On this page
- Departments (3)
-
Text (16)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
— — ^wtrB. ^Z~Z~
-
<©r%faal €tyme$pt>ttotnte, 1 i ^
-
ILUevarg i&xtv&ctfi.
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
TO THE PEOPLE OF YORKSHIRE . LETTER XI . « PROPERTY HAS ITS DUTIES , AS "WELL AS ITS B . IGHTS . " Drummond . Oh ! yea , my friends , the Bqnire and his ste-ward were upon very good terms , -when spies , and Whig editors , and Whig Baronets left us alone . It was onr habit , si all times , on all occasions , and on every subject , freely to exchange our thoughts . It -was bis wish that there should be no reserve ; to use hU own words—PEOPLE OF YORKSOTRF ,
" I am extremely obliged to yen for your ideas . It is the thing aboTe all others which I wish , namely—to have you mention whatever you think is best Your ideas , vhen communicated , may make me see things in 8 Tery different light " But the Squire discharged me ( or at least his Welsh attorney mad « him tell you so ) because of " my eitering so deeply into the politics of the day r That was indeed an unlucky slip of the attorney ' s pen . He was not aware of the nature of the correspondence which had for many years been maintained between the Squire and his steward , on the " politics of the day , " else he ¦ would not have driven his client into that net
My friends , it is tame ; and the correspondence , which the Squire ' s " notice to produce" has unlocked , proves that ay master was much pleased with my observati ons on all political questions , save and except the New Poor Law . He was as unreserved as myself . It was osr constant habit to exchange political opinions on all poUtisal questions . More than half my letters contained " political" dissertations , and , if the attorney
( the Welshman ) is not yet satisfied that Mr . Thornhill approved of my " entering so deeply int « the politics of the day , " let him read the following , selected from amongst score * et other * , irhich , if need be , I can furnish . They are fattWfey transcribed from the handwriting of iha man who , at the bidding of his attorney told you that " he discharged me , " because I " entered bo deeply into the politics of the day . " Hear him telling this steward tois steward ' 1 ' ,
same — same — " I agree "with you in thinking Yorkshire is sound ( so is every county ; , but bow far it is worth a person ' s while to subscribe a large sum out of his pocket U bring in a stranger , Is another point ; when the person is in , he forgets what has been done for him . "—( Lord Milton to wit;— " I feel myself called upon by my family to make what money I am able , therefore do not wish to expend it where it can be avoided . "—; 1 S 2 S-j Again , in 1830 , he says : — } ' " , I
" I do not care about the election for Yorkshire , as I am disgusted with the idea that the first county in England shoald be represented by *
( who I know fail well ) and an * . i aid not imagine the mercantile interest "were such fools . " In another letter , in 1830 , Mr . Thornhill writes : " I thank you for your ideas about the times , but the tiling is hate . " In the same year these are bis words : — " I perfectly agree with you in regard to the cruelty in the mills , to the children ; not to mention the depravity and early profligacy it engenders . I think your letters long aiotyh , f . the letters in the newspapers ) excuse me saying so . " In 1831 , he expresses himself thus : —
' I quite agree with you about the Times , and I have = long seen it . But what can I do . The damage is done , aad nothing but firmness in the House , in throwing out ' •¦ the Bi ll , iwhich they will do ) can do any good . Then : the popular voice may take another turn , and things go i on right Mr . Praed appears to me to be the cleverest ; young speaker . " : Again , in the same year : — ; " I agree with you in many points , but I always hope ; for the best I did not wjite te you to subsribe to the ; eiec&rn fund , as I considered it bad—that it was non- ! sense sending good money after bad without a chance . ' The truth is , the preas in the first instance , did the ! damage , and the popular cry now is so like a deluge that it overwhelms everything . Of course I am against Beform if it comes to the trial . " My Squire next told me in 1 S 31 : — I
" I quite agree with yon in your opinion of the Times ; ! but it is not so easy to turn these res Live men as it is to ; guide a restive horse . Lord B says , ' they i are aH fools , ' and for once he speaks the truth . " : This 1 S 31 seems to have been a year in which the ' Squire and I had much to say to each other about politics ; we both » eem then to have " entered deeply into j the politics of the day ; " he told me , Nov . 29 : — i ' I know of no person able to undertake the defence i of property in Parliament ; but I will write to-morrow ! a long letter explaining all the subject to Lord . { He is a real man of business , and I have bad a great j -deal of conveisMkm with htm npon the state of trade before . He will try and find out some person , who can bring it forward . The fact is there are so many men in the House who have no landed property , that it is very ' difficult to create any interest in them . " !
Well , Mr . Thornhill wrote a long letter to his Lord- i ship . He laid before him my views as to the danger ' there is to property by the landlords assisting the cot- ! tam-lords to oppress and rob the poor ; and if there ; beany truth in what his Welsh lawyer forced him to j tell you , by way of damping- my ardour in the politics ; of the day , " ( Dec . 3 rd , ) he sent me the following -. — j " I enclose you Lord * s answer to my letter ' to Mm ; he is of your opinion , and I am sorry to say of aise . " There is so ranch of good , sound , solid sense in his Lordship ' s letter , that I will not apologise for inserting i : for your perusaL I shall not tell you to what political party his Lordship belongB , so that both Whigs , Tones , and Radicals , may be unprejudiced while they read it . I do not say th * t I entirely agree with his i Lordship ; bat 1 -will say that the head which indicted that letter , is not the head of a fooL
"Deas THOisaiLL , —Your letter is sensible , and bits the nail upon the head . Our manafactnrers search f » r a tevl ' s paradise in rivalling one another in mat-ing qnrntUvfor foreign export This is the mania ; and , as they are frequently ¦ unpaid , the manufacturers , the workmen , and landlords , land the latter from the causes roc mention ) are at their last shifts , aad some . day an of us will go together . The poor rates , as you * say , Ehadd be levied en property , which should include machinery , bet this alone would not do alL Oar currency thaald be restored to something like what itTras during tbe war , but with same additional securities for the protection « f the public This would mitigate many ofthresSs . " ( if . an eooitafcie adjustment is resisted
. there can -be no -doubt that bis Lordship is right ) "But a statesmanlike legislation sixaMl follow upon other points . 5 Te have beea . raled fey philosophers erex since the deask -ef Lord Londonierrr , at least , they have bad the prevailing influence . Frederick the Great said , 'if he -wished misfortuneXo aoeontry , he would give them philosophers as minigters . ' England has unlaciilv beea aSicvecL with the Hnskksons , the M'Callochs sad the Ricsxios , whose praiing * has-e had . ieSafenee to change the . cEsrency , andidopi lie Free-trade system , upon etmS . - Vnrial promises how much -we were " to be
benriitti-d . We unluckily tried tLese experiments , aad the rtsult iasieen that the ehaxgoi upon property have increased , ihe ^ &n- ral capit&i of the country AUniTv ^ y isg . Soiue = 5 ay that reform is to dkpel all these cloud * . -It will be vfxoxie , public dietuxaance aad a sacrifice > of property will iollow . If 1 had jabber , or ta-ik , or " ¦ eloquence to , eafesee these pcents , I should get into the jEouse . But sd&ixig is now iktened to but givifig the £ lft householders the right of voting for an il . P . I s * £ no good that cax be expected Iromthia Parliament and less in a reforuKd ene . " - "I remain , " FaithfnllT xsmrs .
Untitled Article
"Sec 2 nd , 1 & 3 L " Itojc . 2 no : think that Mr . ThoEohill jfcewed great ; wiivtH . ia handing me iJais letter , by way - © £ expressing \ bis disapproval oi my « B £ ering so deeply into the poli- < ** " of 4 e ^ y •' " We were not strangers . I had then \ bs « n Hi c ^ -ward more than eleven years , aad , as you All know , a pretty considerable " politician ; " of which : 01 » eorrespaadence proves that he was fully awire , and j * * hico , if words and actions have meaning , ha left me i «« s that he approved . Let us proceed ; next year ( 1 S 32 , ^ " ¦ Ih oniMll wrote-
^ *^ H « ond readicg the Bill the Reform Bill ) f ^ t be Tery sooa . The Ministers are driving frem i - ~ to house can raising as at an election . Some people - *» * » * ^ 7 ^^^ but foolE - l b « tt « Te ®™ e » : tr *^ ^ present 3 Iinistry would not submit to to ! ^ sp their places . - ; . * ' * TelT mnch was this calculated to damp my zsal i ^ Poang those " rogues and fools " . Bat how odd , ; ** t oc 3 y seven years afterwards this same patriotic ¦
T ? 11 ^ should discharge me from my " place , " because tenkf ^^ ^ ^^ " r 0 SUe OT fcK ) 1 " " " Eubmit" ' ^^ ttaeon stitutional authority of the three Poor Law ^^ sioaers in due time , I shall prove to your ¦ ^^ r tioii that that was my only crime . Had I been r ° gttfc - enough to have bent to their authority , I ; ^ i now haTe ^^ bagtiBg ^ ^ e gmiles of Squire j ° rnilill ! Then I should have been loathed by my- i 1 E £ d ^ Tou I should have been justly abhorred . !
aenu ^ ^ Deedtb , at I should in there quotations , j rends , Jr ^ '• m ? object is simply to prove , that our j «« vt-rre * poadence was on "the politics of the day . " I
Untitled Article
Too will recollect , that in December , 1832 , you had a West Riding ejection , » ad that I was requested to offer myself as a candidate . That I appeared with Lord Morpeth and Sir George Strickland at KelgMey , and afterwards , at the nomination at Wakefield . If you have forgotten , I know that Lord Morpeth has not he wffl never forget his Keighley visit Had I been at all aware that Mr . Thornhill objected to my «• entering so deeply into the politics of the day , " think you that I should have written to him ( Dec 31 ) as follows '—^* C £ ^^
- Of all the singular things that ever transpired , surely the requisitions to me , requesting me to allow myself to be put in nomination for the West Riding accompanied by a subscription fully equal to the expenses of a contest , was the most singular . One name ( and that of one of the greatest landed proprietors in > orkshire ) was followed by a subscription of one thou-Tl !? T ? ' 1 COHrse > h *™ ° * i * fcto figure away at . St Stephen s . As your servant , I am a happy man , ( and so I then traj , friends * . There , all would be anxiety and turmoiL But I did wish fully to state my opinions on the great questions of the day-the Cora Laws , the Taxes , the National Debt , the Church of England , Fre « Trade , Machinery , Emigration , &c J ^* to & the ^ pUri&t uw the aristocrat and ( he amtocrocy tvith the peopU . I wished to low the that
people it was not the owner of the soil that was grinding them down to powder , but the fundholders and the factory masters . My friends , my political crime was , that I had too high an opinion of the aristocracy I then bel . eved that they were the legitimate iSonTof their sires . I wished also to show the delusion of the R e form BilL AU these things I have now aone ! fa ? # » ^ th ^ nkfuL V * ° * ^^> craU udU mt X *» Qic people , in rtUasing yourselves a , < d ihem from Oe power , and the plunder , and the tyranny of the fac tory masters and the fundholders , ( who are Vie dead ' y enC ^ *» ka . > « «« " < X oe my fault . I anvquite sure , that if the people had all had votes , there would ? 2 w t ^ - " ^ MiniBterial Member returned for the West-Riding , and , as i t is , I believe there are none else returned . The Reform constituency is a Ministerial constituency . "
, If it were true , that Mr . Thornhill really did object to my » entering so deeply into the politics of the day - surely , in reply to that letter , he would kave told me so . His answer was : " I agree with you about the politics of the day , but dread the Rads . more in other countits , than in York-I shire . The farmers , who . in 1812 , got above tbem-; selves , now , being dissatisaed , throw all the blame ! upon the landlords , and encourage the ' lower orders ' I ( I- do hate that term ) ' to riot -, by saying anything ! against the landlords , and not employing half the ; labourers they should do upon their farms . The Bill ; for a labour rate will do good . I hope Mr . Sadler will be returned for some place , that his Bill may have a chance .
" Your sincere friend , - _ i . „ " THOJUS THOK . NHILi .. " Ridd ' esworth , January 3 d , 1833 . These proofs are sufficient to establish the fact , that ! Mr . ThornWii approved of my political interference ; if ' more are required , they are at hand . I do assure you I that it is a fact , that until the New Poor Law was proposed , Mr . Thornhill never gave me any reason to suppose that my interference in politics was in any way disagreeable to him . When he found my opinion j was against thai law , he began , gradually , as I shall j hereafter shew , to intimate that " stewards had no business to interfere in politics . " ^ The tables were then turned . Hitherto I had been \ defending the aristocrats , as well as the labourers . It !
' ' ¦ : was then all right and correct for a steward to " enter deeply into the politics of the day ; " but when the landlords had entered into a bloody and suicidal alliance with the cotton lords , not only to rob the labourers of their freehold bight in the soil of England , but also , to transfer the " surplus" blood of the fields to the cotton lords , to be shed by them on the factory floorswhen these modern Hebods and Pilates were thus " made friends , " in order that they might destroy the poor , as their bloody types had been previously recondied when the Saviour of the poor was to be crucified ; I say , then , when that bloody compact was sealed , and the ejght of the poor was by Law " ?) destroyedthe Squire all at once discovered that ' stewards should never enter into the politics of the day . "
. My friends , I was not made of such tawdry stuff . I had spent many years in endeavouring to convince the -aristocrats and landlords that " they were in the same boat with the labourers ; " when they were such traitors , " rogues , and fools" \ to use the Squire ' s words ) , as to leave the labourers to their own fate , nay , to join their deadly enemies in the attempt to sink them , I should , indeed , have been worthy of universal execration , if -had then left the poor to sink under the ppression of their united foes .
In due time , I shall prove to you that , against all opposition , I resolved to stand by the constitutional , the natural , and the Christian kjghts of the poor , and still , as heretofore , to denounce the oppression and robbing of the rich . There was more need then . The enemies of . the poor were stronger , by the union of land with steam—cash and cotton . I thn . T > y God , that he enabled me to stand firmly to my principles in the day of trial . Keep up your spirits up . I have no doabt of victory .
Mark , with me , my friendB , and adore the goodness of God ! even in " his judgment he has remembered mfercy . " In the hoirible union between the landlords and Uie cotton lords—the ruin of the peasantry was contemplated . That fact was demonstrated in the House of Commons , by the late William Cobbett , in presence of both parties . And . now , what is the result 7 The cotton lords , having succeeded in forcing the peasantry to abhor and detest the landlords , have entered into a " league" in Manchester , \ which " league "
they are now extending into every city , town , a * d vilia § e ) against the landlords . That they will succeed , I have no doubt—for what can the landlords do , unaided bj the peasants , when opposed to the cotton lords ? " Nothing—absolutely nothing . ' Besides , it i s universall y acknowledged , that the New Poor Law is only one link of the great free trade chain ; and consequently , it is true that the yery fact of its existence is the strongest reason fv > r the instant snd total repeal of the Corn Laws .
So far as I have seen , Earl Fitzwilliam is the only man who lays stress upon that part of the argument ; I wonder the lesturers from " the league" do n « t make more of this point My friends , yeu know my opinion about the feeding of Englishmen with foreign corn ; but , never mind—if we must have free trade—unwo bastiles to test the bowels of the peasants—we will have free-trade-anioncorn-shepe to test the rent rolte of the landlords . Yes , yes , the fact of their receiving five times as much rerd as theif fathers , and only paying ihe same wages , or
the Bastile , is almost enough to make me crave tor a taste of foreign corn—it J . S enough to make me hope that Alm ^ hty Ocxl will , to far , bless the tffoits of the "Anti-Corn Law L * agne , " as to make them the instruments of awakening or humbling the landlords . Excuse this digrcsson—I could not resist the impulse to say . thus much . I am delighted to sec the enemies « f the poor at war viih each other . Thei € is an old proverb , that " when rogues quarrel , hunest atea obtain their rights , " for something of that sort ) which gives me . great consolation .
Let not the Mends of the poor despond—there is hope . I must , however , return to my narrativa At length when Mr . Thornhill discovered that on no consideration I would be tempied to bow down and worship the god wbich avarice had set up ; whe n he found that nothing could induce me to withhold my most energetic of > pc £ ijj « a to the aceursed Jaw against property as well aa povertj ; when he was ceavinced that it was hopeleas to expect that I should « rer cease to war , with all my mind , sool , and strength against that damnable law of devils , ; I mean exactly what I say ) misnamed the Poor Law Amendment Act—then , but not till then , did Thomas Thorahill discharge Richard Oastler .
That fact I shall in due time prove fi \> m hia own letters . I have reason to be very thankful that he has authorised me to u « e them in mydefenee . \ yhen Mr . Thornhill t « ld you that he had discharged me on account of my " entering so deeply into the politics of the day , ' - he knew that he was telling you a falsehood . Be knew that he himself did not believe it , because he * " w well aware of our long uninterrupted correspondence on » the politics of the day , " and of his approval of my general political views and conduct
Why , then , did he assign that falsehood ? Why did he thus dishonour his name , and try to deceive you ? Because his attorney persuaded him to sign that letter , and to withdraw the one he had sent to Ramsbotham from Cowes . How do I know this ? I was told it by the Welsh attorney . Mr . Thomas did not then know what a disgrace he tras entailing upon the Squire . He was not then aware of our constant political correspondence . He should never have heard of it from me if he had not given me " notice to produce Mr . ThomhilTs letters . "
Untitled Article
There w » a time , my friends , when Mr . Thornhill would bvn tort his estate rather than have signed that falsehood ! Avarice is the death-bed of honour . But now as to the reason which induced the Squire 00 for to forget himself . You shall kave it just as I received it from his Welsh attorney . Yon are aware that , in the Halifax Guardian , on the day I left Fixby , ( you have not forgotten that day , ) there were inserted two letters , signed "Thomas ^^^^^^ Jt ^ TSi
Thornhill , * ' addressed to " the Editor . " The one was dated "Cowes , 17 th August , 1838 , " in which the Squire informed you that he had not discharged , me because ef my opposition to the New Poor Law , but because I had defrauded him , &c . The second letter was dated " Cowes , 18 th August , 1838 , " and contradicted the first , by informing you that the Squire did discharge me because of my " entering so deeply into the pelitic 8 of the day . "
You remember how utterly impossible it was for any rational man to reconcile these letters , or to account for their appearance at the same time , in the same newspaper , except upon the supposition that the writer of them had been drunk two days together . I told you in a former letter that Mr . Hugh Thomas ( the Welsh attorney ) had introduced himself to me in the Court of Common Pleas . Well , it so happened , that business induced me , not very long ago , to call
upon him . I could have no difficulty in doing so , after he had farced himself upon my acquaintance in open Court He was very civil—nay , apparently , he was very friendly . We had a great deal of chat You shall have it all some day , and his report of the selfsame interview to his client ; you will then see how the Squire is instructed in this matter . Just now , I -will confine myself to the account which Thomas gave me of those two published letters of the Squire from " Cowes . "
R . O . " What could induce Mr . Thornhill to be so foolish as to insert those two letters , contradicting each other , in the same paper ? " - H . T . "It was not intended that they should both be inserted . That was a mistake which I cannot account fer . " ¦; ¦ -. R . 0 . "Theycaused a good deal of excitement and made the Squire appear very ridiculous ; in fact , the general imprtssion was , that he must have been < > -unk or mad when he wrote them . " H . T . " I do not know that there n : < d be any secret about them . I have no objection to tell you all I know about the matter . "
R O . "I should be glad to have the mystery explained . I told my friends that I was sure the old Squire had not hail his solicitor at bis elbow when be wrote the first letter . The second made the whole affair more inexplicable . " H . T . "I had nothing to do vwth the first letter . / wrote the second in this room . " R . o . "Oh , then the second letter was not-H . itten from Cowes ?" H . T . " No , I wreto it on this table . " R . O . " But it was signed by Mr . Tbomb'U " H . T . " I will explain how that was . " R . 0 . " Do . I ehall be glad to hear you . I know something about it ; I shall be glad to know all . "
H . T . "I can have no objection to tell you . Mr Thornhill called upon me , ht sat in that chair where you now sit I •» as sitting b « re . He gave me the first letter , which he said ' he had written at Cowes , and sent off to Mr . Ramsbotham , ordering him to insert it in the newspapers . ' When I read it , I told him , ' that it would not do , that it was an unjustifiable letter . We had a good deal of conversation ; you know what Mr . Thornhill U whan he has made np his mind , how difficult it is to move him . " R . O . "Yes , I know Mr . Thornhill welL He should be careful and think well before he thus commits himst-It I have no doubt that ha was ia a passion when he wrote that letter . "
H . T . " I did my best to quash the thing altogether ; but he was determined to have a letter in reply to the placard which had been sent to him . * I told him , 1 there was no need to reply or write at alL' i thought it foolish to do so . He was , however , determined that a letter should be published ; so I wrote the second . I was some time before I could prevail on him to adopt it At length , he agreed to it ; it was forwarded to Mr . Ramsbotham with orders to be published instead of the other . How they both happened to be published , I do not know . " R . 0 . "If the last one only had been published I should not have cared a tush ; but the first was too bad . "
H . T . "I think it was a very ttwustifiable proceeding ; and I thought it would not have ben published . " * So far , for the present , of the conversation betwesn the Welsh attorney and the discharged steward . I am told that Thomas denies all this . I appeal to Mr . Thornhill , if the interview between himself and hjs attorney was as I have now reported it ; or if I have invented the narrative for your amusement Until Thomas * told me , I -was not aware lhat one of tnose letters was written by himself in London , in his office , on bis own table ; or , that Mr . Thornb m had consulted him on the subject ; that he had seated himself in the chair
on the side of the fire place farthest from the window opposite to where the attorney was squatted ; and that the Welshman had declared the first letter to be unjustifiable , &c I am not aware that a third person was present at the interviews : Mr . Thornk-ill knows that he never told me what passed at that time . I know that Mr . Thomas did tell me . The Squire wi ! know if the Welshman told me the truth . He told me much more than I have told you . In due time , you shall know alL He cannot blame me ; I did not court his acquaintance ; he sought mine in open court . You know that I keep no secrets . Before we part , you
shall see both sides of a Welsh attorney . He cannot deny his owi oath ! An oath sworn before a Judge of the land ! No , no , that oath shall cling to h ' m , until he proves its truth , or publicly recants . He cannot deny that he is a two-faced animal , smiling with apparent friendship on the very man , whom , to his client , he represents as " a most detestable character . * ' Oh , how civ il , kind , and affectionate to one ' s face , and then , behind one ' s back , how full of malice , hatred , and revenge , can a Welsh attorney prove himself . ' But more on this subject in its proper place . You shall soon know all about it . friends .
Yob have now read the London part of these " Cowes " letters ; you shall , in my next , if you are not weary , peruse the history of the Yorkshire scenes respecting them . You will then have some particulars about myseif , and that" monstrous clever fellow" who figures away as my successor . You shall hear of his first visit to Fixby , and of my last visit to the Vicar of C&lverley ; and jqhsha ll , when I have told you all about it , judge whether the name which I gave to Ramsbotham , when I last saw him at the Guildhall , London , in company with Mr . Chadwick , ( which name he has often since then repeated ) , or the name which the Squire gave him , ( " iiKasstrous clever ft-How , ") is best fitting to a
land-agent , who can conduct himself as he has done , and who was silly enough to let out his own ignorance , by asking , eome weeks after his appointment , " How nian > rood * are there in a statute acre ? " One would have supposed that at school , he must have leirnt so much ; but , fer want of better materials , it seems that he had pounded-f- his " school Lamia , " with other equally worthless materials for the use of his patients—* nd- 'that before he became Steward , he had forgotten all that he had "larn'd" at scbooL Never mind , the Squire says— "He is a monstrous clever fellow ; " and it is the Squire , not you , who has to pay b ' m for his " Larnin . " t
But you are perhaps tired of these particulars , and are ready to ask , why doe 3 the " Old King " bother us so much , and so long , about those two letters ? I will tell you . You are to judge between Mr . Thornhill and myself . My quarrel with him is not because be discharged me . By ne means . He had a perfect right to change his steward . If the manner of doing it was ungentlemanly , the disgrace was hie , not mine . I did not resent or repine . I did not even ask for the reason why he discharged me .
I . had long foreseen that Mr . Thornhill must either break through the trammels of the Poor Law Commissioners , or discharge me . I had no hope of his escape from their shackles . This fact I often mentioned to the tenants and to others of my friends . But I did not expect that a man of Mr . Thornhill ' s character , rank , and property could act shabbily towards an old servant I knew that he had a high respect for me , and that he cherished my father ' s memory . I therefore expected , , >» I had a right to do , that he would always treat me w Hh respect , and remember my father ' s and my own sct-v ieea aad sacrifices in his behalf . When I disceveri ^ mf mistake I did not complain . I appeal to Mr . Ch vlwick—to the tenants—to all with whom I conversed ** &G time—nay , even to Ramsbotham himself , if lut . * * ^ w ord of lamentation or of accusation ? I kno ? thai I uever did . The idea of a quarrel
Untitled Article
? Referring to * placard printed by some gentlemen at Hudderafie "W , in whieJi he was tilled an " absentee landlord , , * * &c f Ramsbotham v " •»• bred to physic . —B . O .
Untitled Article
with Mr . Thornhili never for one moment entered my mind . , ¦¦ . ' , Bat , " when , without any provocation from me , at the time when we were in the most friendly correspondence ; and , when I was doing all I could to make Mr . Ramsbotham acquainted with his business and accept able to the tenants , ( both these facts I shall prove to yon , )—when , I say , at such a time , Mr . Thornhill thought proper to defame me in the public newspapers , and that on the very day that I was leaving Fixby Hall , I oould not , ( standing as I did with the public , ) I could not then remain silent ** . - »«¦ " » — *« o ^ oment entered my
Thow letters , dated " Covces , " August 17 th and 18 th , 1838 , " thus form the ground of my quarrel with Mr . ThornhilL It is by those letters , that Mr . Thornhill has constituted yon my jury . Bear with me , then , my friends , while I state every particular respecting them . If the perusal be wearisome , it may be profitable . It will , if I mistake not , teach you somewhat of the wickedness of the human heart , ef which yon have hitherto been ignorant ; it may be useful , if it warns you , that sometimes you are in company of an enemy , whom you are supposing to be your friend . A word to the wise ia sufficient If this letter be tiresome , I will promise you , that the postscript shall be valuable .
Believe me , my friends , 1 am right trnly yours , Richard Oastleiu 106 , Sloaue-street , Chelsea , May 11 th , 1840 . [ We are sorry to omit the " valuable" postcript of Mr . Oastler ; but as it would occupy at least two columns of our paper , we are reluctantly compelled , by press of matter , to postpone its insertion till next week . —Ed . ]
Untitled Article
WHIG TYRANNY AND PERSECUTION . TO THB EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . SiB , —I consider it my duty to send you the following facts for insertion in your widely extended journal . Should you think them worthy of a place in the same , I have no doubt they will be acceptable to your numerous readers . On Friday last , my place of abode was entered by a sheriff ' s oflicer and two pe-Hce aoldiera , with an order to seize the whole of my houses , land , goods , chattels , &c . under pretence that I had forfeited the whole by not attending to a summons , coaimanding me to appear before the Queen on the 25 th of April . I told the greedy cormorants that the summons was not in my name , ( which ia the fact ) , and further , if I had endeavoured
to comply with the command , I should have been given into custody for daring to approach her royal person . Notwithstanding all I could say in explanation , they made the seizure , and left me and my family , to uss the sheriff " s officer own words , the bare walls to look at , ¦ wi th an assurance the goods taken would ba immediately sold without any chance of appeal , as it was an order fr « m the Crown Office . But , before they removed anything they told me if I could pay forty shillings , they would leave them . I told them if I was like their employers , who lived by robbery , I might have such a sum and much more at command ; however , I got a friend to lend me the money , and as such I have sold my little all , leaving myself destitute of anything to call my own .
It is quite clear the dastardly cowr-ds dare net bring us to trial ; after been sent from prison to prison , and suffered to remain at large and without bail for three months , we are now to be deprived of the means of existence . Is not this another proof , that Universal Suffrage and No Surr ender , ought to be the motto of every whita slave in England ? I am , Sir , yours respectfully , Chas . H . Neesom , 76 , Hare-street , Bethnal Groen .
Untitled Article
TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Liverpool , May 11 th , 1840 . Gentlemen , —I have no doubt you will agree -with us in Liverpool that those liberty-loving fellows , the Whigs , fancied they were doing much to destroy the feeling created in behalf of the People ' s Charter , when they determined on the prosecution—( I beg pardon , I mean the wholesale persecution )—of those who had fearlessly placed themselves in battle array iu its defence j while at the same time I also have no doubfc it will be gratifying to you to know that there is a very great probability of the despotic attempt recoiling with a fourfold vengeance on the heads of its contemplibl&and tyrant authors .
I beljfeve , and I rejoice to think such is the ca' -e , that the gr « at body of the more intelligent and disowning of the Chartist body begin to see tho Impolicy of . using . guns ., . pistol ^ oe » y > y Miing . Uk « i' physical-force , " -as arguments In support of those principles for which many of them have so long contended , while they are also determined to renew with fresh vigour the just advocacy of the rights and liberties of the unrepresented classes . With this view an association haa been formed here , under the title of "The Liverpool Democratic Association , " the object of which is , first , to obtain the People ' s Charter ; and , secondly , the accomplishment of all those changes deemed necessary to the comfort , happiness , freedom , and unsha ckled education of the people ; and , when I tell you that it numbers amongst its members some of the oldest , the ablest , and most intelligent advocates of the Charter , we may safel augur its ultimate and complete success .
A general meeting took place this evening of the body , when a corresponding secretary was chosen in the person of myself , with the view of opening a communication , and continuing such , with Glasgow , Edinburgh , and parts of England known to have been distinguished for their steady and uncompromising adherence to the principles of the Charter . Under these circumstances , and at the request of the Council of the Association , I have forwarded this fox insertion in the next number of your valuable paper . I am , Sir , Yours , respectfully , Thomas John sou .
Untitled Article
LOVETT AND COLLINS . The following letters have been forwarded to us for publication : — " Warwick Gaol , May 6 , 1840 . " Dear Barlow , —I am now enabled to inform you , that all suspense respecting my liberation is now at an end , and that I am to remain in prison till the expiration of the full term , for which I was sentenced , unless I will consent to enter into my own recognizance in £ 50 for twelve months , from the time of my liberation , which I cannot think of for one moment .
" 1 had been led to hope that I should have been enabled to have supported my wife and children by my own industry , in a few days , and so have relieved my friends from this trouble , but am thus prevented . What may be their opinion of my refusal to do so , I know not ; but this I know , I cannot consent , even by implication , to acknowledge myself guilty of a breach of the peace , whatever may be the consequences . " While I regret , extremely , the necessity that exists for my family remaining a burden to any of my friends , yet 1 must leave them in the hands of the committee for a few weeks longer ; nor do I think that they will neglect them , at ' Ur having so generously aUended to them till now . Mr . Lovctt joins me in best respects to Messrs . Ashmore , Thompson , Bridgwater , aud all frionds , and believe
me , " Dear Barlow , yours truly , " John Coliins . " " Warwick Gaol , May 6 , 1840 . " To the Right Hon . the Marquis of Normanby , Her Majesty ' s Secretary of State fur the Home Department . "My Lord , —The Visiting Magistrate of the County Gaol of Warwick having read to us a communication , dated Whitehall , May 5 , and signed S . M . Phillipps , in which it is stated that your Lordship will recommend us to her Majesty for a remission of the remaining part of our sentence , provided we are willing to enter into our recognizance in £ 50 each , for our good behaviour for one year we beg respectfully to submit the following as our ' answer : —That to enter into any bond for oar future good conduct would at once be an admission of past guilt ; and however a prejudiced jury may have
determined the resolutions we caused to be published condemnatory of the attack of the police , as an act in opposition to the law of libel , we cannot yet bring ourselves to believe that any guilt or criminality has been attached to our past conduct . We have however , suffered the penalty of nearly ten month ' s * imprisonment , for having , m common with a large portion of the public press , and a large majority of our countrymen , expressed that condemnatory opinion We have been about the first political viotims who have been classed and punished as misdemeanants and felons , because we happen to be of the working class . We have had our healths injured and constitutions greatly undermined , by the treatment we have already experienced , but we are disposed to suffer whatever tuture punishment may be inflicted upon us , rather than enter into any Buch terms as those proposed by your Lordship . " We remain
Your Lordship ' s most obedient servants , " Wm . Lovett , " John Collins . "
Untitled Article
A Case of Sacrilege . —In North Molton Church , a robin has actually built her nest under the fringe of the velvet cushion of the desk . If this is not » case of ' church-robbiag , ' » said Sam Rogers , I do not know what is . "
Untitled Article
FLOWERS AND SLAVES . I saw the bonny flowers of May In beauty bloom before me , And verdant fields were spangled gay With Summer ' s tints of glory . The varied songters of the grove Were tuning notes of gladness , And azure skies were clear above Of hazy clouds of sadness . The god of love seem'd joying o ' er His wondroua works before us , And Nature seem'd to own bis power In universal chorus .
But midst the beauty and the light Of Summer ' s bright creation , There burst upon my pallid sight A nation ' s lamentation . A starving tiller of the soil , His bread—o Whig oration—A starving host of sons of toil—A bleeding , captive nation ! The demon groan of ghastly want , Like Etna ' s muffled thunder , Was rumbling in its hollow vault To tear restraints asunder . I ask'd the daisy on the lea , The cowslip gently kneeling , The skylark , with its native glee , . The cloudless sky of
evening—I ask'd them why they bloom'd so fair , Audsinii'd so sweetly round us ; And man , the sweetest flower there , Was wither'd , sad , and homeless . Alas ! they could not answer why The hearth should e ' er be blasted ; Or hopes , descending from on high , Should vainly there have rested . I turned away from fields so gay , From man , so lorn and blighted , And lonely knelt me down to pray That England ' s wrongs be righted . Before the zephyr ' s gentle breeze My raven locks disparted ; And midst the solitary trees I Wept for FRIENDS DEPARTED !
To see the plunder son of toil Forsake his ruin'd cot , And tearing from the thief his spoil , Leave palace worms to rot—To see the mother in her pride Hurl lightning on the foe , And blush to think her baby died A faniiahM child of woe—To hear the rolling battle drum Exalting beat to arms , And see the flash of freedom ' s gun , Dispel a world ' s alarms—My very heart would bound again ! To God I'd bend tbe knee , For " peace on earth—good will to men " Would beam upon the free .
To free my land , my ardent soul , My very arm would try—And down my burning cheek would roll A rebel tear of joy ! George Binns . Bishop Auckland .
Untitled Article
bim , he gave a strenueus jerk , with the intent of breaking one fly , and covering the salmon with to » other . Splash into the river went something heavy , which immediately took to swimming towards the opposite bank , close to the spot where the salmon had rwen . Tne action of the animal so effectually played the other fly before the salmon , that be for thwith seized it , and both , were well hooked . The Major continued to relate that hereupon commenced a hard struggle ; sometimes the salmon was on the surface , and sometimes the other was drawn under water , tiU , by judicious management , both were safely landed , and proved to be a fine hare , hooked by the leg , and a salmon of twenty pounds weight ! u I made them both a present to our worthy host " added ihe Major , * ' and it ' s myself that ate part of K 5 w . _ . . __ ,:...,.... >'"
both . " "Ill bear witness to the eating , at aay rate / ' said the priest . " And it ' s I'll bear witnessto . the catching , " said the Major , " and who'll deny it ! " - So earnest was the Major , that I would offer no dissent ; but , on the contrary , intimated my surprise at the singularity of the adventure , with the utmost confidence in the fact . This so pleased him , that he begged to be allowed to make my punch ,, which he could do in rale Irish proportions . The next story the Major warmed into was of his catching a rat by a dexterous cast of the fly ; and a pike , which at once seized the rat , was safely landed . " Oh , " cried tbe priest , " is it the rat you ' re after t Now be aisy , Major ; you know we never had the rat for dinner . " "To be sure you didn't ; but every body knows the fact , and none but an unbelieving Jew or a priest would dare to cast discredit on the account . —Sportsman in Ireland .
England and thb United States . —The following passage is contained in a lecture addressed by Dr . Channing to the mechanics of Boston , America . The Rev . Rhetorician , after asking whether a country may not be rich , and yet great numbers of the people he ; wofully depressed , replied by a reference to England , * the richest nation under Heaven , " and yet "how sad , how degraded the condition of the agricultural and manufacturing classes ! " He then ,, after adverting to the project b y which that" metropolis ( Boston ) is to be linked with England by a line of steam-boats , " continues thus : — ' * I would ask * what , is to be the effect of bringing the labouring classes of Europe twice as near to us as they now are ! Is there no danger of a competition that is to depress the labouring clashes here 1 Can the workman here
stand his ground against the half-famished ignorant workmen of Europe , who will toil for any ' wages and who never think of redeeming an hour for personal improvement * Is there no danger , that with increasing intercourse with Europe , we shall imoort the striking , fearful contrasts , which there divide . one people into separate nations ? Sooner than that our labouring class should become an European populace , a good man would almost wish , that perpetual hurricanes , driving every ship from the ocean , should sever wholly the two hemispheres from each other . Heaven preserve us from the anticipated benefits of nearer connexion with Europe , if with these must come the degradation which we see or read of among the squalid poor of the great cities , among the overworked operatives of her manufactories , among her ignorant and half-brutalized peasants . . Anytnine .
everything , should be done to save us fromtheflicial evils which deform the old world , and to build up here an intelligent , right-minded , self-respecting population . If this end should require us to change our present modes of life , to narrow our foreign connexions , to desist from the race of commercial and manufacturing competition with Europe—if it sheuld require that our great cities should cease to grow , and that a large portion of our trading population should return to labour , these requisitions ought to be obeyed . One thing is plain , that our present civilization contains strong tendencies to thj intellectual and moral depression of a' large portion of the community ; and this influence ought to bethought of , studied , watched , withstood , with a stern , solemn purpose of withholding no sacrifice by which it may be counteracted . "
Thorwaldsen ' s Mercury . —Thorwaldsen said that one day , as he was taking a walk in the country , he happened to see a peasant standing under & tree , in an attitude which struck him exceedingly ; he thought about it all night , and at the first break of dawn he called for clay , and never rested till he had in two or three days completed the model of this famous statue . —Diary of a Nun .
Untitled Article
STANZAS ADDRESSED TO THE PATRIOTS
WIFE—MKS . FROST . " Terrs such as angels weep . "—Milton . Wrep , thou fair lady ! weep awhile , 'Twill give thy bosom ease : Yf s , e ' en those bitter tours begaile The mind ' s severe disease , The sorrow of the soul ! And thine is no dissembled grief , Capricious as the wind , Which bids false tears to roll Uninfluenced by the mind , To which an idiot ' s Laugh uuy give relief .
Tmue was the patriot partner , thine The long-loved , lowng friend , Appointed thce by Land divine , Thine husband till life ' s end , And thine own chosen one ! Tb ' ne is the exiled husband now , Voyaging the wide waters Far from his home , Im ' h own Deer wife and lovely daughters , To lands and climes which none , save God , may know . Weep , then , awhile , fair 'idy weep ! Let tears thy solace be ;
Thou can ' st not rcacii thy sowow ' s deep , Though tears flow e ' er so fr : e ; Nor shalt thou weep alone , — The British millions also mourn With heartfelt sympathy , And nations swell the tone : "Twill swell till tyranny Shall fall , and p atriots to their homes return ,
" All is not lost "—" hope comes to all " While life may linger here ; The Patriot lives—he cannot fall ; Though far away , he ' s near ; E ' en in each beating breast He leaves behind to blew ! and feel The tyrant ' s ruthless hand That long had been oppress'd ; Which roused him to withstand In arms—the freeman ' s just though last appeal . He shall re / urn , though hell and all Her tyrants tell thee nay ! Yes-, and the tjrants shall recall The Patriot to allay
Freedom ' s strong spirit roused To vengeance , giving them no rest , No quiet , calm repose , Till man , no more abused , Shall live to life ' s lnst close In glorious liberty , by despots unoppress'd . The time will come , fair lady , when There shall be pea to , aud joy , And happiness on earth ' mong men Without a -wrong f alloy Tbe purity of pleasure ; When tyranny shall be unknown , And all men shall be free And blessed without measure . Oh , weep not , sweet lady ! Thou may ' st behold that time , and dwell with him , thine own !
IOTA . Newport , Monmouthshire , May , 1840 .
Untitled Article
An Irish Munchausen . —On my arrival at the house , 1 found iho company to consist of the host , an hospitable and kiud oue—Major K , who , 1 believe , in compliment to myself , had been invited , as he was a thorough fisherman—the priest of tho parish—an Irian barrister—and a couple of thoso young gentlemen who may pass for any thing ; they Wfcrt , however , I believe , in this instance , law studeiitd . On our introduction , I learned soou from the Majoc , that he had been , since the battle ol VVaterloo , resident as a fisherman at Killarney . It did uot require much to discover , from himself , that his funds were restricted to the allowance of the Government , which , with all his soul , he detested , or , that he had told stories of his exploits in the ait
of fashing , till he absolutely himself believed them . It was difficult to reconcile the perfect honesty of his character with the broad assertions he made ; nor was there even apparent iu bis manner , while so making them , the least distrust of credence ; he took it for granted that every man believed what he would indubitably have upheld , at the risk of his life , had it been doubted . The priest was the only man who dared to ask it' the Major was sure of any thing ; and , to him , the reply was , " Do you question it By my sowl , and the blood of the K . ' s , it never was doubted before ! There was that affair of the salmon ; Lord V told me , that , if any other man had told the story , he wouldn ' t believe it . I sent my friend to him , Father , and he acknowledged that he believed
every word of it . " Then , turning to me , " You may do as you like , Sir ; you are an Englishman , and know little of Irish fishing . By the powers , you'll lara what it is to be a sportsmani" " Hear the Major , says the priest , " he'll tell the story ^ " " By the eowl of me , aud I'll tell it any how . " " Tell it right , Major . " ' * Is there a man would say that to me but your own good-looking self now , Father ?" I begged to hear the story . " You must believe it , " said the priest . " And who doesn ' t ? " said the Major , gulping down his third tumbler of punch , and slamming the glass on the table . Then , turning to me— "Sir , every body knows the fact—I caught a hare and a salmon at one cast of the fly . " " Oh , Benedicite , " says the priest . " None of your
holy bother , now , t ather . I ' m after relating to the gentleman this remarkable adventure . Give me the matarials . " The needful was soon prepared ; and the Major , directing his conversation exclusively to me , proceeded to say that , while fishing in the Lee , not tar from Macroom , he saw a fine fish rise under the opposite bank . He immediately drew out his line , so as to enable him by a cast to reach the exact spot . He had previously put on two large flies , such as are commonly used for salmon in high water . He drew back the line , which would extend thirty or forty yards behind him . On endeavouring to make the cast , he found he had , as fishermen call it , " hitched behind . " At this moment the salmon rose again in tbe same spot , aad , ia his eagerness to cover
Untitled Article
SOUTH DURHAM AGITATION . Organization . —The West Auckland people have got several classes formed , the members of which pay one penny each per week to their class leader . If the men of South Church , Chapel-row , &c , will follow this example , they will render important service to their country ' s cause . The great evil of tbe past has been that a few individuals have in many districts absolutely ruined themselves to support the movement . If there has been expense incurred , a few have had to pay it—if business has been required doing of importance , a few have been crushed beneath the pressure of it , when a many might have done it lightly . If danger had to be . run in our adherence to principle , a few have always been sacrificed , when the union of all -who beliaxa ' . us right ,. wmULprobably have frowned Authority into acquiescence . To make this movement then as democratic in its workings as the principles of it are
democratic in their nature , wo must have an equitable distribution of our party ' s capabilities . No man must hold back . No man will hold back who considers bis duty , for he will only add to the difficulties of those who are brothers in feeling , in union and in action . Poverty increases , wealth accumulates still more , Government becomes more corrupt , revolution , a wild , a general , a sanguinary revolution is inevitable . No proclamation of any Monarch , no law of the Parliament , no effort of the people can prevent it In that day " every valley shall be exalted—every mountain and hill shall be brought low . " All the loose garbage of deceit will be swept away , and with the drones , the tyrant , and the willing slave there will be " weeping , and wailing , and gnashing of teeth . " Unite , not to hasten that day , but to direct ; that great event by your knowledge and power . Organize ! organize ! ! organize ! ! !
Desperate attempt at Sdicide . —In going into a public house , you not unfrequently see one Of your own class , a working man , poring over , with a sleepy and muddled krain , the trashy columns of same Whig or Tory Journal , that ia in the pay of the very tyraut 3 who enslave him and keep him poor , whilst a paper devoted to his interest—supported by hta own class , and pleading for a chain-bound people , is both unseen and unheeded by the poor dupe of tyrannous custom and political fraud . You will say , perhaps , what has this to do with a desperate attempt at suicide ? We answer , a great deal—nay , it has every thing to do with it A suicide is a self-murderer , and the man who supports a ayBtem ¦ which payB him \ ess wages than will buy him sufficient food is really destroying his own life , though
he may not have a design on his life . He is a suicide as effectually as the man who puts a razor to his throat and cuts from ear to ear . He may not lose his life so soon , but . he loses all the pleasures of life , and endures all the lingering torments of protracted misery and death . His labour is vain—his reading is useless . He seeks for pleasure in a cup of poison , error , hypocrisy , and wrong . The man whose coat is not made of broad cloth , and who fingers tbe taskmaster ' s press , is like a man who seeks all day for two grains of wheat in two bushels of chaff , which when found are not worth the search . The stamp of insanity is upon him—ignorance , the curse of man , is upon , him , and every step he takes only leads hini into danger , difficulty , and want . Such men « are to be pitied and forgiven ; they know not "
what they do . There is another class of working men who know better , and who make a desperate attempt at suici'le "—the men ¦ without either a mind , or a con science of their own . The master ' s tool in the -workshop , and the " factions" tool in the pot-house . The one reads the tyrant's press , and adopts the tyrant ' s arguments , to receive his ready smile and hia as ready promotion—and the last will read and talk treason against the PEOPLE , to eddy round the circling whirlpool « f intoxication , when the farce of an election approaches , "full of tound and fury , signifying ¦ nothing . " These t-wo classes each dethrone the divinity within them to -worship idols of clay , of silver and of gold . They are of the same breed with " Jack Ready , " -who would atrip himself to the skin , aud scamper round the village , amidst
a general cry of "turn out" ! to become thedrunken guest of a drunken rabble in a pot-house . Who ¦ will deny that the crouching slave who learns hia tyrant ' s alphabet is not stripping himself to the skin ? Yet we often see a stripped clodpole acting as if his very breath depended upon the weekly exhalations of these Whig and Tory pita of corruption . AlasJ what folly ! Working men , when will ye learn to stand erect in the image of . your God , and the majesty of your nature . When -will ye learn to clothe your own backs before you fill the pockets of your rich and gormandismgoppressorsbyswallowingtheir "liquid damnation " or their bastard panaceas ? You feed , you praise , yon defend tbe lordly dogmas and cunning blasphemies that bind your limbs and tax your industry ! Man—the -working man—is a suicide ;
" He fabricates the sword that stabs his peace . " To talk of carrying your Charter , -when to feed a base newspaper press you -would starve and degrade yourselves , is the' height 6 f madness and hypocrisy . You must support your interest—your advocates- —your papers—your ; cause , if you would have your actions designated by anything else than a desperate attempt at suicide . The . Chartist press is the upraised shield of honest poverty to ward off the barbed arrows of oppression . The Chartist press proclaims , in nature ' s eloquence , nature ' s truths in city , town , and hamlet . The Chartist press is . the rairrer on which ia reflected and made visible all the chains and vices that degrade all the
you— hopes and virtues that make' you men . What has roused in your breasts the consciousness of wrong ? What has unmasked the cursed system that devours both you , and your little ones in ita voracity ? What has unfurled a standard to the people which will make a clear pathway through the troubled , waters at despotism for a nation ' s deliverance ? The Chartist press . Drink at this fountain , then , for it is elear as crystal , and contains "the waters of eternal life . " Let na have no more " desperate attempts at suicide . " When you toast the -Freedom of the Press , give tu a proof of your sincerity by supporting a free press , or we shall set it down aa " a desperate attempt > t Buidde , "
— — ^Wtrb. ^Z~Z~
— — ^ wtrB . ^ Z ~ Z ~
≪©R%Faal €Tyme$Pt≫Ttotnte, 1 I ^
<© r % faal € tyme $ pt > ttotnte , 1 i ^
Iluevarg I&Xtv&Ctfi.
ILUevarg i&xtv&ctfi .
Untitled Article
¦ --- THB N O ^ £ | E ftN STAR ,
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), May 16, 1840, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2684/page/7/
-