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NO STJBHENDERJ I » et tie faithless and daunted , -whom feu has dismay ed , Give np the pursuit of a glorious causa ; let the base-hearted traitor rtill practise his trade Of twisting , and twining , and catching at straws ; let the foolish stall follow the hollow pretence , Anithe ynHl-1 e 3 Reformer for ' cheap tread' SUB bawl ; We "will cling to the standard of atem common sense , And our watchword , * : political freedom to alL " We never irin barter one tithe of our Charter ; We feu neither fraud , falsa advises ; nor force ; And onrshlp "No Surrender 1 " ( may Heaven defend her !) Shall bear ss triumphantly on in our coarse .
The 'banner of freedom fles bravely above us ; On the ocean of pnblie opinion we sail : The hypocrites hate , but the honest hearts love us ; And Liberty -whistles aloud in the gale . God speed thee , our leader , undaunted O'Connor ! Oar Tessel rides nobly with thee st her helm : Unbought friend of freedom , while thou art upon her , CerrapSon'a foal wavea they can never o ' erwheim . We never "Will barter one tithe of our Cnai ter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force : Ana our anp , "No Buirenflei r ( hibv Heaven flEfenfl ier !) Shall bear us tziumohantly on in our course .
The Toner strong ships , they may harraBB ana grieve us ; But , like true British tars , we will weather the storm : The piratical Whigs , they may strive to deceive us By sailing liie sharks in their old craft " Bsferm ;" And the boats that tack first to this point , then the other , Bs they £ teer * d by a Cobden , O'Connell , or Sturge , We pity their crews , poor devils ! they'll smother , Completely engulph'd in a whirlpeol of-surge . But we never will barter one tithe of our Charter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers nor force : And our ship , * ' No SurreBder J" ( may Heaven defend her !) Shall bear us triumphantly on in our cenrse . Ye true-hearted ChartiBts , be fervent and zealous ;
Tor n Dmscombe stand * firm on the enemy's' deck ; Where , by / principle tadfd , an 3 a band or brave fellows , He the crazy old craft -Rill soon shatter and wreck . Then K-organlZB , boys , redouble your number , And the dec of the despots with purity sweep ; let the spirit of Chartism rouse from its slumber , And come forth " like a giant refresh'd with sleep . " Tax "we never -will barter ore tithe of our Charter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers , hot force : A-na our ship , "So Surrenderr { may Heaves defend her I ) Shall bear as triumphantly en in our course . BKiJAMlS SlOTT . €$ . Silver-street , Maacbester .
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THE FLEET PAPERS . Thongh no admirers of " kings '' in general , and cvef mindful of the advice , " pnt not jour trust in princes / 3 we must own that we have aivfays regarded " "Sing Richard" as an escepnon to this general rule , and have Tfillrnglj avfarded out allegiance to the factory children ' s " monarch . " True , ¦ we nave been rathernndutiftil " subjects" of late , seeingibatit is nowa considerable time since vre lent our aid to extending a knowledge of " His-Majesty ' s proclamations ; " and now , the many demands made upon us in the columns devoted to Beviews / f prevent us giving any rery full notice of the recent labours of the honest , philanthropic , and brave B Old English Genlleman , " Richard Oastler .
In 2 \ o , 32 , Vol . III . ( August 12 ; h , 1843 ) , Sir . Oasiler comajenced a series of ardcles on that object of hi 3 , and every other good man ' s , special abhorrence—; he New Poor Law . The s < jies is continued through twelve numbers , and forms a -well-stored arsenal from which the anti-Malthusian may furnish Limseif -with arms calculated io carry terror and dismay into the camp of the enemy , and enable him , like the knight-errant of old , towage triumphant battle in the cause of the helpless and the oppressed . Of eonrse , it wonld take tbe whole of the < S / ar , or nearly so , to do anything like justice to this gallant onslaught of the " good old King " upon the enemies of the poor and the foes of "Old England's * ' best interests . We must content ourselves ¦ with the following extractB : —
"The Old Poor law -was intended to act as a protection to the labourer , by giving him employment oi relief at the expense « f the parish , when he found it impossible to find other "work , the -wages of which would Tng ^ T !^ HTn 1 " ™ and his farmly . Thus it became tbe interest of tbe rate-payers to employ the labeurers , giving them fair Vfages for their work , otherwise the labourers would fall back on the parish rates , and indirectly obtain from the wealthy parishioners a necessary prevision for their ¦ wants . By that law , the poor were wedded to the lar . d , the land being made responsible for their maiatainaEce- Wisdom could not lave devised a plan more liitly to produce and train a loyal and ss *> isfed people .
"Tbb New Poor law , being avotredjy intended lo prepare the tray for tj > Poor iatr at all , ' was ir-imed in the spirit cf enmity to the poor ; that is , ' to make the receipt of parish relief as objectionable—as ' offensiveas irksome as possible : —first , by refusing out-door . relief and making the onion workhouse the test of destitution ; next , by making the labourer ' s residence in the poor-house as unpleasant and annoying as possible . There he is imprisoned—his wife separated from himand their ckSdrea are cs-sfined in separate wards or houses . ; nay , brothers and rasters are not allowed to meet . His dress betokens his disgrace—hia food has proved to be poison ; and , on the testimony cf official leports , many , very many , by it have been killed . In fact , every feeling of the human heart has been outraged for the avowed purpose of preventing the poor from availing themselves ol thzd mode of relief , thni to force than to fall tack i / pon Uieir mm resmnas .
"The constqneBce is , that the poor creatures offer their labour at thp lowest possible wages , thereby driving others ixto destitution * and , in the end , in spite of the crnelty of their regulations , filling the union-house , laid reducing the return lor labour to such a low ebb , that to ele out a livelihood , theft becomes a part , of the labourer ' s occupation—what he considers a duty to his family . " Snll , there are thousand * who cannot fbd any emplovment , who , having tried the union-honses , prefer a
life of theft and beggary , in many cases stealing for the avowed purpose of finding a refuge in the gaols I r Xhe result is , a forlorn snj destitute race of labourersreduced by tens of thousands to strolling vagrants who have ceased to be customers to our manufacturers and formers ; now , this synem is naturally finding its level in tfce insolvency of ourtgriculturalists , XLanufactnrets , and shop-keepers . Having ihns destroyed the home trade , you are next required to find an " Extension of foreign trade , " by still more competition , and a fuithei reduction of wages .
" . The owners of the soil should remember that it is they themselves who have given weight and energy to the lectnrers of the JLntS-Com-Xaw league , by passing and enforcing the I f ew Poor law . Bad tnere been no Ifevf Poor law , tkere wouM Iiave keen no Anti-Corn-Iaw-League . " Kb one haslaboured more than myself to warn the landlords that they were their own enemies , when they legislated against the labourer * I tell them now—and 3 entreat the Dnke of Buckingham and the Duke ef Richmond to listen—if you will rot repeal the 2 S " ew Poor Xaw , yon must repeal the Corn laws . -Jnstice demands it—soon necessity will Jorce it Those laws canBot long exist together—they are of antagonist principles . ' -
"; The land-owners have placed themselves in the position of banditti , who are forced to . strengthen themselves by mercenaries against the natural and conatitutional claimants—the poor . Thus rhe necessity for the Rural JPoliee is accounted for , not to pratect the property of the landlord , but to defend him in maintaining the nnjust possession of that -which never belonged to him by right—4 he poor man's legal share in the land ! " The groundwerk , the foundation of my argument , is the right cf every man to liberty and life , and consequently to the means that produce those blessings . This 3 conceive to be the only condition upon which men can consent to give up the liberties of the natural or savage state for tbe restraints which are necessary when they exchange it for social life , which is a species of social compact
" If it bs so , then any statute which , by implication only , tends to deprive a man of Ms liberty as a condition that he shall oe fed , is a law in direct opposition to the fundamental principle upon which society was based—a law which virtually ^ releases those persons whom it deprives from all moral allegiance—places them in antagonism to the rest of ^ heir fellow creatures —and forces them , as a natural duty , by every means to seek their confiscated rights . In fact , it creates a moral atll Trap , wiich anJywaifcs for as qpjw ? rlnalty to btCDmBphyiiciL
"For awhile the holders « fiha confiscates property may remain masters , being enabled , by the power of : wealth , to resist the claims of the poor ; but eventcaDy there can be no doubt the urgent demands tf nature will prevail . In that conflict jnuch valuable property i wiUbesacrificed—many precion * lives may be lost It ' must , however , always be remembered , Dial Vie respon- i sibility rests on flu hea&s of Jhe aggressor ? , not on ttosei tcbo have been robbed of iheir rights f \ in Ho . 34 , addressing Sir James Graham , he ! ujb : — . ! Would that I could persuade yon to read your ! public character as others see it ;—noisy , becausa hollow—pawerless , because dishonest—hate-1 , -because revengeful ; eonEcqaently , cringing and despised— ele- ] vated , but disgraced—rich , but have nothing l !
"History has iumisbed many fall-length portraits of political knaves ; but tbe world ' s history now vdll only ; hare to report de rise , progress , sad fell cf cm— Sib , ? ftXE 5 GHABi *"
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And he cocclndes this Number with the following burst of heart eloquence : — " I have Btudiously abstained from uttering one word on the thousands of cases wbicb present themselves to prove the cruelty and inhumanity of the New Pdor Law and of its officers . I have not attempted to reuse the feelings of indignation that are ever ready to burst from tbe breasts of Englishmen when they are told of the agonizing throes which break the hearts of mothers , when their babes are torn from their arms ; or of that burst of anguish which drowns in deepest sorrow , even in the bnd of life , an English pauper
child , who , with its thin and delicate hands ( mare thin by famine ) resists the iron grasp cf the rude infernal Poor Law official , wha tears it from the fountain of its life—from all it has learned to love!—and then , with brimful eyes and sobs , that speak better than words its extremity of grief , stretches its little form from the fiend who wrests it—convulsively extendingitslength to reach its anguished mother , now separated , perhaps for ever , by doers , and walls , and bars . ' —Tbe scalding tears of those mothers and babes may be disregarded by yon—they fall as curses on this guilty land—they are " bottled' * by him who will avenge .
" I have . Sir , purposely refrained from attempting to agitate" my rtaOers , by describing the subdued but rerengetal feelings of a fatier ibow many English fathers are now in this wretched state l ) when he is forced by poverty and despotism to witness Dial &ceoe I would , however , request you , as the Home Minister of the Queen , to answer the following questions to her Msjssry in Council—tellinf the Queen , at the Bame time , that these BcentB cf horror are created nnder the sanction of a law passed with your approval , — What must bs the feelings of that man under thai pressure ? Whjt his disunat at laws so cruel , at conduct so unnatural , so mtrciless ? If that man ' s loyalty should vanish , who is to blamb ? What respect can that man have for property—what revertnee for religion itself ?* He is an outcast—the laws have made him one ! Thiak you that your Royal Mistress can now afford to lose such subjects , cr , that arming the pensioners will make those men loyal ?—Mistaken man I "
In our notice last week of Tait s defence of lord Brougham , we reminded out readers that to that " statesman" England principally owed that embodiment of wrong and crime—the New Poor Law . In several of the numbers before us , hi 3 " . Lordship" ia fairlv flayea . Here is a specimen : — " It was thus that Lord Brougham seduced the House of Peers : — "' Tbe safest , and perhaps tbe only perfect charity , is an hospital for accidents and violent diseases , because no man is secure against such calamities—no man can
calculate npon , or provide against them ; and we may always be sure that the existence of such an hospital will in no way tend to increase the number of patients . Ktxt to this , perhaps , a dispensary is the safest ; bnt I pause upon that , if 1 regard the rigour of tbe principle [ of population ]; because a dispensary may be liable to abuse , and because , Btrictly speaking , sickness is a thing which a provident man should look forward to and provide agairisi as part of ( he ordimry ills of life ; atii ) , i do not 50 to the rigorous extent of objecting to dispensaries .
* " But when I come to hospiblB for old age , as old age is before all men—as every man is every day approaching nearer to that goal—all provident men of independtnt spirit will , in the vigour of their days , lay by sufficient to maintain them ichen age shall end tiieir labour . Hospitals , there / ore , for the support of o ' . d men and old women , may , strictly speaking , be regarded as in > uriou 3 in their rrFecis upon the community . Nevertheless , their evil tendency ¦ may be counterbalanced by the good they do . ' " After reading that sublime effusion of virnlence and nonsense , I must pause . I will take a pipe to preserve my temper—and obtain another pen—then , if possible , I will proceed . Weli , it is of no avail ; my disgust continues ! It was Brougham "who altered those words — ' All provident men of independent spirit icill , in tbe vigonr of their days , lay by sufficient to maintain them when age Bhall end their labour !* Tea , it teas
Brougham who said so 1—Lord Chancellor Brougfeaui ! who , after a most successful career at the bar—after receiving thousands a year from his clients , was at that moment ( though in the receipt of £ 14 , 000 a year , besides immense patronage ) , obtaining aTi Act of Palliament to allow himself . £ 5 . 00 Q a jear oat of the public purse , when his ' labours Bhonld end >• being one thousand pounds a year more than had been allowed to any previous Chancellor ! TeE—Vial was Brougham who acted thus . ' !! No ! indeed—my anger is increased , when I find that such a man should dare to object to ' hospitals for old men and old women , ' who , when in youthful vigour , commonly obtain precarious labour at fiom 2 s . 6 d . to 10 s . a week ; who are to be expected , af : er maintaining themselves and their families , to ' lay by sufficient to maintain them when age shall end their labour ' . ' . ' I wonder if the monster in human shape blushed when be so spoke ?
" That £ 5 , 000 a year which tbe old man' now receives { after it has been . screwed out of the labour of thof e ' old men and old women of independent spirit' ) , * wht-n age has put an end to his labour , * wonld maintain an hospital for 500 ' old Eien , " who had rpent an usifal Ufa in adding to the wealth of the . country—men who had not employed their talents in fomenting strife , in creating mischief , disorder , anti every evil work . " Some astounding revelations of the real intentions of the MaithuaianB are given in subsequent numbers , consisting of Extracta from the Edinburgh Review , Brongbam ' s Speeches , &o . &c . &c . We must conclude our extracts with a few of tbo "principles" of Mahhus , which , though often before published , cannot ba too constantly kept before the working classes , as showing the really atrocions character of a not few mouthing " Liberals , " who have always endeavoured to pas 3 themselves off as " friends of the people" : —
" Bnt enough of Brougham ; now to hia master , Malthus , who arose some few years ago , to enlighten mankind upon this important , but aa yet ill-understood branch of science—the true principle upon which to frame 3 preventive check , the prudential check , to the unlimited increase of the people . " I am here quoting the disciple—now listen to the master : — " ' I should propose a regulation to be made , declaring , that no child born from any marriage , taking place 2 SI&T the expiration ol a year frem tbe date of tbe law , and no illegimate child born two years from the same date , should ever be entitled to p&risb assistance . ' " After having suggested that' the clergyman of each parish' should disgrace himself , ' after the publication of banns , by reading a notice to that effect , and giving an address , cautioning the people against the impropriety , and even immorality , of marrying without a prospect of supporting his children , ' MalthuB proceeds : —
" ' After the public notice which I have proposed , had been given , and the system or poor laws had ceased with regard to the rising generation , if any man chose to marry , without a prospect of being able to support a family , he should have the most perfect liberty so to do . Though to marry , in this case , is , in my opinion , clearly an immoral act , yet it is not one Which society can justly take upon itself to prevent or purdsh , because the punishment provid ed for it by the laws of nature falls directly and moBt severely upon the individual who commits the act , and through him more remotely and feebly on society . ' " What I do the infants of -sueh parents ' Bin against the la-wa of nature , * by being bem in poverty ?—Malthns proceeds-
" ' when nature will govern and pnni ^ h for us , it is & very miserable ambition to wish to snatch the rod from her hands , and draw upon ourselves the odium of execution . To the punishment , therefore , of nature he should be left—the punishment of want ' " Daath by want is , then , Nature's punishment , awarded and executed by herself , on all who are born in circumstances described by Malthns—of parents who 1 marry witbonl a prospect of being able to support a family—nay , more , of all who are bom in indigence , no matter what the ' prospects * en the wedding-day ! fer the right of relief will have vanished , and Death is Nature ' s executioner ! At present , I shall be silent , leaving each reader these spare lines to write his thoughts upon . Mine burn too hot for ntterance >
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" Malthus proceeds : — " He has erred in the face of a most clear and precise warning , and can have no just reason to complain of 2 ny person bnt himself , when-he feels the consequences of his career . ' [ Bnt what ef the poor innocent children ? Does nature really award death by starvation to them ?] 'All parish assistance should be denied him ; and he should be left to the uncertain support of private charity . * " This i 3 really too bad , from one who teaches that Charity is a most dangerous and injurious virtue . Why , Sir , if tha poor wretch were relived , Malthns teaches that tba l number of such victims would be increased thereby . * Better let Nature perform her own award , and execute her sentence—Death ! Monstrous as is the thought , if Malthus and Brougham are right , that Ib God ' s will ! How opposite to that revealed in his Holy Word ! To proceed . Maltbus says : —
% ' He ahonld be taught to know that tbe laws of Nature , which ale thslawB ol God , had doomed him and his family to suffer [ death ] for disobeying their repeated admonitions ; that he had no right on society for the smallest portion of food , beyond that which hia labour could fairly purchase ; and that if he and bis family were saved from feeling the natural consequences of his imprudence , he would owe it to the pity of some kind benefactor { impious thought , more kind than God Q to whom , therefore , be ought to be bound by the strongest tiet of gratitude . ' "Hemembering always , that that Jdnd benefactor ' would be guilty of increasing the evil , by encouraging others thus to * Bin against the lawi of Nature , which are the laws of God '—namely , by marrying when he was not provided with the- means of supporting his family . "
And again—*• ' A man who is born in a world already possessed , if he cannot get subsistence from bis parents , on whom he basa jnst demand , and if the society c " o not want bia labour , has n& claim of right to th % smallest portion o !
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food , and , in fact , has no business to be where he is . At Nature's mighty feast there is no vacant cover for him . She tells him to begone , and will qnlckly execute her own orders , if he do not work upon the compassion of some of her guests . ' " Who / then , are to marry ? Not the Qaeen : ahe requires provision for her children after marriage ; not the Peers : their estates are entailed : not the fondholder j hit property ia uneert&in and fluctuating : not the clergy ; they have only a life interest : not the merchant , banker , or manufacturer ; their incomes are as nocertain as the wind : not the farmer ; his property may be consumed by the seasons : not tbe artisan or labourer ; under that system they could never be certain of employment Who , then , can marry ? Let Brougham answer . Pensioners ? Is it even bo ? But , in THE NEXT GEKEKAT 10 H , "WHO "WILL PAY TUE 1 R PENSIONS ?¦"
We too must leave oar readers to fil ) up the lines in blank ; we dare not trust ourselves with the task . No . 45 . ( November 11 th ) is nearly filled with a letter addressed to Mr . Oastler by w One whojas vatched you , and never caught you tripping ? in which is suggested a most formidable array ol "improvements" in the " Flceters " , some of which are really snch , and which we should be glad to see carried out . The writer proposes to assist Mr . Oastler in the carryisg out of the suggested improvements after the following manner : —
" I propose that the sum of £ 500 shall , in the first instance , be raised in 100 £ 5 shares ; and that , as you go along aDd feel your way , and prove the Efficiency of your engine , another hundred shares shall be raised of like amount . How is this to be done ? By an appeal to the public ^ especially to your old and steady readers , who must feel that if any man can render service to his country by his pen , Riehard Oastler is that man . I call upon the friends of tbe country to rally around you . There will be no lack of candidates fur shares . Open your list ; announce that you are ready to receive the names . I Bend you mine as a beginning . Put me down for four shares ia the first batch of 100 ; and I hope to be a subscriber is the second batch . Now or never is the motto . And by the 1 st of January , 1844 , you must be hi a position to come out with ' Oastler ' s Fleet Papers / new and enlarged series ; and , if need be , with both a stamped and unstamped edition . ''
We have considerably exceeded the limits wo intended to confine ourselves to when we commenced , this " Review ; " and yet how little have we been enabled to give of the writings of the * ' Poor mail ' s Friend" ! Perhaps we have excited a desire to know more : if so , we shall be gratified indeed . To the working classes and their friends we say read The Fleet Papers , and by every means in your power strive to strengthen the hands of your persecuted advocate . We trust that the suggestions made above will be heartily responded to by Oastler ' s friends , and that we may speedily see the " Fleeter ' s " —worthy as they are now—even still worthier of the pen of the good and noble Richard Oastler . AN ANSWER TO J . H . PARRY -, AND AN
EXPOSURE OF THE SELF-STYLED LIBERALS AND FREE TRADERS . By George White . London : Published by the London Victim Committee . We have one objection to this pamphlet . It appears to us to be a gross violation of the law against " crnelty to animals , " for the author to wield his tomahawk with the fierceness he has done in f his " Answer . " Indeed , replying at all to the redoubtable Humphrey Clinker—we bee pardon—Parry , we
mean , appears to us to be very like "breaking a fly upon the wheel . " True , there is some excuse for Mr . White . Immured in a prison for his honest advocacy of the principl es which the "shoy-hoys" he " exposes" have laboured to use for their own selfish ends , he naturally feels indignant at the vile hypocrisy of the masked deceivers , who assume to be the only incarnations of patriotism , and who have the audacity to arraign other men whose fault has been that they would not allow these " pedlars" to make sale and profit of the Chartist masses .
Some few weeks since appeared " A Letter to Feargus O'Connor , Esq . " from the pen of Mr . J . H . Parry * which we did not notice at the time , simply because we thought it not worth that honour . Mr . White who appears to be of a different opinion , thus speaks of the new-fledged Barrister ' s precious production : — 41 Your pamphlet is certainly a literary gem—on a amall Bcale . It must have given yon a vast deal of trouble to stow away such an Immense quantity of Bcurrility in such limited space . Never mind . You have made a book—and as every book or tract must have a title page , bo of course must yours—and we thus receive an addition to our stock of knowledge , in the fact , that John Humphrey Parry is a Barrister of the Middle Temple lit It ia the only mode by which a young and briefless barrister can advertise himself ; and you have taken good cars to begin in time . "
In the following quotation oar author opens fire upon the pamphleteering Barrister , pouring in grape and cannister after a fashion which will be everywhere recognized as a " mode of warfare" for which " honest George" is famous : — " I am perfectly convinced , that it is not so much to the hatred of your clique for Mr . Feaigua O'Connor , that we are indebted for your trashy production , as to your burning desire to play the dictator yourself ; and allow me to add , for your comfort , that if Mr . O'Connor were got rid of * to-morrew , you and tha little knot of'intellectual-moral-force ' and philosophical Chartists would be as far from the consummation of your darling object as ever .
"The Chartists of England are neither blind nor deaf : they have long watched tha mai . osuvres of the ' London Malthusian clique / assisted by a f < - ' dissatisfied would-be leaders in other parts of the country . They nave witnessed the various subterfuges to which you have resorted , in order to constitute yourselves a sort of < Board of Directors' to the Chartist body ; and have they uniformly rejected your repeated attempts to fasten your miserable speculations upon them . " Kow , before yon took it upon yourself to denounce and villify ' Feargus O'Connor and bis tools , ' you might have condescended to show us what you and your clique bad done to entitle yon or them to the . people ' s confidence . Toe tree la known by its fruits . Let us see youTB .
" When public meetings have been held in furtherance of Chartist principles , have the * Intellectuals ' attended ? When petitions were being got up in favour of the Charter , have the ' Philosophers' assisted ? When contributions were solicited to support the families of imprisoned Cuartists , have tbe ' Respectables ' subscribed ? Verily , Mr . Barrister of the Middle Temple , these are questions to which the Working Men of England will require an answer before they adopt you or your brethren as their political mentor » . " Mr- W . follows up this cannonade by such an unmasking of tho " artful dodgers" as will effectually show to tbe public tbe real characters of these uneasy , because ever-foiled , ever-disappointed ^ chemftrs . To the pamphlet itself we now refer our readers , assured that they will peruse it with no small amount of satisfaction . We fancy it will puzzle the Barrister , with all the " intellectuals" at his back , to reply to the knock-down " exposures" of Mr . White ' s " answer . "
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bisls ^ k ' nOt a BhXgle Hne haS been addedtoenlar « » its Mr . Holyoake then proceeds to lay down Paley ' s argument clearly , fairly , and impartially . On this point tne most captious wUlfnot venture to complain . Whatever view the reader may take of Mr . H . ' s conclusions , sure we aro of one thing , that he must be satisfied with the fair play allowed to Paley ' s arguments : —¦ J J " I hope , that upon examination of Paley ' s treatise , every admirer of tbai author will be of opinion that I have statedi his argument fairly . I have striven to present it in the moat forcible manner , and I believe have presented it in a more connected and concise form than Pateybas left it . Indeed , lean have no motive to misstate or garble his viewa , aince it ia my intention to admit them . The more clearly they appear at the commencement , the better will be understood
continuamy tion . The more strikingly I present his argument , the more strikingly will appear his own refutation ef it . For these reasons , the reader , I thinlr , will not fail to perceive that it is aa much my interest , aa it ia my duty , to state Paley with freedom and fairness . Really was I conscious that the-elightcat necessity existed for me to conceal an argument : of the author I reply to , which In honour I ought to state— -if the slightest necessity existed for me to torture hia language to make out my case , I wonld instantly tnrew this book away , because 1 am tuUy aatiEned that no book deseiveB the attention of mankind , and iio came is worthy of their notice which needs dishonourable support It is my opinion that no principle put forward by crooked means will ever stand long . It does not deserve to stand—and it ia my deliberate hope that it never may , '
In the world ' s present state of mental infancy , this paper would not be afittiug arena for theological combatants ; we therefore decline entering into the arguments pro and con . Tho book is neatly got up arid is a perfect embodiment of mullum in parvo , consisting of but abou t forty pages . It is explicitly and forcibly penned ; and to all enquirers who are " bold enough to be honest , and honest enough to be bold , " will be found a valuable acquisition .
THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ALGOHOL , Nos . 1 and 2 . By Dr . F . R . Lees . Report of a Medical Discussion held at Frarnlingham , Suffolk , March . 20 th , 1043 , between Dr . Lees , and W . Jeaffreson , Esq ., Surgeon , on the the Nature and Uses of Alcohol . The Sacred Writinp Rescued from the Profane Perversions of Moderate Poison Drinkers ; being an Address , &c , by Dr . Less . London , Brittain , Paternoster Kow . i
Whatever may bo thought of the views of Dr . Lees , no man can mistake that he is in earnest , and this is one of the secrets of the Doctor ' s success . Let any man ba in earnest in his search after truth : and though he may atumble and go wrong in the earlier stages of his pilgrimage , lie will not fail to win the wisbed-for goal at last . Nay , morei ; let the world see that he is really in earnest , and though he may at the outset of his career be despised and ridiculed as a foolish enthusiast , he will in the long run have the respect of mankind , and be held up as one of the enlightcners and benefactors of the human race . Just such a man appears to us to bo Dr . Lees . Wo are most decidedly opposed to many of his known views : but we nevertheless wish him " God speed" in his earnest and honest struggles to put down error , and establish truth .
We hardly need say a word upon the works before us : they speak for themselves . Tho Parts ( price one shilling and sixpence each ) of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , aro got up in a really beautiful stylo ; and contain seven highly finished plates illustrative of the effects of intoxicating liquors upon the stomach . They form a sort of panorama ( nauseous to the sight we admit , they could not be otherwise ) of the stomanh of the drunkard in the several stages of his debaucheries from " Moderate Drinking" to confirmed , regular , and beastly drunkenness ; and certainly exhibit a Btartling picture of the ravages of Alcohol upon the human frame . We give the following extract from No . I . of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , relative to what the writer calls
" the faxfallact . " " The pernicious influence of alcohol npon the function of respiration , ia further proved by the theory of Liebig , concerning tbe formation of fat . The fatfallac y is a very prevalent one , and therefore it may not only be interesting , bat instructive , to devoto a short time to its exposition . " My attention was directed to this subject seven years ago , When , in a public discussion at Masbara , my ministerial opponent urged tbe chemical objection , that ale modi men fat , and that it was well known to farmers that malt fed cattle fmtef than barley .
" I then contended that falruss was no proof of health or strength , but rather , beyond the most moderate degree , an indiccilion of disease , the result of an impure condition of tLe circulating mass . This is evident fronrmany facts . Look at the jockey who is training the racer for bis greatest feat of speed and strengthdoes he fatten him up ? No , he sweati him down . Fat la not flesh ; nut nerve of muscle , upon which activity and power depend ; it is a mere lifeless , unorganised compound , cast out of the system aa superfluous , destitute of nitrogen , ( an essential element of every living part ) and therefore a mere incumbtanco to the system in putting forth its greatest physical powers . Dues any one inmgtnu that tbe stall-fed prize ox , so fat that be can scarcely walk , is healthier and stronger than he would he roainin « his native hills ?
Health and strength depend upon fresh air , and the development , by means of exercise of the muscular fibre of the system ; whereas / at ia prevented by the free respiration of fresh air induced by exercise . Cattle exposed to cold , and Bubject to constant motion , never grow fat It is tbe tame with n : en as with other auimala ? ' Tbo Arab of the desert , who is in constant exercise , exhibits a mass of nerve and muscle which enables , him to undergo an amount of fatigue almest incredible ; but he ia never fat , though be ia healthy , and will frequently attain a patriarchal age . So with the aboriginal' tribes of North America . Mr . Catliu states that they enjoy great health and attain great age
when not cut off by accident or wa ¥ , and that th « y exhibit the finest specimens of physical prowess and stature . During a residence of eight years amongst them , he never met with a fat Indian . Aa fatness inci eases with the absence , and diminishes with the presence , of the two chief conditions of health and strength , ( fresh air and exercise ) it follows , that , other things being equal , WHATEVER TENDS TO INCREASE FATNESS , MUST TERD TO DBCREASE HEALTH AND STRENGTH . ' Professor Liebig bus advanced a very probable theoi-y regarding the cause of theso facts , and the origin of fat—which will more completely answer the objections under discussion . "
We have no room for Liebig ' s " theory ; " but instead thereof give the following extracts from the Medical Discussion ^ with which we must conclude this notice . "I hava the testimony of a gentleman in this hall ( Mr . Mann ) that exposure to wet And cold , daring the night , as a coast guara ; or as an agriculturist during tt-e day ; or in travelling , under great privations , amidst the snows of Labrador , can be better sustained M ) j 7 Aoa < intoxicaticg licpor than with it After having been wrecked once amidst the Icebergs , this gentleman informs me , that the crew had to find their way back over the snows Jo Canada , a distance of man ; hundred miles . Tho cold was intense . The captain ' s party , of which he was one , used the alcohol outwardly , by steeping their mittens and stockings in tbe rum , and they all arrived safe ¦ , whilst the other parlies , who took their rum inwardly , suffered severely from the frost , and lost several of their company .
" The late Wiliiam Cobbett , M . P . for Oldnam , in hia younger days was a aoldier in C toaOa . In a letter ( republished in the Standard Temperance Library ) , addressed to tfce ladies of England , and dated January 17 , 1820 , entitled 'A Plan for tho promoting of Sobriety and Frugality , 'he thus gives bis decide *! and conclusive testimony on this point : — * It is said , as an excuse for the use of spirits , that they fceejj out the cold . Lat a man ence persuade himself of that , and he will Boon find that they keep off the heat ! That they drive but the heat , ia very certain ; for , iri the northern parts of America , where the cold is bo great that people are frequently frostbitten , and are compelled to have their feet or hands cut off , it is a caution always given to those wiio are likely to be exposed to the severity of the weather , not to drink any spirits before they ao out . Ai ; d , though I have known
many persona frozen to death , and a great many more to have their limbs cut off , I hardJj recollect a single instance in which the suffdring party bad uot taken spirituous liquors on his way or before he went out Spirits are very cheap iu those countries . A bottle of riim for sixpence . OI course thoughtlesa men will use them . I have a hundred times gone out shooting or hunting upon the snow along with others , each of wbom took a canteen of rum , while I tjok none . I used to suck the snow , which they told me would give me the pleurysie ; but IfounjJ that I never had the pleuVyaie , and that many of them had . And aa to ability to travel and t » bear the cold , though many of my companions were much stronger and more active tban myself , I alwayB found that , at the end of tne day , I was the freshest , and by far toa most cheerful of them all .
tft AU strong liquors , be . th&y of what sort they may , and ; in an exact proportion to their strength , tendtodiaable the frame from eaduring the cold ; tend to make the penon chilly . The reason is this , that they stupify the mini ; and at the Bame time , they , in a greater or less degree , benumb the body . Consequently they tend to render it more susceptible of the injurious effects of cold . ' '
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$ gf Ihwiti ' s Htsiory of Priestcraft shall be noticed next week . { Publications Received —Graham ' s Lecture on Chastity ; The Heallhian ; The Speech of Mr . G . G . Day ; and a number cf Tracts .
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LIFE IN RUSSIA . ( From the Review of " Da Custine ' e Empire of the Czar" in Taify Magazine for November ., } THE RUSSIAN PEASANTRY . About ten leaeues from Petersburg , on his way'to Schiusselburg , M . da Castine entered a kind of inn ; he says : — j " It was the Srstytima I had aeen the peasants in their houses . An immense wooden shed , plank walla on three sides , plank flooring and plank ceilng , formed tbe ball of entrance , ! and occupied tha greater part of the rustic dwelling , j N ^ withstanding tba frea currenta of air , I found it redolent of that odour of onions cabbages , and old greasy leather , which Russian villages and Russian villagers invariably exhale .
• ' A low and confined room adjoined this immense shed . It reminded me of the cabin of some river boat ; walls , celling , floor , seats , and tables , were all of wood , rudely hewu . Tiiei smell cf cabbage and pitch was extremely powerful , i " In this retreaS , almost deprived of air and light--for the doors were low , and the windows extremely small—I found an old woman busy serving tea to four or five bearded peasants , clothed in pelisses of sheepskin , the wool of which is turned inwarda ; for it has already , and for some days past , became rather cold . Thes 6 men were of short stature . Their leather pelisses were rather tasteful ; but they were very ill Scented : I know nothing except the perfumes of the nobles that could be more bo . Oa the table stood ft bright copper kettle and a teapot , j The tea is always of good quality , well made , and , if it is not preferred pure , good milk ia everywhere to be obtained .
"Tbered or blue shirt of the peasants ia buttoned over the collar-bone , and drawn close round the loins by a girdle , above which it lies in antique folds , and below forms an open tunic that fails over the pantaloon The long Persian robe , often left open , which , when the men do not work , partly covers this blouse j the hair woru long , and patted on tbe forehead , but shaved close behind rather' higher than the nape , so as to discover all the strength ef tbe neck . " The common orders in Russia are amusing knaves : they may be easily led if tbey are not deceived ; but as soon as they see that their masters or their masters ' agents lie more than themselveB , they plunge into the lowest depths of j falsehood and moannew . They wha would civilizj : a people must themselves possess worth of character—the barbarism of the serf accuses tbe corruptness of the noble . Dirtiness is very
conspicuous in the country ; but that of the houses and the clothes strikes me more than that of the individuals . The Russians take much care of their persons . Their Vapou * baths , It is true , appear to ua disgusting 5 and I should for myself much prefer the contact of pure water ; still these boiling fogs cleanse and strengthen tbe body , though they wrinkle the skin prematurely . By virtue of their use , tbe peasants may be often seen with clean beards and hair , when as much cannot be said for their garments . Warm clothing coats money , and haB to be worni a long time . The rooms , also , ia which they think only ef protecting themselves from the cold , axe necessarily lesa aired than those of southern people . Of the air ] that purifies , the Russians are deprived for nine months in the year ; so that their dirtiness is lather the inevitable effdet of their climate than of their neglrgeocs . \
" When they work bare-headed , they remedy the inconvenience of their tonghair by binding it with a kind of diadem , or fillet made of a riband , a wreath of rushes , or of some other simple material , always placed with care , and which looks well on the young people ; for the men of this race have in general flDely-formed , oval beads , so that their working head-dress becomes an ornament . But ^ j what shall I say of the women ? All whom I have hitherto aeen have appeared to me repulsive . I had hoped in this excursion to have met some fair villagers ; but here , as at Petersburg , they are broad and abort in figure , and they gird their forms at tbe shoulders , a little above the bosom , which spreads fre < ly under' tbe petticoat . It ia hideous ! Add to this voluntary deformity largo men's boots , and a species of riding coat , or jacket of sheep ' s-skin , similar to the peliasea of their husbands , but , doublesa through a laudable economy , much less gracefully cut , and far more worn ; falling , indeed , literally in rags—such is their toilette . i
" The Russian peasants are the only females in the world who have taken it into their heads to make themselves a waist above instead of below the bosom . Their shapeless scck 3 rather than gowns , are drawn together close under the arm-pits . At the flrsi sight , their entire person gives me the idea of a bale or large loose parcel , in which all the parts of the body are confounded together without care , and yet without liberty . But this { costume has other inconveniences rather difficult to describe . One of the worst is , that a Russian female peasant could suckle her child over her shoulder , as d < j the Hottentots . Such is the inevitable deformity produced by a fashion which destroys the shape of the body . The Circassian females , who better understand the beauty of woman and tbe Hi « aas cf preserving it , wear , from tbeir years of childhood , a belt round the waist , which they never cast off . " ;
nuSSIAN VILLAGES . " The appearance of tbe villages is monotonous ; A village consists always of two lines , more or less extended , of wooden I cottages , regularly ranged at a certain distance backwards from the road ; for , in general , the street of the village is broader than the embankment of the highway . Each cabin , constructed of pieces of roughly-hewn wood , presents its gable to the street All these habitations aro of similar construction ; but notwithstanding their wearisome uniformity , an air of comfort , and even prosperity , appears to reign in the villages . They are rural without being picturesque . I
" A few villages , ; becoming less neat in proportion as the distance from Petersburg increases , sadden the landscape instead of enlivening it The houses are only piles of tbe trunks of trees , badly put together , and supporting roofs of plank , to which in winter an extra cover of thatch is sometimes added . These dwellings must be warm , but ; tbeir appearance is cheerless . The rooms are dark , And tainted fer want of air . They have no beds . In sumtner the irnnatea Bleep on benches which form a divan arcuud the Walls of the chamber , and , in winter , en the stove , or on tbe floor around it . In other words , a Russian peasant encamps all his life . The word reside implies a comfortable mode of life ; domestio habits are unknown to this people . " I
RUSSIAN AMUSEMENTS . "The see-saw is the favourite amusement of the Russian peasants . I This exercise developes their natural talent ( er adjusting the equilibrium of the body ; in addition to which ; it is a silent pleasure , and quiet diversions best accord with the feelings of a people rendered prudent by fear . , " Silence presides over all the festivals of the Russian villagers . They drink plentifully , speak little , and shout less ; they either remain silent , or sing in chorus , with a nasal voice , melancholy and prolonged notes .
. I Oa Sunday , in passing tbrougb populous villages , I observed tows of from fuu * to eight young girls balancing themselves , by a scarcely perceptible movement jof their bodies , on boards suspended by ropes , while at ! a little distance beyond , an equal number of boys were fixed in the same manner , in face at their females . Their mute game lasted a long time ; I have never had patience to wait its conclusion . Such gentle balancing is only a kind of interlude , which serves as a relaxation in the intervals of the animated diversion of their [ real swing or aee-saw . This is a very lively game ; it even renders the spectators nervous . " ! ¦
THE KREMLIN AT MOSCOW . " The word walls gives an idea of quite too ordinary an object ; it would deceive the reader : the walls of the Kremlin are a chain of mountains . This citadel , reared ou the confines of Europe and Asia , is , as compared with ordinary ramparts , what the Alps are to our hills : the Kremlin is the Mont Blaac of fortresses . If the giant that is called the Russian Empire had a heart , I should say ; that the Kremlin was tbe heart of the monster ; but , as it is , I would call it the head . I wish I could give kn idea of this mighty pile of stones ,
reared step by step into the heavens ; this asylum of despotism , raised tin the name of liberty : for the K-emlin was a barrier opposed to the Calmucs by the Russians : its walls have equally aided the independpence of the State and the tyranny of the Sovoreign . They are boldly carried over the deep sinuosities of the soil . When the declivities of the hillockB become too precipitous , the rampart is lowered by steps : these steps , rising between heaven and earth , are enormous ; they are the ladder fer the giants who make war against the gods . ] . _
" Above a long vault , which I crossed , I perceived a raised viaduct , by ! which carriages and foot passengera enter the holy city . The spectacle was bewildering ; nothing but towersi gates , and terraces , raked one above the other , steep slopes , and piled arches , all serving to form tfie road by which too Moscow ol the present day—the vulgar Moscow , is left for the Kremlin—the Moscow of miracle and of history . These aqueducts , without water , support other storieB of more fantastic edifices . I observed , raised upon one of tha banging passages , a low round tower , all bristling with battlements of spear heads . The silver brightness of this ornament contrasted singularly with the blood-red of the walla . The tower seemed like a crowned giant standing before the fortress of which he was the guardian . I , ,
" Like the bones of certain gigantic animals , the Kremlin proves to as the history of a world of which we might doubt until after seeing the remains . In this prodigious creation strength takes the place of beauty , caprice of elegance ; it is like tbe dream of a tyrant , fearful but full of power ; it has something about it that disowns the age ; means of defence which are adapted to a system of war that exists no longer j an architecture that has no connexion with tbe wants of modern ciiilizition a heritage of the fabulous ageb , a jail , a palace , a sanctuary , a bulwark against the
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nation ' s' foes , a b . st : ! e sgaiaso the nation , a prop o tyrants , & prison of people—such is the Kremlin . * Such , then , wa 3 the chosen abode of the oli Muscovite prinsas ; and yet these formidable walls were not snlflcfent shelter for tbe terror of Iran IV ; "The fear of a man possessing absolute power is the moat dreadful thing upon earth : and with all the imagery of this fear visible in tb » Kremlin , it I * still impossible to r . pproacb the Kremlin without a shudder . Towers of every form , round , Eqaare , and witli pointed roofs , belfries , donjons , turrets , spires , sentry * boxes upon minarets , steeples of every height ,-style , and colour , palaces , domes , watch-towers , walls , embattlemented and pierced with loop-hole * , rampart * ,
fortifications of every species , whimsical inventions , incomprehensible devices , chiosk-J by the side of cathe drals—everything announces violation and disordereverything betrays the constitutional surxeiUanse necessary to the security of the aingulsa bsinga who were condemned to Jive in this supernatural world . Yefc these innumerable monuments of pride , caprice , voluptueusness , glory , and piety , notwiShstanding their apparent variety , express one single idea whic& reigns here everywhere—war maintained by fear . The Kremlin is the work of a superhuman being ; but that being is malavoleat . Gioty in slavery—such is the allegory figured by this satanic monument , as extraordinary in architecture as the visions of Si . John are in poetry . It is a habitation which would suit some of the personages of the Apocalypse .
"To inhabit a place like tbe Kremlin is sot to reside , it is to defend one ' s self . Oppression creates revolt , revolt obliges precautions , precautions increase dangers , and this long series of actions and reactions engenders a monster ; that monster is despotism , which ha 8 built itself a house at Moscow . The giants of the antediluvian world , were they to return to earth to visit their degenerate successors , might still find a suitablehabitation in the Kremlin . Everything has a symbolical sense , whether purposely or uot ,- in its architecture ; but tbe real , the abiding , that appears after yds have divested yourself of your first emotions in th& contemplation of these barbaric splendours , is , after
all , oiily a congregation of dungeons pompouBly surnamed palaces and cathedrals . The Russians may do their best , but they can never come out of the prison . The very climate ia an accomplice of tyranny . The cold of the country does not permit the construction of vast churches , where the faithful would be frozen at prayer : here the soul is not lifted to heaven by the glories of religious architecture ; in this zone man can only build to his Gad gloomy donjons . The sombre cathedrals of tbe Kremlin , witk their narrow vaults and thick walls , resemble caves ; they are painted prisons , just as the palaces are gilded gaols . As travellers say ot the recesses of the Alps , so of the wonders of this architecture—they are horribly beautiful .
" Other nations b % ve supported oppression , the Russian nation has loved it ; it loves it still . Ia not such fanaticism of obedieuce characteristic 1 It may not , however , be denied that this popular mania has here sometimes become the principle of sublime actions . In this inhuman land , if society has depraved the individual , it has not enervated him : he ifr not good , bat he is also not contemptible . The same may be said of the Kremlin : it ia not pleasant to behold , but it inspires awe . It ia not beautiful , but it is terrible—terrible aa the reign of Ivan IV . "
MOSCOW AND ITS MOBAiS (?) " The hospitable customs of ancient Asia , and the elegant language of civilised Europe , have met together at this poiut of the globe , to render life pleasant and easy . Moscow , fixed on the limits of two continents , marks , ia the middle of the earth , a spot for rest between London &ad Pakin . " Moscow is , of all the cities in Europe , tho one in which the dissolute man of the fashionable world has the widest field for his career . The Government is too well-informed not to know that under ah absolute rule some kind of revolt must somewhere break out ; but It prefers that this revolt should be in manners rather than in politic * . H 6 re lies the secret of the license of the one party and the tolerance of the other .
" Intemperance ia here carried to such excess , that one of the men the most liked , and whose society is the moat courted in Moscow , disappears every year for six 'weeks , neither more nor less . If it be asked whaVhas become of him . the answer , 'he Is only gone tohafa a fuddling bent * 1 satisfies everybody . The Ruaaiana have too much levity to be vindictive ; they are graceful debauchees . i " Among the traits of shameless blackguardism related of these young patricans , Europe , we believe , could not parllel the following , nor indeed , any other quarter of the globe . " One boasted of himself and bis brothers bsing tbe sobs of the footmen and the coachmen of their father ; and he drank aud made the guests drink , to the heaUb of all his unknown parents . Another claimed the honour of being brother ( on the father ' s side ) of all the waiting-maids of hia mother .
" Many of these vile boasta are no doubt made for the sake of talking : but to invent such infamies ia order to glory in them , shows a corruption of mind that proves wickedness to the very core ^—¦ wickedness worse even , than tbat exhibited in the mad actions of these liber * tines . " According to them , tbe citizens' wives in Moscow are no better than the women of rank . RUSSIAN TYRANNY—ITS HORRORS AND CRIMES . "In Russia , tbe Government interfere with everything and vivifies nothing . In tbat immense empire , the people , if not tiauqoil , are mute ; death hovers over all beads , and strikes capriciously whom it pleases Man there has two coffins—the cradle and the tomb . The Russian mothers ought to weep the birth more than the death of their children .
"I do not believe that suicide is common there : the people suffer too much to kill themselves . * * " But if the number of suicides in Russia were ever bo great , no one would know it : the knowledge of numbers is a privilege of the Russian police . lam ignorant whether they arrive correct before the eyes of the emperor ; but I do know that no misfortune is published under his reign until he has consented to the humiliating confession of the Superiority of Providence . The pride of despotism is so great that it seeks to rival the power of God . Monstrous jealousy ! into What aberrations hast thou not plunged princes and subjects ! Who will dare to love truth—who will defend it in a country where idolatry is the principle of of the constitution ? A man who can do everything is the crowned imperaoniflcation of a lie .
" Tbe life of the Russian people is more gloomy than that of any other of the European nations ; and when say the people , I speak not only of the peasant attached to the soil , but of the whole empire . * * " The Emperor appears to me little disposed to lay down a part of bis authority , Let him suffer , then , the responsibility of omnipotenca : it ia the first expiation of the political He by which a single individual declares himself absolute master of a country , and allpowerful sovereign of the the thoughts ef a people . * * " The Emperor makes s ^ fferora to be made , or allows to exist , lava ( excuse the application of thia sacred name to impious decrees ) which , for example , permit the sovereign to declare that the legitimate children of a man , legally married , have no father , no name ! in short , that they are ciphers , and not men . And I am to be forbidden to accuse at the bar of Europe a prince who , distinguished and superior as he is , consents to reign without abolishing such a law ?
" Russian civilisation ia still so near its source that it resembles barbarism . The Russians are nothing more than a conquering community : their strength does not lie in mind , but in war—that ia , in stratagem and ferocity . "
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PALEY REFUTED IN HIS OWN WORDS . BY GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE . Loxdoh , Hetbsrington , This little work is the production of a man who , thcugh young in years , has already done good service to the cause of truth by his unprejudiced and fearless enquiries into systems"founded in fraud , upheld by force , " and the courage with which ho has maintained the sacred right of free diBcussion . Holding peculiar opinions on the systems of theology at present commonly received , —opinions which have been held by somo of the wisest and noblest spirits who have graced this earth of ours , —he has boldly asserted them in the teeth of prejudice and in
defiance of priestly usurpation , xor so doing he has suffered dungeoning and persecution in varisus shapes ; yet haB he never for one moment faltered in what he has felt to be the path of honesty ; which »' * , as the world may acknwledge some day , " the best policy , " all trick , and fraud , and " expediency" notwithstanding . Mr . H . is a man , who while he has unflinchingly advocated hi 3 own views , has always done so in a dignified and candid manner , and therefore will command a hearing with all seekers after truth , all opponents of error . To the overturning of Paley ' scelebrated argument of" design" Mr . Holyoake has applied himself in the work be fore , us : —
" It is well known that Paley bases his argument npon the watch illustration . It is said that he borrowed the idea from Condillac . Lord Brougham says that he was indebted for it to Derham , who , it is supposed , plagiarised it from Cicero , who first used it to prop up the falling gods of the Pagans . But if he who first developes an idea is not so much the originator of it as lie who so loudly and perseveringly proclaims it , that all the world understand its nature , then must Paley be regarded as the originator of the design argument . And' so well did Paley execute hia task , that though bis woik o&a often been illustrated , it has never been superseded . It has been tbe arsenal whence modern theologians have drawn their weapons—their helmets have nodded with his plumes , and tbeir arms have been nerved with bis strength . Se highly has
been estimated what Palsy has done , that it has been thought sufficient to mature his reasonings , and consolidate bis conclusions . Lord Brougham , in bis Discourses on Natural Theelogy , has not attempted to set fresh trees in the theological garden , but has been satisfied to cultivate those which Paley planted . His lordship is content to logicise Paley ' s woik . Up and down the walk of design , which Paley made , and gravelled , and zolled , Professor Whewell , and all tbe writers of Brldgewater Treatises , promenade . In fine , the * hole eight of the Bridewater Treatises adduce many illustrations , but add no new principles . They all pass the gulf of theology over one bridge—the pons assinorwn of design . It is very important to notice this , because it proves tLat Natural Theology ia still where it was—it is still confined to one principle , the argument of design Though ponderous velumsa have be « a written to '
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THE PHILANTHROPIST : a Monthly Journal © EVotEB io Social , Politico , and Moral Refobms .
The present month's number of this well-conducted periodical contains some excellent articles . We cannot find room for an extract , bat cordially recommend , it , as a publication well-worthy the support of those who advocate the true and veritable principles 9 t > * ; Cml and Religious Liberty . "
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Retribution . —About eleven o'olook last Tuesday se ' nnight the police at the harbour were attracted by screams at the east side of Victoria Dock , and , oa proceeding to the spot , found a woman on board a barge moored alongside of the wall , calling' out that a man was drowned . The necessary steps were taken to recover the body , bnt without success . Ifc appears that the woman whose name is Barnet , and the man , Thomas Pauline , a shoemaker belonging to
Aberdeen , had , after drinking in a public-house in Cowgate , proceeded , at Paulinas request , to the East Protection Wall , for the avowed parpasa of getting a walk in the mooalight , bufc , as it ultimately appeared , with a determination to drown the woman . They had been cohabiting together for some time » and she bad borne two children to him . Oa reaching the east end of the dock he deliberately pushed her over the qnay , but she was saved in consequence of one of the harbour barges being moored below . Seeing that she had not fallen into the water , he leaped on board the barge , probably with the intention of completing his horrid design , but having fallen between the vessel and the pier , he met the fate to which he had no doubt destined the poor woman . The body was not found till nest morning . —Dundee Warder .
Shockino Accident . —Shortly after five o ' clock on Thursday evening a shocking accident occurred on the London and Brighton railway , a short distance beyond the New Cross Station . A young man in the employ of Mr . Hoof , contractor , was engaged in repairing tha line when , his attention was taken off by the whistle of the train , announcing the approach of the Brighton down train . Jpt at that moment the engine with several carriages oa the Dover line was running rapidly towards London . From the statement of one of his fellow-workmen , it appears that tho poor fellow was unaware of the approach of Xlto train behind him- andi
notwithstanding everj possible exertion was made » I » e « n ? ep of the eagine and bis fellow-workmento » PP"Z 9 him ofhis danger , he stood motionless , and ^ jMOtherjnetant the engine ? knocked him with fearful force to the ground . " He fell with ^ 6 ne ami a Gross toe ^ raU and his hand upon it , and tbus ^ e wheels ^ of the train passed over him , severing his ^ arnvabOTe the elbow , and cutting off his fingers- - Cto being picked up and conveyed with all dispatch to Gay ' sb-oapital j ampntation wasibund necessary—an operation whictt the poor fellow bore with extraordmary iortitade * The other injuries render the case a very bad one . RicHMOND . -Ou ths 9 th instant , Peter Constable Maxwell , Esq ., of tho Grove , was unaaimoiwJy elected ikyo * of the Borough of Rtehtnoad forth * ensuing year .
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THE NORTHERN 8 T Aj * . ! 3
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 18, 1843, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct955/page/3/
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