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wn THE PRODUCERS OF WEALTH, AND III those who live by industry OX THE LAND.
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OLTJBAM.—On Sunday last a discussion took place in the Chartist Room. Greaves-street, on the best Dlan
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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jjjg gtirring people tare had more than \ fgfc of theory , speculation , and promise , their £ ^« TTB iind § nHist henceforth be directed to ma tters ^ fjj ^ etiee . yor this reason , and knowing that to * \ C 7 whole nation happj each man mast really * ZL himself as an essential part of society , I ^^ jaferred presenting my notions of happiness rt ifflre ?** of happy individuals , to the usual ** ^ « r pjfssing at means for producing national
*~ ~ ~ Z . pat t M ( i inferring therefrom that all must be £ Sp » teofit - Sow ii national greatness" means an excess of -Bjfit . with the cotemporaneons existeneeof poverty , fij ^ d is truly " great . " My notion , however , is ^ poverty brought on by willing idleness is the y , case in which poverty becomes a crime ; and "fj well fcno * tk * 4 eTel 7 kbwing * a * ' 1 in England , ^ nearly all , are wilSag to work for a deoent sub-* 3 &i < se > and would wwi hard if the produce of their bWB labonrwas secured to them , I look for such jjuages as will produce real national greatness , jj ^ ongb individual independence . Soeh a change never can be effected by other
aeiBS than free labour . When one man employs iBOtber and makes profit of his labour , let others ^ D it what they please , I call it slavery . That is , Tfforided the man employed is compelled to work for mother because he has not the means of workin * for himself . The case is far different , when fc >; h doors are open , and whea the workman may enter at which he pleases—the natural door , -which , ^ laad , or the artificial deor , which is the factory . In such case , the standard of wages
establish ed m the free labour , or natural , market , readers the mas who works in the artificial market &o » choice , just as independent as his neighbour . Yoq will observe that I am against any , the
gggjtfest , compulsion ; and that my system merely 9 ts to A . and B . there are two doors open to you ; fteone *> y which you may enter tbe free-labour market , , 2 $ lie other by which 70 a may entw ta « artificial gjjfcei . If A goes in by one , aad B by tbe other , ^ it tie natural market astablishefl a prioe for his j ^ sr ande r which B vzbd not work in the artigeal market . Jfcre ? mind , if I aai tedious and 5 nrfeit yon with rejection upon repetition . I mean to repeat and joterate until I make yon love freedom and-hate sbTcTT .
I now proceed to show how national greatness can be produced bj individual independence . Although I ja prepared with practiee npon a mnch larger scale gun that laid down in Mr . Linton's very admirable , dor , and satisfactory account , yet I prefer , in the £ rst instance , arguing from that simple table ; and here will hate it inserted for immediate reference : —
TO THK EDITOB OF THE N 0 BTHXR 5 STAB . DsjlS 5 ik , —According to Mr . O'Connor * request , I htve sent 70 a a correct statement of tbe average produce of my experiment on the laud for the last four yean . I lave i 051 square yardj of lacd , divided into four part * , with crops as follows : — 5 a 1—S-5 square yards , first crop potatoes , second cop Swedish turnip * 2 f 0 . 2—S 23 tqitre yards , first crop cabbages , second crop potatoes . > ' a 3—923 square y&rds , first crop cabbages , second crop Swedish toratps . 2 » o . 4—1 . 350 square yards in grass . Total . i , f' 21 square yards .
1 set the crops every yeai from Number * 1 , 2 , 3 , and dumber i always remuiu sward . The above ii the order of the crops for this year . Next year the crops cm Xnmber 1 win take the place of Number 2 , and Sm&ber 2 will take tbe place of Number 3 , and Number 3 will take the place of Number 1 , and so on erery year f tciMteiy ; so that 1 fcave a regular rotation of crops , £ wayg having that portion of land laid up in ridges in yoranber that I shall want for potatoes in the following spring , and e&cb portion of land has in its torn what I tern ani m fallow . Tbe following are the particulars of each crop , and it » : I have found from practice to be the average produce of quantity and valne for ene year : —
£ b d So . land 2 contains 1 , 748 square yards ; produce 140 buatels of potatoes , at Is . per bnshel ... ... ... ... 700 Xta . 1 and 3 contains 1 , 748 ffoare yards planted with Swedish turnips , at the rate of- six in the square yard , STaafing in -weight 411 * . e « eb ; total ? tight , 15 tons , 15 c ^ rt , at 15 s . per ten " 14 1 3 5 m . J sad S contains 1 , 846 square yards , planted with cabbages , at the rate of ficr in the square yard ; average WElgbi 41 b . each ; total weight , 13 tons I cwt sold at 28 cabbages for Is . 13 3 9
£ 34 5 0 I frreihiMtsteireri as the selling price that it may be compared with tt = T&J-ne when the produce it con-Kffifcd bj cattle . 1 have had two cows supplied with food for tbt las' two years from the prodnce of this land "iritis the exception of a little cat straw . Tbe total WBght of turnips and cab flares , the produce of one year , ii 31 tans 15 cwt . or 15 cwt . per week for fortytwo wfcfcks . Tise otbfi ten weeks they are fed on pus bj mowing it as it becomes fit . I find the average ^ nutity of nr'i prwinced from the two cows to be twary qTiarts prr day for forty-six weeks , aUciraig each oiw to icnriin dry for six weeks evsry year . £ s . d Tweat ; quarts of milk per dav for forty-six
wetka at tWGpeBce per qaart ... 53 13 4 Two calves , the pionuee of each cow , . - 2 0 0 140 bnaheia of pjtatoes Is . per bushel ... 7 0 0 lea of prodnc * for one year ... ... 62 13 4 Cost of production for one year—£ s . a . SttcflSEd ... ... 4 0 0 la * ... 0 ie 0 i' daji' labour at 3 s . per day 7 10 566 ( 3 ... 0 10 0 Three teni J oat straw , or : f c = owted from th « selling price- ^ aanare ... ... 5 0 0 H * = sr aid te ^ i of impleme ^ u * 10 0
£ 17 11 0 XilVKz ; ... ... £ 45 2 4 1 tvu a ^ o ^ j p : ^ breeding sow , and several other P ?* , list lite chitSy from the refuse duziD ^ the HmCET . Mr . Editor . 1 tin Tery glad to 5 e ? from Mr . O"Ccn-JK ^ s le r . ers ihtt te is detcrmicea to combine the plan w cxt&ce fsnra with National Organisation . I am qzite E-mi-eed that the People ' s Charter will be ** fx * obtained by such a combin&iicD than by any Kfcerffltans tiit I am yet acquainted with . I shall « 'try happy to rer . dtr every a . « sistance that is inrmy Power to obialn so dcrrable an
object-I am , dear Sir , Tour ' s truly , J 0 H 5 Ll 5 T 0 >\ s ^ r , A ? m - ; 6 ^ , i » 43 . Sow from the abote you learn that Mr . Linton holds ihret-foart ' is of an acre of gronnd , for which ™ P&JB a rest of £ 4 a year , or at tbe rate of ¦ w vs . Zi . per acre . You find that the produce « estimates at £ » 52 13 * . 4 d . per annum , at an ^^ w of £ 17 in . For the Fake of argument , wd to allow all latitude for discussion , I will ^ » far as to scppo = e that a four acre ^^ Pays for his holding a rent of £ 5 6 s . 8 d . an j
^ e . w £ -21 55 . 8 . for the who ] e fonr acregj beiDg *| o 5 s . 8 d . more tian tbe actual valne- I make '* WiEisson merely for tbe purpose of strength-^^ g my oft-repeated asser : ioz > , that with a retail «* rket for laxd , rect is one of the most nnim-Pc ^ ant conadtrations ; while is the wholesale * ^ lce : iJ becomes all important , and for this 7 *^ '^ ge porlon is a ways in an unproductive ^<* for tr ^ t of t ^ application of a sufficiency kk ° Er and that portion cannot bear an eqaai *» K"m : of rent with the productive portion . &e CKe of & farmin ? labourer thus occupying ¦ f ^ fcsnhs of an acre , the account would stand S . s . d . ftodace 62 13 4 Expenditur e and rect ... 4 0 0 T , ay 0 10 0 ^ 0 10 0 Wear and tear of implements ... .. 0 10 0 * Total expence ... 5 10 0 ^ eh deducted from total produceleaTee £ 57 3 s . 4 d . J ' ' annum .
r \» ^ course I leaT 8 out the forty-seven days work , lr ** £ 0 show what labour is worth . I enly P 16 upon iije 5 ^^ &mount of tfcree-fourtLs of an ' bch requires £ 5 wor ! h of straw for manure ,
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and which foar acres would not require : therefore 1 leave that ont . Then I hare taken the rent at £ 5 Ss . Sd . ux acre , instead of £ 1 ; and taxes of town land at 10 a instead of perhaps 2 s . for usual fanning l&ndjgpd we find with all these disadvantages , thaf a man by 47 days' w « k upon dear land can earn £ 57 3 s . 4 d . . " *^ W » Now , we hare only threa ^ fojurt hs © Tan acre in the above table ; bnt take a whole * acre , as I wied to lead
the yonng mind gradually on ; and you will find tkjat if three-fourths of an acre produces £ 57 33 . 4 d . with forty-seven days' work , an acre will produce £ 76 5 s . with sixty-three days * w » k . / ^ nd if an acre produce £ 76 5 s . worth , wH ^ jftft e ** euditure of sixty-three days' work , four * iere > B will produce £ 305 worth , with an expenditure of 252 days work ; that is , £ 305 clear above rent , £ 5 6 s . 8 d . an acre , or £ 21 fo . 8 d . hoi four acres :
£ 2 for taxes ; £ 2 for seed , and £ 2 tor wea * and tear . Thus a man can , by moderate labour , earn in good solid stuff , better than Bilver or gold or notes , £ 305 worth .
I On referring to Mr . linton's table you will find j that more than one-thlrt of the entire is under I grass ; and may be therefore said to be useless . 1 You have also to bear in Kind that a man has , say
! 302 working days in tb « year ; aad that 252 days produce £ 305 , and that the remaining 50 days work , j would bring tbe whole four acres into spade cultiya-| tion , and obviate the necessity of an expenditure of I £ 5 for straw . j Moreover , I do not allow anything for a moment ' s , labour of any of the family of a four-acre farmer , j save and except his share of the overplus after con-> ' sumption produced by the 100 acres of common I ground . Now I am ready to sink all that : I am ; ready to preserve the high rent of £ 5 6 s . 8 d . for 1 land worth no more th&n £ 1 . I am ready to admit
; the taxes , as if all was corporation land . 1 am ready ; to make 302 days' labour equivalent to 252 days ' I labour . 1 am ready to deduct £ 105 , or more than ; the one-third from £ 305 the net produce , and what I do I find ? Why , that it leaves £ 200 per annum But I will take of one-halt of that , and still contii nae all the responsibility , and what then do 1 find ? j Why that after all , it leaves sound , good , whole-1 Borne provision of all sorts , to the value of £ 100 i per annum , for one man ' s moderate , wholesome , labour . Now , who will deny this ? No man can ; , no man dare .
Well , but , says an upholder of " national greatness , " What is to become of out foreign trade ? My answer is , TH 2 BK i ? a home market , greater than the market all your foreign customers put together can furnish ; and as foreigners look to themselves , let Englishmen , Irishmen , and Scotchmen now look a little to themselves . " O , bnt" says a Mahhusian , you would have too much beef , and pork , and mutton , and milk , and hides , and fruit , and poultry , and eggs , and butter , and cheese ; and the foreigners do not want those . " My answer to that is , better have a surplus of food than a surplus of paupers Better to bury the fat ojt , as overplus , than to bs compelled to DIG "DP THE MURRA 1 NED COW FOR FOOD ! !
Before I saw Mr . Linton ' s admirable table , you will bear in miBd that I had roughly estimated the profit of a labourer at £ 300 per annum . Yon will also recollect that in my letters to the Irish Landlords , I only spoke of 280 days' labour in the year ; so that npon the whole you will find I have not been much mistaken . 1 now come to take another view , and for argument ' s Bake , may admit that the present owners of the soil are entitled to a portion of any increased valne that an extended application of labour would confer upon the land ; and what then do we discover ? Why just this : that land not worth £ 1 per
acre in the wholesale market , is worth £ 5 6 s . 8 d . in the retail labour market . Now estimate 30 , 000 , 000 acres , as now closed against labour , at £ 1 per acre rent , and you have a rental of £ 30 , 000 , 000 sterling a y ° ar ; estimate it at £ 5 an acre in the free labour retail market , and you have £ 150 , 000 , 000 sterling a year , or an annual overplus of £ 120 , 000 , 000 sterling , -which , in lesB than seven years , would pay eff the whole National Debt !! You will find , however , that , at present , we have not popu-ation for mora than about 4 , 000 , 000 acres , which would occupy in every way more than 8 , 000 , 000 of the present populat on .
This overplus , created by an increased application of labour to the land , in all law and fairness must be the property of the nation ; and may be made availably so , by a remission of the rent . I merely nse the figure for the purpose of showing the trifling value of land , in its present state , as compared with that valne which labour can confer upon'it ; and also , and above all , to leave no argument unused , or unravelled , by which it can be proved that " labour is , in truth , the source of all wealth f and that furthermore , the most beneficial use of labour will be found in its application to the land at home , when appropriated to his benefit who tills it .
Good God ! if the Repeal Rent , of above £ 600 aweek , and all the pence that have been wrung from my poor starving country men had been applied tofuch a purpose , what a paradise the now distracted Ireland would have been ! If instead of endeavouring to transport the warm hearts and lusty sinews of the poor to savage climes , there to contend against every difficulty that the mind can imagine , these professing liberality and philanthropy were to look at home
and really do something for the poor , which their rulers dare not propose , then , inde . d , might we say that the day of regeneration was at hand . A decayed nation cannot , however , be revived in a day . But thanks , everlasting thanks , to the ever glorious and immortal Father Mathew , and to Mr . O'ConnelFs new exertions , through the opened eyes of Ireland I trust to see the regeneration of my countrywhile , as an Irishman , I labour on the British stage to make both nations what they onght to
be" Great , glorions , and free , Gardens of earth , and gems of tbe sea . " As I predicted , the growlers are beginning to nibble already . The Leedt Mercury , of last week , selects a scrap from one of my letters , not for comment but for ridicule . Ridicule is perhaps the least effectual substitatefor criticism , and is in general used as a substitute for argument . Will the Mercury dare to contest the principle of my plan ,
and undertake to shake hope in its result ! No ! Every man knows that our friend of the Mercury is the " red-herring" drag of the capitalist , and that he looks wi'h horror and disgust upon aDy project which has for its object the emancipation of those Hpon whose poverty , destitution , and want of legal protection , the capitalist and adventurer fattens . A free labour market is , to our Mercurial friend , just what pure practical religion would be to the Beach of Bishops and their spiritual staff .
Tbe Mercury extracts my statement of Mr . Linton's doiDgs with his little-more-than three roods of land , for the purpose of having a sneer at the whole Land question . Will he dare to contradict the statement-given in last week ' s Star < and al 60 in this , under Mr . Linton ' s own hand , as to what those doings are . ! Will he dare to shew the fallacy of the argument I have built upon Ihf facts Mr . Linton has furnished us with ! I should like to see him try ! He may be able to write or rather cempUg "Histories of the Cotton Trade f cr weave together the names and professions of a town into a street " Directory , " but I doubt very much his capability of producing either petatoes or cabbages from the land . And it is rather too much for h m to infer , that because he lacks the knowledge how to do this , it is impossible
to every one else ! But let us see what it is that the Mercury really does say . Let the readers of the Northern Star have the benefit of bis " profundity / ' as well
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aa . the readers of the Mercury . This is but fair . He nay call statements a- monstrous mass of ab-Burdities . ' let ofc hare those statements over again , and also tbe Mercury ' s refutation of thtfm ; and then I will try to " blunder" upon something like an answer . Here tken is the Mercury's article ^ © very Word of it : — * ' CHtBHSi Pbospscts *—That very profound poli tician and . political economist , Mr . Feargus O'Onnor , is at present engaged in developing a plan fat the advancement of the wealth and happiness < &hifl
f ollowers , and for wowing the success of thftrCKfea ter . This scheme is beautifully simple , and is g prehended in the single sentence— " Get LiUKiilWjm pf the land . " Not all the land , that is unnee ^ gj bat each Charti& is to buy or rent four'SpE * Having accomplished this object , he is to set about the cultivation of his farm , and the following he is assured will be the reward of his labours t a large ironfounder , of the Joame of Linton , at Selby , in Yorkshire , the Chartists are told , cultivates three roods of land , near the town of Selby , with distinguished success .
And now , ' saya Feargus , * for the result of his experiment ;'—{ we quote Mr . O'Connor ' s own words ) —* npon this three-quarters of an acre he last year fed two cows and eight pigg , besides a quantity of poultry , and had vegetables for his table . Wo will suppose the eight pigs to consume as much as two cows , in order that we come to something like a calculation of value . To do this he has not oultivated anything near the entire of the three-quarters of an acre , and he gives his labourer 3 s . a-day for every day ' s work . Leaving out , then , everything but the four cows , see what the profit of nineteen days labour leaves , for that is , I understand , the number of days' work required for all Mr . Linton ' s operations up to the present time . If an operative can now sell his labour for fifteen shillings a-week , he considers himself a happy mau ; and let us see by this
scale what it would be worth . We must not suppose that Mr . Linton's bad £ roHnd possesses any charm beyond that which labour can communicate , and the following is the result upon three quarters of an acre . He feeds , or could feed , four cows . Suppose each cow to give six quarts of milk at a meal , for the six gHmmer months , at 2 d . per quart , each cow produces £ 18 4 s . worth of milk ; but to bo under , take £ 3 4 g . from the produce of each , it leaves profit upon the four cows £ C 0 for 30 dajs labonr , and 15 s . rent , for this land is not worth more than £ 1 the acre , or 15 s . for three quarters of an acre . Now four acres cultivated in the same way , would leave , after deducting the £ 3 4 s . from the above moderate rate of production and prioe , the sum of £ 300 per annum , out of which £ 4 rent should be paid !'
" Is it possible that any man in Europe can be so ignorant as to be imposed upon by this monstrous mass of absurdities 1 And is it further possible that such a man should set himself up for the founder of a political sect ? which is in dae time to swallow up all other political parties , and to become Lord of the Ascendant . " — Leeds Mercury , May 6 th , 1843 . Now , it might , in all conscience , be considered a full answer to the above specimen of Mercurial * ' profundny" to adduce the statement of Mr . Linton , as to wbatAe has actually done urithhis little more than three roods of ground . It might be considered , and would be , a full crushing answer to this sneering" Political economist , " to show that when Mr . Linton ' s three roods , partly cultivated , leaves £ 57 , after paymentof a " HACK-rtnt , " and payment of taxes too , as well as for seed , and wear and tear of implements , —
FOUR ACRFS cultivated in the same manner , and bearing the same rate of expence , wovld leave £ 305 !! as I have conclusively shewn in the foregoing part of this letter . This , I say , might be considtred ^ and would be , a sufficient answer . But I will not leave it there . I will not content myself with that statement and that shewing . Mr . Linton is not the only one who has been trying experiments with small portions of land . Others have turned their attention to this matter , as well as Mr . Linton ; and I am happy to be able to give the results of a series of " experiments , " which fully bear out Mr . Linton'e statements , and are besides hard "facts" which will take all the " profundity" of THE "Political Economist" of the Mercury to overcome ! Here is the statement : —
" Growth of Potatoes , —A correspondent , who takes a good deal of interest in tbe production ofpotatoeB , and who on a former occasion furnished us with a commanicaUon on this subject , sends us tbe following as the mult of his labours . The experiments may be found very useful to those parties who are just now ensnged in cultivating small plot * of ground . The plan hae b « en pursued for two years ; the month of March in both years being selected for planting . In order to show which plan is tbe most productive , every row of potatoes is reckoned ten yards l « sg , and the first row to produce 40 pounds : — lbs . " 1 st Ashtop Potatoes , s 5 zs of a hen egg , cut in two , but planted before they begin to sprout ;
many small ones when ripe 40 " Sad . Aahtop potatoes , cut in two , hut sprouted one inch before they were planted ; tbe tops -were shorter and firmer than the above , and the potatoes ready for use fourteen days sooner ; when ripe , few small . ... ... ... ... 30 " 3 d . Ashtop potatoes , the size W a goose egg , planted whole , and sprouted ene inch ; when full grown very bushy , and few small ... 40 " 4 th . Ash top potatoes , cut in two , and sprout&d one inch ; » hey were ready for use fo ^ irteen days sooner than the above ... 45 " 5 ih . Ashtop potatoes , cut in two , ar . d planted bt / oie they begun to sprout ; when ripe , part small ... 40
"It appears from this st&ttment , that one Ashtep potatoe , the s ' z ? of a ben egg , cut in two , produced the rame weight as tbe s " z-i of a goose egg Bet whole ; the only diffVrtnce is that there w < re less small in tbe latter ; and it will bt found that a potatoe cut in two will , after having made its appearance above ground , in the course of ten or fourteen days , appear more premising than a whole potatoe ; in abonta fortnight afterwards , however , the whole ones will take the lead , but the cut potatoes will be ready for use first lbs .
" 6 tb . PriDce Rege . ' . 't potatoes , the size of a walnut , but planted whfele , before they began to sprout ... ... ... ... • - 80 " 7 th . Princt ) Regent potatoes , cut in pieces , so as as to leave only one eye f jr a plant ; very weak SO " 81 a . Prince R ^ 'eat potatoes , the s'zs of a cricktt-ball , cut in two , but sprouted one inch . 160 . " 9 : h . Prince R * gent potatoes , sprouted one inch , ara planted whole 120 " 10 th . Prince Regent potatoes , cut in pieces so as to leave only one eye for a plant ; strong tops . 60 " 11 th Whole Prince Regents , the p ? Z 9 of a
child ' B ball , planted with long stable litter ... 22 " All the potatoes ( excepting No . 11 ) were planted in manure CDmposed of ashes , r ^ aii-scrapings , lime , soot , night soil , &c . well mixed together . "Tnel = nd is rich bl £ ck soil , clny , sand , and red earth ; and in order to ensure a fsir trial , six rows of each sort of potatoes were planted in different part * of the field ; and potatoes have been grown on the same land for four years , and the iast crop fcas been the best . "Our correspondent formerly sent us an account of 10 yards 10 inches producing 10 stones 5 lbs ., the tope weighing 7 stones 3 lbs . ; out of 12 rows , measuring 10 yards each , he obtained 70 atones 5 lbs ., or ont of 120 yards 9 S 5 lbs . of potatoes : 24 of these polatoeB weighed 2 Slba .
"Jshiop Potatoes —The rklges were 20 inches asunder ; Prince Regents , 30 inches . " Now , where does the reader imagine I have picked up this statement \ Where is it from 1 From the Chartist , Mr . Linton 1 or from a Chartist at all 1 No It is from the Leeds Mercury itself !! The " correspondent" is the Mercury ' s own ; and the truth of his " monstrous mass of absurdities" is vouohed for by the Mercury ' s " profound" self ! Let us examine this statement . L « t us analyse it . Let ns see if it does bear out both Mr , Linton and myself . One row , ten yards long , produced , of Prince Regent ' s potatoes ( No . 8 , in statement ) 160 lbs . This Bort was planted in rows thirty inches apart .
A small plot of land , ten yards long , and ten yards broad , making 100 square yards in all , would have twalve rows , ten yards long , producing 1601 bs . each row ; or l 5 9201 bs . in the whole . In an acre of land , there are 4 , 840 square yards . If 100 square yards produce l , 9201 bs , one acre cultivated in the same way will produce 92 j 9261 bs . ; and four acres will produce 371 , 702 ibs . A Bushel of potatoes is accounted to weigh 72 ' bs . "When bought by weight , 721 bs , is given to the bushel .
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One hundred square yards will therefore produoe 26 i bushels ; an acre will produce 1 , 290 bushels ; and foub acres 5 , 160 bushels . Potatoes are now selling , from the Boats at Warehouse Hill , in Leeds , at 9 d . for 481 bs ; i . e . Is . IJi the bushel of 72 lbs . This price is extremely low ; lower than has been known for a considerable period . The average prioe is accounted Is . 6 d . per bushel . I wiil , however , take the present market price . If one bushel of Potatoes sells for Is . l £ d ., the produce , of four acres , 5 , 160 bushels , will sell for £ 290 2 s . 4 d . ! !!
Bravo " p rofundity" I I estimated the yearly amount of produce of four acres , when cultivated so ai to give FIVE CROPS in three years at £ 300 : and THE " Political Economist" of the Mercury exclaims " is it possible that any man in Europe can be so ignorant as to be imposed upon by this monstrous mass of absurdities . " The Mercury himself shows from actual fact , from stern , stubborn " experiment , " that four acres , with only ONE CROP per year , will produce £ 290 2 s . 4 d !! Where now is the Bneer 1
The Mercury ' s man ha 3 beaten Mr . Linton hollow ! His " monstrous mass of absurdities '' are sober statements , compared with the " monster monstrosities" of the Mercury . Let us examine each of them . Mr . Linton ' s statement is , that upon , 1 , 748 yards he produces 140 bushels of potatoes . The Mercury ' s Man produces upon 1 , 743 yards 466 bushels ! 1 ! or MORf THAN THUEE TIMES THE QUANTITY ! Mr . LintOD , with his mode of cultivation , keeps , upon the produce of his little more than three roods , two cows and eight pigs . For the sake of simplicity , in that letter from which the Mercury made his extract , I supposed the eight pigs to consume as much as two cows ; and assumed that tbo produco would maintain
four cows . The Mercury s Man , if he could produce five crops in three years , with as great an increase upon Mr . Linton ' s produce as in the case of tbe potatoes , would be able to keep three times the quantity of cattle ! Should Wd say that Mr . Linton could keep four cows , the Mercury ' s Man could keep twelve ! Should we say , w !< at is the actual fact , that Mr . Linton keeps two cows and ei ^ ht pigs , the Mercury ' s Man could keep six cows and twenty-four pigs ! But should we sink the pigs altogether , as thu Mercury seems to doubt tho pig-keeping capability of three roods of land , and say that Mr . Linton only produces food for two cows , the Mercury ' s Man
would find food for six !! Mr . Linton witn his two j cows , and hi 9 140 bushels of potatoes , calculated at ! U . the bushel , shows a return for labour of £ 57 3 s . 4 d ! after rent , taxes , seed , aud wear aud tear of imple- ! ments has been paid . The Mercury ' s Man would have a return for labour of £ 171 10 s . for the littlemore than three roods ! ! If he could do this with the amount of ' land Mr . Lintoa farms , he could produce from four acres the sum of £ 844 6 s . 21 . ! ! !' And " THE Political Economist" of the Mercury ! " profoundly" sneers at me for Haying that the pro- i duce of four acre 9 might be made to amount to £ 300 . Let his " Profoundshir" try again .
There is one fact , however , which will confirm the ill-used labourers of this kingdom in their prepossession in favour of an agricultural life . It is the strong . contrast which their altered position would present I to their present state . 1 have shewed that the aggre-1 gate of national happiness must consist in individual prosperity . Will the Mercury deny that ? Is an over- J flowing bank ; the possession of the whole land by i a few thousands ; the commercial , mercantile , and '
manufacturing operations , by a still less number ; the command of the labour market in the hands of a less number still , who are interested in its depression : does , I ask , national prosperity consist in such J a state of things ! No , must be the answer . What ¦ teen muBt be the feeling of any working man under the present system , aud what would be the feeling under that which I propose as a substitute ? Let us test it by reason , and not by Mercury chop logic .
Which , then , of the two persons whose condition I shall describe , would be most happy , most ! comfortable , most loyal , and most contented with h : s lot ! ' * Tell me , " says a traveller to a wb Iking ghost , whom he meets at grey morning or dusk of night , near Leeds ; " what are you and how | do you live 1 " " Why , " replies Bob Short , " I am a hand-loom weaver , and live in a cellar at the Bank . " ! " Yea , but how do you live ? " " Well , I ' m blesb'd ' if 1 know , but as well aa I can . " The same tra- !
veller meets John Bull returning from market in j the evening , and asks him , " What are you , and ; how do you live ! " " I am a husbandman ; I live j in D , Electoral Department , and at No . 4 , Pa- j radise District . " " Yea , but how do you live 1 " " O how do I live ! why just as I please . " Now , whether would a community of Bob Short ' s or of John Bull's , present to tho mind of the traveller the notion of " national grealnets ? " Let our pig-doubting friend answer that question !
It will be seen that Mr . Linton has something more than three-quarters of an acre , that is , aboat twelve perches over and above threequarters of an acre , in part cultivation only ; and from that he lays before you what is produced by forty-seven days wholesome labour , after payment of five times the amount of rent which should be charged .
Now take that to your homes , read it , and a ? k if the man who works for Linton is better than yourbelves ? Is Selby nearer the sun , or paradise ? Are Linton ' s cows peculiar ? or his potatoes or cabbages better ! And , mind ! I allot more thnn five times us much land to each individual . Pray mind these things ; and then let the poor Mercury rave away , and reconcile you to Red Herring Soup , if he can !
In my next , I will give an account of my own experiments upon a larger scale than those of my excellent frieud , Mr . Linton , for whose promised co-operation I beg to return my best thanks . There is not . a poet that does not bring many letters speaking in tho highest terms of my plan , and beseeching that I may not abandou it . This 1 assuredly shall not . I am your faithful friend , Feargus O'Connor .
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for a practical experiment on the land . At tho conclusion a number more enrolled their names , deterrained to carry out the object . The discussion was adjourned to Sunday next , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , when it is expected that there will be a good attendance . la the evening Mr * Wni . Booth delivered a vevy spirited lecture , which gave general satisfaction , Also , on Monday evening , Mr . Win . B 11 , of Heywoed , delivered his first lecture on the evil effects of low wages , which he handled in a masterly stile , and gave great satisfaction . A vote of thaDks was unanimously passed for the able manner in which ho had argued the question .
PERTH .-Mr . Robert Peddie , of Edinburgh , delivered two lectures in this place , on tho evenings of Wednesday and Thursday last . The subjects of the leotures were the exposure of the Whig spysystem , in all its detestable reality , and the barbarities infl cted upon political prisoners in the dungeons ot England . He also gove a narrative of his own commitment , trial , and treatment in the dungeons of Baverley . He also delivered two discourses , on Sunday last , to respectable and attentive audiences The time for action has now arrived , and as a means to an end , a meeting of delegates from the principal towns of Scotland might be of great service io arranging some general plan for future proceedings . It is to be hoped that some Chartist district will take up the subject with spirit .
LEICESTER . —The Chartists of Leicester ihave determined that the local tyrants of that neighbourhood shall not find the imprisonment of Cooper to be a triumph or any thing really gained . Their spirit rises with the occasion ,- and they muster as usual on Sundays , and , nowithfltanding ' the general ' s" ab-Feuce , take cour . 8 I with each other .
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GREAT PUBLIC MEETING . MR . O'CONNOR ' S VISIT TO MANCHESTER . A public meeting was held in the Carpenter's Hall . Garret-road , Manchester . On Monday evening last , to hear a lecture from FeargHs O'Connor , Esq . In consequence of an error in Mr . O'Connor ' s letter , in ihe Star of Saturday last , a largo meeting assembled on Saturday evening ; but Mr . O'Connor , after having sees the mistake , wrote immediately to rectify it . His friends therefore set about making Mr . O'Connor's correction as public as possible , by reading his letter in the Hall . Placards were got out early on Monday morning announcing the meeting for eight o'clock iu the evening . Admission to the body of the Hall , one penny , gallery twopence , and the platform threepence .
Notwithstanding the time appointed for the meeting was eight o ' clock , long before seven hundreds had surrounded the Hall , anxiously waiting for the doors to be oponed . The committee in ord ^ r to provide accommodation for as many as possible , removed the whole of the seats out of the Hali . Long before the time for business to commenee , the spacious building , which is capable of holding upwards of 3 , 000 comfortably seated , was crowded in every part , and many had to go away that could not gain admittance .
Shortly after eight 0 clocK , Mr . O'Connor , accompanied by Messrs . Leach and Har ^ re-Mves entered the hall , when a scene ensued that baffles description . The whole living mass burst forth in one simultaneous shout of welcome , which wa 3 followed by the most rapturous cheers , clapping of handB , and waving of hats and handkerchiefs . It was a task of much labour and difficulty for Mr . O'Connor and his frieuda to make their way through tho living mass to the platform , the baud playing " Sec the Conquering Hero Comes . " On the motion of Mr . Dixon Mr . Leach was unanimously called upon to preside .
Mr . Leach upon coming forward was greeted with rounds 0 '' applause . He said he was proud to see that meeting , and more particularly go when he considered the disappointment they experienced on Saturday evening —( several voices , ** Oh , ne \ . < r mind that ") Well , said Mr . Lsach , it appear ? mat you dont mind it . For his part he felt thankful that they escaped as well as they did on Saturday night . He would not take up any more of their time but introduce to their notice a man whose unwea * ried exertions in the cause of human liberty had secured for himself that esteem amongst the working classes of this country that his name or face was sufficient to call together the people in such numbers that no room could be got large enough to hold theffi . That man was Fcargus O'Connor , Esq .
Mr . O'Conbor on rising was received by deafening cheers . He said he had not had ad opportunity of meeting with them since he went down to Lancaster to try the Government for conspiracy— ( loud cheers ) . Before that trial , the press of the country was teeming with vituperation * , and heaping upon him and his brother " conspirators , " every epithet of which their foul vocabulary was capable ; aad to judge by the stir that the " strong government" made , no doubt but the people were led to think that on the 17 th of August they had " conspired" to blow up the whole of Manchester . With all the crimes of the League on their backs , no doubt but the people thought themjin guilty of nothing less than high treason . But , however , evoiy action of the 17 ch , was laid before them
the Northern Star of the 20 th , and this was fully proved upon the trial . Public opinion would however be too strrng for even the '" strong Government . " The very fa , ct of there being a " strong Government " in existence , ought to arouse all good men to oppose them , a Government which night after night sp nt their time with gambling with taxes taken from the nation , to support a soldiery and a navy . Tne .-ie things will bring the middle classes to their senses ; you have been brought to yours long since—( cheers ) . They were beginning to ask how it was , that notwithstanding there was plenty of everything in the market and all very cheap , yet all was a drug . They were beginning to find it out that whilst the Cob ^ ens , the Greca , the Phiilipses , and the
Holdsworths were accumulating , that they were becoming worse and worse , and that these were accumulating at their expense . Mr . O'Connor then stated that on Tnursday last , they appeared in the Court of Queen ' s Bench to receive judgment . They bad , however , succeeded in getting an arrest of judgment , and had compelled ihe Lord Chief Justice ot England to say that there was something in these mens case that must be examined before judgment is passed upon them . Tho League have said that theve was an understanding betwixt us and the Government . He ( Mr . O'Connor ) . would tell them tho understanding that there was betwixt tburn and the Government : it was this—that if we doa ' t beat them , they will beat us- ( tremendous cheers . ) He thanked
God that there was such a thing as Iaw _ iu the country , for , by taking advantage of the law and their assistance , he had been enabkd to obtain an arresc of judgment . " But oh , " said the L >« j £ ue , "this fellow , O'Connor , and his companions , the tagrag and bob-tail , —what can they know about the law ? It is too bad to allow them to tako advantage of any leiral flaw in tho indictment against them . " He ( Mr . O'Connor ) had often toid them that there was one law for ibe iich and another for the poor , bur by thetr pence , they , although they werepo ? r ; could maku one rich mau ; and , thanks to public opinion and their exenions , when they appeared in the Queen ' s Bench , the whole of their business waa transacted in about twenty minutes . He ( Mr .
O'Connor ) however , was determined not to leavo the Court whilst there was a Chartist that mi ^ ht stand ia Deed of his assistance . He remained and board the whole of thi evidence a ^ aiost Cooper read , aud tho next day he pat along bide of him for ten hours . Cooper spoku for eight hours and would have given them eight more , if the Judge would have allowed him to br < atho until next morning . But this the Judtje refused to do . He . was then sentenced . But he ( Mr . O'C . ) phd-ed himself to use every mean in his pi wer to have tho sentvuer rcTersed . And po < r old Richards too received sentence , after one of the vtry best speeches that ae ( VJr . o ' Co ' . nor ) had ever heard in his lif <\ Richnnid is turned
seventy years old , but his speech was thdt of a Chartust of t'vo and twenty . Cooper haa got two years and poor old Richards twelve months ( This announcemono ww rrccived by ! oud cntw oi shuaiti , from all parts of the room ) . Mr . O'Counor s-jH you cry shame—ho would tell then : a ( act . Tho law ^ were always administered in a ' . cordaiico wiih public opinion . If it was true thut Cooper was puihy of th" crime laid to his . charg « , twenty years ago they would have transported hin : tVr it ; an i four years ago they would have transported hiai ( or it . but he . would much rather have Been Km go home to his Shaksperians than getting two years And Cooper told tue Jii'ise that he nuibt {; iv <; hiai such a sentence as would be in accordance with i \ m
opii . ious of the people . Mr . O Connor turn said that it had cost the Government for the late Special Commissions and the trials in March tho suui ol v £ ) 7 , 000 , —and what had we laid out in the contest with them 1 He thought that £ 550 would be the outside of the money expended . And he asked thoni if t / iat was not Jnying out tho people ' s pence to trie best advantage 1 ( Loud cries of "it is . ") Well , said Mr . O'Connor , on the 25 h , we must march up again ; and , on the 2 Gth , like the King of Frufo ' s men , we will march down again . ( Cne . rs . ) Mr . O'Connor then referred to tho . present movements 0 } the Government to put down ihe agiuuou for the repeal of the Legislative Union ; and ur ^ ed upon the people of England tho necessity of tupir uuforiuna
uniting with the peoplo of his e country in their struggle for liberty . The G ; . vernm « nt had sent one Brigade of the , Riflemen to Ireland yesterday , and another brigado this morn . us . Notwithstanding the proffered aid ot 5 ^ 0 , 000 fightij . ^ men to suppre ? s Criartism , and the blow that he received on the side of bis head , and the barbcrous deeds of Stevenson ' s Square , they were wiR ' niK to forget and forgive all , and return good for evil . ( Cheors . ) We will show them that amongst democrats , when we see them use the means to obtain the end in view , we will not be backward in rendering them our assistance . The Irish members were now following the advice that he had given them when he was in York Castle ; namely , stopping away from the Imperial Parliament . And he Mr . if he them
O'Connor , would be a bad man saw d « serted in their endeavouring to obtain liberty for the land of hia birth . H * considered it to be his duty to do all in hisr power to destroy oppression in that country , and to amend the condition of its peasantry . They know that without our assistance they cannot carry the Repeal ; nor can we without their assistance carry tbe Charter ; but united we would be allpowerful . He knew from his experience of the working classes of England , that they would render to his countrymen not only their sympathy , but their assistance to secure their liberties . The Whigs knew full well that if they could only keep th . e people of the two countries divided , that separately they could not succeed in forcing them to grant to either any measure that would benefit them as a -whole , and ia this
they had unfortunately succeeded . But the time had come when they must unite to destroy that , despotism which was preparing to put down the agitation in Ireland . He had always found that the working classes of England were as desirous for
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• ^ / ^^ ^ ^ j the frecfk-m of Irshin : n as *" or th pi « --ivfts ; f ? id 0 I had oft-n f . ild fh ? r . j that if h ' - - < vt : ' heii it F- > z \ : > - I i ehould tot hav « h . r i a' - ¦ - cue ni " ii :-n : bji . r'' - i land , and tin ' ssenunv-k ! luJ always hfvii recaveu . y them with a htariy re-ponse . If the Goven . m ¦ : t had sent the riflemen to shoot his countrymev :, n . j very first man that was phot , he ( Mr . O'Conuor ) would traeel night aod day to arouse the people of this country to put a stop to the blood-stained career of despotism . The League are continually bawlh 3 about the repeal of corn laws . W . ' y they might ih I well tell us thev would eat our corns . We have
got too far for iho repeal of the cvrn laws to benefit us . He had « ot a remedy , but they did not like h ^ i or hi ? remedy . Why did they not like it ? becan-q it would not only repeal tho coru laws , but maks the working man independent of them , andtha ' , waj why they did not like . His remedy would ima ^ o the labourer happy , and at the same time it would p » y off the ' Na . iK-Tial Debt in seven ye » i . His remedy was The Land ; and if labour was ¦ the foundation of wealth , by the lai . < i aad labour he could make all happy . But tbry said that ht 3 mca = ure was Utopian . Utopian S 3 it was , the land wruld produce beef , mutton , hon =-y , bread , butter , milk , bacon , wool , flax , vegetable-, and fruiu It was not possible to extract hoiKj
froma . machine . He nevcrknew a " mule" layan en ' . ' . He would rather have the black hen that laid a white egg for hia own benefit , than the black ma * chine which laid his sweat and toil in the shap- ; of gold at another m ^ n's door . Suppose , said Mr . O'Connor , I meet a poor factory slave that wotk * for a Cobden , a Greft , or a HolHsworth , and I a * » i £ him hia name . "Tom Snooks . " lt Where do you livi ?" " In a small cellar in Great Ancoats-Mreet . " Aud [ meet one of tho : e free labourers from one of thoso happy home cGbnies , and I ask him hia name . " John Bull . " " Where do you live ? ' " In Bection B , No . 11 , Electoral District , in Lancashire . " ' * Who is yonr master V "God and good laws . " Thisistl . a difference of the two , —the one lives in a little celUr
under ground in Grdat Anaontn , and the other ii ; % house above ground breathing the pHroair of heav . ; ^ , having no master but his God and good laws . Tu- > professed humanity mongers , in theshape of pareoot .- , are making noise just now for fear that your minds should be injured ; but where is their sympathy for your empty bellies ? They never came to the help of the people against the oppressor : but no sooner are they touched than they cry out to ir . $ people for them to come aad help them . For h ; g part , when he found them preaching tho gospel at 1 advocating the rights of tho labouring poor , hd would believe that they had begun to read the Scr ; --tures aright , and to draw proper conclusions therefrom : but so long as he found them leagued with the
oppressors , and going hand in hand with those that rob the industrious poor of tho rights of their labour , he could oot look upon them with anything like complacency . Why did he ( Mr . O'C . ) stand by them now \ because he found them abb to beat any faction out of the field themselves . The League hud called a meeting to denounce Tom Duncombe , because he would not go and tumble for them at Sadler ' s Wells , to a ticket meetiug . No , said Duncombi , call a public meetiug and I will tumble with tl 1 best of you , but I w ; ll not tumble to a ticket-1 meeting . They therefore called a public mertii * and brought forward a loug . slauk fellow irotn Msj - Chester ; aud James Leach—aye , modest Jams
Leach—gave him three hours of a gentle rubbii ^ down , which made him smaller tkan he was wnen he began . They will have no more public meetings ia London for fear of Lea « h , the terror of the tyrants in this part of the country . Mr . O'Comior said that he would give them an analysis of the trial at Lancaster , before my Lord Leach—( great laughter ) . He then went through the principal features or the trial . He said that several persons had asked him since he published his letters on the Land , if he intended giving up the agitation for the Charter \ Aud he thought that he was in duty bound to make the men of Manchester acquainted with his views . It wna to the men of Manchester that the Chartist cau >«
owed much . Manchester was the strong hold of Democracy . He would not give a straw for four million acres of land to-morrow without the Charter , to enable them to keep it when they got it ; for within the last fif ' y years class power had robbed them of seven million acres , and if class power Waa allowed to exist , it would rob them of it again ; therefore he would never rest short of the Charter . He had now been with them for ten years , and he had either proved himself a good Chartist or th « y were d—d fools : they might choose out of the two which they liked—( loud aud long continued cheer .-. ) Mr . O Connor then in a humourous manner referred
to the Emigration Plot and tho Duke of Argyle , atd gave the following anecdote with good offset : — A former Duke of Argyle provided for the convenience of his countrymen ; and when they were enjoying the benefit of his generosity , they exclaimed , GJl bless the Duke of Argyle ! " But if he was sent o Prince Edward ' s Island , and there left without house or home , being an Irishman , be would s > ay , " D—n the Duke of Argyle . " Mr . O'Connor then said that the late trial had made a wonderful impression on the public mind ; aud he would appeal to Leafc ' t ,
if , when they went down to Lancaster , th- y were pot looked upon as monsters &n < i not men . The high sheriff and the ladies seemed to be looking for their horns and tails . Indeed when he took oil his gloves they looked to see whether he had scales upon his fingers or not . But at the end of eight days their tuna was-chanKe ^ - They all wished the po-T Chartists might get off . He . ( Mr . O'Connor ) hfi come to renew his covenant with the good and honest working men . His friends had said to him , — " Now FeargHs , as you have escaped this time , do give up your mad political career , and return to the bosom of your family and live in peace . " He hud returned to the bosom of his family ; and that waa to the suffering sons ot toil , and that night he would
renew tho covenant : "that he would never leave nor forsake them until he had broken oppression's head or oppression had broken his heart "—( loud clveis ) He then made an earnest appeal to the people * o unite iu the holy oause of a nation ' s liberty ; and in the most feeling manner endeavoured to in ? pr * s 3 upon them the duty of every lover of liberty , at the present crisis , doing all in his power to strength- n tbe hands of their Irish brethren , as all who kn * w anything about democracy knew that the liberty < f Ireland was the liberty of England , and the liber y of England was the liberty of the world . Mr . O'Connor sat down amid the most rapturous appla ^ e wbjch lasted for a considerable time .
Mr . David Ross was then loudly called for by the audience , and , upon coming forward , was received with every demonstration of respect and esteem . He delivered a speech which , has seldom be . a equalled . Mr . O'Connob then pledged himself to deliver three lectures upon the land in about three weeks from that time , either in the Carpenters' Hall , or the Hall of Science ; and thus ended one of the mot elorioHs days ever witnessed by the Chartists of My ; . Chester . Carp-NteAs' Hall . —On Sunday last , two lectt . Tes were delivered in the above Hall by Mr . Wm . Dix < u . The audiences were numerous and attentive , mid the lectures gave great satisfaction . Ia the evening , Mr . O'Connor ' s letter to the " Imperial Chartists" was read from the Star .
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D / LirKEITH . —Mr . Dickinson lectured here on Tuesday t > venir > g last , in the Market-place , to a good meeting . GLASGOW—The Extension men finding they have hitu = rtu fatted to obtain a footing here , have resorted t « . what , no doubt , they in their wisdom consider generalship . It is a regular Fox and Goose Club ; bet the do . i D o will not do . We announced a few weeks ago ttmt an attempt was being made to get up an operative Anti-Gftrn Law Association , this miserable junta j iv . at last presumed to issue an address to the opemt . ve . A of Scotland , purporting to be from a body of men who had fur a considerable time past exerted all tbeir u . f'irrico , ami expended tbeir money to procure the untverai enfranchisement of their countrymen , and
ii , « . sii : '" . aj : as the reason why they bad ab&nd ned that c . ' : j--ct , that it is no go . and tbat it was completely overiiOTiie by the agitation for tbe repeal of the Corn La <>» ; that they are deeply convinced that no other qn-s i-. i ! can obtain a patient hearing till tbat allat / f .., rbm ;? one be fairly settled ; and that they are 8 iitir 9 ii that when the Corn and Provision Laws are rup- ' ilci they sball be in a better condition than at pwsHnt to 3 ? iNte for universal rights . But for the a ' Tivt- ;» tt-mpt to palm themselves upon the public as a bony <• ' men vrY r , had abandoned the agitation fcr the Charter , I hhonM not have expended one panful of ink upon them . I know all the renegades aniangst them . The cau * e <•? Cfcnrtism is well quit of them . One of them , with a mt'h' > cr > ny bandle to his osme , had
better come and settle scores with the O'Connor D mons- ration C < remittee beforo he speaks any more abuz sacrifices in tbe cause ot Chartism . Tiii-K'i ^ ho knoTT the fellows , know that neither their number- * nor the'r influence is worth a plack to any cau ^ e . They are nx >! e diuiu boya in the Interest of the L ^ afiue . beating np for a few crumbs ot tbe £ 50 , 000 . The men of Glasgow laugh at them ; they intend to get up lectures , circulate tracts , Ac . Who pays the expenses of aU these undertakings T The League . On Wednesday week , the Rev . Alexander Harvey , of Calton , delivered a lecture to this august body , in Nelson Street chaptl , a plaea capable of holding about 300 , subject , the Corn and Provision Laws , and not machinery , tbe
cause ef the present distress At the close of the proceedings , Mr J . Colqnhouu rose and asked the chairman whether bn ¦ vranld be allowed to put a question to Mr . Harvey . Tbe chairniaH consented on Mr . C . uaariug him be did not mean to enter upon any discuasion , as be knew in the t ^ rms of the bill calling the meeting he TCis not entitled ; but he wished to ask the lecturer whether he was prepared to discuss in public his views regaroing machinery and free trade . Mr . Harvey declined puWic < liEi-us 3 io ! i , but if Mr . Cclquhoun was willing , he Mr . K . would discus it ihroughthe press . Mr . Colquhdun & ; . o-. e . i iho Unpossibility of auch astep , and Mr . HTirvty i ' i ; c Mi ; ed on any other terms . —Corns * pondent .
Wn The Producers Of Wealth, And Iii Those Who Live By Industry Ox The Land.
wn THE PRODUCERS OF WEALTH , AND III those who live by industry OX THE LAND .
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1 ^^^^^^^^ „ AND LEEDS GENERAL ADVERTISER .
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. 1 VOL- VI- NO . 287 . SATURDAY , MAY 13 , 1843 . ro 8 * ^ iSSS ? , ^^ M"
Oltjbam.—On Sunday Last A Discussion Took Place In The Chartist Room. Greaves-Street, On The Best Dlan
OLTJBAM . —On Sunday last a discussion took place in the Chartist Room . Greaves-street , on the best Dlan
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 13, 1843, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct933/page/1/
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