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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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HARMONY HAXL . IXTTEB T . TO TBX BDIIOS 07 IHB KOBTHEKH STAB . SIB , —la accordance T * itfc my last letter , 2 now pr » - ^ ged to give some account of the manner in which the —scents of this establishment spend their time . it present they are divided or classified into three ^ j ^ nct departments , according to age , Tfhich Classlfljaiion "will be carried iffll farther in proportion sa tjj e BHmbezs increase , more especially among the TOKBger branches , in crdir Out all may , be brought | pin the society of those "who , iy their age , and congruent natural desire for somewhat like similar occnpatioai , are test fitted for associates . The present < i jjjji £ ms are its fafanfa , and children under seven jesrs , those from stven to jafeont sixteen or seventeen , and & e » an 3 t t '
. . . .. . . Tbe first , -which is termed the nursery department , jjott consista ^> f about twenty , inclading the snperinjgadents and asaistanta , and is an entirely separate establishment from Harmony Hall , occnpying the hnDSBg erected Dy the residents soon after they came jigre . ! Ebe ebatoen axe Tegnlariy fed . ¦ with plain Simple ^ ist , e « nsisJing £ bitfly ef milk , bread , puddinjjB , * t , iBit nse no animal food ; they are clothed in a loose , plain , and inexpensive manner ; they are well lodged , iou retire to rest , and riBe early ; they have plenty © f gjennsein the open air , and this exercise is aafaras possible turned to nsefnl purposes . They have recrea-Sonanf amusement among themselves , and , from'being
jonstwUy together nnder superintendence , their feel jp ^ s are so directed that they contribute mnch to each pjjjert pleasure and happiness ; and they are instructed joOTcn otijecaas snrronnd them to know their pro-¦ perties and uses , and the manner in which they -will Sect them- Prom the number of persons -who visit them , sad , from the absence of that mere animal indulgence w hich mothers , in individual awdety , so mnch 5 ye to their children , those among us have acq uired a freedom of habit and manner towards all whom they see which peculiarly distinguishes them ; which freedom is d ^ 3 regulated by the general order estabjj&ea among thjm ^^^ dmsion those between
lie second , or seven and six-? eai , -which constitute the elementary school at present , WfaiiJing superintendents , about forty in number , are jecerrog » sound practical education , physical , inteljeeto&l , ^ nd moral With regard to their physical eduta&BSK they have plain , simple diet at regular intervals , Siniai food for those who prefer taking it , three days a -roei ; veptshltss in abundance , fresh , daily , from the saraen , of ^ ery superior kinds ; plenty ef mili and em . and bread , butter , tea , eofee , ic Their clothirg Sample and pkm , and will soon be uniform ; they hiTB lw ?« sod commodious dormitories , and their Khwi-roeHis , refectory , &c , are large and spacious . The * temeBt « 7 JesoticSod eonsista of leading , writing ,
ariJhmstic dating , geography , geometry , physiology natural histay , and other sciences , and as farther progrea U mads , additional advantages will be procured | ad adopted , to She fullest extant Singing , music , $ mrin $ . drilling , and many other -wbat are now called scsomplishxieacs , win form part of their regular daily occnpstion , and they will also be taught to peform all saefnl offices for which their services nay be required . Ibey win be instrucud in agriculture , gardening , chenisiry , mechanics of all kinds , more especially those yfcici are carried on practically in ( he establishment , goch ax joiners , plumbers ' -work , painting , smitb ' syorfc , wheelffrighting , and many others , besides -vhifio , those who are found to desire it will be instracted m tsilors or shoemakera , both of which
budnessei we at present carry on ; and they must be added to and inemsed . Others will be employed in domestic oc - enpatians , connected with the ofELcM , stores , &c ., and the girls are already very useful in the kitchen , dormitories , sod other household departments ; and perform thtir parts with great willingness . In thu department the usode of spesding the day is as follows : —They are oiled out at half-past five in the morning ,, and all above ten years are expected to be washed , dressed , jsfl in the school room by six- Half an hour is then occupied in preparing the breakfast , putting the school loom in order , procuring the stores , the eldti girls Tsshmg and dressing the younger , some of the boys fcjis § occupied in cleaning shoes and . boots , and performing an ; other duties required until breakfast , which
1 > ready at half-past six . After breakfast they again return to their various occupations , including the fsrdea , ¦ workshops , fct , T » here the younger portion remain until half-past eight , and the others until ten . At these respective hours the bell rings and half sa hoar is Allowed for preparing for school , those commencing it nine , remaining -until half past ten , and those at half-past ten until twelve . From twelve to half-part , is employed in preparing for dinner , and after dinner they have recreation until two . 2 ne elementary instruction is resumed from two p . m-, BBtn half-past three j iad dancing and ' drilling are to be taught two afternoona each week , horn four to five . Tea which has hitherto been taken at s quarter to six is this week altered to six . The evenings are spent & »
follows : —Two in receiving instruction in singing ; two In attending lectures , one at a festival , one in the 00 vernors * room , xx > & one is reviewing the "iihtiw in which thft week has been spent , and in preparing and arranging the general business for the future . "With regard to the adults ihej are called by the trumpet at six , but those who pleaat , rise earlier ; they brakfast at half-past six , and commtnce labour at seven , diae at twelve , resume their occupations at one , and continue in tbenmnta half-past five , at which hour the bell rings and again at six for tea , by which latter time they an washed and dressed for the evening ; TrmY ^ ng such changes as their respective occupations may render necessry . For each evening there is some appropriate employment capable of affording recreation and
instruction , and the business in which all have keen respec tively engaged , gives the means of conveying much mfrrmatkm on interesting suojeets . The labour is varied as nsneb as our present limited number will allow of , but in proportion as we increase , and in proportion as the members acquire the knowledge of th « best manner in which to perform -varied occupations , it will ; be much sore so . The intention is , and this is carried out as fax as possible , that every person shall be employed some portion of each day on the land . To introduce this arrangement , the trumpet Ktffida at three in the afternoon , and all who can be spared from domestic occupations , from the office , or from the various branches of mechanics , proceed to the garden at that time and i « m » in there . until half-past five , and this * sfcangeof occupation is found very agreeable , and teasa sne&to increase good feeling . Fmn the constant emplojEifiDt which there always is , lot ererj individual ; bom the regularity with which the meals are provided
* Bd taken ; from the temperate arrangements of the in--sfitstion , there being tirtth ^ T fermented oi distilled lignors ever introduced ; from the food being plain and - fcsiesome ; from plenty of exercise in the open air ; iroa the children of all the members being equally 3 K&rjded for , well instructed and freed from the immediate chargt of their parents ; the mode of life which * e have to lead here is essentially different from any ^ Sbdj before known , at ihat can be conceived , by those ¦ who have not fairly entered into the practical detail of it The joVEmor , by the laws , possesses full power -flra every matter connected with our proceedings , bnt irom the freedom o ! expressien , the absence of all ^^^ cion or restraint , and * t" > naaner in which eve ^? iaomanal action &at is done most become known snd » Reject to investigation , if necessary , this power is jot only kept within dne limit * prnstically ; bnt if there he any-error that is felt , is is thatpnblic opinion in its P ^ ent state is not sufficiently advanced to give that idB direction to the executive , which is desirable .
• Bulb , however , and experience , which have brought »* from very imperfect beginnings to the point at » Mch we now are , will not fail to progress the business * e have undertaken , in a continnaHy increasing ratio ; hhs moral iact is established that men esn live together = b& 3 associated arrangements , even "when they are ironght frem various localities , and with very different habits , feelings , and manners , with an amount ef pleaf 51 ^ not to be found in any of the old competitive msBtaSons of society ; and as we progress there can fee * o&BnbL that this pleasure will be very much increased .
When 1 contemplate that the amount of eomfort and Bjsyment hEre may be easily given to every individual a the British empire ; snd not only so , but that they *•?* ** advanced to a position , very highly MTsnced as compared to the one we » Te in , Aether a ^ considered physically , mentally or anoaDy ; I scarcely know how to restrain "yej within dns limits in urging upon men of "all ^ ks , classes , sects and parties , to lay aside all minor tkto and proceedings , -and to immediately examine in mk manner they can assist in so great and good a 3 ° a providing for the universal happiness of
The business of the practical reformer , is not , how-«*» , to be content with theorising alone , however " ¦ aafcful the theory may be , nor i * it n » erul to Iw con-KBt ^ ia hoping for a better state of tilings ; but we ™« proceed rapidly * nd vigorously with the { TV * educing our theories to practice , and to assist » uns I propose in my next letter to lay before your ^ Mers the outline of an orgsnisafion which shall be apable of speedily eOnMting the power of the people *~«* e lma gnestion , to an extent that shall turn the ¦~* ° J pubHc opinion , which is now setting in , npon "f ^ ecessity © I some kind of colonisatioB being w ^ i ? ' to ^ "snpaioy advantages of Home Colonies J 7 * « ose which may be established by emigration- If sow snijeet be fairl y taken nt > * nd arirued even with is to
r ®? 0 ^ abTity , there something so daw our r ~ - ™ S » in having th » power and the option of remain-^ m the country in -which we are born , among those let tL ^* * BrTe S ^ naUj sprang up , among , snd around » » v T " it 8 elf advance thecauBe of emitrationj it ^'" fa ja tuaately be proved to be desirable . Mf jrt * ereT ' 2 d 0 sot previously tire yosr patience , f «» tfiat of yoar readers , I shall have mnch pleasure rjf 8 * 511 ? at some subsequent period , that the first •«« Want we shall hav * in » -weU orderea state ol ™^ T » ai ke the greatest possible addition to Hit ^ iPBltaon of this country . 1 am , Sir , Tour obedient servant , -t > "Wtlijjlh GUiYia . ¦ aanat « y Hail , Hants , April 9 , 18 i 3 .
fit o ^ bread " ^^ Eeilil ^ ™ Bath at 6 i the » avb arf ; aad some of llieba ^ ei 3 Are sdlJng
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to ihb mniTox . or xss » oktbksh STAR . . Sra , —^ A « Heoaon and Co . " b steun machine , destined to traverse the atmosphere to India , in / our days , strikes tke world iamb with astonishment , I beg leaved through the columns of the SUr , to make a few observations on the practicability of such a project , founded upon what is called the knendedge of astronomy and the real motions of the earth . As these observations are not addressed to mathematicians , I shall not enter into mere mathematical expressions , the publio being , as yet , in the dirk , about these metaphysical technicalities . London is said to be in 51 « 31 ' north latitude ; and Calcutta , in India , in north latitude 2 * 23 " ; and 84 ° 23 'east longitude .
Say that the corresponding curved line , in the atmosphere , between these two points , is 8 , 000 miles . The qnestion for solution ib , at what rate must Hbiisob ' s steam machine move , to pass through this distance , in four days . It might be presumed , at first , that it is only the division of 8 , 000 by four , which gives 2 , 000 miles s-day , or about eighty miles an hour . ThiB wonld be practicable , there is no doubt , between these points , on the earth ; but ifc may not be so between the corresponding points in the atmosphere , if it is a fact that the earth revolves , on its axis , from west to east , once in twenty-feur hours .
In that case Henson ' s steam machine must move through the air , at the rate of about 1 , 100 an bonr , between the corresponding points on the earth ' s surface , to accomplish the distance , in four days , for , it would be moving in the same direction as the surface of the earth is said X * move , from west to east , at the rate of more than a thousand miles an hour . Hence any machine that is capable of ascending perpendicularly into the atmosphere seme 2 , 010 yards , and maintain itself in that position lor twenty-tour hours , may descend , in any given place , on tht earth ' s surface , in the same parallel of latitude , within that time . Therefore , if Calcutta and London were in the same parallel , such a machine might ascend In London , safl descend in Calcutta , in Bixtetn hours , without moving a bnir * s-breadth through the corresponding space in the atmosphere . Under these circumstances , let the publio say whether it is easier for the said steam machine to
traverse the atmosphere , south east , at the rate of 1 , 100 an hour , making the distance to Calcutta , in four days ; or reverse its direction to the south-west , at the rate of about eighty miles an hour , and cast anchor in Calcutta in about fourteen hours . BC CE TT YK IH HT YS .
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^ TO THE EDITOR OF THE KOETHEKN STABSib , —The following letter lent to me from Sydney , has betn the means of preventii-g many from emigrating to Australia , who had intended to do so this spring . The writer is a ninn of snch probity , th&t the general remark or all who knew him is , that they believe his statements as firmly as if they had seen them with their own eyes . Se expresses a confidence at the end of his letter that yon will publish it . I Save to add the earnest request of a numerous circle of the readers of the Star in this city . Yours , most jsspectftilly . Datjd M'Leod . Cannon Mills , Edinburgh , April 2 , 1843 . Sydney , July , 1842 .
ilT Dear Friend , —I have been longer in writing than I promised , but I was so disgusted at the mis-T % presention given that I could not trust myself to write impartially about it : but tola will be more satisfactory , as I have upwards of six months * more experience . As yon win get a reading of my journal of the voyage from Mr . Allan , I shall say nothing of the miseries , Inconveniences , and privations of the voyage , but endeavour with candour and exactness to give you a brief account of things here .
From what you have heard , you weuld scarcely believe that thousands are walking the streets , and have nothing to do . To Rive you an idea at once , I aan convinced there are as many tradesmen here as would meet the growing demand for twenty years to come , even supposing there was capital enough to develope successfuiJy the acknowledged resoirces of this country . What think you then of the heartlessneBs ol a corrupt press still bawling for more emigrants ; but the policy is to bring down the price of labour . I have both seen and beard of mnch misery at home , but it is dust in the balance compared with my experience here The unemployed are daOy pouring into workhouses , in many Instances begging for God's aake to give them employment , and they will be content with their food and lodgings , 1 do not refer to fancy trades , such as jewellers , watchmakers , carverB and gilders , < fcc , who are here like so many nnbived bees ; but to masons , plasterers , joiners , cabinet makers , shipwrights , blacksmiths , sawers . &e .
I will give you two or three examples of those who came out in the same ship with myself : —One joiner has got a job- for his bed and board , and thankful for it Another decent man , the same trade , has got only two months' employment since he came here , and is now ¦ witbont . Another , -whom 1 know to be a very superior tradesman , tells me , that such is the advantage his employer takes of the state of things , he seldom reaches 25 s . per week . New what has be to support a wife and three children , after paying 15 s . a week for a house , inferior to one at home at 2 s . per week ? House rents are fearful here . At home a man may take & house for a year ; and if he cannot pay it he is only sold off after six months' possession . Not so here : off he goes at a week ' s warning to the streets , and his things sold off te pay the rent . I have known many respectable , industrious people sleeping in the fields , enable to pay for a house to live in .
1 shall now . give you some idea of a country life , as I hear there 1 b some talk of sending the poor Paisley weavers here from their home misery . And firstthose unemployed tradesmen that I have been talking of would gladly go for shepherds if they conld get ; bnt of all the professions in this country it is the most heartless . They are entrusted with a flock of sheep , for which they are responsible . Now the native dog may run through his flock , and with his deadly bite destroy as many sheep as will sot only consume his yearly wages , but throw him considerably into debt .
The rations too are so very bad that few can subsist without drawing on the stores , the enormous charges of which are sure to involve its victim in Egyptian bondage . Their salary when I came out was £ 20 : it is now £ 15 ; and expected soon to be as low as £ 10 . One great source of annoyance to free emigrants is the convicts , or Government men as they are called here ; and at Port Phillip tradesmen are working to Government , convict hours , for their meat , and glad to Set it . In short , a man of capital may do here ; but those who have nothing but their labour to depend on are much better at home , bad as things are .
If I were a man of & revengeful spirit I could not punish my mortal foe more severely than by presenting him with a bundlt of lies , and induce him to come out here . I hope yon -will write out a fair copy of this , and send it to the Star : 1 have no doubt Mr . Hill will insert it ; and I shall have the pleasure of seeing it , and feeling that 1 have done some good by putting some of my brother Chartists on their guard . Never more think of coming here . I remain , dearest David , Yours very truly , Johs M'Phail .
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TO DANIEL O'COJTNEIA , ESQ . M . P . Sib , —My attention has been drawn to a speech delivered at the Corn Exchange , Dublin , in which yon have made many unfounded charges , and given expression to what 1 wonld £ sll the most ungenUenianly , nay even the most brutish calumnies , against a body of men with -whom I have the honour to be connected , that ever it has been ay lot either to read oi hear ; and , as an Irishman , to whom country is d ? ar ; as a working man who has suffered , and is yet suffering from the inhnmnn and anti-christian system of class and caste—as a Catholic and a lover of toleration , the full exereias of the right of opinion , and Christian forbearance .
I am stimulated by an honest and conscientious conviction of the troth and stability of my position , and tbB public duty 1 owe to the body politic , to show -my countrymen that in the speech from which I am now now about to quote , you have foully libelled the British and Irish Chartists ; that you have done bo for the purpose of continuing deception and humbug , in the practice of which you have become such an adept by hoodwinking and deluding the confiding people , and dividing them with the hacknied old Tory cry , of the " church in danger , " a bug bear that has served the cause of tyranny in all past ages , of aH creeds , and in all the nations of the world , and which has done more to destroy the morals , th 9 happiness , and social condition of the human race , than all the ills that flesh is heir to .
Being anIlliUrate individual , I shall perhaps be unable to couch my remarks in a style sufficiently firm to maet your elassie ears ; but , Sir , I will communicate a fact which for the last five years you seem to have entirely lost sight of , snd of which our noble Emmetk reminded your dictatorial brother , Lord Norbury . I am a man and you are no more . We are equals , then , by the unalterable law of nature ; at least as far as regards human rights and privileges ; but not in our internal organisation sad dispositions , for which I am thankful to the , Great Architect of the universe . On this ground elf equality I claim my right to freely canvass and disor ^ ally oar sayings and doings , taking , what may ap- pear
to me . as being good and profitable , and rejecting all that ia bad *» d dangerous . For this purpose , Fji d that I may not , throngh my ignorance and stop ! dlty , get involved in » labyrinth of difficultiw , by foD- owing your intricate windings and twistings ihrongb yourheterogenons mass of denunciations'levelled indiscriminately at Socialists , Ghartuta , and all other a who have the honesty to oppose your wholesale system of political trafficking , I will lay down Ihrey heads , under whieh I will write as many letters in reply to your Tom Arkin ' B , BillinEgate , and dotting harangue at your political mint , the Corn Exchange ; in all ca » es giving your exact -words aa 1 fb >< 2 them published by one oX jour creatures in taJ cKy .
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First That Chartism has no connection either with Christianity or Infidelity , there being not one word in the document called tht People ' s Charter , to justify » contrary conclusion . Second . That Chartists who are Infidels , Protestants , or Catholics have an undoubted right to bold and enjoy their peculiar opinions In religions matters , without the interferwioe of any man or party ; and rhat it is the very extreme of tyranny to denounce them as you have done , merely because they will not chime in with your unhallowed nostrums . [ " Religion is a matter between man and hia God . None should interfere with the belief of another . "—Me Daniel O'Connell , on the Calton Hill , of EdbburgbO
Third- That the inconsistency of yonr political career has destroyed the few rights and privileges which Ireland possessed whan you appeared on the publio stage . That your whole life has been characterised by a greedy , avaricious , and gormandising disposition to grasp and hoard up money , by making political merchandise of the confidence , the rags , and wretchedness of your poor dsluded victims ; and that your motives , as far as -we can judge from past experience and present appearances , for opposing a ^ nion between the working aen of England and Ireland , on the only political creed which
will ever bring salvation to the toiling millions , is neith « t more nor less than a wish on your part to continue in perpetuity the barbarous system by which we aro directly robbed and indirectly murdered , and gain an independence for yourself , yon * family , and lickspittle pionewB , by protracted agitation . That you do not want a repeal of the infernal Act of Union , but only seiw on it now as a last resource to blindfold the people a little longer ; and if repealed without the Charter Suffrage , the poor of Ireland would not receive any real or substantial benefit .
Now , Sir , for the first : You commenced your frothy speech on the brotherhood of Chartism and Socialism . The -wordB , which , yen said were , " you had received the most certain information that the societies which were established in England under the name of Chartists , or rather the branch of them called Socialists , were making the most strenuous exertions to spread their fatal principles through Ireland "—( hear ) . That the Chartists are making the most strenuous exertions to spread , not their fatal , but their glorious principles in my beloved father-land , I cheerfully , and with a gladdened heart , admit—sod no better proof could be adduced that such is the fact than the low and scurrilous means to which you have resorted for the purpose of arresting their progress . It is no go , however .
Paddy O'Higgins and his twelve hundred 8 tout-bearted democrats will continue increasing , and stick like as many bees on your Whigifled old hide , until ultimately they will sting yon eut of political existence . Tis f nite needless for yon to attempt stopping them : you might as well wrestle with a ghost , or try to keep out the tide with a pitchfork , while there is nothing but hunger and starvation throughout the land , and you are still going on In the same imbecile course that has marked your every step for the last forty lang years yon have gulled them . The men of Ireland will inquire what O'Higgins has got for them ,- and inquiry is all that is necessary to satisfy any man that has a mind of his own that his country never will be regenerated until all her sons have the power of making her laws
But you say " you have the most certain information that there is a branch « f tbe Chartists called Socislists now spreading their fatal principles through Ireland ; " you have not , however , condescended to give us any proof that Socialism is a branch f Chartism ; and until you do thiB , your mere assertion goes for nothing . There waa a time when your bare statement cvrried considerable weight ; bnt that day has long since passed away , for you have been so often found telling old wives' tales , and fabricating so many gross calumnies nga'nst your opponents , that Bcarce anybody believes you now even when you tell the truth . You certainly are in the pesition of the shepherd ' s boy , or that of a certain Editor in Glasgow , dubbed Loyal Peter * What he gives in his paper for truth , his own readers believe just the contrary , and in nine cases out of tea they are frond to be correct . In proof of this , I need only refer to your base attempt to injure that poor , but honest Chartist , Mr .
P . M . Brophy , by representing him as having been a Catholic , soda Member of the Order of tbe Scapular , afterwards becoming a Protestant and an Orangeman , and holding up tbe order to tbe ridicule of that fraternity at one of their Lodge meetings . You put the poor man ' s life in danger by exposing him to the excited prejudices , the wild fury and fanaticism of those unfortunate creatareB -who swallow as Gospel truth every word that escapes your foul mouth ,- and notwithstanding yonr pretensions to the character of Catholic , you refused to apologise or retract your vile calumnies , even after he produced a letter from Father Spratt , Patron of that Order , stating that be had known Mr . Brophy for many years , not as a Catholic , but a Protestant of tbe Church of England that he had never been a Member of the Order of the Scapular ; nor so far as he ( Father Spratt ) knew , had he ever been an Orangeman . After this , who would put any faith in your rabid stuff ?
You have found out that there are Socialists in Dublin , and in many parts of the provinces . This 1 do not feel disposed to doubt ; indeed , the great wonder to me 1 b , and has always been , that there are any Christians to be got amongst the suffering people , for the condnct which yon and yoxtx mi Dions have hitherto punned is calculated to disgust any rational man , or any body , to which yea may belong ; but that these Socialists are a section of tbe Chartists , 1 do deny , and dare you to the proof . If you bad given yourself the trouble to inquire , you would have found that Mr . Owen , the founder of Socialism , advises his followers to kave no connection with any political body , and in much tbe same dogmatic style bb you have issued your mandates to the Repealers , but not indeed from the same motives . He believes that no political change
can better the condition of mankind , as long as society is based on the present political competitive system . I cannot agree with Mr . Owen in the course he Is pursuing , for I hold that antil tbe people have the power of destroying the laws of primogeniture and entail , t * ey will get nothing either en the land or off it He has , however mistaken , spent a princely fortune in attempting to raise n < an from his present degradation and slavery ; * nd it , therefore , entitled to the esteem and respect of every good and philanthropic jnind . The difference between you and him consists in this—that he has spent his all for the general good , according his own peculiar views , while you bare scraped every penny yon could gather into your insatiable haversack , and prostituted your principles into the bargain .
You say you do not accuse all tbe Chartists with being Socialists , but all tbe Socialists are Chartists . There is a mixture of truth and falsehood -which I -will not endeavour to separate . You conld not make your audience believe , with all this gullibility , that Father Ryan , of Chontarff , and Mt . O'Higgins , were Socialists ; and for the information of my countrymen , I can tell them ( for it is vain to attempt trying to make any impression on your Iron conscience ) that there are thousands of these same Socialists , who are not only not
Chartists , bnt its strongest opponents—thousands whs belong to no party , and a goodly number who are even Conservatives . And , mark me , sir , when I Bay bo , I do it with extreme regiet ; the Socialists are an intelligent body of men , and if they were Ckartists would do much in tssisting to break down the Btiong barriers which you and your brother despots have raised against the Tights of injured labour . That there are Socialists who are also Chartists is quite true , and they have a right to be so as well as either Catholia or pretestant , as I shall prove in my next letter .
Let us now , sir , understand each other plainly , ? and find out , if possible , what you wish to be at . You charge us with infidelity—we dray it ; and your abusive tirades are not sufficient grounds whereon to condemn a large body of men . It is yet fresh in tbe recollection of every man who has watched yonr proceedings for the last three or tout years , that yon denounced the Chartists as a body , lot a few of their number opening churches to escape the vesgeance of their former pastors . You held them up aa forming a new religion , aod warned yonr dupes against any communion with them , or with us who did not join them either in their preaching or praying ; bnt no sooner had some of these preachers broke faith with Mr . O'Connor , and the rational portion of the Chartist body , than you took
them to your ungrateful bosom , joined their humbug suffrage movement , now ' defunct , and sent your man Friday , mad Tom Steel , to Birmingham , for tha purpose of disuniting us . When first you attacked the Irish Universal Suffrage Association yon charged them with being Orangemen , next a secret society admitting their members on oavh ; driven from all these points , yonr fiendish disposition , maddened by their rapid progress ; suggested a new mode of attack , and you assail with what ? oh , reader , hear it , and whether joa be Catholic , or Protestant , or Infidel , ask yourselt the question—Can the person who is capable of aetisg as such a wholesale libelier be a good member of sooUty ? We are , lastly , indicted at the bar ef your tribunal with being Ribbonmen in disguise .
Now , Sir , as yon say you are a Catholic , how in the name of that great Being berare . whom you must appear , can yon reconcile such glaring contradictious ? At one time we are establishing a sew religion ; next we are Infidels and Socialists ; then oomes the charge of Orangeism ; and , in the short period of four months , all these are metamorphised into the fifth and last , that of Ribbonvsm . Oh . 1 Din , Dan 1 Do you ever expect to die ? Do you .- really believe the doctrines of the Catholic Church ? You know very well she teaches the commandment—T > iou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour —and that if you injmre him , either in person , property , or reputation , you are bonid to make reparation for such injury ere you can yourself receive forgiveness , or with the least shade of truth and seriousness , repeat the Lord ' s prayer .
You axe now aa old man , sa tbe sayiag is , with one foot in the grave and the other out of it , and it is really high time yo « were beginning to settle accounts for the other world;—that is to say , if you believe there is such . But to be plain , my humble opinion is , that you do not believe in a future state of rewards and punishments , else the preservation of your immortal soul would deter yon froa thus attempting to vilify the characters of men who are as much your superiors in point of political honesty as you are mine in literary accomplishments .
Many well-meaning individuals may perhaps say I deal rather hardly with yon in uxng this style to convey my Bense ol your rnoral worth to society : to euch I
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will only observe—let them read the following ch » ice sample of your oration , and then condemn me if they In speaking- of the Rlbbonmen ( not one of whom , I am folly persuaded , know a single point of oar Charter } , you 8 a ( d— "One miscreant put a paper into a poor man ' s pocket , that be might be taken by the poli « e with that paper on him j the Chartists and Socialists are still mow dexterous knaves than those men , and wonld , no doubt , sell the blood of their dupes . " Now , Sir , as I have already told you , I am unacquainted with the English language ; bnt , although I knew the proper application ofita every word , I would fael lost tor terms suffloientlv strong to express the disgust I have felt , on perusing this sentenceor my utter
de-, teatatlon of tbe vicious propensities of the demon in human shape that used it How can We sell the blood of our dopes ? Our own blood is being Bold by the ruffian spies of a corrupt Government , and we havo no power to prevent it . Fifty-nine of our best friends have been lately put on trial for advocating the claims of suffering humanity , and no single individual In the community naa done more to secure their conviction than you have by your unhallowed denunciations . We sell the blood of the people ! We are their only friends ! And why ? Because we are Ourselves the people . We defy you , Sir , with all your learned lore , to produce a single instance where we have either sold or shed tbe blood of any human being . We are banded together in legal , peaceful nnion , without oatha
or secrete , to secure that which neither yon nor the class to which you belong , and of which you are the hired hackneyed mouth-piece in Ireland , wonld never grant us a protection for our labour through the laws of our country . We defy you to produce a single instance wherein your Dronic class have ever done any practical good to our injured , insulted , and brutalised order . On the other hand , both you and they do everything in your power to prevent us ever doing anything for ourselves . You are like the dog in the manger , that would neither eat the hay , nor allow the horse to do it . Your talent and influence , bad you employed them in our cause , would long ere this have bettered our social condition . Why do I say so ? Simply because your popularity in Great Britain and Ireland , at the time you assisted in framing our Charter , would
have carried it into law , wiUwut the aid of swords or guns . Had yon been as disinterested as ft Tell , a Washington , or an Emmet , England would be tbis day in reality what she ia only in name ; this is indeed paying you a high compliment , but I believe it is nevertheless quite true . It is not to the man I give it but to tbe circumstances by which he was surrounded . Alas ! for the fallibility of human nature , tbe general depravity and avariciousness of the hearts of men ; few , very few , can be trusted ; and you , Sir , cannot be ranked amongst those pure spirits who have withstood tbe stormy buffets of tyannlcat and daspotic nionarebs , with their myriads of sycophantic adulators , and who seeing every hope blasted , ultimately threw themselves into the breach between the oppressors and their victims , prefering death to the dishonour of surviving the subjugation of the country by tbe ruthless foreigner .
You have again seized on the term Universal Suffrage to cover your apostaoy , by gulling your bearers into the belief that we , tbe Chartists , wish to give the Franchise to women and children . As I have already said you assisted in drawing up our Charter , and you well know the word ' universal is not to be found from tbe beginning to the « nd of that document . It is there laid down and defined that none but males of twenty-one years of age are recognised as voters . But why do I waste time ? You were perfectly well aware you were Bt&ting falsehoods ; you knew you were addressing a body of men who have never yet read the Charter , and if you can prevent it , never will .
However , the lovers of equal rights and equal laws have one great consolation ef whieh It is not in your power to deprive them : it is this , that the intelligent portion of my countrymen are inquiring What our Charter really means , and I have no fear whatever that when Irishmen come to know the principles of democracy , they will stand by those principles despite your silly twaddle in persuading them to ihe contrary ; it is characteristic of my countrymen to embrace the truth when they find it ; of this we have ample evidence in the rigmarole speech now before me , when you called their attention to the fact , and indeed it is the only solitary fact that I have been able to discover in it , " that on a brief period after St . Patrick entered Ireland there was not a heathen to be found in the land , or a person who was not baptised ; there was no people so strongly attached to their religion , or who endured so much persecution , or who went through so much grievous oppression , and yet remained true to their God . "
I can , Sir , cheerfully subscribe to all this ; and whan Chartism , the Catbolcity of politics , Shall have became properly understood , there will not be found a single individual from Donegal to Kerry that will not be both baptised and confirmed in its saving truths ; than shall the friends of unhappy Erin have Ihe pleasing consolation of knowing that tUe reign of your humbugging is drawing to a close , and that tbe religion of their fathers will be consistently carried out by a happy and contented people , enjoying at tbe same time the full reward of their industry secured on the firm foundation of the rights of man , based on the simple and unalterable laws of nature .
If Irishmen will only read the People ' s Charter , that is aU I ask of them . If they carefully con over its every line they will at once see there is nothing opposed to true religion ; but everything pleasing to a mind imbued with the principles of truth and justice . That there are bad men professing its doctrines , none will for a moment dispute . It is a pity there are such ; yet it is impossible to prevent it . There is not , nor has there ever been , a body of men , or a society in the world , which has not contained within it aotue bad or Immoral characters ; even among the twelve Apostles chosen to promulgate tbe doctrines of Christianity there was a devil ; and surely common sense might suggest a charitable feeling to our long-faced denouncers to make allowance for at least three or four hundred devils among as many millions of Cbartists .
But , Sir , it is only when we have ceased to gulp all your confounded nonsense , that you and your myrmidons attack oar private characters . As long as we continued to pay oar sailings to be elevated to the distinguished position of the twentieth part of an imbecile shopocrat in your royal , loyal , piebald Repeal Association , yon never for a moment questioned our morality . When canvassing for wbat you term associates , you oe « er ask the people when they have been drunk , if they have ever stole anything , or if they have attended to their religions duties . Not yourself . Dan ; you know a trick worth two of that : you just ask them for their names and their shillings . If they ean supply you with the Drowns , you care not a farthing for their brains .
You say we have Socialists in connection with our societies . Indeed , and are you prepared to come out so very a despot as to deny these or any other body of men the free exercise of their opinions ? If bo , what did you mean by your expressions on the Calton Hill of Edinburgh , where you stood up for man ' s religion remaining between himself and his God ? Then why cut out the Socialist ? Is he not a mas , and entitled to the same rights and privileges aa another ? But more of this anon . 1 shall be at jou again , God willing , on Saturday , tbe 23 d , when I expect to prove that you are
a practical Infidel , which will verify the Baying , that a thief cries , " thief" first j and while I do so , I will take the opportunity of also proving to my countrymen that they should be the last in tha world to persecute ^ oor working men on matters of opinion , having passed through tbe fiery ordeal of the bloody penal laws and the savage barbarity of the cruel Orange faction . Your old friend , Con Murray , A ' n Irishman , a Catholic , and a Democratic Repealer of the Legislative Union . Glasgow , April 1 st , 1843 .
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TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ES < J . Sm , While our Established Scottish Clergy are at flsty caffs with Sir R . Pee ! and Graham , about tbe nonintrusion question ,, and publicly telling us that her Majesty ' s Government is actuated by a hostile spirit to tbe revealed will of God , does not this plainly tell ua that tbe devil has now taken the management of ths Gov eminent helm ? Such a bint is certainly enough to make our hair stand erect , and aa it ia a fact that Old Nick has got himself wormed within the walla of St James ' s , we osgbt to look to the- right abnut , and set our Chartist house , in order . Well , in order te do this , I would beg to refer to your letter of last week ; " To the Imperial Chartists , " wherein you have a paragraph about the election of a New Executive for England .
Now , Sir , I have always been of opinion that we Bhould have no sectional Executive ; it ought to be national . Why leave out Ireland and Scotland ? I can see no goed reason for doing this ; we Scotchmen ate as anxious for union as Englishmen , and I have no earthly doubt but Irishmen are equally bo . Our opinions can never be centralized , nor our business transacted without discord and deception , unless we have a National Executive , embracing England , Ireland , and Scotland . Meetings have baen held at Olasgow and Edinburgh , with a view to centralizs Scotland j delegates were sent , promises were made , and districts were voted off to be organised , and all this at considerable expence . What then ? Just nothing at all I With respect to that portion of the allotment given to Aberdeen , and which was called the " Northern District , " any one might have at once discovered that the Chartists of this city were not able to perform the extraordinary task of agitating a space of countn , containing about 2 , 600 square miles .
Attempts were made to agitate a portion of the North , and Messrs . Barney , Da vies , and M'Donald , proceeded as far as Inverness . These men , especially Messrs . Harney amd Daviea , whose labours were executed daring the winter , can disclose the difficulty , and calculate tbe expenee Aberdeen would have had to meet by such an undertaking . Bat there are a number of other places as lucklessly situated as those north of Aberdeen ; and we may instance Iceland la general Here then it is evident that the agitation must be made more universal , and supported by a national fcind , under the guidance of men of ability and spirit . I shall not , in the meantime , venture to premise wbat number of men might be requisite for conducting the agitation on such a broad scale ; but one thing is quite certain—we have plenty of mea in our ranks witb talent and well-tried experience , who have been sufficiently long before the public to warrant their appointment . Under the bygone system , the elements of CbartiBiu have sprung bul slowly ap from discordant loots , and its advocacy by
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men atultified with sectarian prejudices has greatl ; retarded its growth . Every } man who could link to getber a , half-boor's speech became aa orator ; but from the want of ednoation , committed blunders whid gave the law a handle , and , in consequence , many wen subjected to penalties which men of better understand ing wonld easily have avoided . A national executive would remedy this evil by ex amining the capability of persona wishing to be ap pointed public lecturers . Thus , then , the spy agitator would be silenced , as also the whole host of money catching idlers completely routed .
o& the whole I crave your opinion on tbis matter , as I firmly believe , without some such scheme to unite the masses in one bond of fellowship , by giving them something to look at and rely upon , we shall still bs scrambling , urging , and tugging blindly , and without that degree ef strength which national unity of purpose would give . \ Sir , believing , aa I do , thatjyoo have nothing more at heart than the good of the people , and that your labours ia their behalf will only terminate with your existence , or the accomplishment of even handed justice to all , I beg to remain , Yours , in the best of causes , John Smart . Aberdeen . March 27 . 1843 .:
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v , TO THR PEOPLE OF IRELAND . Rabeny , ( near Dublin ) 31 st March , 1843 . Fellow countrymen and Fellow Slave * . — The newspaper press of England announces to US that an Emigration scheme is about to be got up , to which the sanction of Lord Scanley is txpeded . I hasten , my friends , to caution you against being entrapped by the plausible inducements with which tbis scheme will be surrounded . It is needless here to describe the suffer ing to which the people of Ireland are at present reduced ; ib is enough that yoa feel them . From personal experience , I can assure you that in other British colonies , deprived of the blessings of self-government , neither life , liberty , or character are safe for one moment In Ireland we b » ve numbers and a devoted press to shelter . us in some measure ; but tbe colonies , subjected to the controul of a governor totally irresponsible ( except
to those who select him to carry out their own views ) are mere despotisms . The knowledge I possess of these facts , compels me now to come forward and implore you not to be induced to emigrate to any country or colony unless the inhabitant ! eDJoy self-government . Rather than lend your sanction to a principle which has desolated your native land , take refuge in the workhouse . Continue to straggle against the mass of evil entailed on you by provincialism ; but trust not yourselves to a country where { your destiny lies at the mercy of a clique . I will watch the progress of this man-trapping scheme , and will address you on the subject from time to time . ! I remain , [ My fellow countrymen and fellow slaves , Your brother in bondage . William Brvan .
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TO THE CHARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Chartist Friends—frrejoice to be able to inform you tbat we stand a good chance of having a Monthly Magazine . I know that every ¦ lover of the cause will like te hear tbis , and to me the news is particularly pleasing , because the ardent wishes breathed by me on this subject in the Northern ) Star recently and two years ago , are now likely to be realised . I make extracts from two letters received from good friends to Chartism , one of whom is still alive and active ; but the other , alas , is since deceased , j Leamington , March 20 , 1841 .
On the subject of the proposed Chartist Magazine , in reference to which yon ask the opinion of reading and thinking men , I take tbe liberty to congratulate you on having been Ihe first to introduce to the attention of the Chartists a project of so much value and importance ; and I shall myself be most happy to become a subscriber to the Magazine . . I would recommend that it should be handsomely got up , and that the price of each monthly number should not be less than one shilling . At present we have no yery respectable Chartist publication ; at least aa regards external appearance . The reproach implied by tbis circumstance ought to be obviated—A devideratum to be supplied , I tbluk , very effectively by the publication of a first-rate monthly Chartist magazine .
The number of accomplished Chartist writers ia greater than is generally perhaps imagined . Witb the letters , addresses , and extern poreous orations of oar principal agitators , I have been exceedingly pleased ; and tbe concentration of such talent ia tbe vehicle referred to would , I am confident , effect results of a highly interesting and important character . * * ? * ¦ Hoping te be gratified by a sptedy announcement of the actual publication of the ! flrBt number of tbe magazine . I am . sir . Yours respectfully , J . B . Smith . Mr . J . Watkins . Bradford , 19 th April , 1841 .
Ml Dear Sir , — I feul confident that yon -will excuse me anticipating yom friendship , and I have the vanity to reckon npon your pardon for presuming this familiarity , of which I venture to hazard your censure , after informing you that your sentiments , moral and political ( religious I have nothing to do with , ) are already intimately known to me ; through the universal medium of that " winged courier' * the Northern Star , which as you justly observe , has " brightly shone , " and may it long continue to " silver o ' er the Chartist's path . " But whilst It must be admitted that tb « extraordinary circulation of that j valuable luminary is calculated to do , and actually does accomplish immense good , tbe establishment of a vehicle to take up , condense and publish the really valuable ! mass of accumulated matter rejected from necessity and not for absence of ' merit is essentially necessary aad ! desirable .
I have long wished for a greater diffusion of sound political knowledge ; with this desire , I encouraged Qt . M Douall to commence his labours , and there being yet ample room and talent for farther substantial addition and ornaments to tbe Chartist j library , your suggestion for a Monthly Magazine is ) truly gratifying , not only to myself , but is also appreciated by the public ; and I am very glad to eay , meets with the entire approbation of Mr . O'Connor , cordially and unqualifiedly—so he expressed himself to me when I saw him during last assizes . ¦
I have neither time cor ability to contribute to the pages of your projected work . b « t y « u may rely apon it tbat I would not leave a stone unturned to assist yonr praiseworthy endeavours—and I conld answer for Ibbetson , our bookseller and news-agent here , pushing tbe circulation . I have been over and over again requested to join in a contemplated Chartist newspaper here , and tempted with the offer of professional business connected therewith ; but have in variably ejected the scheme , as nothing in my opinion is wanted . in addition
to the Star ia the way of a newspaper save a " daily ' which the " atlas" ( as you denominate Mr . O'C . ) is fully determined to set up on his liberation . Tet we do require a dissemination of sterling Chartist articles , a regular series , food for the mind , interspersed with pleasing facts , poetry , and miscellaneous matter . Tb& price of tbe Magasine should not exceed sixpence . J do hope and trust tbe project will succeed , and if it be not trespassing too much upon your fejadnesa do favour me with a line at your convenience informing me how the undertaking is likely to progress * *
Mr . O'Connor stated he would write you approving of your enquiry—he was sure yoa hud " said well . " With a Daily * Weekly ! ! and Mpathly 1 I ! whaft shall we net accomplish 1 1 remain , my deaa Sir , Your ' s ver ^ respectfully , i . CLARSfcSON . J . Watkiss , Esq . The last letter , written by / Mr . Clarksoa , of Bradford , who filled tbe « fflce of Chartist solicitor , so ably sustained at present by M » . Roberts , vriU be deemed particularly interesting as a voice from t ! se dead . I remain , brother ] ChartUts , Yonr friend in the good cause . : Joss Watkins .. BaUersea , April 3 d , Ji 3 * 3 .
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—**^—TO THE EDITOR OP THE NOSUHEBN STAK » Mt dear Hin , —Conversing witb our b * ioved O'Connor , during th » recent election at Nottingham , on the subject ef the projected N&w Organization , I was satisfied by learntog that he stiU clearly sees th » primary importanca of ou ? having an Awnual Convention . Since be assured me tbat his conviciionj both of th » necessity and practicablaness of this annual representative assembly remain sd unchanged ^ I shall , at jiesent , offer but one observation on the > subject . Permit ma , then , to say , that I really was surprised at an observation of your- owa shortly after I published ( at the request of the Birmingham Delegate meeting ) my sketch of a new organisation , ! You observed ( to the bast of my remembrance , for I haw not the Sjar at band which contains your remarks ) that the proposed Annual Convention would be illegal , because ik would
be elected by sections of the Chaitist Association . Now , it rests rather a '» rongly in my memory that when ( at Leeds ) I first opened to jou j rny thoughts on an improved organisation , and when you thsa raised this same objection , you acknowledged , after a few moments ' thought , tbat you were cosvinced of the legality of an Annual Convention , since I described it to yeu as an assembly elected not by any sections < rf a disHnet association , but by ftte whole people . } Since this was tne very idea I depicted in my published Plan rseotion 4 . The deljsgates to be elected by the people in publio meeting asBeablea , ''} I could not help wondering at the renewal of your objections . My memory may be , in soirie measure , incorrect of the exact degree of agreement yourself and I had on this matter , at Leeds : I have merely stated to you my impression . It is of no importance , however , whether I remember aright or noi . I think , my dear Hill , when yon think over this subjeofc once again , yoa will see as clearly aa O'Connor
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MJMon , Wh He , Ha . * ney , Baiistow , and others whom I migbb nientk *» as cm responding with me in their views on tbis point * —tbat the grand scheme of an annual representative Jtesembi'y te really legally practicable . And if it be , i * . h » my mind , almost impossible to overstate the bsn ^ ffts h kely to arise to Chartism trom such a periodical' brin $ 5 i iR-together of the most active spirits of the numaienfc . What a smoothing down of asperities from a true ua ierstanding of each othw j what a mutual infiraion-awi reciprocation of intelligence and energy ; what »• solid growth and building-up of the stern fabric of d » iaotn T must result from the
institution of that Annual » Oonveation . I feel this to be so completely the heart ant' core tf all real emendation in our schemes , tbat I vril' not iafce up your valuable space with adverting to * -i , v other topic . Saffice ft to say , that O Connor assures ; me he- project * or proposes a National Delegate- Meetii ig , to consider , gravely and deliberately , all plans- © f otr nnizaSoni witfca view to presenting an entire piwo for th -s people ' s acceptance : such meeting to be held a » soon n 1 convenient afts ? the Queen ' s Bench business is settled . I remain , dear Hill , Yours very truly , Xhoma& = Coopee ; - Lelcestor , April 11 , 184 S .
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES' OF AME 8 JCA We have received a copy of tbe United StatecAlmanacle for 1 * 43 , which contains some curious and roach valuable information in regard to the population , prod nets , trades , manufacture , commerce , debt , &c , of tl 3 republic . In the first part of the work there is a vesy ¦ comprehensive calender , and a number of useful mathematical and astronimical tables ; while the second 'part which extends over 235 pages is devoted entirely to statistic * . It is to the last portion of the almanack to which we shall drect our attention .
According to the census of 1 S 40 . tbe population of the United States was , in that year , 17 068 666 . The number of"free white persons" amounted told . 185 * 2 0 & ; ef whom 7 , 249 , 266 were males , and 6 930 . 842 females . The number of " free coloured persons" amounted to 386 245 , of which 186 467 " were males , and 192 . 778 females . The number of slaves amounted to 2 487 . 213 ; of whom 1 , 246 , 408 were nmles . and 1 240 , 805 females . 476 white males , and 31 & white females ; 286 tree coloured males and 316 free coloured females ; and 75 S male slaves and 580 female slaves , were 100 years of age and upwards . There were , amongst the white population . 6 682 individual both deaf and dumb , and 977 amongst tbe slaves and eoleured persons . 5 024 whites were blind , and 1 892 ; slaves and coloured persons . at tbe
4 329 whites were insane ^ : idiots public charge , and 10 , 179 at the charge of private individuals . 833 slaves and coloured persons were insane or idiots at the public cbarge , and 2 , # 93 at the charge of private individuals . There were 173 universities or colleges , With 16 . 233 students ; 3 242 academies and grammar schools , with 114 , 150 students ; and 47 2 &Oprimary and common schools , witb 1 , 845 , 244 scholars . 468 , 264 scholars were educated at the public cbarge ; and 549 , 69-3 white persons were found , more than twenty years of age , who could neither read nor write . In the s * me table with the deaf , dumb , blind , insane , and idiots , we find the following entry : — "Total number of pensioners for revolutionary or military services , 20 797 . " From 1830 to 1340 the whites had increased 3 . 662 . , or at the rate of 34 per cent . ; the coloured
persons cad increased 66 \ 64 & , or at the rate of 20 £ per cent ; and the slaves , within the same period , had increased 479 , 170 , or at the rate of 2 S | per cent . The average rate of increase of the whole population , on each ten of tbe fifty years , has been 34-15-lOOths per cent , and at tbe same rate our author , who likes to look ahead , calculates * that tbe number of the inhabitants in the United States-in tbe year 1870 will amount to 41 , 070 , 363 , to a unit . The number of persons employed in mining is stated at 15 , 203 ; in agriculture , 3 . 717 , 756 ; in commerce , HZ 575 ; in manafactures and trade , 791 . 545 ; in the navigation of the ocean , 56 . 025 ; in the navigation of lakes , rivers , and canals , 33 067 ; and in tbe learned professions , 65 236 . But it is clear that this table must be very imperfect , for it leaves a vast mass of the population to whom it assigns no occupation of any kind .
We now turn from the-population to the products of the United States . The capital invested in iron mines amounted , when the returns were made up , to 20 , 431 , 131 dola . ; and the Quantity of that metal produced was 286 , 9 » 3 . ton 8 of cast , and 197 , 233 tons of bar iron during the year . The capital invested in lead mines was 1 , 346 . 756 dols ., and 31 . 239 . 4531 b . of lead were produced . In gold mines 234 , 325 dols . were inveated . and gold to tbe value of 529 605 dols . was produced . Capital to the amount of 238 , 1 . 80 dols , was employed in mining for other metals , and the value of tbe preduce was 370 , 614 dels . Tbe capital invested in the anthracite coal mines was 4 , 355 . 602 dols ., and in tbe bituminous coals mines ls 888 , 8 « a dols ; and the preduce was 8 t 3 419 tons of the former , and 27 . 603 191 bushels of
the latter . The production of domestic salt employed 6 998 , 045 , dols ., and the number of bushels efthafc articl « manufactured was 6 179 . 174 . In granite , marble , and other stone , 3 , 543 , 159 dols . were invested , and the value of the quantity of those materials produced amounted to 3 , 635 , 884 dots , annually . The number of horses and nmAea throughout the onion was 4 , 335 . 689 ; of neat cattle , 14 971 . 586 ; of sheep , 19 , 3114374 ; of swioe , 26 , 301 , 293 ; while the valae of all kinds of poultry was estimated at 9 , 343 , 440 dols . There were produced 84 823 . 272 bushels of Wheat , 4 . . 504 of barley , 123 . 071 341 of oats , 18 . 6 * 4 , 567 of rye , 7 . 291 . 743 of buekwheat , 377 ; , 631 875 of Indian oorn , 108 , 238 , 060 of potatoes , and 10 ; 248 , 108 tons of bay , and 95 , 251 tons of hemp and
flax , 35 802 , 114 pounds of wool , were raised , 219 , 163 , 319 pounds of tobacco , 80 , 841 , 4221 b . of lice , 7 » p , 479 , 2750 * of cotton , 61 . 5521 b . of silk cocoons , and 155 . 100 , soolb . of sugar were made . The value of the produce of the dairy was 33 , 787 , 008 dols . ; of the orchards , 7 . 25 G . & 04 dols . ; of the market gardens , 2 , 601 , 196 dols . ; and of the nurseries , 593 53-4 dols . The value of home-made or family goods -was 28 ( 923 370 dols . The capital invested by commercial houses ia foreign trade and in commission business was 119 , 295 , 367 dols . ; in the retail of dry goods , grocery , and other stores , 250 , 301 , 799 dols . ; iu lumber yards and trade , 9 , 348 , 307 dole . ; and in internal transportation , and by butchers , packers , * c ., 11 526 , 950 dols .
The amount of capital invested in tbe fisheries was 16 , 429 , 620 dols ., and the produce was 773 9 . 47 quintals of dried fish , 472 , 359 barrels of pickled fish , 4 , 704 , 708 gallons ef spermaceti oil , aad 7 , 537 , 778- gallons of whale and ether fish eila . The value of the whalebone and other productions of tie fisheries was 1 . 153 234 dols . The . value of lumber produced in the forests was 12 943 , 5 W dols . ; of skina and furs , 1 , 08 * 869 dols . ; while € 13 , 106 barrels of tar , pitch , turpentine , and resin , aad 15 , 935 tons of pot and pearl ashes , wire obtained from tbe same sanrce . The amount of capital invested in * manufactures , exclusively is stated to have been 2 £ ir , 726 579 dols ; and the value of the manufactured goods produced was estimated at 3 £ 0 ( 451 , 754 dols . for the year .
The lumber of vessels which entezad ports of tha United States during the year ending the 30 th September 284 L , Was 12 , 282 ( giving & tonnage of 2 370 , 3 & 3 ); ami of that 7 , 735 were American , and 4 548 were foreign vessels . Daring the same year , 7 , 790 American vessels cleared frem the United States , and 4 554 foreign Teasels . , The value of the merchandise imported during tikis period -was 127 , 946 , 227 doUara-v and of that exported 121 . 851 , § 03 dols . The legal rates of int-rest vary , in the different States from six to eigbt per cent . ; and- the punishments of usury are very , conflicting and uncertain . The debts of the several States amount to 207 : 6 C& . 915 dols . ; and the yearly interest thereon te I 0 . 7 A 6 . 78 O dots . It is asserted that the present market value of all these debts is only 105 , 184 , 595 dols ., thus showing a depreciation of 46 1-6 per cent on the par value . A 'earful list of 16 & " broken bints" is given , with as aggregate capital of 132 . , 389 dols .
The salary of the President of the United States is 25 , 00 fo dols . per annmp ; and of each of the members of his cabinet 6 , 000 dols ., with the exception of the Afctoaney-Gteneral , who is allowed only 4 . 000 dola . Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary are- each allowed a , 000 dols . a-year , except the Minister a& Constantinople , who has oaly 6 , 000 dols . A Charge * ^ Affaires is allowed 4 500 dols . ; but of one . hundred and fifty-one consuls and commercial agents , only tea have any ealaty , the whole of the othera being paid
by fees . Th © Chief Justjte of tbe Supreme Court ia allowed " compensation" to the amount of 5 , 000 dols . a-year ; and each of the inferior judges to the ameunk of 4 500 dola . The compensation" of the judges of the district courts is &om 1 , 000 dols . to 3 , 500 dols . a-year . * The " compensation * " of the President of the Senate , and of the Speaker of the House of KepresentaVives , is sixteen dols . a-day ; and each of the members » f those bodies is allowed eight dok . per diem . The pay of the members of the several state legislatures amounts t % irom one dol . SJty cents , to four
dois . per diem . There are ne * returns relating to the army ; but the navy is stated to be composed of 12 ships of tha line ; 1 razee ; 12 frigates of 44 guns each ; 2 frigates of 36 guna each ; , & steuneiB ; 11 sloops of 20 guns each ; I sloop of 18 . guns ; 5 of 16 , guns ; 2 brigs of 10 guns each , 12 . sahooners , and 7 store vessels . There are 68 captaina in the navy , 27 commanders , 328 lieutenants , 70 BOigaons , 66 assi&ant-aurgeenB , 63 pursers , 24 chaplslas , 473 midshipmen , and 30 masters . Th » numbtr of post-offices in the United States ia gives at 13 , 468 , and tbe extent of post roads at 155 , 74 * miles . . The ftroime of tbe Post-office in 1840 waa 4 ., &a » , 266 dola and the expenses 4 . 769 , 111 dols .
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A Circujjstamce ooourred at TJppiogtpn last week which has created a great sensation . An assistant to Mr , Benson , surgeon te the union , having the usual access to tbe dead-room at the poorhouse , took out the heart of a pauper , lying there dead ( unperceived by the master ) , concealed it in his pocket , and afterward delivered a . * lecture" upon it before the Odd Fellows' lod ^ e at a pubUa-houS * The occurrence made so mo ^ h noise in . the town that the guardiaus , W Thursday , the 30 th ult ., made inquiry into the ease , . antt sent the particulars to the Commissioners in . London , requesting their advice . thereuppn . The an ? wer is that the Commisaionera will take time to cor . aider it . The guardians , yesterday , passed a resolution forbidding the attendance of tho young >^ aii u pon any pauper of the union , either m the hons » or elsewhere . —Stamford Mercury .
Untitled Article
THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct929/page/7/
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