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IWARIUACES .
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^^^^^__________ — -^^ ——^^¦^¦^"™ — — Xhe Pobisait op T. Dn>:ce_-BE win be given to all our Sabscribera on November 19th. They will be
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T?iTZHUGH, WALKER, and Co, 12, Goree 1 Pi jJTy.aa -T.i wornnnl Hinnit r»ri T/»c/n1 a rltr I^ino
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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^ amps , large ronnage , the following Purts , viz . — NEW YORK . it £ P- > BOSTON . PHILADELPHIA . j |^! ik / and BALTIMORE . JSBHfcNEW ORLEANS . And which are intended to Sail punctually on their appointed Days ; they are fitted up expressly for the comfort and convenience of Cabin , Second Cabin and Steerage Passengi rs , who may save themselves the expence and delayof waiting in Liverpool , by writing a letter addressed as above , which will be immediately answered ; the lowest price for passage and provisions told them ; and they will ba enabled to go direct on board the Ship immediately on thoir arrival in Liverpool , thus saving tho expence of lodgings , and should F . W . and Co . detain tho Ship after the appointed time , passengers will be paid for detention .
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. ; FOR NEW YORK , LINE OF PACKET SHIP , CAMBRIDGE , Captain Bair =. tow . Register Burthen , 911 tons ; Tonnage Bunhen , 1 , 500 Tons . To sail 19 ih October : her regular Day . FOR BOSTON , The remarkably fast-sailing American Ship , SEVERN , Captain Cheever . Register Burthen , . 572 Tons ; Tonnage Burthen , 950 Tons . To Sail 12 th October . FOR PHILADELPHIA , LINE OF PACKET SHIP , MONONGAHELA , Capfain Turley . Register Burthen , 488 Tons ; Tonnage Burthen , 900 Tons . To Sail 8 ih October her regular Day .
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¦ . VOLTAIRE'S PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARY . COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME . fT HIS * CELEBRATED WORK is now publish--L iu ( f , in Penny Numbers , and Fourpenr . y Parts , and will comprise the whole of the Six Volumes , now charged £ 2 103 ., without mutilation or abridgement- It is printed in Crown 8 \ ro ., double Columns , with new Type , small , but very plain , and will make a handsome Volume , fit lor any Collection of Books . May be had of all Booksellers and Vendors of popular Periodicals . The Philosophical Dictionary will be cpmpk-ted in about One Hundred and Twenty Numbers , of which Twenty-four are now issued , or in Six Parts , at Fourpence each .
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in the hands of all the Agents by November 16 th ,-and by about September 24 th , ¦ w e shall have sufficient of Daneombe ' s printed to supply those Agents ¦ who desire to hare bcth Plates in one parcel . The charge for the Star on the day the Portrait of Buncombe is distributed -will be the gsjne &s the charge for it on the day the Petition Piate is delivered .
IHE Petition Plates are not yet ready for our Lancashire Subscribers ; but as soon as received they ¦ will be forwarded , fhoae for all the other Agents haTe been forwarded . The price of the Star when each Subscriber receives his Plate is is ., and no more . The Agents are allowed a per centage open beth the Paper and the Piste , to coyer carriage expences : they can , therefore , net haTe any excuse for charging more . . >^~ v All- Agexts who haTe receiTed their accounts * are requested to send the amount due by return of
Pate , Padiham . —Five Shilling . Chalmers , Leith . —Call at Drummond's for PUtes JOH > " Philp . — Call st Eime plats . BaIlet and Sox , Cockesmouth . —ELclosed to Arthur , Carlisle . T . "Bolbeook , Abebgatesxt . —We cannot take post stamps for such "inn ; if he "wishes to do 'without posl-i&ce order , send half a sovereign . The plates are forwarded to Monmouth . y ? , VfiLKiysos , SoriH Shields . —Send them by post to this tfflee .
FOE THE XATIOSAi DEFENCE FUSE . £ S . d . From a few friends at Wellington Funndry ; .. 0 15 a Rsdical , Leeds 0 0 6 " the Chartists of Leeds 1 10 0 * the Chartists of Birstal" ( light half-** sovereign ) .. 098 G . H ., Leeds ' ... 0 0 6 Z . D- Fryer , Halton « ... 0 1 0 " the Chartists of Holme Lace , Tong .., 040 * " a few friends at a mill in
Heckmondwifce 0 19 „ Littlctown 0-5 0 ** the Chartists of Hunslet 0 10 0 ~ the mtn of Elland , per E . Clayton ... 0 , 3 0 ~ the Chartists of Yew Green 0 5 0 Collected at Lcckwood , by D . Gledhill ... 0 6 0 From three friends , Huddersfield 0 0 10 „ the Bristol Youths 0 5 0 ~ F- Gibson , Bristol ... 0 10 ~ Stockton , collected by J . Umpleoy ... 1 15 3 Z a few -working men at Bnrton Mills ... 0 2 0 Z Kettcring 0 9 0 Z a few friends , Dunfermline 0 10 Z a few friends of democracy , Torquay ... _ . 0 , 6 6 Z the Chartists of B-lton ' 0 10 9 _ Chepfctow friends ... 040 a few Chartists , Tonhridge Wells ... 0 10 0
FOH THE EXECUTIVE . From ilr . Colinson , Castle-itreet , Hull ... 0 1 0 _ Ch-pstow friends " ... 040 FOS COOPEE ' S DEFZXCE . From John Marsland ' ... 006 FOB THE DEFZXXE OF GEOSGE WHITE . FxtEi Robert Newhall , Jan ., Hawick , a deaf and dumb boy , edncated at Edinburgh , —a regular subscriber to the Northern Star , and a great admirer of its Proprietor and Editor . ... 0 1 6
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Iscons Tax . —In Kendal the number of blank forms is so limited that the commissioners cannot supply the town . One part of the popnlation haTe had their billet dovx for three weeks , while another part haTe not jet received these soft expressions of the Premier ' s regard ; and what is more amusing , the nnmber of applications for forms , declaring that their income is below £ 150 per annum , is so great that any supply of papers hitherto received is wholly inadequate to the demand . We haTe heard several parties state , that with their best desires to nil np the retnrns consistently , they really cannot understand them . Both Whigs and Tories are altogether ont of humour with this dose of the state phy-Eician . —Kendal Mercury .
A Letter from Cologne , 21 st inst ., says : — The town of Rheinbacn , which forms part of our district , was , two dajs ago , the theatre of a- great calamity . A fire broke out in the morning , and , owing io a deficiency of water , it soon raged with such fury , that before the evening half the town was in ashes . Fortunately a heavy shower , of rain fell at about four o ' clock in the afternoon , and arrested the progress of the flames . More than one hundred families are without an asylum , "
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^^ TEE CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT . —EXORMOUS FRAUDS UPON THE REVENUE . When it is remembered how well the country remuuerates the chief officers of those departments of the state to whom is delegated the collection of duties , and more especially those appertaining to the receipts of imposts upon foreign and colonial produce and manufac toes , the public are entitled to haTe as their ser-Tants the most intelligent and most attentiTe , and , ¦ without prejudice to any one , the most honest individuals . It will be for the public to express an opinion if , when we shall haTe brought before its nctice the raacy fixities , the frauds , the instances of favouritism , the attempt to screen really guilty parties , and the immolation of their dupes , the functions of the Commissioners of her Majesty ' s Customs at the head
department haTe or have not been fully and satisfactorily administered . The enormous frauds now in daily progress of investigation are not , in the aggregate , confined to tens of thousands , but hundreds of thousands of pounds . Indeed , it is said in some quarters that the revenue his suffered to the enormous extent of nearly a million sterling .. From " the series of notices it may be necessary to devote to this important subject , names of parties high in commercial circles must be deemed requisite to be given . The catnes of firms which are known to have connived at these frauds with the landing waiters are in our possession , with all the leading facts and line of examination in support of participation , as giTen in evidence before the Court of Inquiry , now sitting Hpon j this subject . Bnt , independently of the uon-perform- j ance of their duties by the officials at the Custom Hocse , in jrotecting , by dee diligence and ample con- j
trol the revenues of the kingdom , there is another consideration , arising cut of the long-continued practice of fraud , which involTes the interest and prosperity of the rc . £ lly honest merchant and trader . It must be clearly apparent that if four traders are carrying on business in the same line , three of them paying their duties honestly and openly on foreign goods imported , while ihe fourth , by a connivance -with any officer of Customs , gets his placed in warehouse without the outlay of the duty , or by paying infinitely less through the medium of false entries ( hereafter to be fully illustrated ) , it must be apparent that the former cannot compete with the latter , and though they struggle ever so hard to maintain their position , though they make sacrifices to effect sales , in order to keep their customers together for a time , still , in the long run , wholesale losses must be entailed upon them by the ruinons and fruitless competition induced .
It is pretty -well known , that as respects the frands now the subject of investigation , many of the landing Wdters have been implicated in them . The tuties of the landing -waiters are but little known to parties unconnected with trade , commerce , and water-Bide business . It is , therefore , proposed to illustrate the facts and circumstances hereafter to be laid before the public , by giving a description of their duties , their emoluments , &c . The principal business of this functionary is personally to attend the Iandirg of goods at the docks and legal quays . For this purpose he is furnished with a " landing-book , " denominated under its respective cbss , " red or blue , " the issues cf which take place from the registrar ' s efnea , and contains certain copies of entries previously passed ot imports for merchandise about to be warehoused or at once delivered . These entries are of three classes , 1 st , the " warehousing entry , " for goods intended to remain in bond ; 2 d , the
" prime entry , " which stipulates for the immediate delivery of goods , the duty having been paid ; and , 3 d , the " sight entry , " the object of which is to assist the merchant in cases -where g-oods arrive consigned to him -without previous advice , when he is permitted to have the packages upon the declaration that their contents are " unknown . It may be here necessary , with the view to carry the case out in all its bearings , to observe the opportunity these two descriptions of entry afford to these officers , if they are not persons of strict and unimpeachable integrity , to deceive and falsify the returns which , as employes of the customs , they are appointed to make of the weight of and duty on merchandise landed at their respective stations ; the interference of the landing surveyor , their superior , being required only in the settlement of taxes , or in the approval or otherwise of the value put upon goods paying at the ad valorem rate .
Having now mainly stated the duty of a landing waiter , it is necessary to add that the body is divided into six classes , with proportionate salaries . The first class numbers 20 persons , with £ 400 per nnrnim each ; the 2 d class 20 persons , with £ ZhO per annum each ; the 3 d elass 20 persons , with £ 300 per annum each ; the 4 th class SO persons , with £ . 250 per annum each ; the 5 th class SO person * , with £ 200 per annum each ; and the 6 th data SO persons , with £ 160 per arm urn p * rh As in the course of the investigttion into these frauds It has tppe&red that more than one of the landing
waiters implicated have also filled the office of " searcher , " the duty appertaining to that department must also be illustrated . The " searcher , " to use the technicality of the department , " makes- shipped , " the packages destined for shipment at his station ; it is a part of his duty personally to examine the packages , noting their correspondence with the original descrip tion in the cfficial papers , and should suspicions arise of ary exchange or fraud connected with- the shipment , they have the power of seizure and of bringing the matter before the board for irquiry and investigation . The separate dnties of these officers being , as is trusted , clearly defined , the mode in which the irre-
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gular and falsified entries kave been concocted , involving such loss to the revenue , will no doubt be understood in the cases of fraud hereafter to be brought to the notice of the public . The first illustration ire offer to the notice of the public Is in respect to the importation of silk already under the notice of the Board of Inquiry , bnt the charges of participation in fraud alleged against the several parties are so numerous , that it would be difficult to define them in distinct order in the present notice . It is , however , sufficient to say that that the one above alluded to will cUarly prove to the public how easily and successfully they have been carried on for a period said to extend over a series of eight or nine years .
The mode which is alleged to have been adopted in the wholesale smuggling ot silks , waa for the parties connected to send to the legal quays a case of toys , books , or any other French import of low value marked and numbered , say [ A ] No . 1 , for shipment coastwise , which , however , instead of forthwith being put on board , it -was understood should be allowed to remain on the quay . When the French packets arrived , a " sight entry" -was taken out for cases , marked and numbered precisely the same as those prepared as befere stated , the contents being declared to be " unknown . " The packages were then landed at the same quay , for examination by the landing officer . Immediately this was the case the former package was recalled , by an order to re-deliver , when the cases by the French packets , which really contained silk were substituted to the parties applying , and the packages of books , ice , examined and returned for , duty in lieu of the cases of silk , the ship ' s manifest merely describing the case bronght over as merchandize , and thereby being ne check upon the fraud .
The investigation into these irregularities in the Castoms Departments have already occupied many weeks . The results , we believe , will fully bear ont the correctness of our introductory remarks , and in oui next report facts and names will be stated in corroboration . —Everting Star , r ^^^^^ f ^^ j ^^ j ^^^^^^^^^^^ - ^ ---
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BOCEDAT . K POLICE OFFICE , FLYING HORSE . ( Before William Chadwick and Henry Kehall , Esquires . J James Ashley , a Chartist Bpeaker , was charged with using seditious language at the meetings during the turn cut in this town , and exciting the people to riot . Ashley said , your worships , I should request before the proceedings of the Court commence , that the witnesses retire , and come in one "it a time when called upon ; second , that I should be supplied with pens and paper , to take notes of this case . They were granted , and a seat at the table .
Howarth Raby deposed—I live at Facit , by trade a mechanic . I remember the 12 th of August ; it was on Friday ; I work for George Hardman , cotton-spinner , at Facit ; the mill is within a hundred yards of the turnpike road . A Mr . Whitworth ' s cotton-mill is on the right side of the road , near to Bacup ; it is within sixty yards of our mill . I stood at the road leading to our mill . Betwixt seven and eight o ' clock that morning I saw a body of people come from Rochdale ; there were about 6 , 000 as near as I can telL [ The witness was asked to point out the prisoner . I think it is this man that sits here . ] A part of the main body turned into ourrosd . Ashley was not there . He was in the turnpike-road , betwixt the mills . I said they did not need to go ; there was no one working . They turned back to Whit worth , a small village . I steod at the top of the lane ; a second body came from the body of the people ; they were about five minutes betwixt . They went dewn to our mills , and drew the
plugs . I did not go down , nor did I see them draw them . The crowd was standing still in the turnpikeroad , I saw the people come back from our mill , and join the crowd ; the main body had started . I saw a number of the people go into Mr . Whitworth ' s mill ; my master told me to go and see if I could tell any of them again , and I followed them to Bacup . [ Here one of the witnesses came into couit , and waa quickly fouiid out ; the B ; nch ordered him to be taken out of the room . ] I did not see any that was at our placv When I got to Bacnp , the people were assembling together at a meeting at the bottom of Union Square . I saw Ashley there , in the cart where they spoke from . I did not get near to hear alL He said he wanted nothing but a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s labour . I heard it said from the cart that they were to go to Newchurch and to Todmorden ; it was not Ashley that said so . I did not see Ashley when the people went away . The people had sticks with them .
Ashley cross-examined this witness—He said , I did not hear you say any thing bad ; I thought it was a good speech ; I was not alarmed . Ely Greenwood—I am an engineer and steam tenter for Gtcrge Eardman and Company , at Facit . I remember the 12 th of August I was at the factory that mornir . g ; I remember some people coming down betwixt seven and eight o ' clock ; cannot tell how many came , I was standiDg at the fire-hole place ; the people came up to me , they came from the turnpike road ; two or three rushed past me and knocked th 3 plugs eut of the boilers ; they went back to the people in the road , and joined them ; there were 6 or 700 ef them ; they were going quietly away towards Bacnp . I did not see Ashley there .
John Stott—I live at Mount Pleasant , Proctor-street , by trade a wheelwright ; I rememer Thursday , when the mob came to this town , but not the day of the month . The mills were stopped on that day . I went twice that day to a meeting at Cronkey Shaw . At night , between six and Etven o'clock , there were upwards of 3 , 080 people present . There was a meeting , and speakers in a cart The prisoner , Ashley , was there . I heard him speak that night . I do not remember what he said . He said something about his fellow-brethren , that they had been Etopped from work by the people of Ashton and Oldham , and they must adopt some plan . I saw him take a show of hands . He talked about the distress of the conntry ; and he would show them whether the Repeal of the Corn Laws , or the Charter , would , benefit the lower classes the best A motion was put , and
carried unanimously for the Charter . He spoke of meeting at five o ' clock next morning , on the same place , to adopt some plan . A motion was put and carried to that tffect . I went to a meeting on Saturday , on the same place . It waa held at nine o ' clock in the morning . Ashley was there . He said , if all manufacturers bad behaved as well as they had done to them at Bacup , they should have had no occasion to turn out He mentioned a Mr . Munn , who had showed him his books ; and he fonnd they paid the same wages they did six yearB ago . I did net stay till the conclusion of the meeting , I went op at night to a meeting . I did net stay many minutes ; I cannot say that Ashley was there—( the witness stood thinking ); I think he was there , and spoke and commented on the wages question ; that night it was mentianed that they should meet next day iSimday ) , on the same spot and hold the
same . Ashley—Did yen hear me say anything against the master * ? Stott—No ; you said it waa time thai something should be done far the people . Ashley—Will you swear that I put a motion from the cart ? S : ott—Yes ; the sense of the meeting was taken by you whether they should stop for the repeal of Corn Laws or the Charter . Ashley—Were my speeches exciting and alarming to the minds of the people ? Stott—No ; I did not hear you say anything to disturb the minds of the people ; feut to the contrary , you advised the people not to injure any person , nor do any harm to life or property , and to respect the laws .
Committed to Kirk dale , on a charge of misdemeanor ; Bail wss allowed him ; himself in £ 100 and two sureties in £ 50 esch .
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DISCOVERT OF A bPY . Tower Hamlets . —Amos Treadwell , alias Jones , a member of the National Charter Association , and a member of the General Council , having been openly denounced by a shopmate as a spy on the movements of the London Chartists , a Special Council meeting was held on Monday evening , the 12 th instant , aad continued by adjournment on the Wednesday following , for the purpose of instituting a rigid inquiry as to the truth of the soul-degrading imputation , and likewise to give the accused a fair opportunity of exonerating his character from odium if innocent . Treadwell was prtsent during the investigation on Monday evening , but failed to make his appearance on Wednesday . When asked why he was absent he replied matters were so black asainst him , that all he could say or do would not prove his innocence . These meetings resulted in
the unmasking of as vile a wretch as ever figured in the annals of espionage . A starved viper that lurks in the grass awaiting an opportunity to inflict the envenomed wound—a base sordid thing , that for filthy lucre barters the moral dignity ef man for the degradation of the spy ; a perfidious villain who , under the guise of friendship , worms himself into men ' s favour and confidence , and then attempts tc sacrifice them on the sanguinary altars of Terr for /—a wretch who , in the language of Curran , wculd not hesitate to dip the Evangelists in blood in order to secure the reward of his infamy . Such is the light in which the Chartists of the Tower Hamlets now view the heretofore apparently active , persevering , and zealous Amos TreadwelL The following were the charges against Treadwell , which were borne ont by evidence so conclusive as not to leave { he shadow of a doubt on the mind of any one present
Firstly , that he went to an Inspector of Police , whose name , for prudence , we must withhold from print , and gave him a mass of information ( false no douit , ) respecting the Chattist movement in London . Secondly—That he has been conveyed by the said Inspector to Scotland-yard , where he remained for several hours . Thirdly—In consequence of Tread well's information , warrants have been made out against seven individuals . The Inspector has promised to obtain for Treadwell a large reward , saying at the same time , that if they had half a dczsn such men as Treadwell they wculd soon extirpate Chartism from the metropolis . Another chsrge made against this miscreant was that he had concocted , and endeavoured to put into execution , a plot to deliver D-. M'Douall into the hands of Government , and thereby obtain the hundred pounds , the
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the price despotism has set upon his bead . This charge came like a thunder-clap on the degraded tool of tyranny . His embarrassment , prevarication , and insolent replies , clearly showed the workings of a guilty conscience . The evidence adduced in substantiation of this charge was circumstantial , but so powerful as to furnish the strongest presumptive testimony of the nefarious design of the villain . Treadwell writes a letter to Dr . MDouall , which he takes to Mr . Campbell , requesting that he would forward it Mr . Campbell ' s suspicions being awakened , opened the letter , and finds that Treadwell earnestly requests an interview with the D actor , or that he would communicate with him by a letter , as he is the depository of information which would be of the highest importance to the Doctor under present cir-. ,
cumstances . He likewise informs him , that he has a sum of money to pay over to him , which at the present moment may be very acceptable . Now , on being asked what was the important information he had to communicate ? he said that , returning late one night from a Chartist meeting , he was accosted by a stranger , who told him that he came from Manchester , and that those persons who had Dr . M'Douall ' s entire cenfidence in Manchester were about to sell him . On being asked how he could promise to pay Dr . M'Douall the 19 a . Gd . he owed him , being out of employ the last five wetk 3 , and borrowing money from all his acquaintances , he said he had written to his friends in Bristol for money , which would enable him to pay
the Doctor . He usderwent a severe examination by the d . ffsrent members of the council , but every answer tended only to make his criminality more glariDg . The following resolution was then proposed , and unanimously carried : — " That this meeting having carefully considered the charges alleged . against Amos Treadwell , and the evidence bronght forward in support of them , are decidedly ' opinion that he is a base and fligitious spy , and therefore deserves to be scouted with execration from the society of all honest men . The said Arces Treadwell , alins Jenes , is a native of Bristol , a spare thin person , c . ' ockmaker by trade , stands about five feet four inches in height , age twenty-two , fair complexion , slightly pockmarked . — Evening Star .
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MID AND EAST LOTHIAN'S COLLIERS ' STRIKE . A POLICEMAN KILLED . — MILITARY CALLED OUT . Saturday , Sept . 24 th , 4 P M . The colliers strike begins to assume a serious aspect . I have just been informed by thocj on whom I can place the most implicit reliance that a policeman has been killed by the colliers , and the military sent for from Jock ' s Lodge . The particulars , as far as I am yet able to ascertain , are as follows : — It appears that a number of colliers waa met by a policeman at Edgehead , near Dalkcith , the colliers carrying a sack containing potatoes , they were stopped by the policeman , who insisted to know from whence they obtained the potatoes . They refused to tell him ; from words they came to blows . A dreadful scuffle ensued , which ended by the policeman beiDg left for dead . The whole of the police in the district were soon on the alert , who succeeded in apprehending one man at hia house , whom they placed in irons , and were
about to convey him to prison , when lo ! the news had spread , they were enrronnded by colliers , the policemen beaten off , and the man carried off in triumph , chains and alL To those who have watched the progress of late events , this will not be at all surprising ; the men on strike have been taunted and grossly insulted both by the coal-masters and magistrates . The following proclamation will shew ths readers of the Star the way in which the brave but muth-iDJured colliers havo been treated , and I ask if a greater insult was ever given to working men ? A few potatoes are stolen , ( which is the case every year , when there we no strikes , ) and the colliers are charged with stealing them ; it is then I repeat no wonder that the exasperated men , and the police should come into deadly conflict
The following is the precious official document above referred to : — Proclamation by the Sheriff of the County of Edinburgh . Whereas , extensive depredations have been recently committed upon potatoe and other crops , uow upon the ground , in certain parts of the county of E Jinburgh ; and whereas there is every reason to believe that those depradations were committed by those misguided persons , who , choosing to abstain from their ordinary calling , illegally endeavour to support themselves without working by plundering the fruits of the skill and industry of others , who do choose to labour for their bread , contrary to law , and to the great injury of individuals and the public . Notice is hereby given , that arrangements have been made by the Sheriff and by those exposed to such depredations for the detection aud punishment of any persons who may be guilty of such offences in future . Graham Speirs ,. Sheriff .
There ' s for you I what think you of that ? I make no comment—it will tell its own tale . Add to this : a placard comes out during the week from the coal masters , in which it is stated that " sober and industrious" men could earn from 3 s . 6 d . to 4 s . per day ! A greater or a more wilful lie was never told . Your correspondent has not the least connexion with colliers ; but I have it from most respectable individuals , who have every means of ascertainig the truth , that the average wages of these injured men does not exceed 10 s . per week ! Further down this same placard , the men are called " idlers" " unsteady workers" ! This is an old worn-out tale used by tyrannical masters , to prevent their men from receiving the sympathy and support of the public . Pharaoh , of old , satd the same of the ehildren of Israel . '
It would appear , however , that the black-hearted coal tyrants have been but too successful in preventing the men from receiving the support of the public . A great part of the shopkeepers of Dalkeith depend upon the colliers' wages : a deputation from the men went round to collect what they could from those inclined to give , and hew much do the readers of the Star think they collected ? Why , the extraordinary sura of 15 s . from the whole of the shopkeepers of Dalkeith , whose incomes are derived from the hard-earned wages of these celliers , while the poor Chartists of the district collected them upwards of £ 3 at a social meeting ! This will teach them who are their friends , and who are their foes ; and , I thick , should shew them the necessity of starting Co-operative Stores , when they get again into work .
If any further facts come out on Monday , I will transmit them to you . M 0 NDA 1 MORNING . The policeman is not dead , but it is Raid cannot live . Another policeman is badly beat . Horse and foot soldiers continue to arrive ; all is confusion—the peor colliers who live in the master ' s houses are this day to be turned out by the soldiers , their mouth ' s notice having expired . The horse soldiers galloped at that furious rate from Jock's Lodge , that one was thrown from hia horse , and serieusly hurt ; it is said his shoulder is dislocated , and one of his arms broken . —Correspondent .
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TO THE AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM . In beginning a complete exposition of the present system of legal spoliation and plunder , we address you , as not only the most numerous portion of the working population , but also that portion the most useful to society . The first great necessary of life is food , and without your daily and ever-rccurr ng aid , society , from the want of this important article of existence , would soon cease to be . In proportion , therefore , to the value and importance of your calling , as well as from your great numbers , are you entitled to the first consideration in this attempt to analizs the wrongs of society , towards the application of an efficient remedy for its evils .
Agricultural labourers , you have suffered much from the present system of class-interest and class-legislation ; none more so . Step by step have your comforts been abridged—your privileges abrogated—your old constitutional landmarks removed ; and yet you have hitherto paid but little attention to the causes whence these growing evils have arisen . You have not been politicians , but- ' the - too-willing tools of rapacious landlords , in their crusades against your more active and thinking fellow-countrymen , nntil , not only their liberties have been sacrificed , but your own ancient and constitutional rights have been swept away , and you now begin to aee as through a glass darkly , the origin of your downfall , with that of your suffering fellowcountrymen . You are awakening to a true perception of the " Condition of England question , " especially the political bearing of this great subject So , to assist you in your deliberations , to fortify your judgments , strengtken your resolution , and enoourage you onward in the path of political inquiry , do we address you at the present time .
It is said that men pay most attention to those questions that are connected with their sccial interests and weekly subsistence . A . s all cannot comprehend the true value of abstract principle , the tangible and matter of fact must be therefore connected and conjoined , that the latter may be shewn to depend intimately on the former—in which case conviction respesting the real value of that which otherwise might be looked upon as a mere baseless speculation is sure to follow . Upon this plan do we intend to proceed . Our motto is—Universal Suffrage , and No Surrender—the entire Peoples Charter . And , as at present , misery and privation are the lot of toiling industry , and wealth and luxury the reward wf idleness , while under upright institutions industry and comfort would be synonymous , and privation only wa'fc upon the profligate and idle , we intend ts > shew the intimate connection of these two states of social being with the present system of class legislation on the one hand , and the adoption of the People ' s Charter on the other .
Agricultural labourers , your own history furnishes an admirable commentary on our text . You have been the victims of this remorseless spirit of class-interests and party . And to show how this process has been going forward , how the small comfortable farms of your forefathers have been heaped together for the modern bull-frog farmer , the " manufacturer of corn , " your cottage pulled down , your commons and wastes enclosed and rendered tfee private property of aristocratic burglare , your right to subsistence on Ihe soil denied , with the other manifold evils under which you groan at present—to show these in as clear ami concise a manner as possible , and their intimate connection with the great question of Universal Suffrage , is the task we have undertaken in the present address .
Your true condition hag . been well indicated in the following extract from a speech of an old and departed friend ; one , who though attached to a somewhat obsolete and bigoted political creed , bad yet a heart to feel for your wrongs , and an eloquent and willing tongue to plead your cause . Michael Thomas Sadler , in a speech on agricultural distress , delivered in the House of Commons , October 11 , 1831 , says , " The system of demolition and monopoly , whioh has , in the emphatic language of the inspired volume , ' laid house to house , and field to field , that they may stand alone in the earth , ' has left no place for the poor ; none for the little cultivator ; none for the peasant ' s cow ; no not enough in one case in ten for a garden . The best of the cottages have been
demolishedspurned indignant from the green , ' as the loveliest of the poets of poverty , Goldsmith , singa . The lonely and naked but into which they are now thrust , for which is exacted an exorbitant rent , is destitute , both without and within , of all that formerly distinguished their humble abodes , is often unfit to stable even quadrupeds , and frequently so crowded by different families , as to set not comfort merely bat decency at defiance , and render morality itseif an impossible virtue . Thither , then , the unhappy father , when employed , carries h : a wages , which , with the exception of a few short weeks in the year , are utterly inadequate to supply the necessities of a craving family . Wages did I say ? Parish pay > He is , perhaps , sold by aution , as is the case in certain parishes , aSd therefore reduced to tha condition of a slave , or driven to the workhouse , where he is
often treated worse than a felon . Labour , meaut to degrade and insult him , is often prescribed to him ; or , wholly unemployed , he sits brooding over his miserable fate ; winter labour , whether for himself or his wife and children , having been long since taken away . Perpetually insulted by false and heartless accusations , for being a pauper , when his accusers have compelled him to become such ; for being idle , when his woik has been taken from him ; for improvidence , when he can hardly exist , he feels these insults barbed by past recollection . «< The very sympathies of his nature become reversed : those who would once have constituted his comforts and pleasures , his tagged and half-statved offspring , ( who cannot stray a pace from his hovel without becoming trespassers and being severely treated as such , ) aad their wretched mother , increase bis misery .
He escapes , perhaps , from the scene of bis aistress , and attempts to lose the recollection of it and of himself , in dissolute and dangerous courses . Meantime , had some peculiar calamity , some inscrutable visitation of Providence reduced him to this condition , perhaps he might have sustained it with composure of spirit . But he knows otherwise . He cm trace his sufferings and degradation to their true source . Ho knows by whom they have been iLflicted upon him , and he feels what would be their cure , and can calculate how little it would cost others , to make him and his supremely happy . Meantime , the authors of his sufferings are those thut insult him with demanding
that he should be quiet and grateful , that he should be contented and cheerful under them ! ' They that have wasted him , require mirth ! ' Not only are the falsest accusations levelled at him , but even the | feelings common to nature are imputed to him as an offence ; his marriage was a crime ; his children are so many living nuisances ; himself is pronounced redundant ; and after having been despoiled of every advantage he once possessed , he is kindly recommended as his best , and indeed only course , to transport himself for life , —for the good of his oppressors , and to die unpitied and unknown in some distant wilderness . And this , sir , is the condition , at the present moment , of thousands—of tens of thousands—of the labouring
poor . This is no overcharged picture , but much under the mark , and adapted to the tastes of the assembly he was addressing—parties always exceedingly fastidious , and unprone to overcolour anything connected with industrial distress . As the results of the " enclosure ' and large farming systems , and of the downward progress of your condition , we need only refer to the state of a few of the agricultural counties , which may be taken as a sample of the whole . The report of a committee on inclosures , in 1808 , stated , that the results which were the subject of examination in a tour of sixteen hundred miles , made for that purpose , proved that they hart been clearly injurious 'to the Door . An intelligent witness informed
another committee , namely , that on the high price of provisions , that he had himself been a Commisionor under twenty inclosure acts , and stated bis opinion as to their general effect on the poor , lamenting that he had been thereby accessary to injuring two tbonsaud people , at the rate of twenty families per parish . The reply of a poor fellow to Arthur Young , the great advocate of inclosures , ( though under regulations which would indeed have rendered them a benefit to ell parties , ) recorded in one of his agricultual surveys , is true , to a more or less degree , of every industrious labourer in England , wherever these improvements have taken place . To his query as to whether the inclo&nre had injured him , he replied , " Sir , before the inclosure I had a good garden , kept two cows , and was getting on ; now I cannot keep so much as a goose , and am
poor and wretched , and cannot help myself ; and still yeu ask me if the inclosure has hurt me !" Another , and a still deeper injury which it has also perpetrated , still remains to be noticed . Not only has the little farm been monopolised , the common right destroyed , the garden in many instances seized , but the cottage itself demolished ; and the ploughshare now drives over many a little plot where once stood the bower of contented labour . Suffolk , has , in the course of one hundred and twenty years , increased in population , including the great increase of some of its towns , as much as eighty per cent , and rather more . What has been the increase in the accommodation for the poorer part of the population ? Why , in 1690 , there were forty-seven thousand five hundred and
thirtyseven houses in that county ; in 1821 , then , there ought to have been at least ninety thousand bouBes . But there were in the latter year only forty-two thousand seven hundred and seventy-three inhabited bouses , the absolute number being eleven per cent fewer than one hundred and thirty yean before . The whole of six counties so selected , exhibited a result , in this respect , not quite so appalling , but sufficiently distressing , however regarded . Their population had , from 1701 to to 1821 , advanced upwards of seventy-five per cent , but the houses for its accommodation less than twentyfive . It is unnecessary to remark on what class the misery of such a state of things would be made to rest . Even in counties supposed by the Committee free from this state of things , " th' infection works . "
In a letter referred to by Mr . Sadler , Lathe speech already quoted , a Vicar in one of these counties gives the following picture of rural felicity in his parish : — " ' Daring the last forty years , ' says the reverend gentleman , ' four cottages only have been built by * * * , and even these in lieu of the same number taken or fallen down . The accommodation for the poor is far more confined than it was some years past
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The old parsonage , which I rebuilt when I came to the living , I found inhabited by four pauper families . There were * lso , a short time previously , five pauper families in two farm-houses , now occupied again by farmers . The want of room , therefore , has created the greatest difficulties to the overseers , and has rendered their office peculiarly painful . For several weeks they have been compelled to quarter a poor family at the public-house , two of the young men being under the necessity of sleeping in a barn . In some of the cottages the poor are so huddled together that the sight is m » st distressing , and the effect , ot coarse , very demoralising . Tee following is a specimen : — ^ , .. .
No . Families . Persons . Accommodation . 1 ...... 2 10 ...... 1 ground floor , 2 bedrooms 2 ...... 2 8 1 room only , 12 feet square 3 ...... 2 7 ...... 1 room ground floor , 12 . } feet square . Two sirls obliged - ' ¦ ¦ to sleep on the ground floor . 4 ...... 1 ...... 9 1 room ground floor , 1 bedroom 5 ...... 1 7 1 room only , 12 feet square 6 ...... I 11 ...... 1 room ground floor , 2 bed rooms 7 0 11 Different individuals , all females , except a youth of eighteen , and a youug boy . 1 room ground floor ; 1 bed
room . 8 0 9 ...... Different individuals . ' He goes on to say , ' Most of these cottages are in a sad state of repair ; and all , with the exception of the two last , which are pariah houses , belong to the lord of the monor . ' He says that he made application to the nonresident proprietor ( to whose intentional benevolence , however , he bears testimony ) , and to his agent , but could obtain no redress of this grievous state of things . ; as the latter had come to the determination ( a very usual one ) that not an additional cottage should be built—of course giving the orthodox reason for the refusal . " The consequences of this neglect , and the huddling of human beings together , is drawn by Mr . Sadler iu the following forcible and eloquent language : —
" Not only early and general depravity , but crimes of the most fea : ful nature are thus generated . ( Here the Honourable Member related a case of the most appalling kind , which he hoped would not be communicated through the UBual channels of information . ) But not to dwell on this horrid subject , what , I ask , must be the usual consequences , when different families are thus thrust into the same hole as a sleeping apartment ; and , immorality ont of the question , how can decency be preserved , especially under certain circumstances , in the family , in such cases ? But , Sir , I will pursue these revolting descriptions no further . Hurried away by my indiguation at this cruel and indecent usage of the poor peasantry , I had almost forgot one revolting feature of the system of oppression to whioh they are now subjected . For these accommodations , wretched aa they are , the most exorbitant rents—exorbitant in
reference to what they are worth ( that is often , literally speaking , nothir . g ) or foi the little patch of garden ground , when they have any , are exacted ; a fact which has been fully verified , both by agricultural reports and surveys , and by witnesses before your own Committees , and is fully known and undisputed . Indeed , it has necessarily happened that the more the cottages have been diminished in number , the more have their rents been increased ( a consequence which the economists themselves will allow to have been inevitable ) , till they have at length , compared with every other speck's of property , become exorbitant , compelling the wretched tenant to resort to the parish for the means of paying them ; leaving him , therefore , the disgrace of being a pauper , but depriving him , at the same time , of the relief he should receive us such .
" I now come to another principal bran oh of the subjact , namely , that which concerned the wages and employment of the poor . But on this point , important as it plainly is , time will compel me to be sort . When the improvements , aa they have been called , ( and might have been rendered ) in the agricultural system , took place , and the labouring classes were deprived of their little holdings , their commonage , and often their good gardens , they were told that the demand for their labour would be so great'y increased , aud its wages consequently so much advanced , that they w ^ uld be infinitely better off under the new plan . But it admits no longer of a dispute , that while they have thus been deprived of their independent labour , that which they yield to others ia rendered as for as possible lesa necessary and worse remunerated . In Bummer or harvest , as I have before shown , their work is indeed demanded ; but it is to the winter , the trying season to the poor , that I am now about to advert : —•
" First , the altered practice of hiring servants by the week , instead of , as was formerly the cose , by the year , has had a perniciouB effect on the winter employment of the poor . The report I have so © ften alluded to , when referring to the Northern connties , as those in which the condition of the poor is still comparatively comfortable , should have . stated , ( had the committee known it , ) that this practice still prevails in the border counties of England , to the equal comfort and advantage of all parties . Secondly , the thrashing machine has , as fur as possible , dispensed with a great part of the winter employment of the labourers , acti all the incidental expences duly considered , without , as far as I have been able to calculate , any advantage whatever to the farmer , or to the public I speak not thus as an apologist for the attacks that have been made upon this description of property , far otherwise ; but vrtth the hope of inducing the aericulturists to count woll the costs before they sanction , ( where it is unnectssery , ) that which will inevitably distress and pauperise the poor .
" Lastly , and to this particular I wculd draw the attention of the House , as of infinite importance in any view of the causes of the distress of our rural poorthe improvements of the machinery of this country , and the consequent transference of the simplest processes of manufacture to the large towns of England , have had the inevitable result of depriving the female part of the cottager ' s family of that profitable employment which presented itself , indeed , at evrry vacant hour throughout the year , but which secured to them a constant occupation in the winter season A late Flemish writer exults in tho
circumstance of the winter eoltage labour in that country being still preserved in a great measure ; and he attributes to that fact the comfort of their rural population . That is no longer the cose in England , nor perhaps can ever be again . Let us , then , be the more anxious to consider how we may compensate this great and neces sary class of the community , fsr this connected series of deprivations and misfortunes which have occasioned the misery which now overwhelms them . Thus , then , bave our rural poor been successively deprived of every advantage which they formerly possessed , and of every chance of improvement which they once were so eager to avail themselves of . "
All acquainted with agricultural pursuits and disposed to a fair consideration of the subject , will at once agree with Sadler , at least respecting the proximate causes of the distress stated—viz . the large farm system , the enclosure of wastes and commons—the introduction of the thrashing machine , and the annihilation of donieftto manufactories by the " cheap" system of large facteries and steam . Respecting the wages paid for agricultural labour , Mr . Porter , in his " Progress of the Nation , " p . 122 , states the following interesting particulars : — " Among the questions sent to the varions parishes in
England , during the Inquiry into the administration and practical operation of the Poor Laws , it was asked ' ' . What on the whole might an average labourer , obtaining an average amount of employment , both in daywork and piece-work , expect to earn in the year , including harvest work and the value of all his other advantages and means of living , except parish relief ? And what on the whole might a labourer '* wife and four children , aged fourteen , eleven , eight , and five , respectively , ( the eldest a boy , ) expect to earn in the year , obtaining as in the former case , an average amount of employment ? ' . £ . s . d . " The answer to these queries from 858 , give , for the annual earning of the man , an average of ... 27 17 10 And the answers from 668 parishes , give as the annual earnings of the wife and children an average of 13 19 10 Annual income of the family ... ... £ 41 17 8 "To the further question , ' Could » uch a family subsist on the aggregate earnings of the father , mother , and children ; and , if so , on what food ? ' Answers were returned from 8 i ) 9 to the following effect : —71 said simply ' No ; ' 212 , ' Yts ; 12 , ' Barely , and with out meat ;' 4 U 1 , ' Without meat . " This account of rfie rate of wages paid for your labour may be considered a very faveurable one ; for it is to be observed , that it is not what you really do earn , but what you might earn with an average amount
of employment , supposing ycu all employed . Other accounts state the income of agricultural labourers , particularizing Gloucestershire , Somersetshire , Worcestershire , and Wilts , at an average of £ 22 7 s ., or 8 s . 6 d . per week . A correspondent of the Morning Chronicle says , that few earn more than 8 s . per week , and that this , allowing 9 d . per week for rent , Is . 6 d , for fuel , 9 d . for soap , candles , & :., leaves 5 s . for food , which , for a man and wife , and ftinr children , is just lOd . a week for each ; or , allowing them food three times o-day , it will give something less than one halfpenny a meal . '
The above rate of w&ges of each class , be it observed , is calculated upon the supposition that your order have constant employment , which is very seldom the case . From the quantity ol facts yet at our disposal , for the illustration of this important subject , we must defer the conclusion of the article nntil our next number The series of articles on the Wrongs of Ireland will then also be commenced . —Campbell's Penny Democrat
Danger of Inconsiderate Offers . —A gentleman in this county , who was much annoyed by wasps , r&ther thoughtlessly offered a shilling for every wasp ' s nest which could be brought to him . All hand 3 iu the neighbourhood immediately set to ¦ work , and the unlucky gentleman had to pay about £ 40 , there being nearly 800 nests brought to him . — Derby Mercury .
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¦ w * _____ _____^^—» Parliament ! has been prorogued from the 6 th of October to tht ^ lOth of November next . What is Sedition 1—This i 3 a question which , every public man will sooner or later have to ask himself , if the present systematic efforts to put down the"free expression of opinion continue . Sir Robert Peel ' s powerful position ia the House of Commons has stimulated the magistracy to the most odious exercise of their functions ; and they seem to be fully conscious that neither from him nor his colleagues need they fear the least interruption to their barefaced proceedings . Although all oxcitement has long since ceased upon the part of itta operative ? , yet every where the police are ordered to put down or take up public speakers . A Chartist lecturer has penetrated to the forest of Dean , in Gloucestershire , and addressing the rustic inhabitants of that spot , has been proved to say , " that it was a great shame the Queen did not maintain her . qJ
own mother , as your poor foresters are obliged to do . ' * Tne magistrates have been so horrified by this language , and so convinced of its seditious tendency , that they have compelled the speake r to give bail , himself in £ 100 , and four sureties of £ -5 each , to answer any indictment that maybe preferred against him . _ And should he be indicted , and such asinine boobies as these magistrates on the jury , he will , without fail , be convicted aud sentenced to imprisonment . Law will not assist him , nor others in a like predicament . Nothing but tha strong voice of an enlightened public opinion will impresf : the magisterial authorisies with the prudence of not putting popular patience to too great a trial . It is much to be desired that public opinion were more active upon this subject than it has been . Whenever the people become indifferent to their righfs , they staud a verv fair chance of losing them . —Evening Star .
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On Thursday morning , at St . Ann ' s Catholic cViurch , Leed ? , Mr . John Pinder , of York , to Miss Webster , of Leeds . On Thursday , the 22 _ d instant , at Kirby Hill , near' Richmond , by the Rev . Thomas llojme , Mr , Edward Parnaby , ot' Ebor Houee , near Leeds , to Miss Anna Arrow-smith , of Newsham Hall , s . coud daughter of Mr , James Arrowsmith , of Aiskew . Same day , at the parish church , Lambeth , bj the Rev . G . Branding , James Grasee , E-q ., to Ellen , the third daughter of Mr . ' Clay , manufacturer , Wakefield .
Same day , at Kirkheaton , Mr . Wm . Milner , of 0 , 'iincey , lllonois , North America , to Elizibetn , youngest daughter of Mr . Joseph Milner , of Rawthorp , near Huddersfield . Same day , a . the parish church , Otley , by the Rev . J . Hart , vicar , Mr . Jeremiah Walker , of the Queen ' s Head , to Margaret , youngest daughter of Mrs . Jennings , of the Malt Shovel Inn , allot Barley , near Otley .
DEATHS . On the 21 st nit ., at Aislaby Hall , near Whitby . in his 58 th year , Watkins , Esq ., father of Mr , John Watkins , of Battersea . On Thursday , in the 84 th year of hi- age , Mr . Jonathan Bland , ot Clayton , near Bradford . On Friday last , at Moor Grange , near Headingley , after a long illness , Eliza , the only . umrag daughter of the late Thomas Wilson , Esq , of iBliDgton Green , near London . . ¦ -., - Same day , aged 91 , Mrs . Elizabeth Rhodes , of Yeadon , near Leeds . . _ > ffC ^ V
; Same day , at Woodhonse CaWjy ^ gljJjjgijnfe , _ wife of Mr . James Brayshaw ^««® SMeR ^ pJH |« Q late Mr . John Nichols , &t * tioY&A / £ ! foeALgL 3 fl&m On Thursday , the 22 nd ^^ mm /^^ f&bAwK F . Ledyard , of Mirficld , 80 _ 5 ft ^^|*> BSf 23 daughter of Samuel Brook , E&i f >« V < J ^ lLia W •¦
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THE CHARTISTS OF HUNSLET TO THEIR BRETHREN THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE . Brother Democrats , —As fellow-workers with us in the cause of right , we call upon you to do all that lies in your power to promote the formation of such a defence fund as shall assure our champions that we appreciate their noble services ; and that by a proper display of our moral and united energies we are resolved to make the tyrants who oppress us tremble , and feel their utter insignificance when opposed to a patriotic and united people . Hundreds of good men have been dragged from their homes aud immured in prisons by the operation of bad laws , aud at the dictum of class-made minions of power , and it the duty of all who wish well to their country , to see that these innocent victims of the hellish system under which we groan , be not delivered over like sheep into the talons of the wolves who are thirsting for their blood .
We are doing all we can in furtherance of the good cause ; and have , with this address , transmitted 10 s . to the Treasurer of the Defence Fund . Nor is this all we intend to do . We , like the rest of our brethren , are poor ; but we still keep our subscription books open , and take what the lovers of justice find themselves able to give . We believe that , under the blessings of the God of Justice , the pence of the poor will yet triumph over the despotism of the rich oppressor . We ave resolved to do all we can ; and we expect you to go and do likewise . Signed , on behalf of the Chartists of Hunslet , T . B . Smith .
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TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —In your " Notices to Correspondents" in the Star of last week , appeared a letaer from a George Ciarkson , a member of the Political Institute , complaining of a paragraph sent by me , which appeared in the Star of Sept 17 th . I have only t » say that the report of Mr . Gill ' s announcement was taken from the Sheffield Iiis of Sept . 13 th , and confirmed by several persons who incidentally mentioned the circumstance to me . I cannot see what right Messrs Clarkson and Co . have to find fault with me , in copying the " report" of the Iris , for I suppose they believe that what " report says" must be trne ; at any rate , these sensitive gentlemen , so nice about their own honour , but not over scrupulous about other people * .
might have first corrected their Complete Sufirage friend the Iris , before falling foul of the Northern Star —a paper not often honoured with their correspondence . With respect to U » e remarks appended to the above letter , permit me , Sir , to reply , that , vhen I am convinced that the Political Institute gentry are Chartists , I shall be happy to alter my tone towards them . In the meantime I shall pursue my own course , exposing humbug of every description , and setting at defiance those whom I have before denounced , as" the ' real' foes of democracy , and the deadly enemies of all who honestly advocate the cause of the people . " Your obedient Servant , George Juli _> ' Harnet . Sfciffi . ld , Sept 27 , 18 . 2 .
Iwariuaces .
IWARIUACES .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 1, 1842, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct907/page/5/
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