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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATUHDAY, JULY 29, 2843.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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TBB "FICHM 8 AJO ) THE CONFERENCE . TO UtB XBZXOS OP TW" 210 KCHBBS STAB . DBA * . Sn ^ r-I lucre pemaed ^ Hi feelings of sorrow and ahsiae the afflicting letters torn tbe " TidOaar COnflBMt 3 H Bifkflals QzoL , ^ aHMbed la it © Star « f Saturdaylast ; sorrow lot the « nfferlng » of the perseexited men and their nnbspprfc 11111 * 6 " * and , &as » UJat is a Charfisk I an compelled to plead 2 ™ %% }* ^ cb ^ e ^^ Kt preferred against the whole body by Kxrae tafly 2 tnse 3 men . 1 Witt every "word of your ata ^ e comment I hearffiy agree . In . the name ^ of hnmam ^ JoithB honour of Chartism , let theMaxtebester Comnatt ^ be Jnanediafcely appointed ; Jl trust it is so ere fids ) 3 and . if any victim fond , large or small , kin the hands » f Mr . CleaYB , let it be devoted to the immediate relief of the unfortunate families . Such idiefmagr l > a insnfEcierifc toineet their -wants ; ^ twit if only partial , still let it be afforded and the sufferings ot £ he irrra sna children of oar brothers be alleviated , if
sot entirely remoTed . Bui means ought to exist for the regular support of the families of the imprisoned Chartists . Bow can snth means be supplied 3 Only by tbe establishment of a GateralTtaidlac all general purposes . I feel assured r * iat any attempt jnst bow to raise a Victim . Fund by eonfaabntlon ibroBgb tbe coontry would falL We must JtrdTtavem Organization ; and io have Uutt toe must liaveihtUqnference . 3 n the meantime petitions and memorials may be got up inTjehalf of the incarcerated , provided the localities where the Ticfims isriflBd pteyions to trial , will fprntWh the coanby -witb -the necessary infonnafion , ¦ riz z—JTama , ocarpalioia * and families of ike imprisoned ; w&eacadt ^ ereiried i ontdliaitAarffe ; term of sentence ; andtreatmeniixpad . This information each locality can easily famish to ihe Star ; hating "which , I pledge myself Hat petitions shall be sent from Sheffield .
Mr . Williams states that fee incarcerated wrote ^ to thirteen different Associations , requesting their assistance in Ihe getting up of petitions , -&c and that four only answered the appeal . In jnstlee to the Sheffield < JhKfistB , I beg to- say ^ hat no letter from She Victims ><»» been Teceived by them . Had there been , it would have met with prompt attention . Mx . ¦ WilllamsiB of opinion that had each locality petitioned f >»« ffoTemraent for a remission of punishment , that they ( lie incarcerated ) would , by this time , have been at liberty . I am sot so sanguine as to the results of * u x petitioning ; stall , if it be as an expression of symjailiy on our parts , -we are oonnd not to omit Out flSty . " Whenever one of the community ia oppressed , all are oppressed , " is a righteous maxim ; one that -should never b * lost sight of ; rarer negltcted to be carried ont to its legitimate conclusions by all men professing the principles of democracy .
A word on the " Conference . - I am surprised that some **? the most important localities have never yet Tittered one word , jht > or com , < m the subject of the ConlereEee . It 5 a generally Bndeiatood ifaai » Conference is to be bolden , and thafrspeedflj % yet only a few places have expressed their assent or dissent The great majority , if they approve , So not say * o ; and if they disapprove , they are equally silent . ! This is not fair . If they deem the holding of a national delegation necessary , -why not publish their opinion , as to the date , place , &fc ; and If th ? y eonrfdfT it inadvisable , why not say ao , that , those who s * s ananoas to bsve & Conference holden may not be led into error under the impression that the project Is generally approved of ? The Chartists . of the following places bare not as yet expressed an
opinion on tfce subject : if in next Satnrday's ^ far they * rejEfia Jcmnfl nOent , 3 implore ol them , for the rake of the cauae , at once to meet , consider , decide , and publish t > iPTT rip » i » ir > Ti « j . Birmingham tthe apathy of Birmingbam is most adoniBbing , —tbs town -which before all others must reap the greatest benefit from a Conference if there beldj . Biistol , Bith , Brighton , Norwich , Isle rf W l ^ ht , Xeicester , Xonghborough , Nottingham , Derby , JATerpool , North Lancashire Dixtdct , Bradford , fjurmHey , 2 odden&eld , Bull , Toii , Smderlaiiii , Newcastle , Cariisle , * c , atc ^ etc "Withont farther delay let ihe ^ iecision of « ach locality j First , as to the propriety of the Conference ; and , IT approved of ; Second , as to the place and date , be sent to the Stor office by the 1 st of August , and the Tesolntions of each be pnb-Bsheft 5 n tbi Star of Aujnst £ & .
2 see ttat ja » 2 lst of August { for such i « the d&te meant Jrpresame in last week's Star ) ii Tecommenaed for the assembling of the Conference . 3 zaust ^^ ect to its propriety . In all likelihood several schemes of Organization bsTB yet to be made publk , indnding the promised oseifron yoniself , which I anticipate will be one demanding tbe calmest and most mature consideration . It will : not do lot the delegates to assemble with ShgjT finger * in &at mtmtiis . Tbey mtrrt meet pzepsred to MO instanUy to TcA ; soS 'traddug , tv wbrk welL "Wagbq ? : will be the lesponsiKU ^ r of U » ubw " Organazsra ^ Let the people sec that they take their seats
properly instructed in theTiews of their conatitnente , and competent to the taak of framing jnicb an Organizsfion as will legally protect the people in their struggle lor liberty ; and , ^ roperity work ed , lesuli in tte triuBiph xs £ demoetaSae •«*< gV » t- and tlie overtrhroir of aristocratic oppression , for these reasons 1 troald again jftbes upon tbe eomaderation of tbe people the Tdh of September as the most proper date . Sat enc ? more , -wbsteTer , be the date , let me again entreat of my Chartist brethren to publish Vh"i fi" * l decision in ihsSlar ofihtWi ofAngud . 1 am , yours truly , KhfffR ^ n Jnfy 2 i , 1843 . 6 . J . HiESXY-
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A GSSB&O . COCKTI MBETGSG OP IHB Coax Misbes ¦ will be holden oh Kereal Moor , on Honda . ; noi chair tb be taken at ' twelve o ' clock at noon . Mr * Swa ll ow , from Yorkshire , and Mr . 53 ioiDson , from . Kewcasile , Jhe aalhoris&d agents of the Miners ' ABsociation , will address the meeting . At the close of lie public meeting there will be a meeting of Beltgatea ; those Miners thai cannot make it <* m-- renkmt jo ooniein & tod j , ar « lespectfullj xeouested to send a delegate ordeleeates .
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DdbhxmElechoh . —Mr . Bright has been returned bja msjoritj of 78 . _ Tnennmbers at the close of the poll- wer >—Bright , 4 S ^ j Pnrns , 410 . The Chronicle , in annonncing this , says s—** The xesuli of this elecfionjB AH nnegmyoeai Eidication of a obange intiie opnaonsof Ihe deetoral bodj . " This is prettygoodVwhen we inowHha . 1 the Chronicle , the terj day _ before announced , that the only chance Bright iai lay m thB ^ iiDMnteiference" of I ^> rd Londonuea 37 , 5 rlt > . conld , it iras said , " have swayed a hundred TOtCK" j l > at ie "wafl in dudgeon because ieJiadnbtbeenconsultedi ^ 33 iai ^ iion-interference coiitiBucd . Ths iuuidred Totes were not swayed j Bright Tras letmned ; and nou > s change in the opimonsol the electoral body is predicated ! Bow couasieiit tee BlaVes of -paxtf * re i
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MR . O'CONNOR AT BRISTOL . r Mr . O'Connor lectnred at Ryan ' s Circus , Northstreet , on Wednesday eTema / c , according to annonucementbyplacards and in last weei ' s Star . The bnU ^ ins ; , capable of holding seven thousand people ins well filled . Mr . O'C . rivited the attention of his aadieneeyfrom eight o ' clock till a quarter to ten , upon tie question of the "Land , " its capabilities , the advantages that would accrue to the-working tslass getting located upon its surface , until be was obliged to desist t > n iCCOunVof the state of his leg , from Trhich he had suffered the most excruciating pain . Mr . O . C . was to hare lectured again on
Thursday night , but was obliged to decline on account of the dangerous state of hiB leg . It is dreadfully bruised from hip to heel , by the falling of the floor © f the room , daring his lecture at Frome , The Learned Gsntteman , howerer , promised to lecture again , in Bristol , in abont six weeks . He was much cheered throughout , and at his departure three cheers were given ! in the opeu area ia front of the Circus . The lecture hath made a good impression ; and , if followed np ^ will be prodnctJTe of unity and strength . I write after the meeting , in haste ; and will send you the substance of the lecture for yonr next .
The Northern Star. Satuhday, July 29, 2843.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATUHDAY , JULY 29 , 2843 .
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THE KING OP HANOVER . Ths Star cannot be considered a fashionable paper ; while those journals that profess to lead tbe fashion of their several p&rtieB , feel themselves as much compelled to study the cut in whieh we dress political characters , as tailors and dressmakers feel the necessity of studying the Parisian figures which regulate our London fashions . It ib now some weeks since ihiB country was honoured by the presence of his Majesty of Hasoveb . We were aware of tbe connection that existed between this illustrious individual and ; the Orange
faction in Ireland . We were also aware of the secret oaths by whieh that faction is banded together . "We were cognizant of the fact that the object of that faction ever has been , to maintain an unjust ascendancy over their Catholic brethren , by an adherence to ihose principles , fostered and ; encouraged thronghont the lon « and nnholy reign of that monster Monarch , Geobge ILL , who for more than sixty years ruled Ireland by coercion . This hellish faction is united by a secret solemn oath , which we
published some time ago , by which they pledge themselves to wade up to their knees in Papist blood . A section of these mousters * rejoicing in the title of the Dublin Protestant Operative Association , have taken advantag ^ f tbe presence of the English Hanoverian , and have made him the organ for expressing their devotion to the principles in which they have been bred , and to roain t ^ n which they are ready to die . The following is the history of the transaction : —
"The King op Hasotsb . —Tbe following reply from bis Majesty to an address of congratulation from the Dublin Protestant Operative Association was read at the weekly meeting of that body yesterday evening , the company standing during the reading of the letter : — * " &BltTiBSCEJf , —1 have received , with peculiar gratification , the loyal address of the Dublin Protestant Operative Association and Reformation Society congratulating me on my return to my native country , which yon , as Chairman and Secretary of the Society , bare transmitted to me ; and I request yon- to express to itsiMmbers my thanks for the mark of sBieem and attachment they have thus shown to me , assuring them that I never did , nor shall , deviate from those principles io which I have Veen brought up by my late revered father , George III .
«« I remain , gentlemen , " * Tour affectionate Wend , » 'HE&NKST . " * SI Jamea ' 8 Palace , July , 15 , 1843 . •" To the Chairman and Secretary of the Dublin Protestant Aas-JCiation and Reformation Society . * * ' The contents of this letter drew forth loud cheers and Kentish fire , which continued fot some minutes . " It was then moved that the letter with which tbe Association were honoured by the Sing of Hanover , wilti the address accompanying It , should be handsomely framed , and suspended in the chamber of the Association . " The resolution was passed with acclamation . "
Before we offer a word of comment upon this correspondence , we feel ourselves bound to make a passing observation , upon tbe manner in which the glad tidings of Orange-confederacy have been heralded forth by the Times newspaper . Of- course it would not have been good tact , or even decorous , to have made the King of Hakotkb the principal feature in this resuscitated monster ; and therefore we find it crawling , members and body foremost , and the hoary head following after . The Times tells us of the new hope that has sprung out of the tardy vigour of tbe Grand Jury class : and
then leads us on to tbe full cup of joy contained in the above announcement , that the King of Habover st ill preserves , and never wfll depart from , those principles in which he has been brought up by his late revered father Geobge III . " What is this , bnt a fulfilment of our prediction that bis mission here at this particular time was of a political character 1 What ia ibis , but the insolent protest of a foreign despot against those alterations which have been made in our institutions for the avowed purpose of rendering the principles innoxious which tyranny held iu the ascendant during the sixty years calamity that this country suffered under the
tyrant rule of the revered father of the illustrious Ebsest ! ] We would ask , has tbe arm of England become so paralysed , or are tbe people so ^ oppressed as to look for a remedy in Hanoverian- interference ! Is the English Minister so tamely sabmissjre ss to tolerate this strengthening of the old connection between a foreign despot and tbe domestic faction of Ireland , in the bope that fresh confusion may cover Ministerial weakness 1 or will he still allow this rival monarch to beard bis Royal Mistress , and divide allegiance with her , in tbe hope of mounting her throne , through the blood shed in another Church and Sing war ! '
What , we again ask , is the cause of thelong visit of the Emg of Hasovkr to this country at ibis particular crisis 1 Why those incessant fetes , luxurious ban * gnats , and captivating pageants , provided by bis illustrious kingBhip for tbe staff of bis CbUTon and Xing axmj ! Why those peculiar notices of his kingship in the Tivies newspaper , which i although published under the head of the King of Hanover " are yet broken into paragraphs , in which we learn all { about , not u the King of Hanover , " but " THE KUfGI "
Snppose that the levered father of the revered Eesesx had lived and reigned during tho late visit of the King of Prussia to this ; country , wonld such announcements , referring to tbe visitor , have beeen tolerated ? When the King of ^ Belgium visits thiB country , in every line of every paragraph he is styled , not as the King" bnt as the 'j King of Belgium "; and when addresses are presented by societies , or corporations , to foreign potentates who may honour us with their presence , they are
invariably confined to an expression of respect for the individual ; and never before has it occurred that a section of Her Majesty ' s " most loyal subjects" have presented an address to » foreign monarch reprob * - fcory ^ f tbe policy or the acts of Her Majesty ' s Ministers ; never before has as equal piece of audacity been committed as that to which we refer as committed by ibis most insolent visitor 1 Has > - he fecundity of England ' s young Qaeen placed the legitimate grasp of England ' s eeeptre so far out of the reach of the
next in succession , that other means must be presorted to , to . gratify tbe ambition of our pensioner 1 i If we are wrong in our conjecture , no damage can occur from our error ; while , Bhonldj we be nght , we hasten to communicate to the Throne-Hunter , the feet , that \ iKTfixst oven wt committed , arising out of snen a conspiracy , would be followed by a mamfesiation of popular feeling in favotr of "THE QUEEN" against " THE KING , " as would teach him the poor value of his war of strife , and the insignificance of that faction upon which he must rely for success . We have had more than enough of « the principles of his revered father" ! They have been buried in oceans of blood ! The very recollection of them and him caus . s a nauseous loathing , and , leads to recollections by no means
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flattering to the living prototype of that execrated monarch . Can any doubt now exist in the mind of tbe most sceptical as to the connexion existing between the Orange Irish Grand Juries , the Orange Irish Operative Associations , and the Orange Foreign Chief of those illegal bodies % It is some six or seven Weeks since we furnished the Times and the world with oar notions as to the part which EftNKST and } his staff would take in the Repeal
agitation . They have been perhaps rather hasty in the developement of their re-organization ; and from it we infer that the Orange faction ia Ireland but awaits the completion of the Anns' Bill to demand from the English Minister the reconquest of Ireland ; the penalty , in case of a refusal being , a threat to hoist the Hanoverian standard , around which the church militant would flock as a noble army of martyrs .
We bslieve that the Duke of Wellington alone has had the sagacity to see through the covert intentions of the Pretender . He has abstained from recognising the necessity for his Kingship ' s long sojourn in Pauper-Land . He has thrown a cold glance upon him , and has received his proferred attention with chilling indifference . We do not wish to hazard the chance of libelling a Monarch with whom England is at peace ; but our allegiance to that throne from which we are said to receive protection demands the caution which we now give . We have every reason to believe that the leaders of the Orange faction are in daily communication with the Illustrious Hanoverian , while the tone of their
organs is well calculated to arouse a strong feeling of High-Church indignation against her Britannio Majesty . These things are well worthy the consideration of ! the British Minister ; and should not be wholly overlooked by the Irish people . A foreign Monarch is amongst us , who lives upon English industry . He i 8 hated by the English people ; he has insolently declared himself ready to maintain principles to destroy which England would have hazarded a civil war ; he has entered into open communication with the Queen ' s enemies ; and if the result should be disastrous , the Minister who must bear the consequences , cannot plead ignorance of Cuxbbbi . jUw ' 5 intention .
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THE COLLIERS . The Times . has not only got a spy in Rebecca ' s camp , and a spy in the Irish camp , but it further appears lhat the " fourth estate" has got & spy in tho Colliers camp in South Staffordshire . We learn from that agent that the case of tbe miners , both masters and men , is of a nature calculated to lead to gloomy apprehensions , and he seems to look opon any settlement of the dispute as hopeless . Capitalists , in their magnanimity , have declared that they would refuse £ 50 , 000 as a Government
loan , at one per cent , as a means of relief ; while their nationality was roused to indignation by the Pkkkieb ' s suggestion of Emigration as a means of correction . Tender-hearted souls ! compassionate philanthropists ! lovers of your species ! weeping advocates for the sufferers' distress . ' at what an opportune moment have all these finer feelings of yonr nature burst through your black hearts !! O , as we predicted before the Coal Conference and the lion Conference , the tender-hearted masters had no thought of self , but all for their suffering clients !
As we anticipated , they reminded the Prime Minister of their own loss of capital , as a national calamity ; and : of diminished wages as a natural consequence . So the black men having refused Emigration and the loan : and the whitemen having turned a deaf ear to "Free Trade " and Twenty 'Shilling Notes , the Conference ends just where it began , having produced no other effect than of increasing the deadly feud between the Tory WhiteB and the Whig Blacks . "There is no possible remedy "— there is no chance of & settlement , " says the Times Reporter . We
think , however , that we can suggest a plan more wiBe , moreconstitutional , juat , and satisfactory , than any that has been proposed on either side . It is this . Let the Prime Minister send a Commission throughout the-Iron and Coal districts , and let that Commission investigate the causes of distress and apply the proper remedy . The distress will be found to exiBt in tho protection which the law administers to capital , and the want of its protection to the labourer . Let the Commissioners inquire what property has been udjustly amassed by each capitalist for the last twenty years ; let them inquire into the number of paupers who have been consigned to beggary , after the said capital was coined out of
their life's blood ; and let the Commission make a fair adjustment of the wealth created by labour , taking care thatthe capitalist Bhall be remunerated for his risk and speculation , while the men shall not suffer from his injustice and tyranny . It would not be a bad division of property unjustly amassed , as that of Mine Owners has been , to divide the whole into ten shares ; leaving one share for the master , and nine shares for the men who made him rich . This may be called the * levelling system . " The friends of injustice may call it what thty please , while we recommend it as a just mode of settling the differences between tbe Miners and their slaves .
We are glad to find that even the Times is compelled to congratulate the Colliers upon their peaceable demeanour : ; and we would strongly impress upon them the necessity of persevering in that course : forbad as the law is , and rotten as the Jury-class are , we would urge upon them the desirableness of rather relying upon the law than upon their physical strength . The trials at Lancaster have taught the working daises of this country to have more reliance upon the law ; and we have endeavoured to persuade them that the application of a very small portion of those funds spent in dissipation and wasted in folly , spent to attain legal redress would be more profitably expended than if laid ont in the purchase of muskets , and all the munitions of war .
Let the first act of tyranny attempted by the masters , be met with legal exposure by the men ; and we will answer for it , that the clubbed pence of the many , if judiciously expended , will gain a legal triumph over -the pounds of the few . We have thought it necessary to add this further word of caution to our advice of last week ; and shall conclude by cautioning the miners , firstly , against hold ing secret meetings of any description ; and , seondly , should any such be held by their body , not io be entrapped by the sophistry of the Times' spy , who may gull them to-day with the plausible notion that " publication of their grievances is the thing most necessary ^ ' while to-morrow he may appear in the witness-box to give evidence against them .
The principal ; witnesses produced against the Chartists during the years 1339 and 1840 , came from the ranks oi the reporters of the newspaper press .
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ORGANIZATION . Under this head we shall give no further instruction to our readers , than merely to direct attention to the great importance of tbe subject , and to convince them that upon its wise completion depends the success of this democratic canae . Wo c * n well understand the importance which a working man , destitute of the means of existence , must attach to the establishment { of those principles that hold out the promise of relief . We can make i ull allowance for the suspicion created by delay ; we can account for the feverish anxiety with which ever ; step of
every leader is watched ; and we can scarcely complain of tbe diapondenoy created by protraction . However , in taking a whole view of the subjeot , we are entitled to consider what has been done , what was expected , and wherein we have failed . The great good achieved by the democratic party is best demonstrated on the rapid increase that it has made within the last two ] year *! in its numbers ; but stall more in the advance of its principles , and the enforcement of them upon those sections of society who have heretofore rejscted discussion , from a conviction that the corrective power of " physical
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force" was at their command , and was a good substitute for argument . Tie pablic mind has run beyond all those limits and barriers by which law had confined it for centuries . In the race , it has far outstripped the democrats of the old school ; while it has modestly invited those who lagged after in the course , to keep pace : with public opinion . Now and then , if ii has bolted , by bursting due into sudden outbreaks , or senseless emeutes , although its progress in wandering may : have been checked for a moment , yet have all the powers arrayed against it been unable to drive
it back to a single point beyond that from which it had broken 1 After the law had taken its vengeance in 1839 and 40 , and when the Whig Atxoenev-Genkral boasted of his " triumph over Chartism , " the principle rose from that spot where it had been momentarily entranced ; and instead of retrograding , advanced to that point were it was able to meet its persecutors in the field ! Though destitute of the representative quality , it was able to forco the Whig enemy from his position , and consign the faction to oblivion 1
During the short breathing time allowed by their Tory ' successors , Chartism made another rapid stride in advance of sectional opinions , until again the power of the law was called in , in the hope not only ; of arresting our progress , but of driving us back to advance no more . This crusade , like that of the Whigs , did stop the movement for a time , as far as physical display was concerned ;
but THOUGHT went on the while ! and it is in order to give expression to that improved thought , and that we may start from that spot at which * we were last entranced , that we would now impress upon the Chartist body , the absolute necessity of deciding upon such a system of Organization , as may be a fitting main-spring for working the improved machinery emanating from improved thought .
We are glad to find that the whole country , without a single exception , has responded to a desire for such a system of Organization as shall be suitable to our ! improved condition . Thus we show the one thing needful for the gathering together of our strength , while we would justify delay , by pointing attention to the struggle that we were engaged in , and the power of the enemy opposed to us . No man in his senses could , for a moment , have anticipated that the garrison of faction would have surrendered at the command of those who struggled
for equality , without expending its last shot . Whoever imagined , when the stake was Liberty , and the enemy those that revelled on its prostration , that the struggle was to be au easy one ? Reflection upon those points , together with the effect that Chartist principles is now produoing all over the world , will lead the most zealous and enthusiastic to the conclusion that unpardonable delay has not taken place . On the contrary , every attempt prematurely made to force the machinery of publio opinion beyond its legimate limits , has had the tffeot of retarding our movement .
Our strength consists in the one great whole now formed of publio opinion . Seven years ago , public opinion was as a riddle , through which the varied notions of sections of society passed ; while cow it is as a machine , through which notions have been winnowed . Chartism falling in a heap like corn , while all opposing dogmas have gone aa chaff to the wind . Seven years ago , we could not bear a single desertion without anticipating a strong diversion in favour Of the dogmas of the deserter ; while now , the Shepherds walk out from the nook without being followed by one in the fold . Although , then ,
we cannot point to any distinct act , whereby our positive strength may be measured , yet we may triumphantly refer to the hopeless position of those political traffickers , who cannot now , as formerly , rely upon the instability of public opinion as a safe scaffold to personal aggrandisement ! We will not offer such an insult to the righteous principle of democracy , as to attribute its improved position altogether to the numerical strength created by national pauperism : but we would rather suppose that its progression has been a consequence of its exposition , strengthened by those discussions in
which unsophisticated working men were able to defend it against the sophistries of the prejudiced and bigotted . We are not quite sure that the present strength of public opinion is known to any man l iving ; and it is beoausc we anticipate the development of ita improved condition , from suitable Organization , that we the more anxiously look for this means of action . That the stirring events now passing should have failed of producing some effect upon the public mind is not to be supposed ; and can only be accounted for iby a deficiency in our Organization , wbioh has latterly deprived us of the capability of laying it weekly before our readers . For these reasons , and in order that we , who undertake to give expression to the public voice , should critically
understand us power ; and feeling convinced that a want of the real knowledge of the popular mind leaves even us in ignorance , do we attach more than ordinary importance to the forthcoming Conference . Between this and the time of its assembling , let the people themselves instruct their delegates upon the present state of the publio mind ; let the delegates chosen by the people give expression to ihe people ' s voice , and not to their own opinions ; so that public opinion thus collated may be reflected , as tho dial by which the public mind may be set and regulated . To such a change we look with intense anxiety ; while we shall proudly and cheerfully herald forth the improvements that have taken place , even in the midst of oppression and persecution .
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How TO ) tell a Tale . —/» the Star , a week or two ago , we announced that Miss Susanna Inge had objected to Mr . O'Connor ' s venturing to suggest that a certain person should be elected General Secretary , pro tern ; she averring that many of the Chartists would be inclined to vote more according to Mr . O'Connor ' s inclinations than according to their own judgment . Out of that announcement some " suck mug" or othert who sells his brains to " party" for a couple of pounds per week , has manufactured the following very pretty story \ vihich will , no doubt , "go the round " . We have seen it already in the Birmingham Advertiser and the Nottingham Jourual : — The He and She Chartists . —A regular split has
taken place between these two sections of Chartists , in consequence of Mr . O'Connor taking upon himself the office of dictator , in appointing and OKGANIZiriG THE NEW CUAUT 1 ST Executive . Mtaa Mary Ann Walker and Miss Susannah Inge are the leaders in the opposition to Mr . O'Connor on this point . Miss Inge bas put herself prominently forward , and has expressed herself determined to break a lance with the ' Lion of the Notth ' , on his assumed tight so to do , aa she says it is quite at variance with the , principles of demoeracy laid down by him , and approved of by tbe female Chartists . This unexpected opposition on the part of hia quondam female admirers . { has quite disconcerted the leader of ' tbe whole hog Chartists . '
Is it any wonder that the middle classes should have horrible notions respecting ^ Chartists and Chartism , when mendacity like this is regularly served up to them ? i ) Mastubs'j Cabe ton Wobkmen— The Iron Masters have been to Sir Robert Peel to tell him of the oppressed ] condition of the working-miners , and of the great danger to society , arising from their estrangtd , feelings . We wonder whether they told Pedl ofl such instances oj " generous care" and * ' fondly feeling" as the following I or whether it was necessary to go to Robert Peel to prevent their occurrence !
We have i received an authenticated letter , alleging a rather { singular act of inattention by the employers to the employed . A rope happening to break one d » y last week , in the Butterley pit , by which tbe miners ascended to the mouth , ! no rope was substituted oy tfte aflfent ; and tjhutt-IpiVb wohkmsn bemained ; bhlow . many of ( hem without food , foe thb space of rwENxr-rwof hodus . Their wives tDfcn flocked around the pit in a state of excitement , until means of deliverance came . ^ -Nottinnham
Review . : Samuel White Slave , Mellob . —Any of the large Portraits or Plates can be had on the terms he speaks » f : subscribing to the Paper Jor yx weeks ; and paying for the Paper and Plate , when had , one biultuig . Of course , if there be any postage charge , that is in addition . H . A . Donaldson , Warwick . —Received . May , perhaps , be used on another occasion .
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Rather WARM . 4-iSome of the leaders of tfie . Irish Repealers are extremely fearjui of an alliance with the English Chartists , because , they sag , they da not wish to be mixed up with the " doctrine of Physical Force " , which they falsely and iniquiioitsly ascribe to the Chartists : i . e ., they falsely and imquitously put \ a construction upon the Chartist feeling with respect to the right of possessing arms , and using them m self-defence . But while they thus manifest an outward anxiety not to be classed with the . " Physicals " , they can occasionally turn out pretty strong threats . We here give a specimcn , from \ lhe pen of the Editor of the Belfast Vindicator ? and ask our Chartist friends what this man , this yindJcator . irouW have said , had a similar paragraph appeared in the Northern Star on the occasion of the Stephenson-square onslaught .
or the Hall of p cience outrage t Let it never be forgotten the Stephenson ' s-square bludgeoning teok place before th \ e eyes of both Magistrates and Police ! Scores of the latter "force" were on the ground ; and they never lifted a finger to " protect" those \ who were being shamefully maltreated with powers and bludgeonsj nor did the Magistracy interfere . The occasion which has called forth the ' threats of the Vindicator was not more " brutal" nor more l * bloody" than the Stephenson ' s-square butchery . Let us see the terms in which the Vindicator speaks of no " protection , " when he and fits friends are left to suffer from it . — ; \ Last night , we witnessed sufficient to make us repeat that , if the Government do not promptly interfere , the Catholics most and will defend themselves . We—who are anxious for peace—who glory in our obedience to the law , the Queen , and O'Connell—WILL DEFY GOVEIIMENT prosecution and Orance atrocity , AND TAKE OUR STAND
AMONGST THE POOR AND HITHERTO DEFENCELESS CATHOLICS , if , after this day , there be not something better than our Peelers—and the disjointed force ( each being a mere ricketty automaton ) called watchmen—and the passivb soldiery now lu&e , to protect ua . Defend the people , 6 a THE PEOPLE must defend themselves ! 1 / that imbecile old fool , Lord De Gre y , were removed from this country ; or if—In this particular locality—we bad again such a magistrate as Mr . CouUon , we should not have j to writs , as we do now , without confidence in the local authorities . Mr . Coulaon was a Tory , but he was a fair and honest magistrate . Would to beavenj we had him now . Must the people , we ask the authorities , be driven to defend and to avenge themselves ? If bo , we shall be with
THEM ! I This is pretty stiff ! We wonder whether the " physical force" haling Vindicator could cull anything like it from the [ pages of the " rascally Northern Star" ? There has been no portion of the Irish subsidized Pressho vehement and so unprincipled in the raising and continuing of the infamous cry ef " Physical Force" applied to the Chartists , as this same Belfast Vindicator . He has done it to prevent the otherwise inevitable junction between the working people of England and Ireland ; and the consequent overthrow of the infernal THING . which crushes them into the earth . It is but right
to let the deludedi see the barefaced dishonesty of the delude * . j The Chartists meeting at the T . S Buncombe Inn , Nottingham , have sent 6 s . to Mrs . Cooper . G . Gboundwatek , Leith — We are thankful for his attention . Were ill our friends in different parts of the country as ^ alive as he has proved himse lf to be in this instance ^ , by sending the first and most full account he cpuld procure of the lamentable wreck of the Pegasus Steamer , the" People ' s Paper " would many a lithe be more interesting to the people than it is . We commend his example to general adoption . Verifie ^ accounts oj"" accidents by flood or field" , or narrations of extraordinary occuf ' rences , shall always meet with the best attention
we can bestow , and have that prominence that space and circumstances will permit . Robert Ridsdale , SSlikg ^ by . — We regret we cannot give his letter : bptit is rather too peppery . Mr . Smith is an old weather-beaten Radical ; and though he may disagree with us on ihe Land scheme , from a misapprehension of our reasons and purposes , we believe him to be sincerely honest in the expression of his opinion . Of course we can have no abjection to a fair and candid examination of his reasoning and statements ; arid would not Refuse insertion to such a paper were it forwarded . We must , however , pause ere we give insertion to Robert Ridsdale's somewhat rude assault . A Reader , —Worksl on Geography are very common
and very ' cheap " . Any bookseller almost can show him < i ' ii- -x * n ; . and he can " pick and choose " . The pric , . . / Justice Brenan ' s work on Punctua ' tion is 2 s . 6 'r f- I D . Catkr , London , has only sent pay for the two last insertions . He should have enclosed , with his first remittance , pay for the first insertion . J . H . Clitheroe . —[ We fear the question might be considered insulting- Besides , if it should be even true that ihe gentleman he names indu ' ges in the sneeae-producing habit , making a public parade of it , can only have the effect of weakening the force of a well-time ^ , energetic appeml on a question of confessedly higft import . For out selves , we believe that the gentleman in question is "teetotal "
from tobacco and snuff , as Well as from the pot and tliepipe " . j G . J . Harney- — We \ have reserved his criticism on the plans of Organiz-ilion for future opportunity . We are making a cbttec lion of such , as they come to hand ; and after the promulgation of Oi / R PLAN , when it is ready , shall set ve them all up at once , that the country may have before it , at one time , all thai has been said , to guide to a decision . Wm . Hobner , Oldham — Of course we shall forbear the publication of \ the letter now sent , until the result of the " thorough investigation" he speaks of is communicated to ^ us . when we shall endeavour to do the Oldham Chartists justice , if they have been at all wronged . At the same time we must say , that the imvressiodon our mind , froth reaiAna the
letter now sent , is \ that the spirit in which they have entered uponl the task of " investigation" is not the proper one , finder the circumstances . They seem to forget that the parly making the statement to which they lake exception , is ia prison , and can only retail what is communicated to him , as to what is passing in the outer world . Opportunities io " examine both sidesfof a question" do not there exist : and any reproof , therejore , for not having done that which it was \ almost impossible to do , is only evidence of a wounded feeling , which loses sight of ihe peculiar and \ painful position of the deemed offending parties- j The statement may be incorrect : if so , a bare narration of the facts will be all that can be needed to set the matter right , without
ihe employment ofione single word calculated to add one single pang to the horrible amount of suffering the imprisoned are doomed to endure . Wingats Grange Colliery . —The dispute between the workmen and the coal-masters at this colliery , relative to the sufficiency of the wire-rope used for raising the coal from the bottom of the pit , and for the descent and ascent of the men emplaned , is stilt undecided . As we have aforetime detailed , it has been before the Magisterial Bench ; and two men . have been by them committed to Durham Gaol for refusing to work ; tap ground of their refusal being that their lives were not safe when trusted upon the rope in question . ] In reference to the dispute , and more especially in reference to a statement that
has been published relative to a test made , as it teas averred , with th p consent of both parlies , masters and workmen , by a Mr . John Clark , engineer of the Deplford Iron ^ Works , we have received a communication which ice shall presently give , after staling ,- in the first instance , that in the published account of such test issued by the masters ., it is distinctly set forth that ihe rope tested was a portion of that used at the pit \ cut off for the purpose ; and that a " a strain of 1 , 0 , 12 , 16 , and 18 tons was successively applied , at which test , after raising up the lever , it broke at tho clams . " The opinion of the engineer is , " that the rope is as safe as any ever put on a coal p it . " In answer to this the men have published fa reply . They state that then
never gave their consent for Mr . Clark to make the test he did ; thatj they wei e no parties to the arrangement ; that their employers alone invited Mr Clark to inspect the rope ; and lhat when he attended , six of the men were delegated to confer with him , and after ) hearing his answer to a question they were io put to him , to communicate that answer to the body , wlw would then decide whether they wonld be parties ' to the testing or not . A . Mr . Armstrong , we presume a manager , would not atlow Mr . Clark to answer the question . That question simply was : wojjx . d hb test the bope upon THE PULLEY oveb the pit , or not . The workmen also say : — j Our employer took about six feet of a wire-rope from the storehouse to the Iron Works to * et tested
without our knowledge . This piece of rope did not belong to the working-ripe ! This piece of rope broke with the teat of eighteen tons . Our employer proposed before the magistrates at Durham , to test tbe rope with twenty tons . This he now refused to dof We applied to the magistrates for redress , but in vsin ; we applied for summonses , but . could not obtain any . Two of our men are incarcerated in Durham gaol , for not venturing their lives upon the rope . Is this justice ? We never requested Mr . Clark to give his decision .
We distinctly deny all knowledge of the testing of the rope , till we received a parcel from Mr . Clark with the decision , dated the 15 th of Jaly , and we received it on the llthl therefore we would ask the public how this occurs . Our employer promised us six half-barrels of ate j to return to work , that we might again venture our lives upon the rope . This gift we refused , determined not to be won over by any such means . We will return to work when the rope is taken off , Imd out wages are paid . The rope is split iu mauy places &ud bound round with bandages of wire . j
This is certainly a very strange business . The men aver that they date n , ol trust their tn > es upon the rope ; that it is unsafe ; that it is . yplit ; and they have offered to stand-by : \ fair TKtT of its capabilities . The masters call in a man to make such
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test . They refuse the men all hand or lot in ( he matter . Their official will not let d question put by a deputation from the men to the Engineer be answered . A portion of rope , not belonging to the working-rope , is taken away from the storehouse of the works , to be tested by Mr . Clark , at his own Works , the men not being present during sueh test , nor any knowledge of it communicated to them , until Mr . Clark ' s decision , that the rope wasyafe , was sent dated one day after that on whieh it was received J In the account which ihe Masters circulate respecting the matter , they distinctly state that the proposition to submit the question of the sufficiency of the repe to Mr . Clark was made by the workmen I and that he attended at the catling
as referee between the parlies ! The men , however , seem determined not to be cajoled , either by pretended tests or specious statements They are determined to try to" buy justice . " The ordinary Magistracy have refused it ; and they wish to seek it in a "Higher Court . " For this purpose , their brethren in other parts are rendeAng them aid . We have before given insertion to state ' ments of sums of money subscribed ; and we are now requested to publish the following list of monies which have been received since the last list appeared : — South Wingate Colliery £ l 10 s 9 d . Pillington 10 a 7 d New Durham 4 s 8 jd . Rainton 6 s I 0 &L" Snerburn Hill £ l 12 s 91 . Belmount 7 b Id . " Has well
£ 3 17 s 6 d . Strotton £ 2 3 s . Newbottle and Sbioey Row 10 s . Hough-halt ( hoffai ) 10 ? 6 d . Shinciiff 10 b . North Hetton 18 s 83 . Sacriston 6 s . Waldridge Fell 13 s 3 * d . JPelton Fell 9 s . o £ d . Lumley £ 1 2 s . J ^ ezingtbome 15 s 9 J . Sbildon Bunk 108 . Coppy Crooka 6 a . Black Boy £ 1 . Friend Is . Wingate Friends £ 3 8 s Id . trimdon £ 12 0 s Id . Castle Eden £ 11 2 s lOd . Cassop £ 4 . Kelloe £ S . Eleraore £ 2 15 s 6 d . Thornley £ 2 fcj 9 d . Quamngton Hill £ 2 da 6 d . Hough-hall £ 2 2 a 2 d . South Hetton £ l 19 s . West Hetton £ 1 6 s 3 d . Hetton 12 a . Various cart loads of provisions fcave likewise been collected , and bestowed on the Wingate men , by the ladies of the neighbouring collieries .
Our Correspondent also states , that the President of the Miners' Association , at Wingate , was turned out of his house , by order of the Masters , on Wednesday last . The house belonged to the Colliery Masters . Since that time one of the employers * tools has had an interview with the President , stating that if he will but use his influence to get the men to work C after having been off five weeks ) he shall not only have his house again , but one of the best situations in the Colliery into the bargain ! This was to be kept a profound secret . He , however , resolved not to make merchandise of his principles . or his fellow workmen ' s confidence .
J . chadwick , and ihe Rochdale Frijbnds . — They have mistaken the whoJa matter . In the first placd , we hold it perfectly " justifiable" to withhold any remarks" - that we may deem calculated to have an injurious tendency upon any portion of the associated working class . There have been divisions and ill-feeling enough produced among the different sections of the army battling with corruption , ignorance , and misgovernment ; nay indeed sadly toj many and too much of both . We hold ourselves "justifiable " iu discountenancing every thing that can by possibility
produce misunderstanding or alienation of feeling ; and as long as we have the power , we shall use the discrimination we possess to this end , regardless whom it may displease or offend . The truth of the statement in question was not disputed : but from the very way iu which it was stated , it was apparent that the act complained of was that of thoughtless giddy youth , " without premeditation to disturb ;" and we felt that it would be unjust to so place the body before the public , that the whole should suffer for the foolish indiscretion of a few . At the same
time we were anxious that tbe "few" should be taught the impropriety of their conduct ; Or at least know the construction pat upon it . To this end , we Bent the statement in question to the officials connected with the body impugned , requesting them to institute tbe necessary inquiries , and , if the allegations were true , to expostulate with the transgressors of decorum . Ia so doing we ate sure we acted best for all parties . Nottinghamshire Chartists are reminded by J . Boonham , that the answer from Mr . Doyle respecting his lecturing in their district is favourable ; but that he cannot commence bis labours until they severally furnish their quota of funds . He earnestly urges upon them the necessity of prompt action . We are
Bure this mention of the matter will be enough to cause them to perform their duty . J . M . Leach , Hyde . —We wish the Star was large enough to contain all the matter sent here fer insertion ; snd amongst tbe rest , the addresses to different localities . If It wera bo , ve shaald have pleasure in publishing many of them ; and that from our friend Leach should have a place . As it is , we are obliged to exclude many ; aud his must share the fate of the rest We must , however , notice that Mr . Leach calls for Stars to send to Ireland . His address is 82 , Cbarles-atreet , Hyde . ROBERT BURB . eix , Greenock . —His communication is reserved for future use . A Co . nstant Subscriber and Lover of " Siar " - light , TYLDSLEY , is informed , aud ought to have known , that no notice of a forthcoming meeting is inserted in the NortliemStar unless it bears the
signature of the sub-Secretary of the locality where 16 purports to come from , or is sent by one of our own appoin : cd Correspondents , who is expected to make himself acquainted that " all is right" before he transmits it We know of no "General Lee" of Ashton-ander-Lyne ; and think his notice a very suspicious one . A Friend , Dukenfield—We do net know the law he speaks of . We know that the practice of opening houses for the sale of Table Beer , at lid a quart , is much followed in the West Riding of ' Yorkshire , particularly round and about Dewsbury ; aud understand that no licence is required ; nor is there any restriction as to hours of opening or closing . Whether there be a special Act , or any clause of an Act , . authorizing this ; or whether Table-beer be exempted from the operation of other Beer Acts we cannot flay . Allen Da veispobt . —Received . Shall be used some
day . Mechan ic , London . —We cannot spate room . Wm . Major , Bermondsey , asks " what has become of that indefatigable Chartist , Smart , of Loughbor-• U ? h '' ? We cannot say . - James MACPHBBSON , ABERDEEN . —We shall reserve bis letter till we see Mr . HilL In his absence we cannot decide upon the matter , hot knowing all the facts of the case . D . Thompson , Manchester . —Next week . WM . MaTHEW , ol Chelsea , and GEORGE STURGE , of Brompto i , write on behalf of the Chartists of the - Brompton and Knightabtidge locality , to' say that they highly approve of our suggestion , that a Victims' Committee should be appointed by the
Manchester Chartists j and that the moment each Committee is formed , they will transmit to it 10 s . from their local funds . This spirited example ought to be universally copied . - J . Pepper . Silston , should put bis notices into shape for print , and not entail unnecessary trouble upon others . George Moth am , Hyde . —We cannot "satisfy the young mind" , " aspiring * ' though it be , by the insertion of tbe lines sent . B . Humphries , for the framework-knitters . We cannot find room this week . J . coL < joHo \ m . Glasgow . —Reserved for next week . George White , Queen's PRISON . —Reserved for future occasion .
The Victim Fund . —The response made to tke appeal ef the suffering but neglected victims Of persecution , as evidenced in our columns this day , must be gratifying to those who made it , as it affords proof that many of the Chartist body needed but to be reminded of their dnty to cause them to take the proper steps to perform it . Scill , that response ia not what it ought to have been . Many and important localities , in a Chartist sense , do not seem to have even considered the matter at all ; and tbe Victim Committee is not yet appointed . Fur the latter omission it is easy to supply a satisfactory reason . The Manchester Chartists would , no doubt , scarcely feel themselves justified in taking such a step as we last week suggested , without waiting to see whether , or not , that
suggestion would be approved of by the country generally Th » y hav « , therefore , prudently waited ; and ourpresent sheet affords them evidence thatthatsuggestion is approved ; for while there is from many influential snd important Chartist districts strong resolutions in support , and even calls upon the Manchester men to take the step , not one single line for any one single place haa been received , at all questioning the propriety of the step . We therefore bold that the Manchester Chartists are now perfectly justified la appointing a Victim COMMITTEE pro tern . Nay we hold that it is a duty expected from them by their brother Chartists throughout the empire ; and we
implore them not to let another week pass without its due aud full performance . Bnt while we can thus readily satisfy ourselves as to the reasons that probably have induced the Manchester Chartists to defer , for « ne week , the appointment of such committee , we cannot find any excuse for i hose who have neglected to respond to the heart-reading appeals made to them by the sufferers in Kirkdale Giul . Surely an expression of sympathy , might have been afforded , while means were being devised to render that sympathy operative to the relief of the starving and destitute ? Ibis was the teaBt that could have been done , to save Chartists from the charee ot indifference tn crying
appeals from tbe neglected and FORGOTTEN . Let us hope that the next week will see every locality alive to tu « disgrace that hangs upon the body ff * n « raUy , and active in taking steps to have it removed . Last wet * we as-feeS if th ^ re was not a Victim Fund in existence ? if the mouies had been disbursed ? If s « , wbn to ? If not . * hy not ? This day ( Thursday ) has brought us au answer from Mr . Cleave , the " treasurer , which we mucd regret that we cannot insert entire . Ic ia iii-aa-ver impossible to do so , at this late h-.. > ur . It !•»» beun detainee * , we suppose , to be ' set ' for tbe Chartist Circular ; for it is sent to us in ' proof . " It would occupy near two columns
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BBJLDFOHD . —On Sunday ths Visiting Committee attended at George ' s-street , at nine o ' clock , when they resolved , to call 2 special meeting of the members on Sunday next , to discuss the plan of Orgaxuzafion , and report to the Council accordingly . Bowicsg Bace XmXSZ was visited at two o ' clock In thfiiftftHsoon . There-sr «» -very foH ftttsadsacB » f members . 33 ie zoom was crowded . The Chartists ef this locality have eommencsd to subscribe lor the
purchase of land . A great number of working men have joined the Associaton , many of whom are not Ch&rflsts , but - fin ^ fag there is bo iope of tattering their condition nnder ^ he present system of legislation , which grinds the ¦ workman to the dnst , they have resolved to commence , in mutual aid , to co-operate for the obtaining a hold on the land , that they may effectually defy the factions who live by soining the blood of the operative into gold ; and who thns become law makers that they may the ; store effectually destroy sll chases of socs&l comfort amour the operativea .
Coracn . MEKTiSG . —The members of the Conndl met on Sunday evening at seven o'clock , Mr . Bishop Inihe f ^ vfo - ^ Bowling Sack-lane paid Is . contribution . The notice in the £ &tr , calling & delegate meeting at Dewfbury , was read , A resolution that we sena s delegate iu proposed Knd carried . After & long cont HitioB relative to the many calls upon Mr . Smyth ' s ? _ ne ana attention , and the neglect of business when ' wbb away , it ended by the appointment of Mr . myth to attend at Dewsbcry on Sunday next . The -Conndl meeting then sojourned to Sunday next , to be again holden at six o ' eloek in tbe evening . Nottjkghjoi . — -Mr . Simmons addressed Ihe Female Chartists of KetSsghsm in the Democratic Chapel , Bice-place , on Tnesday evening , Jnly 28 .
WiBBiKeroH . —On Monday evening last , Mr . B . < 3 . Gamm&ge jfrom Northampton , visited this town snd lectured on the School Brow , in the open sir , to a snmerons and respectable audience , and gave general satisfaction . ' Bibmxsosjm . —Ashjk Stsssx —A Jectnre -was deliTered-in the . AstDn ^ street Boom , on Snuday July 23 rd . on Christianity opposed to democracy , " by Hr . Wm , ChUton . The lecturer handled his subject in a masterly manner . O > - Stoidaymorning last Mr . Mason addressed a numerons and enthusiastic meeting ai Dnddeston-. tow . li is certainly most gratifying to the friends of Teritable Chartism to behold the increasing nnmhers and interest displayed at each succeeding meeting held in this town . Ok Tkesdat Mr , Mason delivered his nsual weekly lecturein the Hafl of Scienee . It was the
moat ntimeroHB , respectable , and enthusiastic assembly thai we have ever witnessed for this some lime m Birmingham , The discourse ^ ave unmixed satisiaction . EfhtmembersTrereenrolled . Thesnbjeci of next Tuesday evenings lecture mU be the " History of Rome—the ris& and progress of her Institutions said Power . " Bbkbit Hill-Mr . John Mason visited this V A ^ "Lf ^ « w » ainft July ihe 23 rd , and Jectnred tea WQ and attentive audience in the open air . Mr . Ch « ce preaded on tbe oecaaOn ^^? J ^ . Policemen-were preseni ^ ne of whom , toexhib ^ itlnsiienry staininenlB tlj pretended to tB ^ oootes-rfule Mr . ldasomras speakiDj ? . Nothing could exceed the merriment created in the meetingon perceiving , this igoowni servile ^ og , irem ^ blag xrA seribbling what no mortal bu ? himself could ever unravel . Steps were taken to form an association .
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a THE NOBTHBRN STAR , 1
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 29, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct942/page/4/
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