On this page
- Departments (4)
-
Text (14)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
IRE JTORTHEEST STAR SATURDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1842.
-
TO THE READERS OF THE "NORTHERN STAR."
-
©0 ifte&fcwtf anli ©omgpwttjentg
-
THE SPECIAL COMMISSION (Continued from page Seven.)
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
A VOICE FROM THE DUNGEON ! TO THE CHARTISTS OF SHEFFIELD . Mt Deab FBiEros-Expeettns to be remoTed from bere to Kirkdale to-morrow , I address to yon a few ¦ rcrds before leaving th is ™ jil college , where , having paid some attention to my studies , I have already profited by my retreat from the " bnsy hannta of men ; »• indeed , I have no doubt teat if the fiat ot our merciful rulers should wnagn me to a lengtby seclusion in " durance vile , " I shall return to the ranks of democracy a better soldier even than I left them . I am light of heart , entertaining fond hopes that out ^
of the present evil immense good xr& \ come . Persecution fea ever failed in effecting the objects of those who bara bad recourse to it The records of history from the earliest known period of nan ' s existence , down to the present hour prove this . The advocates of great and good principles have ever safiered insult and -wrong —chains and dungeons—tortures and death . Sti ; l there bare not been wanting in aH ages good men and true , found ready to offer themselTes willing Tictims at the altar of despotism , wben the cause of truth and justice demanded the sacrifice . Shall such men be wanted
now ? Ko ! There are not wanting thoBe who , despite black-hearted treachery and blood-gorcing tyranny , are prepared to play the part of men . Are yoa prepared to support ikem ? Are your souls bo wedded to the love of liberty that you can appreciate hearts broken , and patriots trampled down by the iron heel of despotism ? Will you prove this by filling up the places of the betrayed , and throwing the shield of your protection over those now suffering in your cause ? I hope *» . not because I am numbered with the present list cf -victims , I hope so for the sake of yourselves , for never until yoa do your duty in this matter will you be respected « feared ( tis all the same thing ) by your tyrants ; when yon act upon the great truth that "he who oppresses one , oppresses all , " your enslavers will have cause for dread , and you for hope , but , never till then .
I need not recapitulate the particulars of my anvst , the Bexare of icy papers , letters , &c . &c I wculd not hare mentioned these things , but to remind you that the Association book was seized aloDg with my papers : much good may its perusal do the captors . One thing I am not ashamed of—they ¦ will Eee that I am not a nominal member of the Charter Association ; every penny of * my contribntion has been paid . I wish that , in looking through the boek , its present holders coold see the same of all whose names are therein contained . The seizire of the Members ' Bock will , I suppose , create the necessity of a re-enrolment of members ; at least , 1 left that advice behind me . If this is done , it will try what you are made of , the cowards , the humbegs , and poltroons of every description will , no donbt , fail bsck ; the brave
and sincere will mere eagerly come forward ; but beware ot taring jonr mere cheerers ; beware ot the men of froth and fury ; those who will give their * three cheers for the Charter and 20 surrender . ' but surrender it all the while by their fickleness or neglect of duty ; we hare had sufficient of eneh men . and if you are wise , yen will not have them in future . Seek not numbers , seek rather the banding of the intelligent and sternly true ; no matter though even these be found few , their support in the day of adversity "will be found more effective than the unthinking multitude , whose roar of applause is too often raised without thought , and ¦ withheld when most wanted . But , beware , while
avoiding one error , you do no : fill into its opposite . By tfee " intelligent few , " I dont mean those conceited pries who exhibit , as the proof of their intelligence , the abuse they are ever pouring out on the heads of the old and tried champions of freedom , and attest their honesty by coquetting with the enemies , while they denounce the friends of the good old cause ; with such have nothing to do ; no union -with the doubtfuls ; let the stanch and true stand by each other and battle for tfee right , cheered on by the undying hope that the day will come when tyranny shall roll in the dust , and the blight banner of eqnality be triumphantly unfurled -.
that'' Come it will for athat When man to man the -warld o ' er , Shall brithers be and a * that . " My dear friends , for the present ( pressed by time ) I have nothing t 3 add in the shape cf advica It might , perhaps , be expected that I should say something of the Iscariot ruffian by whom myself and comrades have been—rot betrayed , for he had nothing to betraysought to be seld for the wages of blood into the bands of despotism . I loathe to stain tfee paper with a word about the miscreant , and indeed I pity th « wretch even more than I hate him , ; what a spectacle of treachery , what a monument of perfidy does this miserable reptile present to the astonishinr eaze of the men who once confided in his
honour and believed in his patriotism . When the day of trial arrives . I -would not change places with him for all that tyrants give as the price of purchased treachery . I have that within my breast of which tyrants nor traitors can deprive me , the consciousness of rectitude , and the consoling reflection that , as a public man , I h 3 ve ever to the best of my judgment , done my duty ; -wimt then though probably farther persecution awaiLs myself and comradeSj I can smile in my dungeon and with mini serene bid the thunders of tyrants roll on . Let me have fair play and I will prove xnj innocence anti the guilt of my accusers . But if axsputisns has decided that victims it will have , be it bo—the fata of Clayton and Holberry may be minebat no
matter" F ^ r dearer the grave or the prison , Illumed by the patriot's name , Than the trophies of all who have risen On liberty * ruins to fame . " In concluding this tetter , I would wish to tender my sincere thanks to my excellent friend Mr . Morris , to that warm-hearted Chartist Mr . Cooper , to thit true democrat Dr . HaiJey , and te all and several the brave men of Manchester , who kave bo nobly sympathised with and assisted me and my , comrades since onr arrest ; they are worthy of the thanks of the country at large , ilay their gallant conduct in every practicable way be everywhere imitated .
And now , my dear friends , for the present farewell Nail your colours to the mast . For one broadside of the enemy return you two , until , triumphant o ' er your foes , you raise the exulting shout of " Victory ! victory ! our Charter ' s won ! " I am , my dear friends , In the cause of Democracy , Fraternally and devotedly yours , Geobge Jvlixs Basket . New Bailey , Manchester , Oct . 7 ch , 1 S 42 .
Untitled Article
PUBLIC MEETING IN HOLBORN . A great public meeting was held on Monday evening , at the Hall of the National Association , Holborn . The meeting was called by the City members of rhe National Charter Association ; admission one penny , the proceeds to be appropriated to the Defence of the Victims . Mr . Balls having been elected to the chair , read the bill convening the meeting , and p aid , the object they had in view was to give the inhabitants of mat part of the Metropolis an opportunity of expressing their opinions on the arrests lately made by Government , and to raise a fond for the maintenance and defence of those men ¦ who were awaiting their trials in gloomy dungeons for vindicating the rights of the oppressed and industrious artisans . It was evidently the intention of the Government to uphold the present evil system of class legislation ; that thej might enable the few to Jive in luxurious idleness on the toil of the many :
and endeavour to deprit e them of their only remaining ri ^ hf , that of public discussion . Pnbiie discussion , in his opinion , was a . most invaluable right , and should bo defended at every sacrifice . ( Hear . ) If a stop could be put , to that , there would be an end to all safety and freedom . If they thought they -would be able to put a stop to the organization which was now spread throughout the three kingdoms for the great and fundamental principles of the constitution , as contained in the document cilkd the People ' 3 Charter ; they were wretchedly deceived . Passing events showed plainly to his view that tfee time was not far distant when those principles would become the law of the land , in spite of every ptrsrecution , calumny , and torture , which was at present being heaped upon their advocates . Mr . Balls then made a Tery feeling appeal to them on behalf of the Tictims , and sat down loudly cheered . Mr . Cahkkon moved the following resolution : —
"That tms meeting views with feelings of alarm and indignation the numerous arrests of the advocates of the People ' s Charter , finnlj believisg the cbject 3 of the Government are to perpetuate the horrors of class legislation by the employment of perjured spies and the prevention of publio discussion . " He had great pleasure in seeing such an assemblage as the present , called at such a short notice . They livtd In eventful and perilous times . He bad heard it asserted that in the metropolis they might use as seditious language as they thought proper , without incurring the same danger as in the provinces . A word in season on that point might not be imprudent . Be was sure if they trusted to that opinion they wculd commit an error . There would be no favonritusm extended to them ; and they ought to exercise a great amount of caotion in the woids they made ose of , lest they should be caught In the snares
of the law . Imagination was sufficiently fertikj language was sufficiently comprehensive , for them to convey all the infomauon they possessed , and desired to communicate , without exposing themeel res to the fangs of the law . They could not pre-Tent them from thinking , though they must not speak . He thanked Heaven th ? t the inward soul of B > an was a sanctuary which no tyrant could invade ; and that they could thiak and dream of ceJition even while they ? efrained from uttering it . Tee object of the Government , in the arrests they had made , was too paipable not to be perceived ; but they had one advantage—they knew their enemy —; hey had experienced his fangs of old . It mattered not which was in povrer , the Whig or the Tcrj- , there was seen a striking family likeness betv < en them , that it was only byname , atd not by cud-, that they could be distinguiihed out with all
Untitled Article
their statesmanship they might yet overreach themselves ; Sir Robert Peel might pull the strings too tight ,, and be foiled ia the . object he had in ^ iew . He firmly believed in the integrity of his conscience that the charges brought against the ' prisoners were grossly and basely false . He felt himself included in the calumny cast upon his body . They were charged . with creating , insurrection , riots , rebellion , &e . He jebattod the charge , and threw it back with scorn and contempt upon the accusers . He had been some years actively engaged in the Chartist cause ; he knew most of the persons actively engaged in it ; and it was a foul libel to say that & man like Feasgus O'Connor —( tremendous cheering)—who had sacrificed health
and wealth for the sake of the people , would incite them to riot or destruction of property . Was it reasonable to think that he had done so ! ( No , no . ) It was impossible . Mr . Cameron then analysed the chargeof the Judge at Stafford , and stated his opinion that the sien were perfectly justified in striking to beneit their condition , and that the laws which would punish them for it were anti-Christian and anti-moral . He still entertained a hope that the men who would act as jurors would prove themselves men—that they would not be intimidated by any men , how ever great , learned , or influentia l , but act according to their conscience , and a triumphant acquittal would be the result . Mr . C . concluded by making an eloquent appeal for the victims , and sat down loudly cheered .
Mr . Armstrong Walton seconded the resolution , in which he cordially concurred . Mr . Rufft Ridlbt supported the resolution , which was then unanimously carried . Mr . J . Brown moved the next resolution : — * That this meeting , in the face of Whig and Tory threats and despotism , pledges itself to exercise increased zeal and devotion in the cause of the starving millions , and never to relax their exertions until the People ' s Charter Bhall become the constitutional law of the land . " By adopting this resolution they , would be pledging th emselves , in the face of parties with whose nature they were well acquainted—men who were anxious not only to butcher , bnt to devour them . They had had sufficient said on behalf of the Tictims to know
their duty . Those victims had nobly performed their duty , and for that they were encased in gloomy dungeons ; they could not say , feel , or do too much for these men ; meeting after meeting should be held , and every effort should be made to render them assistance . It was because they had shewn sach a bold front in the metropolis that government was venting its spleen upon them , and endeavouring to put down Chartism ; a more hopeless task never forced itself upon the attention of any body of men , however mad-brained they might be . As well might they attempt to veil the sun at noon day ; as well mighs they stand under the centre arch of London Bridge , and attempt , with the fisherman ' s net to stop the progress of the tides . Chartism existed in the mind ; its principles were
invulnerable against the attacks of armed myrmidons . The starving millions were acquainted that the Charter would remove misery , wretchedness , and destitution , and would give to them plenty , happiness , and cheerfulness ; and they were learning to defy the iron hand of despotism , and to stand forth in the moral dignity of freemen . God made no distinction between man and man , and they met that evening to declare they would have an equal share in the Legislature of their country ; and in despite of the grandeur of the wealthy , and the glittering tinsel arrayed against them , the voice of the masses must be speedily listened to . If they were men possessed of intelligent minds—if they bore the impress of Deity stamped on their nature , why should they quail before their fellow-men I Because despotism
stared them in the face , and had with its iron hand seized upon their brethren , should they relax in their exertions—should they cease their agitation ! ( Cheers , and loud shouts of "Never . " ) They might try to stop them , but God and common sense was on their Bide , and their enemies would never succeed ; they had driven them by bludgeons and sabres from Kennington Common , Paddington , and other meetings ; but had they conquered them 1 ( No . ) They were there that evening to declare they would never rest satisfied until they had achieved the victory . There was not an Englishman or an Irishman , a Scotchman or a Welshman , with a drop of honest blood in his veins , that did not cry
aloud against that tyranny which deprived the poor man of proper sustenance in return for his industry . Mr . Brown then drew a fearful picture of the distress in the country , and implored them to throw away the pint and the pipe , to forbear the use of spirituous liquors , and devote their savings to the support of the victims . The present was not the time for delay or for a retrograde motion . Their motto must be onward ; as fast as one patriot was arrested another must rise up to supply his place j and they would , ere long , obtain that goal for which all patriot heartB were seeking . Mr . Brown then made an eloquent appeal on behalf of the victims , and concluded a long address , during the whole of which he was vociferously applauded .
Mr- Pkat seconded the resolution , which was supported by Mr . Maxtz , in a very eloquent address , and unanimously carried . Dr . Shotsky moved the third resolution , " That this meeting deeply sympathises with our patriotic brother Chartists now in bondage , and solemnly pledges itself to raise a competent fund for their defence and support , and also for the comfortable maiiitainance of their afflicted wives and families . " Mr . Beandketh briefly seconded the resolution , which was carried without a dissentient . A rote of thanks on the motion , of Miss Walker , was given to the shareholders of the hall , for returning two pounds for the Victims , out of the £ 3 10 s . Od . paid for the room , and carried unanimously . Mr . Cameron moved and Mr . Peat seconded a vote of thanks to the Chairman , who , in his reply , impressed upon ihe meeting the necessity of supporting the Evening Star , as an organ of their cauBe .
Cheers were given for Mr . O'Connor and the viotims , and three dismal groans for the Sunday Times , after which the assembly dispersed .
Untitled Article
WHAT'S IN A NAME ! Much , very much , may be found now-a-days to be connected with a name . Tke name Charlist has not only become offensive to "the ears polite" of faction , but it creates unutterable terror in the minds of all who fatten on the present cannibal system . In that name they imagine they behold the devilfincarnate , clothed in all the terrors of hell . In it they see robberies , murders , and incendiary
fires in every direction . In it they see monarebs decapitated , thrones overturned , venerable institutions annihilated , and peace , law , and order wholly destroyed , and the monster Anarchy ruling predominant through the land . All these , and horrors more multitudinous and revolting than pen can depict , are ever in the mind ' s eye of the tax-eating and profit-hunting tribes on the bare mention of the word Chartist .
The Judges , in their recent observations at the opening of the Special Commissions seem very anxious to make the " Gentlemen of the Jury" believe that a Chartist i 3 the very personification of vice and crime , and that the principles the Chartists propound , and the measures they assay to establish are fraught with the most disastrous consequences . The extra-judicial harangues of Lord Abing : er , in particular , have obtained for him a most nnenviable notoriety ; that of converting the bench into a political debating shop , in which the argument is all on one side , and in which the lameness of his
reasoning is concealed by prejudice from the perception of the Juries , to whom it is directed , and by authority from expoEure and refutation by the prisoners against whom it is most unfairly and dishonestly used . We have before had Judges who distinguished themselves as violent and unscrupulous partisans , and who upon occasion would , in charging Grand Janes , play the sealot upon general topics ; but his Lordship has reserved for himself the exclusive glory of completely denuding himself of all th « decencies
appertaining to his office by bringing these unworthy appeils to the class feelings and animosities of jurors into his charges against particular individuals on trial before him . The proceedings in his Lordship ' s Court at Liverpool daring the present week have been sickening beyond everything of which we have had any previous experience . His flagitious charge to the Grand Jury has drawn forth the following castigation from two of our daily contemporaries . The Morning Advertiser of Wednesday says : —
" Lord Abinger is proving himself to be to the Tory Government what his Lordship appositely described Suisse to be to the Maiqnis of Hertford , ' an invaluable servant , ' to whom no dirty work comes amis ? . Yesterday we commented upon his Lordship ' s charge to the Grand Jury at Chester , and to-day we refer to the report in another part of our paper , of a similar charge on opening the Special
Untitled Article
Commission in Liverpool . We have no hesitation ia pronouncing both of these charges a disgrace to the Bench , whereto the public hare bees taught to look , rather for an impartial and temperate expostionaf the law ; than for political disquisitions , or snch libertioide harranguea as those by which Lord Abinger has desecrated it . We have already expressed our oonviotion that the object of the Tories is to suppress all expression of publio wrongs and opinion , under pretence of quelling . insurrectionary manifestations , and Lord Abinger ' s charges most fearfully confirm this apprehension . By bis Lordship ' s exposition of the law , the mere fact of seeking any change in the system » f Government , by means calculated to alarm the authorities , is equivalent to an overt act of treason , bo that the people , in such case , have nothing to do but to hug their chains , lest their very rattling might disturb the repose of their taskmasters . "
And from the Evening Star of the same day we take the following : — "Wo call the attention of the public to the extra-judicial charge of Lord Abinger , which will be found under the report of the Lancashire Special Commission , in another column . We confess that we have not read the whole ( of it , but we have read quite enough to be disgusted . For our own part , had we never entertained till now the opinion of the necessity of a fair representation of the poorest class of individuals in the community , we should think it time to give utterance to the opinion—and we believe that the
Chartist cause will speedily advance and be faithfully sustained by an overwhelming majority of the people , now that it is evident that a kind of tyranny is in vogue , which has not for many years been known in our history . It is palpable , and easily proved , that where there is the most rigid despotism , there is found the finest spirit of democracy ; and now we may take the converse of the sentiment , and declare , also , that where the finest spirit of democracy exists , there is to be found the most rigid despotism . Truly , our country may blush for the late proceedings against her children . The spirit of heartless persecution abroad " is not nor cannot be good . "
The Morning Chronicle of the same day quotes from his . Lordship's speeoh to the Petit Jury , on the trial of six Chartists for conspiracy , &c . the following astounding passage : — " Now , he would ask , what were the objects likely to be obtained , what was the object sought , by the advocates of the Charter 1 It was such a ohange in the laws as would give to the labouring classes the framing of all laws for the protection of property . That was the object avowed in the placard which had been produced in evidence , and the man who had been capable of writing such a placard must have had intelligence enough to
know that such an object never could be enected without force and violence . It must be known that the House of Commons , as at present constituted , would never allow every man in the kingdom , whether having property or not , to have a vote for pur representatives , or allow their members to sit without a property qualification , or sitting to receive a salary for their Parliamentary services . But even if the Commons should consent , the Lords would , to thelast-resist the destruction of their own privileges . Finally , was it to be expected that the Sovereign would , without force or violence , consent to the changes proposed by the Charter !"
Having given this quotation from the Judge ' s speech , as reported by the Times , the Chronicle , in commenting upon it , says : — "The passage we have quoted argues the guilt of the prisoners , t . e ., their violent and revolutionary intentions , from the nature of their object as compared with the hostility of the Legislature to that object . The argument stands thus : —The advocates for the Charter know that the Commons , the Lords , aud the Queen , will never voluntarily adopt the Charter ; therefore , the advocates of the Charter intend to force its adoption on the Commons , the Lords , and the Queen . Now , the fact is an assumption and the inference a sophism . The advocates for the Charter do not know of any Buch invincible hostility . It is mere matter of opinion , and of opinion which it is not very decorous to express in relation to the Sovereign . The hostility may be invincible or it
may not . Whether it be is a fact in the womb of time , and no prophecy of the future can be a ground for convicting , of present guilt , those who disbelieve the unproved inspiration and infallibility of the prophet . Nor does it follow that those who assert principles which the present Legislature will certainly never adopt , must therefore intend violence . At that rate Jeremy Bentham was criminally meditating violence through the last half century of his life . Snch doctrine would convict every Reformer who looks beyond the passing moment . As the argument overlooks the fact that the House of Commons , as at present constituted , does actually allow its Scotch members 'to sit without a property qualification , ' its assumption of an hostility invincible except to violence , is still less entitled to respect than it would have been had no such exception existed .
" The present legislative hostility to the Charter may be more unconquerable by peaceful means than was its hostility to Keform , or to Catholic Emancipation . But the appearances are so similar , that we cannot imagine the guilt or innocence of a Chartist to turn upon his perceiving or not perceiving the difference . If a profound observer can point but the difference , and shew why the one was vincible , and the other ia invincible , let him do so by all means . Still it is hard upon the Chartists , who cannot perceive the distinction , to be sent to gaol as conspirators , for their lack of perception . And we take this sort of constructive and inferential proof to be a novelty in our criminal jurisprudence . " A jury has convioted these parties , and we are very far from questioning the propriety of the verdict . Probably the conviction ensued , as conviotion
always ought , upon proved facts , and not upon unsound logic Nor do we contend that the charge really delivered by Lord Abinger , was not a perfect model of calm impartiality , clear reasoning , and judioial dignity . Our business is with a sophism in the columns of the Times newspaper . And we do say that it is an atrocious sophism to infer the guilt of one man from ( not his own , but ) the opinions of another man ; to decide that A intends violence , because B thinks that A ' s object cannot be accomplished peacefully . It is very vain to mourn over the want of' reverence' in the lower orders , while such dicta are attributed to those who occupy high places . And we thus far agree with the Post , that f Government is to beoome a great tract distributor , Lord Chief Justice Tindal ' s address is the one for icheap circulation and reverential reading . "
Inflammatory speeches" such as those of Judge Abinger , may be quite in keeping with the profession and station of ermined functionaries , but the sophistry and uufouaded allegations uttered by them is a palpable evidence of the untenable basis on which the system they attempt to uphold is founded . They no doubt , find it an easy task to make charges ; and they do . not find much difficulty in dealing out sarcasm and ridicule by wholesale against principles which militate against the present order , or rather disorder , of things ; but it is very plain that these " eminent lawyers" lack the power to substantiate their charges , and to overthrow by argument the truths of Chartism . We contend that all the charges falsely brought by the Judges against the body of the Chartists , are such as can be proved against the two factions which uphold the present state of things .
It has been repeatedly shown that the Whigs were the authors of the conflagrations at Bristol , Nottingham , &c , during the " Bill" mania ; therefore , they are the incendiaries . It is well known that the two factions who have alternately ruled the destinies of this country , have brought her to her present degraded condition by their incessant acts of peculation ; therefore , they are the robberp . It is notorious as the sun at noon-day , that spies
and emissaries have been employed by both factions to worm themselves into the associations of the people ; and by inflammatory appeals to the passions of a starving people , to excite the credulous and unsuspecting to the commission of acts of outrage which might terminate in imprisonment , banishment and death ; therefore , ( without adverting to the many unprovoked attacks made upon the peaceablyassembled people , by the yeomanry , police , and soldiery ) , they are the murderers .
It has been proven that the Lsaoub ( a Bection of the Whig faction ) originated the late Strike , and consequently , caused the riots , risings and destruction of property resulting from the Strike ; therefore they are the promoters of tumult and disorder * in short , the anarchists . But it would not answer the purpose of the Judges to look at these matters . The Chartists are the great eye-sore of faction ; therefore the whole artillery of despotism must be played against them alone . And what will be the result ! Why a number of really honest and useful men will suffer , ( as has ever been the case in every righteous canse ) , but they will be instrumental in shewing to the world , the gross perversion of justice in the En glish Courts ; the base
Untitled Article
means resorted to bj oppression to crush the advocates of freedom will be unveiled ; and the name of Chartist will become respected . And why should it not be respected ; seeing that the principles of the Charter , if carried into operation , would prevent those crimes with which many Chartists are how falsely oharged ? but which crimes are openly committed , and with impunity too , by many who ought to stand in the dock , instead of those who labour to establish peace on earth and good will amongajnen .
There is we repeat it much in a name , and notwithstanding thejodium oast upon that of the Chartists by state sycophants it has already become honourable , and every honest man will pride himself in it . Let the enemy in their triune character of Whigs , Tories , and Corn Law Repealers impugn our good name with all their infernal power , we can smile the while , knowing that their every attack renders us still more invulnerable , and we shall stand as Chartists when all faction is consigned to the tomb of forgetfulnsss , or at least , only remembered to be execrated .
Untitled Article
wi . rn » w ¦ ^^ N ^' i ^ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ^ nsW THE "RIGHT OF SEARCH" QUESTION . We are very glad to learn that some of the people are recovering a little from the surprise into which the late wholesale and illegal transactions of Government had thrown them , and have summoned resolution to recognise the old maxim , that '' an Englishman ' s house is his castle . " A correspondent sends us the following account of the capture , attempted search of premises , and ultimate acquittal and discharge of one of the Chartist friends in this county : — " Mr . who was arrested on Wednesday , Oct . 5 th , under the charge of attending a meeting in Manchester , on the 17 th of August last , was aoquitted on Monday last , after being three times examined , their being no evidence against him on the day of his arrest . Two of the constables went to
his residence , with the intention of searching his house , but it was no go . One of the constables said , " Ma ' am—I am very sorry to inform you that we have arrested your husband , aud hope you will have no objections to searching your house . ' The wife said , * Not if you have authority to do so . Pray , Sir , have you got a warrant ? if so , read it ; otherwise you must not sea-Tch . But pray , Sir , what have you taken my husband for V The constable said , * I suppose he is a Chartist leader . ' ' A Chartist leader , indeed ! ' said the wife , ' pray , Sir , what do you call a Chartist leader V ' I suppose he has been at a meeting in Manchester , and hope you will allow me to look through your house . ' The wife said , ' If you have a warrant , I tell you . Not that there is any thing that I am afraid of your
seeing ; but certainly you must first show your authority before I shall allow you : then you may search as hard as you like . ' The constable then turned round to his companion and said , ' Go fetch the other two officers . ' Thinking to frighten the woman to submission , this had not the desired effect . The wife said 'Very well , Sir , fetch whom you like ; only bring a warrant with you ; but I am determined you shall not search my house without one . ' The constable sat down by the door in the way of taking possession of the house . After sitting some time mute , he said , 1 , ma ' am , if you will only allow me to look
the things over , I will look them very slightly . I shall not do as the others will when they come ; they will turn everything upside down . ' ' I tell yon , Sir " says the wife , 'I shall not submit to your searching my house till I hear the warrant read and then I will take care that you do search it rightly : I know what is your duty , and I will see that you perform it . ' At this time , another officer arrived , and said Well , ma ' am what's to do V The woman said , ' Nothing , sir ; only read me the warrant , then you will be right ; as I shall not allow my house to be searched without one . ' ' Very well , ' says the officer , ' we will go . '"
The conduct of this woman cannot be too highly eulogized . Her example ought to be universally followed . A cool , firm , determined but perfectly peaceable and even respectful assertion of her own rights . So far as this information goes , there seems to have been no violent language , nor provoking insolence made use of ; but a steady , quiet insisting upon the production of a proper authority for the prosecution of tke search . Let the same plan be followeid everywhere .
Untitled Article
THE LEAGUE . From the specimen of Cobden ' s rhodomantade , which our readers will find given in another column , it appears that they are not yet satisfied with the many defeats they have experienced . They are now going to inundate the country with tracts for nothing , but which we guess will be found dear indeed , if time be consumed in the perusal . They think of doing wonders during the winter , ( mark the
time ) , no doubt in the SWING business ; but the country has suffered enough by their recent strike—the innocent are the sufferers ; but we shall watch their every movement . We shall see for what purposethey want to " assess" the poor to the tune of £ 50 , 000 . But will they get it ? Not from theworkies ; we know that , and they know it too ; but , perhaps it may flow from another quarter interested in carrying on the game of fire , blood , and commotion . We shall soon see .
Untitled Article
Northern Star Office , Thursday . My dear Friends , —The length at which the reports of the Special Commissions are this week given , precludes all space for comment on the particular cases ; yon must read and think . I had purposed to say many things to you in a letter which perhaps I may yet get ready for the Second Edition ; but the fact of my only arriving in Leeds from Liverpool at two
o ' clock this morning , and my kind friend Mr . Hobson ' s having been also unavoidably absent at Liverpool to perfect my bail—will show you that I have bad work enough on my hands to-day . Next week , if all be well , will resettle us for a tew months , after the temporary inconvenience of my arrest . Remember many good men are still lying for lack of bail . The bail is now reduce * to two sureties of £ 50 , or four of £ 25 each , and may be taken by the magistrates in their own localities . let every locality whence a prisoner comes see to it at once , and have him out . God save you , and speed the Charter ! Wm . Hill .
Untitled Article
T . M . Wheeler , London , correspondent to the Northern Star , informs the jtublie that he has removed from Knightsbridge to 243 J , Temple Bar , where all future communications must be addressed . Timely notice of all public meetings , 4 c , ts respectfully requested . The Irish Universal Suffrage Association thankfully acknowledge the receipt of a very useful and excellent present from the Chartists of Sheffield , consisting of 250 copies 0 / " What is a Chartist ? " 250 copies of "Hints about the Army ; 250 copies of No . 25 , of ihe Chartist Circular , containing a full copy of the People ' s Charter ; also two complete sets of the English Chartist Circular ; and 1 , 000 copies o / "Watkins ' s Address to the Women of England . " The
two copies of the English Chartist Circular contain Nis . 1 to 66 , inclusive , with the exception of two copies of each of the following numbers , which were not in the parcel , and which are wanted to complete the two sets , viz ., Nos . 2 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 32 , 42 , 54 , and 62 . D , Isaacs , Bath . —Send the cards to Mr . Wheeler , 2 i'A ) i . Temple Bar , London . John Lowery , Ballyhanny , by French Park , Ireland , will be obliged if any Chartist friend wilt send him a Northern Star . Thokas Mobxoh , SaNDBBLAXD . —TAe Utter he alludes to was received , but hat been mislaid . To
the best of our recollection , it it a matter on which we cannot advise himself and friend s . Alt Enemy to Tybahts . —A writer under this rignature complaint much that in the quarter he resides in tome professing Chartittt are given to habits of intoxication , by whose conduct the cause is made a laughing-stock to those who are desirous of any plea for scouting the Charter . He dates - his letter from Stroud , and advocates the principle of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks . H . Moule , Redditch . —His letter was received too late for last week ' s Paper : we must now decline its insertion .
Wb have received several publications for review : they shall alt be noticed in due time . M . A ., who sends us ' Britannia ' s Tears" for publ ication , should have acknowled ged the source from whence he copied the piece . ]
Untitled Article
C . Connor—Sis appeal to the Chartists of the Auckland district is an advertisement . Henry Dowbu . Griffiths . —His letter was duly received : wer decline its publication . John Allen , Brighton , calls upon the Chartists of that locality to attend meetings which are held every Monday night at the Cap of Liberty , in Portland-street . John Watkins . —His eommunications are reserved till opportunity serves . Will Mr . BrOfhy send his address , as soon as possible , to John Partridge , Gainsborough . A . H . —We have no room for poetry jtist now , and must decline his lines headed " O'Connor , the Brave . " We have not had occasion to read the work he enquires about , and therefore give no opinion of its contents .
No . 6 , Amen Alley .- —You- 'can have all that are published by enclosing Is . 6 d . to Ihis office . S . K ., Glasgow . —His Utter must stand over for re-perusal . He is quite mistaken in his opinion as to the writer of the production to which he is replying . . John Thompson . —We have not room for his letter . Its statements do not affect us . . All Lkctorebs wishing to visit Sunderland are requested to correspond with the Council ,, through the secretary , George Esplin , cordwainer , No . 30 , Robinson ' s Land : A Lover of Justice . —We can see no reason why he should object to his name being published with his letter . George Clarkson . —We cannot print his letter .
We are very sorry to see the feeling manifested in it encouraged by any Chartist . It is no excuse for him , or his friends who hold a like tone , that others may be blameable . J . Keighlet . —Thanks : we have made a note of his address , and shall avail ourselves of his information if need be . A Constant Reader sends us a long statement o f the matters in dispute between Messrs . Cooper and Co ., of Glasgow , and their workpeople . He cannot be "a constant reader" of the Northern Star , or he would have known that it useless to send such a statement to us on anonymous autlwsity . : Henry Hodgson . —Yes . W . Poole , CoLLUMPtON . —Received . ¦ ¦ . 1 ¦
E . Broadbent , Ashton-under-lyne , should have g ' lven the trades and residences with the list of Council which he has sent . S . Clark . —His opinion is correct ; Every such meeting , and all such correspondence , is decidedly illegal . National Defence Fund . —J . Watts , Finsbury , writes us to suggest that each subscriber to the Northern Star should oblige the News Agent of whom he takes his paper , to give one halfpenny for each Northern Star sold by him on the 22 nd or 2 ' 5 rd October , for the above object . He himself w ill give the profit upon all Stars sold by him on those days , and he hopes the localitie s will take it up .
Untitled Article
The Portrait of T . Duncqmbe will be given to all our Subscribers 00 . November 19 th . They will be in the hands of all the Agents by November 16 th ; The charge for tke Star on the day the Portrait of Duneombe is di stributed will be the same as the charge for it on the day the Petition Plate is delivered . . Isle of Wight . —Wm . Norman , James Cantello , C . Bright , J . Barnes , B . Urry , and H . Attwell , apply to Wm . Minns , 24 , Pylo-street , for the Plates , which have been Bent by parcel .
FOR THE NATIONAL DEFENCE FUND . £ B . d . From A . Haxton , Cupar ... 0 1 0 „ a few friends at ditto ... 0 0 9 „ Leeds Chartists ... ... 0 3 9 j ^ Nantwich , per T . Dunning ... ... 0 9 0 „ W . Egremont ... ... ... ... 0 5 0 „ a few friends at Redxnth , Cornwall ... 0 3 9-_ the Chartiatg of Wingate Grange ... 2 0 0 _ a few friends at Bank , Leeds 0 2 8 ' * , two friends , Leeds ... ... ... 0 2 0 _ Joseph Horsfield ... ... ... 0 10 „ a few friendB to the Chartist cause at Leigh ... ... ... ... 0 12 0 „ a hater of oppression at Wor « ley ... 0 1 0 „ Dr . Chapman , Emley ... ... ... 0 2 6 „ Jonathan Vlidgeley , lepton ... ... 0 1 0 „ Earl Graham , Black Quarter , near
Hudderafleld ... ... ... 0 3 0 Huddersdeld ... ... ... 0 3 0 „ the Chartists of Honley , per Mr . Haigb ... ... 0 10 0 „ Magdale Academy , per Mr . Haigh ... 0 2 6 _ a friend , Leeds ... ... 0 0 3 „ a poor-woman , Leeds ... 0 0 1 „ a few masons at LeedB ... ... 0 3 3 ^ RGoodhall ... ... ... ... 0 0 6 „ two friends , Leeds ... ... ... 0 1 . 3 „ two sisters ... . _ 0 0 4 „ Leeds , A . Z . ... ... ... ... 0 2 2 «» the Chartists of the Vale ol Leven ... 1 0 0 „ the Chartists of Redruth , Cornwall ... 0 10 0 „ a few friends at Holme Mill ... ... 0 i 2 „ a young lady at Holme Mill , per W . T . ... ... ... ... » 0 . 2 .. the Chartists of the Forest of Dean ... 1 0 0
„ Brick-street ... ... ... ... 0 3 0 M J . Dovenor and a few friends ... 0 2 6 ^ a friend from Goole 0 1 0 „ Littletown , per Mr . Penny ... ... 10 0 „ Wakefield ... ... ... ... 1 0 0 ' „ D . Fryer , Halton ... 0 2 6 „ a democrat , Chepstow ... ... ... 0 2 6 " „ a few friends at Barnsley , per B . Hague ... ... ... ... 0 5 , 0 „ a few friends at Bury ... ... ... Ill „ Darlington , per N . Bragg ... ... 0 12 . 0 M a few friends of liberty . Castle Donnington ... ... ... ... 0 6 0 „ the Chartists of Old Basford , near Nottingham ... ... ... 1 10 0 „ a few friends at Lock ... ... ... 0 7 0 „ a few friends in Hunslet-laue , Leeds 0 2 0 „ a few friends , per B . Q . ... ... 0 4 0 „ the Leeds Chartists , collected by Jas . Haigh ... ... ... ... 0 15 0
EOR MRS . HOLBERRY . From Coventry ... ... ... ... 0 2 6 „ Nantwich , per S . Dunning ... ... 0 16 „ the Chartists of the Yale of Leven ... 1 9 2 FOR P . M . M ' DOUALL . From R . Goodhall ... ... 0 0 6 FOR PROSECUTING THE POLICEMEN WHO HAVE BEEN SEARCHING WITHOUT WARRANTS . From D . Fryer , Halton ... ... ... 0 1 6
Untitled Article
( From our own Correspondent . ) STAFFORD , Tuesdat Night , 12 o'clock . . TRIAL OF MR . THOMAS COOPER FOR DEMOLITION AND ARSON . I have only time to say that Mr . Cooper , 'with fourteen ethers , were this day arraigned at the bar before Lord Chief Justice Tindal , for the demolition and' burning of the dwelling house of William Parker , Esq ., a magistrate , on the 16 th Aug . Mr . Lee , on the part of Mr . Cooper , applied to allow him to sever in his challenges and hia defence . The Courts granted the application , and { ordered all the prisoners , with the exception of Mr . Cooper , to be removed . Mr . Cooper was then placed at the bar , and challenged the Jury to hia full number of twenty .
He was then indicted for the demolition and firing of Mr . Parker's house ; to which he pleaded in a very firm voice , "Not Guilty . " All the witnesses examined before the magistrates at Newcastle when be waa arrested , repeated their evidence , and signally failed in their attempt to connect him with the arson . The prosecution closed at five o ' clock , when Mr . Cooper rose and delivered one of the most thrilling addresses that has ever been delivered within a court of justice ; of which I will endeavour to send an outline to-morrow ., He then called on Mr . Hall and Mr . Sylvester , who proved a direct altoi . The Court adjourned at eight o ' clock , and the jury were locked np . On to-morrow ( Wednesday ) be will resume bis defence . .
Mr . Baron Parks pawed the following sentences in addition to those passed by the Lord Chief Justice . — Thoa Ranby , John Ranby , and Thos . Smith , six moths imprisonment and hard labour ; Wm . Beckly and M . Baogb , nine months and hard labour ; Samuel Jones , fifteen months and hard labour ; Wm . Gibbons , twelve month * and bard labour ; Thos . Barney and John Griffiths , six months and hard labour ; John Morris , twelve months and hard labour ; Thos . Pitts , six months and bard labour ; Thos . Walker , twelve moDtha and hard labour ; Simpson Bales , twenty mouths and hard labour ; Wm . Jones , six months and bard labour ; Thoa . Hughes , six months and bard labour ; Benjamin twelve
Rowley , month * and hard Jabohr ; John Timmini , six months and hard labour ; Solomon Allen nine months and bard labour ; Wm . Bnnu , two months and hard labour ; Charles Simpson , ten years transportation ; John Patkiaj twelve months and hard labour ; Thoa . Banker , fifteen yean traniportation ; James Sannden , transportation for life ; George Skitt , two yean confinement and bard labour ; George Arnell , eighteen months and hard labour ; Benjamin Dndley , eight months and hard labour ; John Deakin , six montha and bard labour ; Wm . Page , twelve months and hard labour ; Wm . Holyrake and Wm . Parry , six months and bard labour ; Benjamin Witbingatone and Thoa Prout , six months and hard labour .
( SenlejwesbyMr . Baron Rolfe . ) Ctoxton , Rathbone , Brunt , Johnston , and Wilkinson , were , with the exception of the last prisoner , found guilty of a burglary in the house of Mr . Griffin , a solicitor , on ti 16 th of August : Croxton and Rathbone were transported for life ; Deane and Johnston were transported for fifteen years ; Simpson and Spilsbury were transported for ten years ;
Untitled Article
Brant was sentenced to one yeart , imprisonment in Stafford gaol , and hard labour . This terminated the proceedings of the day . / From another Correspondent- ) STAFFORD . —Monday Night . : The work goes on at a rattling pace . The Ellis tra jedy has advanced another stage . Ellis has been con . victed—" Guilty , my Lord ; " and now he has to un . dergo its last scene—sentence , transportation , and deatb . - The " Guilty" verdict waa not generally antici pated . The defence of the prisoner , by Mr . Allen , was moat complete and unanswerable . The impossibility of the prisoner being present at the fire at which he was charged with assisting , was proved to demonstration . It was observed , however ; that the Solicitor-Geosm was more severe than he was ever before known to bo er was thought capable of being . It was evident that his heart waa bent on obtaining this conviction beyond any other or all ethers .
The Judge's summing up was far from impartial He took no notice of the fact that there was but one v / it . ness to support the charge , and that such witness « as prove ! to be altogether unworthy of credit , by tha glaring variation between hia evidence and his depo . sitions . Never have we observed the magisterial occupants o f the bench so eager aa on the present occasion . Thej bad hungry hankfrlngs after O'Neil , Cooper , and others but Elite waa their " dish of peacock ' s brains . " Ellis had beaten them at a county meeting— held in that very court . He had sat as chairman in that ver ? chair now occupied by the Learned Judge ; he had lashed them for their vices , their folly , and their ignorance , till they ran out in dismay , and left him master of the meeting which they bad themselves called . There waa wounded honour , then , acting in aid of their political prejudi ces , and urging them to crush the galling memento of their own mental inferiority .
One by one did these " pillars of the state" drop in and crowd the bench , aa the latter part of the summing ap was being delivered . This over , the Jury Vent through the farce of retiring . In so doing , they passed to a room behind the Judge , through a door close at the left of Lord Ingestrie , the foreman of the Gra nd Jury . It will be many a year before we forget the look of searching inquiry which bis Lordship gave as Q » twelve arbiters ot hia digestion for the day's dinner passed at the akirta of bia cutaway coat ; but their look of humble deference was consolatory . * A few minutea elapsed and the door again -opened , and out came the twelve , amllng with the consciousness of having done a profitable action . Then their sanies were read over , and then the names of the prisoners ; a stoppage at each to enable Mr . Bellamy to record their fate . Soon came the name of William Ellis . " Guilty , " said the foreman , and looked up to Lord Ingestrie , as much aa to say , " What do you think of that , my Lord 1 Do you call that nothing ?"
The bench now grew chatty . Spite of their cong . deuce in the jury selected by one of themselves there had been misgivings . Follett , leaning forward , hia face up , and supported by his band , appeared bnrst . ing with joy , but he made uu effort , and controlled ita exhibition . It was not so , however , with hia helpers ; theirs waa lusty grin . The spectators in the body of the court were taken bj surprise . Those who were hostile to Ellis , in consequence of his political principles , were consoling themselves with the hope of catching him by some of tha other indictments for riota , sedition , < Sc& Hia frendsand the poor fellow has many—were heart-broken
His wife 1—ah ! here we might tell of the shrieks of a frantic woman—happily , however , destitute of consciousness for several hours—deprived of a husband whom she adored , and driven for the remainder of her days to a Poor Law Baatile . But the tale would be . useless . She has four young children , and another will soon add to her misery . Till this last affair they , were comparatively happy . Ellis waa always opposed to physical force , and waa constantly denouncing , it , and even disliked all allusion to it He waa beloved by all who knew him . It is difficult to calculate the amount of happiness which such a man is capable of creating and reflecting :. Bat all now ia blasted 2
( From our own Correspondent . ) Stafford , Wednesday Night . This week is big with importance , interest , and instruction to the people . The transactions of this week have imparted to the people instructive lessons , that have sunk deep into their hearts—lessons which will not be easily forgotten—lessons that will guide them in their future mode of action—lessons , which if they do not make them as " mild as doves , " will make them " as cunning as serpents . " That such will be the effect of these lessons the governors and tyrants of the people will ere long know . Mad must be the man and little acquainted must he be with the nature of the human heart and the character of Englishmen who supposes that the terrors of a special commission will have tke effect
of strangling Chartism . There have been charges of police , special constables , yeomanry , infantry , and cavalry upon the people —there has been blood spilled—there have been lives lost—there have been arrests —there have been committals—there has been a Sp « - cial Commission , and under the Special Commission there have been heavy and awful sentences —whioh will exile for ever from their native Jand many an affectionate husband—many a dutiful child—many a dear relative . These exiles will leave behind them heart-broken wives , orphan children , and afflicted relatives . What will be the result of those appalling visitations upon the people ! The question may be illogically answered by another question . What , in answer , may be asked , has been
the result of the persecution inflicted upon Christianity ! What has been the result of tha exiles , burnings , executions , hangings aud drawings , which the founders of the glorious Reformation endured ! What has been the result of the tyranny exercised under a weak and imbecile French monarch and bis despotic Ministers What has been the result 4 > f all those persecutions but the -wide spread of the mild precepts of Christianity ? What has been the result of those persecutions but the establishment of the glorious reformation ? What has been the result of the despotism practised in France , but the raising of the standard of freedom upon the ruins of tyranny ,
and over the fallen heads of those despots who induced a weak , enfeebled , priest-ridden monarob , to suppose that his fiat was the dictum which his subjects would slavishly obey ! When the English people know what have been the results of those persecutions , is it to be woadered at that they should expect that similar results would follow their present struggles and their present sufferings ia the glorious cause of liberty ! Such ara their expectations , and such expectations they will as certainly realise as the morrow ' s sun rises . However , as speculation , no matter how well or how firmly established , is not the point which at this crisis attracts public attention , it is better to hasten to the events of the week than to indulge
in it . . The Grand Jury have not as yet ignored a single bill . Faithful to their duty they have found true bills in every instance , and having done so adjourned to the 24 th . In the whole 130 bills have been found , including in the same indictment five , ten , fifteeni twenty , and thirty persons . Since Monday thirtythree fresh bills have been prepared . By way 01 digression it may be remarked that exclusively ot the 270 prisoners to be disposed of at the Commission , the Calendar for the Sessions which opens on the 18 th inst ., contains 186 prisoners , clawed as follows : — Head and write well ... ••• * Ditt , ditto , imperfectly ol ) ReaSwell ... ... ^ Read imperfectly ... ... — ?•} On bail ... ... ... - 13
Total 186 There are in gaol 815 prisoners . . It is generally understood that all the prisoners sentenced to transportation will be conveyed away in the same manner that Frost , Williams , ana Jones were hurried off—at a minute ' s warning ,, ana in the dead of night . This is a species of rennea cruelty worthy a Christian country . TRIAL AND ACQUITTAL OF MR . THOMAS
COOPER . It was a most fortunate circumstance th » t ^ Cooper severed in his challenges and plea . It he mo not , he would , like Mr . Ellis , have beensacn ^' Although assisted in legal points by Mr . Lee »•* Mr . Allen , he defended himself . His crosa-exammation of the witnesses was truly admira ble , w » even attracted the amazement of the cool , deliberaw * and oily Solicitor-General . .. _ , The Crown having closed its case , which ww bolstered np by a worthy named Bramhall , a 8 P ° " * character , who was proved to have bee ^ aran * < " * the night on which he said that he saw Mr . Cooper near Mr . Parker ' s , when his house was fired , m » who was also proved to have in hifl possession tw > bottJesof wine as he left Aitken ' e , and who , wtwa he waa asked by another to share hfe booty wW him , said "No ! d—n your eyes , go get them , » * do" ; the Crown , as I eaid , having closed its ease , Mr . Coopkb rose , and in one of the most
sooistirring and thrilling defences that has ever we » heard within a court of criminal justice , defend * himself . He gloried in belonging to a W ^ f whioh boasted of a Raleigh , a Latimer , and a ley . He declared himself a Christian in the fu llest sense of the word , a lover of peace , an enemy " drunkenness , outrage , and the burnings that were lately perpetrated . He proved that . *" his speeches were calculated to induce tM people to observe peace , law , and or der . He then gave an account of his progress through life , of his self-education , and of the small sum (<*» shillings a-week ) whioh he had to support himself . He reiterated the facts which he related , as to c « movements at the time that he was arrested , and concluded by invoking the vengeance of heaven u pon his head , if he had in any way encouraged the otu * rages , or had seen a blaze or even a spark , on t ° night of the 15 th August .
Ire Jtortheest Star Saturday, October 16, 1842.
IRE JTORTHEEST STAR SATURDAY , OCTOBER 16 , 1842 .
To The Readers Of The "Northern Star."
TO THE READERS OF THE "NORTHERN STAR . "
©0 Ifte&Fcwtf Anli ©Omgpwttjentg
© 0 ifte&fcwtf anli © omgpwttjentg
The Special Commission (Continued From Page Seven.)
THE SPECIAL COMMISSION ( Continued from page Seven . )
Untitled Article
THE NORTHERN STAR . ^^______
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 15, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct909/page/4/
-