expensive machinery necessary for conducting a centralised national movement will not ba supported , and more especially if such centralised machinery were to be placed under the direction of an irresponsible head . Such a course is , in ray opinion , diametrically opposed to the spirit of Democracy , which consists iu tbe v / ill of tho people flowing from the extremities toward the centre , where it may bejeither eoncentrated in the person of au icdividual or number of individuals , to whom the will of tbe nation gathered together from all its channels end ramifications would become law . ? ' But the course saggested by Mr . © alpin esactly reverses the principle , byj causing tho will of the individual to become the law of the nation . Instead of
the power and will of the nation flowing from the extremeties towards the e ' entre , and be ng there farmed into laws in accosdanck with that will , their laws would , by the plan proposed by Mr . Gilpin , be mere uvbitrary enunatio&B from the will of ta individual ove ? whom they Lad no eentroul . True , they taight remove him , ' but so long as they continue *! under SEca a system , such removals would be nothing moie than e mero change of despots . } " Eut Mr . Gaipin fcas said , that an individual placed in such an unfettered position as be has described , with all tbe resources an ^ energies of tbe roaaaaa at his disposal , and endowed with a -mind and will capable of regenerating mankind , would mafce a rsuch mor © rapid aud steady progress tcwjaids that end , than if it depended on tho conflicting opinion of e * groat number . Bat even granting all fnese great aud good qualities , necessary for suoh a purpose , wkich arc scarcely to be found ia' any individual ^ yet Mr . Gf . icus ' ; be aware that if tfco human mind ie forced on faster tban its
convictions admit of , let tbe objects for which it has ttus suffered violence be of themselves e ? er so good or deairable , yet the moment that tha impelling power h vesuoved , it will remain ] stationary , if , iadeed , retrogression dots not teke place . And of this wo have an ex-isuplc i : i liia advances and progression in civilization anrl refinement toresd ok fcbs Russians by I ' eter the Groat ; it being generally ^ allowed that the Russians fcave remained stationary as te civilization or improvement since the death cf ttiat individual . "New , althoagh few wilt doubt bufc that tho progress fsado in luiaianisiagj tha Russians by Pater was greater than if s publie opinion iu favour of ihe progression had Srst to bare' been created ; yet , if public
opinion ia favour of these principles of progression had first baea created , although such improvement would have been somewhat longer iu taking place , yet once having began , they jwould have gone on in a much more natural aud [ steady manner , and would have still continued to advance in an equal if set an increased ratio , aud could ] not have suffered much by the death of an individual . My opinion is , that dependence on individuals hd p hitherto feeen the bane of mankind ; as , however much good an individual may accomplish in hia life , it generally stops at bis death , unless he has established a ] principle , which must rise ia a great measure superior : to individual influence , and depends fer its sixocesH on the simplicity of tha agents by which its great ouds are effected . "
Mr . David Ross writes thus : — " A . s far as I havo travelled I havo found the people anxiously lookiDg forward to some such practical de \ elopeuiwit of our principles aa would yield to them soms true advantage—some positive good . Men are tired of unceasing agitation ; of again rereading the same devious path of uncertainties , only to be again attended with future disappointments . Having learned so much of the opinion of the public , I jtiave ventured ( in the course of my lectures for the last six months ) to lay down certain plans f < r tho obtainment of small plots of land .. upon the plaa ef Home Colon ' zition . Iu every locality I found the people most j willing to embark in this good undertaking . I have hitherto cenflned myself to general remarks upon the sahjact , believing that as
soon as the trials terminated jsomething would bd done That time has now arrived , and I find myself called upon for some explanation , more thau I am at present able to give . I don't wish to lead tbe public mind astray , by giving my own unwarranted opinion . I want eome authority ( better than my o ' wn ) for wbat I do . We must have order in all our 1 arrangements . -We must have one fixsd point to which to steer j and being , as I am , isolated and cut off from all communication with those parties who might else enlighten me upon this fubjeot , I am led to hope thajt you will afford me such information relativo to the plans about to be adopted iu furtherance of the great design , as well as the means to be employed in carrying out tha same , &b will enable ma to discharge my obligation ! to tho public in a becoming and useful manner . !
" By making a bold and vigorous effort I believe we cm place Chartism in such a position as to claim respect tvi n from its very enemies ; but this can only be effected by demonstrative probf of its general utility , nor can a better plan be devised for ameliorating the present condition of the unemployed , than by placing as many as possible upon tbe Land . « ' With Mr . O'Connor's plan of the new Executive Committee , its duties aad obligations , I entirely concur . I moreover think the plan for superintending the labours of tha lecturers an admirable o * ne at the present time I hear frequent complaints relative to the evil of allo ' wivg men to perambulate the country , without authority and without invitation , from tbe committees . Nor does the evil rest here—for it is possible for men to palm themselves upon the public , who were never identified with tbe movement ; and yet the Chartist cause will be beld r . sponsible for whatever errors they may commit whether intentional or not . '
" Ia conclusion I may likewiue add , that if some special instructions were pven to each of our lecturers ; I tbinfc the value of thsir services would be enhanced very considerably , and the cause materially benefitted thereby . "
We now introduce , and commend to especial consideratioti , tho following sensible , rational , and well written letter , from a gentleman whom wo believe to be aa true a patriot as W . We give this communication , entire : —
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ORGANIZATION . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . " London , April 3 , 1843 . " SIR , —I have read with interest , in the lasfc number cf your spirited journal , a proposal to unite tha people of this country in ona voica , to obtain the Charter , as a means of political emancipation ; and I believe that nothing less than such a union will induce tha Government to listen to the people , or moke an effsrfe to protect them from increasing misery . You invite your friends to offer their opinions of the plan proposed , and make suggestions ; and though you may parhaps expect that all such observations should bo Etiictiy confined to the political bearing of tfcOyqaSBtion , 1 beg leave to offer a few remarks on the general bearing o 2 the union , and the end proposed ; my object being to strengthen the movement by harmonizing different opinions in one general concert ; of principle .
" It is acknowledged by all , that the people have been weakened in their movement , by divisions of opinion on minor and secondary questions ; and if Uub could ba prevented for the future , the result would be important ; and therefore I propose to Mr . OConuor , and the Chartist body in general , tLiat the plan of union should be made as comprehensive as possible , that all who are sincerely devoted to the interacts of the labouring people , may unita as one phalanx of an industrial army , determined to obtain their rights as men , and to protect their only properly , thoir labour , agaiost tha silent invasions of monopoly ia legislation , and machinery aDft land . This uaion is not to fee obtained by sinking differences of opinion ; for people will not sink these differences : but by jiarmonizixg them , in toleration and a liberal spirit of concert ; and this may ba effected by stating claarly , the ONE great ptineipte in which they all agtee , aud the various secondary . questions on which they should agree to differ without weakening the union by tfa ? se differences .
' I believe that all agree with regard to the CH AltTER aa a MEiNS of obtaining the people ' s tights !; anol the LAND is the END they have in view , when the Charter has become the law . I propose then that the United Chartists of Grsat Britain and Ireland * * should stete to the world , the nature cf the Means and of the End they bavo in vl&w ; that men of property , and timid people generally , should not regard ! the Chartist body aa a party struggling for power to disorganize society and introduce a reign of terror . " I shall offijr no remarks on tho Organization of tha Executive , as I have no doubt that Mr . O'Connor and bis friends will do that part of the business well ; but I will Bla ' . e my views , with you permission , of what should be incorporated in ike general plan of union ,
particularly with regard to the EN"D all have in view—the elevation of the people . Hitherto , the agitation for the Charter has betsn too exclusively political , I think ; and , should ba uow enlarged to a universal scale of action ; which includes religious , social , and industrial improvement . For this End I propose , then , that the paopla of-Great Britain and Ireland form one general union , or a peacefully united industrial army to destroy all false monopolies which are injurious to the interests of the labouring millions , who have no other property in tha world but that of mental or manual labour ; aud E further propose that thi 3 industrial ormy of psaca should ba formed t / f various opinions , rallied , in particular bodies , round ONE general standard , as different corps employing different weapons , artillery , iifie 3 .
swords and bayenets , rally round one military standard in national warfare . The one general standard of this peaceful industrial army then , to be the CHARTER ; and ait the different sects of opinion to rally round the standard , to fight tha psaeefnl battle of opinion to obtain tho people ' s rights . The Charter is the first thing to be bo obtained as a MEANS to aa END ; and all parties are to agitate for this before they make a general effort for a farther object . All should agree unanimously on this ONE point , the first iu order of time and unity of action . ; the political part of tho great battle of the people against monopoly and slavery On this , all can a gree , and should , and I hope will . Now comos the question of differences with regard ! t < j tha END of tha first grtit movement of l
the ¦ moral aimy : for tho Chatter wilonly put the people In possession of the citadel of legislation ; and when they have gained p&sSession of that citadel , tho battle for the Charter will ba over , but not the battle for tho soeis ) , and j-el : jious , and industrial elevation of tho millions ; and the Ganerals o £ the great industrial peaceful airny of tha people , now about to be re-orgauizid , Ebould toy down their plan of the whole campaign from beginning to end , that tha victory may be final , and tha people thoroughly emancipated from political , and social , and industrial degradation . The citadel of legislation may be stormed , then , morally , by one massivo phalanx of opinion under the banner of the Charter ; but different corps must ba formed to harmonise the various opinions concerning the best means of obtaining the Land , as the basis of improvement for
the millions . When the Chatter has been gained , the Land must be obtained : and there ara different opinions in society with regard to tha best meana of locating the people on the land for mutual advantage to all classes nn < A all parties . One plan has bsen proposed by Mr . O'Connor—the allotment , or mall-farm system ; another by the Socialists— Community of property ; aud another by thePhalanztarians—Joint-stock associations , in which labour ranks equally with cacital—in copartaership , by which rnsaos machinery ia nude to labour for tha masts , and cot ag&insfc thsaai . These ate the thvee general divisions cf opinion with regard to the land , which could not aat together . on that question when tho Charter has became the law ; bat Who migLt and ought to act together for tha Charter , with an understanding thai ; each of their plans respectively should hava a fair trial when the government of the paople derives ita power from the people .
" In addition to these threa parties differing in opinion with regard to the land , there ara some who do nob think it necessary to locate tha paople on the land ; but that Legislative Reform aloae , with batter Government , is all that is required ; aad some who thini that Free Trade in everything is all that would ba necessary to protest the people from misery . " These diverse opinions cannot be absorbed in one ; and hoQce it is important that they should ba conciliated independently , as varieties of one harmonious eoacert , for the elevation of the people—a * paint oa which they all agree in opposition to tha Tories , whowast
¦ to keep hold of their monopolies and privileges , without soy regard to the rights and interests of other classes , beyond the formal operations of a class-mada law ; aud also , in opposition to the Whigs , who only want Fi-oo Trade , that they may enrich themselves , by the labours of the people , and feed their little cattle , well or ill , according to the quantity of work they want performed by them as hireling slaves . These two parties want nothing for the people ; they want all for themselves alone , and therefore they could not be conciliated by the people , not enlisted ia the people ' s cause ; but all the others may and should be *
" The grest industrial moral army , then—the united Chartists of Great Britain and Ireland , might ba divided into five distinct eorps , for futura operations , after the Chartar had been obtained by one united effjrt , like an army containing a central division , with a left hand wing aud a right band wing , besides a corps of sbarpshootsra , and a host of nondescript followers of tha camp , thus .- — Y"A . Political Charfciste " \ „„ , „„* \ 1 . Socialist Chartists / „„„
CUAUTUT 8 J . pfaaianxterian CharUst 3 ( &AND . VB . Free Trade Chartists . J '' These partis may easily agree to differ with regard to future operations , while they gain tho Charter , as the first gTeat object of the Union ; and with an under-Btanaing that each plan should have a fair trial after the Charter had been gained , they might freely discuss amongst themselves , without bittatu 3 ss or opposition , the relativ 3 merits of tbesa plans respecti-rely , and enli 6 t th-smsslves in whichever corps they liied , for . future operations . Thi 3 would be harmonious variety in unity , benefiting a 51 , and tyrannising over none ;
i as ever body woald be free bo adopt his own opinion with regard to tbe land , or other rasans of elevating the religious and the social condition of tha people . Many of your readers ma , y not know what tbe Phalanxterian plan is ; and for thai * information ,, and witb your permission , I will refer them to a 'Letter to Mr . O'Connor , " wtitten by Samuel Well wood , a handloom weaver , in Glasgow , on the qaestion of the land , in wbicb , with respectful deference to Mr . O'Connor , and admiration for bis political efforts , he contrasts the Phalanxterian plan with the small farm system . The latter triay be had of any newsvender , or from : Cleave , or the publisher , at the office of the London Phalanx , Catherine-street , Strand , London . Price three haif pence . To the trade oua penny .
"I ara a Phalanxtarian , and I hops that the spirit which leads me to offat my co-opetatton to the peaceful army of labour to obtain the Charter , without saoenficing opinions concerning the be 3 t method of improving the condition of the people as an EJfD , whea tfee Charter has been obtained as a MEAN'S , will induce -those who prefer the Small Farm . System at the Community System , to co-operate freely in the peaceful struggle ; and agtee to diffe * with enlighteuea sympathy for each other and respect for diffarent opinions advocated with sincerity and liberality . TtdM is in fact the very principle of liberality and cordial uiuon for a general end j for people never did , and I believe they never will , agree in doctrinal opinions of religion or political economy . Variety Bhould , then , ba harmonized in unity .
# " Womei should fee generally prevailed urjoa , also , to 30 m the peaceful army ; if not to struggle in political antagonism , at least to join the social and religious divisions , -to promote the education of their children when the land has been obtained , and thus prepare themselves for higher duties when the first great atrugglehas subsided . ibglieve . Mr . Eiitor , that this incorpotatioa of the social and religious elements of progress in tbe people ' s Union would multiply its power beyond calculation ; and I submit it to you , and to yoar readers , in the religious hope of its adoption for the good-of alL
" Yours , in all sincerity , "HOGH DOHERTY . " In addition to all these , we have this week received communioations fram Mr . R . T . Mokrison Nottingham , and Mr . G . J . Haenjiy , of Sheffield . Mr . Morrison says : — Continued in our eighth page . )
Untitled Article
THE NORTHERN STAR- ( 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 15, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct810/page/7/
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