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TO THE WOBKING CLASSES
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Rational itann (JTompaitD
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HcBDEBSFiEtD,—At a meeting of members, h...
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sending . sSiP8^wn^»,tp. . the /frooian ...
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AND NATIONAL TM)ES' JOURNAL ^^* TT /a ^^...
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al roLmjjjiB. imrn, samA mviJm. ¦. ¦¦ •J...
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NATIONAL FEEEHOLD BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIE...
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INDEPENDENCE OF HUNGARY. GREAT PUBLIC ME...
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xr — „. . —;—'¦;—-Rostand won, Her thirt...
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Sympathy on behalf of tho Hungarians is ...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
To The Wobking Classes
TO THE WOBKING CLASSES
Mi" FpESDSj You most not expect a very Jong letter from jne this Week , as I am full y engaged in preparing my Balance Sheet forthe Conference ; and I think , althoug h the honest Editor of the ' *¦ ' Examiner" -would draw a comparison hetween me and King Hodsos , ibat I shall stand before that Conference as ihe-Trdstee of the poor man ' s funds , in such a position as no other trustee ever occupied ; ' - and then I shall
teadi the Editor of the "Examiner" a lesson that lie will not he likel y to forget , as he may rest assured that lie Las caught a Tartar . Sni g ' s End—where the Conference is to be held—is within a mile and a half of Ih > woands , and -within ei ght or nine miles of Mathon , so that the delegates wUl have an opportunity of seeing a hundred and thirty of the hovels I have built for my dupes , and two school-houses , and they can also form a just estimate of the land and situation of Mathon . Your faithful friend , Eeargus 0 ' Coxkor .
Rational Itann (Jtompaitd
Rational itann ( JTompaitD
Hcbdebsfietd,—At A Meeting Of Members, H...
HcBDEBSFiEtD , —At a meeting of members , held on Monday last , at the Buxton-road Temperance House , it tras resolved : — " That the delegate to the Conference from this district he instructed to support the -views of the Directors , if they propose to -wind up the present Company , and to give the dissatisfied members the amount of their subscriptions hack , after deducting their share of the expenses , or to remodel the same under the Friendly Society ' s Act . " " That the levy for the delegate s expenses he paid on Saturday next , the 11 th inst . " AsHTOX-tNT > EE-LTXE . —At a numerously-attended meeting . Mr . James Taylor was appointed delegate to the Conference , after which a number of new members were enrolled in the Chartist Association .
It was resolved , — " That a meeting shall take place every Sunday evening , at six o ' clock ; " when it is hoped all good and true men will join our . holy cause , and show the world that they desire and deserve to be free . - - »' . " . »_ -- ¦ - ¦"* - . "Whtitisotox A 3 ! B Cm . —At the general meeting of this branch , Mr . X . r Bartison in . . the chair , the last proposition in "the programme was discussed . It was then moved and seconded , — " That the Company be-not wound up , and that Mr . O'Connor do remain on the Directory . " The above was carried fey a large majority . As to the means for paying off the dissatisfied , it was suggested and agreed to by
several members , to place their scrip in tnc nanus of Mr . 0 ' Connor , and they call on others to do the same . It would then become his own property , and he could sell one of the estates to pay off the dissatisfied . It was then moved and seconded by Messrs . Pickersgill and Stubbs , "That we have full confidence in Mrr O'Connor , and beg of him to ask the Conference to carry on the Company under the first rules , and then , if there is anything like a union of sentiment , we believe the Company will "O on under the principle of the ballot and re-selfin " . " The votes were taken for the candidates and the meeting adjourned .
Babxsixt . —At a general meeting of members , held at Mr . George "Uttley ' s , on Monday night last , it was resolved , — " That we entered into the Land Company on the faith we had in Mr . O'Connor , and we still hare confidencein him , and would now place the Company ' s affairs in Ms own hands , to deal with them as ho thinks proper for the space of three years ( or the time may be decided on by the Conference ); and at the expiration of the time , to commence paying ofi by quarterly instalments any member or members desirous of leaving the Land Company—the payments to he at the rate oflOs . for a four-acre , 7 s . Cd . for a three-acre , and 5 s . for a two-acre paid-up shareholder , and non-paid-up members to be paid os . in the pound ; these sums to
he paid quarterly until they have received the money paid in , with the exception of deducting their arrears of expenses : andfurthcr , that it is our opinion that all future allocation should be by ballot . " " That we give a vote of thanks to Mr . O'Connor for his persevering services in the Land Company . " Sheffield . —The adjourned meeting of the members was hold on Monday evening last , in the Democratic Temperance Hotel , 33 , Queen-street . Mr . William llolmes in the chair . After the reading of the propositions by the Chairman , it was agreed to pass over the first and second propositions ; the third proposition being read , on the motion of Mr . Jackson , seconded by Mr . Bagshaw , the annexed resolution was agreed to : — " That the Company do
not merge into the new one . " Carried . The fourth proposition was next discussed ; when it was moved by Mr . Dale , seconded by Mr . John Bodgers : — " That we agree to the proposition of our friends in "W ales , with this addition , that the payments be more equal . " Carried The fifth proposition was dispensed with in the following manner : on the motion of Mr . Wbally , seconded by Mr . Joseph Taylor : — " That the Directory consist of three persons , including 3 D-. O'Connor , with power to add if necessary . " Carried . The sixth and last proposition was next considered . It was moved by Mr . Joseph Favcss , and seconded by Mr . George
Sprintall : — " That the Company be not wound up . i wo amendments were moved : — "That it be wound up , " but could find no supporters . The orig inal resolution , "not to wind up , " being carried by an unmisiakeable majority z and the amendments only obtaining four supporters . Other resolutions of minor importance being agreed to , the meeting broke up with awarding a vote of thanks to the Chairman . It was highly gratifying to sec the untiring zeal with which the meeting manifested itself on behalf of the noble founder of the Land nan , a goodly number of them wishing that Mr . O'Connor should hare uncontrolled power in the management of the Company ' s afiairs .
Xonin Shields . —At a meeting of this branch it was agreed : — " That each member pay one penny per share per week , —paid-up members as well as those that are not paid-up . " " That the members of this branch are adverse to the Company being wound up , and that the dissatisfied members be got lid of bv paying their money hack by instalments " * ' That this branch expresses its unbounded confidence in Mr . O'Connor , and hopes that a few un-< rateful grumblers will not deter him from his slorious career for the political and social elevation of ibe people . "
Salfohd . —At an adjourned meeting of this branch it was resolved : — " That the Company ' s affairs be not wound up , and that unbounded confidence is placed in P . O'Connor , Esq ., M . P ., for his raluable services towards the working classes . " " That Mr . P . B . Pollett be the delegate sent to represent the Salford district at the Conference /' Coventry—An adjourned meeting of the members was held on Jlonday evening , at Pritehard's Temperance and Coir . mercial Hotel , Uisbop-strect , 3 ! r . IK Haines in the chair ; when it was unanimously agreed : " That in order to create a floating capita ! in addition to mortgage and sale of the estates , to re-produce the capital expended , that each member pav twopence per two-acre share , and
fourpence per four-acre share , till the whole of the members are located ; all monies above the price of shares to go to the reduction of the rent when located ; each occupant to have a lease for ninetynine years in reversion , at a fair rent , according to the amount of capital to be reproduced ; and each allottee to have the first privilege of purchase or mortgage , before it is offered in the market ; every estate to be brought into the market as soon as possible after location , in order to purchase more Land for other paid-up members . " On examining the-voting papers , Mr . Hosier was declared duly elected to the Conference . All members who have not paid the Conference levies are requested to do so immediately . Hnx , —At a special general meeting of the
members of this branch , Mr . Oliver was duly returned , as no branch in the district had any one to . offer , and Leeds not having in any way noticed the order in the Star , nor yet our application to them . All those branches thai have not yei forwarded their Conference levy , will oblige by attending to it forthwith . " " ' ¦ ,, , Haslet asD Sheltox . —At a meeting held on the 31 st ult ., Mr . Jeremiah Yates was duly elected delegate to the forthcoming Conference , and a Tote of confidence to Peargus O'Connor , Esq ., and his codirectors , was passed unanimously . ' Globe asd Friends . —At a general meeting held on Mondav evening , July 30 th , it was resolved :-" That this meeting is of op inion that tne Dest means to carry outtheobjects of the Companywould he , to fall back to the original rules of the Association " " That it would be better to leave the dissatisfied members for the Conference to deal with . brother
Acollection was made for Cuffay and his martyrs , when os . 7 d . was collected . _ Peterborough . —At a general meeting : of this branch the following resolution was adopted :-' ' That the present company be carried -on m entire confidence hi Mi-. O'Connor , without any JWgwtection whatever , and that all "" g ^ ^^ g in the Company pay at the rate of bd w morepei week until each one has paid for his allofa ^ t onehalf of the contributions to go to pay off the uissatisfied , the other half to carry on the operations or the Companv ; prioritv of payment to t hose nrat paid-up , and so on ,. until the whole of the dissatished are paid ofi ; and that priority of location be one-half by bonus , the other by ballot . l ocGHBonoccn . —At a meeting of members it was resolved ¦ : — " That the Company be not wound up . ' " That ft merge into the Xew Company , to have the nr 0 tection of law under the Uuilding Society's Act" " That arrangem ents be made to pay the dissatisfied , bv instalments , or otherwise . " "That the ballot be resumed , hut in districts , instead of a
Hcbdebsfietd,—At A Meeting Of Members, H...
general one . " "That the paid-up members pay the sum of not less than threepence per w ek the un-jjaid-upones not less than sixpeW , till padup . " "So member to be eli gible for the ballot but the paid-up member who is clear in his weekly pay-£££ ?*« . * * , Cann Illegal protection we persevere , m mutual confidence . " « That imme S ? f % n tekfin to - make the present estates held by the Company reproductive . " . " That a balance sheet of the Company , from the first , be published , showing its position to all . "
Sending . Ssip8^Wn^»,Tp. . The /Frooian ...
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And National Tm)Es' Journal ^^* Tt /A ^^...
AND NATIONAL TM ) ES' JOURNAL
Al Rolmjjjib. Imrn, Sama Mvijm. ¦. ¦¦ •J...
roLmjjjiB . imrn , samA mviJm . ¦ . ¦¦ Jr . rggSw
National Feeehold Benefit Building Socie...
NATIONAL FEEEHOLD BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETY . ( Enrolled pursuant to Act of Farliament . ) SHARES , £ 15 EACH . Entrance Fee , per Share , O . ve Suiluso . Directors . Peaegus O'Cosxob , Esq ., M . P ., Mb . T . Cube , Mr . 0 . Dotle , Mk . W . Dixon , Mb . P . M'Graih . Treasurer . Feabgus O'Coksob , Esq ., M . P . Solicitor , " WiiiiAM Pbowtiso Roberts , Esq . Trustees . Tdouas Price , Esq . William Gazelet , Esq ., Banicrs . The Kazioxaz . La * d and Labour Bask .
£ > Y- - -. « 1 U ^^^ W ^^ a ^ a-wafeyiU ^ Corresponding Secretary .. - tfriancial Secretary . Thomas Clark . . ' ¦ -: PnrarM'GRATH . The Directors , in putting forward the above institution to the notice of the working classes , -wish to explain the manner in ¦ which it is intended it shall he conducted , as well , also , as the mode of its operation , so that all who may become member ' s of it shall have a clear knowled ge of the benefits to which they will he entitled , and also the
obligations which such membershi p will impose upon them . Nothing is more necessary than that the industrious classes , hi the investment of their savings , should criticall y examine the stability of any institution in which they may he invited to deposit their means ; and , having satisfied themselves upon that head , the next matter for their scrutiny ought to be , the integrity of conduct , together with the intentions and objects , of the promoters and founders of such institution .
"With regard to the first of these points , namely , the stability of the Society , it does not admit of question , as the whole of the calculations upon which it is based , are simply a matter of arithmetic , upon the correctness of which all can satisfy themselves , and therefore , in that respect , the Societ y is out of the pale of controversy . The price of a share is lol ., which sum , at the rate of sixpence per week , is realisable in eleven years and seven months ; so that without the aid of any society , a person putting aside that sum weekl y for the period specified , would
accumulate the price of a share . The advantage of a large number of persons joining together in those weekly payment is , that through such co-operation they are enabled to reduce the time within which , by the payment of similar sums , they may each aggregate the price of a share . In order to make this clear , we will take one hundred persons , each holding two shares , and paying weekly the sum of one shilling . First , however , it is necessary to explain that , according ho the rules of the Society , members may hold as many as thirty shares each , and that the sum of 11 . 10 s . must
be paid b y each member , per share , as bonus , for the advantage of an early advancement of money . Such bonuses , together with the interest , at four per cent , upon the money advanced to those who first have shares assigned them , will be placed to the credit of those who will have shares assigned to them at a later period , and will , to the amount of such bonuses and interest , reduce the sums which , those who are last in having shares assigned them , would otherwise have to pay . The member , therefore , who is latest in having a share or shares assigned , will have the least amount to subscribe .
One hundred members , holding two shares each , and subscribing each Is . per week , will give as subscription : —First quarter of year , Gol . ; which sum will enable the Directors to assign four shares at 157 . each to two members , and leave a surplus of 51 ., which , with the sum of Gl . as bonus , at 11 . 10 s . per share , to be paid by the above two members , will leave the sum of HI . to be carried to the credit of the second quarter : — Second quarter ' s subscri p tion ... £ Go Balance from first quarter a 6 ll
£ 76 "WTiich sum will give four more shares to two additional members , leaving a surplus of 1 GI ; which sum , added to the bonus money of Gl , wall leave 221 . to be carried to the credit of the third quarter : — Third quarter ' s subscription ... £ G 5 Balance from second quarter ... £ 22
£ 87 Which sum will g ive four more shares , leaving a surplus of 271 ., which amount , added to the third payment of bonus— -Gl . more , will give a surplus of 33 ? ., cnabliugthe Directors in the third quarter to assign six shares , and satisfy the claims of three more members ; leaving at the same time a surplus of 31 . to be carried to the credit of the fourth quarter , when the subscription surplus of the third quarter , and bonuses received , will provide for the claims of two more members , and leave a surplus t >! 81 . to be carried to the credit of the first quarter in the second year , together with the interest at four per cent , upon the money advanced on assigned shares .
Thus in the first year of the existence of the Society , supposing it to consist of only one hundred members , nine of them will be put into possession of then * properties , and' the title deeds of which properties , in fee simple , will be handed to them at the termination of the society , or sooner should the members holding them—by exceeding in then' periodical payments the amount stipulated for in the rules of the Society—pay the price of their redemption . "With the aid of bonuses , interest upon money advanced , and subscriptions , the Society will terminate in ten years ; and supposing it to consist of 10 , 000 members , they will be put into possession of their properties upon an average of 1 , 000 annually .
The mariner in which the shares will be assigned is by ballot ; and all persons joining forthwith will be eligible for the ballot on the payment of one year ' s subscription in advance , upon such shares as they may think fit to take . Thus a person taking two shares , and wishing to qualify for the ballot , may do so upon the payment of these sums : —rules Gd . ; annual expenses , at Is . per share , 2 s . ; one year ' s subscription upon two shares , at sixpence per share , 2 / . 12 s / 0 d . Total , 21 . Us . Gd . For four shares , to qualif y for the ballot , the payment will be 57 . 4 s . 6 d . Six shares , % 18 s . Gd . Eight shares , 107 , 8 s . Gd . ; and so on , in proportion to the number of shares held .
Those persons who shall be successful in the ballot , will have the amount of their respective shares—less the bonus , which will be deducted made over to them , and when the money is vested in property such property shall he
National Feeehold Benefit Building Socie...
mortgaged to the trustees for " the ; -, money advanced by the Societ y ; and when red ^ fjmed b y the members , the title deeds will be , presented to them by the Trustees , and their payments and other connexion with the Society will cease . . ¦
MATHON ESTATE . Persons anxious to become possessed of part of the Mathon property , and not haying the means of paying the whole of the money in one payment , may realise their wishes by inu ; mediatel y qualifying for the Ballot fijrjw many shares as they may require to id £ e in the Society . According to the rules * tbjfio persons who shall be first successful hp'the Ballot , if not wanting the money advanced , may sell to any other person . the right to such advance . •• ' . *¦
-With regard to the intentions of the Directors , m estabushing this Societ y , theyiwill allow their past exertions in the cause of Labour to answer those who may deem it requisite to make any inquiries upon that subject ; and , in conclusion , they have only tofelicitate the country that the Society is duly enrolled according to the provisions of the 6 th and 7 th "William IV ., cap . 32 j and hence , ' . allcarping upon its legality is anticipated and provided = a $ aiin ^&^^« fe « wa ^^ Thomas Clark , 06 r . Sec . ' August 2 nd , 1849 .
Independence Of Hungary. Great Public Me...
INDEPENDENCE OF HUNGARY . GREAT PUBLIC MEETING . On Monday evening last , a meeting of the inhabitants of theborough of Marylcbonc . was held in Capt . Hall's Riding School , Albany-street , Regent's-park , for the purpose of sympathising with the Hungarians in the struggle they are at present engaged in , for the maintenance of their independence . Lonir before the hour of meeting , the doors were besieged by parties anxious to gain admission , and on the doors being opened , the building was speedily crowded to overflowing . The platform was tastefully decorated with various emblems of Hungarian nationality . At the back of tho chair was suspended the Hungarian national flag , supported by the British colours , while over it was the Phcenix rising from her ashes , representing Hungary rising to independence and glory . In front ot the platform was displayed the Hungarian national arms . These
have the cross on the orb slanting , and considerably bent , which is explained by the following historical fact . "When Charles , who usurped the crown of Hungary , was being crowned , at the moment of putting it on it fell from his head to the ground . The assembled nobles , instead of assisting him to recover it , kicked 16 from one to tho ottwv , and when at length it was taken up it was found to be much bruised , the cross and orb bent , and in remembrance of which it has been carefully preserved in that state . On either side of the national arms there was inscribed " Kossuth and Independence , " " Bathyany and Freedom , " ' * Dembinski and Victory , " "Bern the Invincible , " " Goorgey the Brave , " " Perczel and Glory , " while the two Austrian and Russian chiefs , " Jcllaehich and Paskewieh , had their names reversed and marked with
crosses . Amongst the gentlemen on the platform we observed the following : —Lord Nugent , M . P ., Mr . Hume , M . P ., Sir De Lacy Evans , ALP ., John Abel Smith , Esq ., M . P ., Monckton Milnes , Esq ., M . P ., Colonel Thompson , M . P ., M . « . O'Council , Esq ., M . P ., John Williams , Esq ., M . P ., W . Scholoficld , Esq ., M . P ., J . Wyld , Esq ,, M . P ., F . Mowatt , Esq ., M . P ., J . A . Nicholay , Esq ., John Robertson , Esq ., < fce . & e . Lord Dudley Stuart entered the meeting at halfpast five o ' clock , and on the motion of Mr . Nicholat , was voted to the chair , amid enthusiastic cheering . On the cheering subsiding , The Noble Chairman said he thanked them for the encouraging and flattering reception they had
given him , " and ho could assure the meeting that it afforded , him much gratification , to meet them on that occasion . —( Cheers . ) It was delightful to-him to be called on to preside over a meeting of the men of Marylcbonc — ( cheers ) — assembled together to express their attachment to liberty , and their sympathy with the oppressed —( hear , hear , )—with the oppressed who were nobly defending themselves against their oppressors . He had no doubt that the people of this great and enlightened country would speak out in this cause fioni one end of it to the other . ( Cheers . ) Last week the city of London proclaimed its unanimous feeling in respect to the question , and immediately afterwards the people of this important borough had followed , and would not be outdone . ( Cheers . ) And proud he waste
see such an assembly , the account of which would go forth all over Europe , and all over the world . ( Cheers . ) They were met to declare that they could not bear to see one nation interfering with the concerns of another nation : still less could they stand silently , and see a man with a crown on his head pretending to decide what institutions a freo people ought to live under , and what form of government they ought to adopt . They abjured all foreign interference , and they felt that men had a right to govern themselves , even should they ebooso a bad form of government . And , in that respect they felt sympathy with the Hungarians . But farther than that , the people of England felt sympathy with the Hungarians , not only because they were fighting for independence , but because they were standing
up for their right to establish their own form of government . Because they were fi ghting for rights transmitted them from father to son during many centuries — for those natural rights which all men have , and which in the case of the Hungarians were also legal rights . The constitution of Hungary was always a free constitution . It consisted of King , Peers —( hisses ) —and Commons , elected by the people , and it liad been found , in times gone by , to work better than any other constitution in Europe ; and in times present the Hungarians , like themselves , had felt that reforms in that constitution were necessary , and they accordingly carried them out . ( Cheers . ) They had felt that the suffrage required extension , that personal rights ought to be increased . They
had " , therefore , passed those reforms , and under the gu idance of the great and illustrious Kossuth—( loud cheers and waving of hats)—had established the freedom of the press , done away with all exclusive privileges , and brought on a more complete system of relig ious liberty than existed in any part of Europe . lie thought , therefore , that the man who had established such reforms as these deserved , and he had do doubt would ever receive , the sympathy of Englishmen , and that meeting had been called for the purpose of giving expression to that sympathy . He might state that he had that day received several letters from gentlemen who had been prevented from attending the present meeting , but who deeply sympathised in its objects . One of those letters was from his hori . colleague Siv
Benjamin Hall —( cheers)—who was only prevented from " being present by being , as he was sorry to say , stretched upon a bed of sickness , but who , in-order to satisfy them ot his sympathy in the cause they were met to advocate , had sent a donation of ten pounds —( loud cheers )—in aid of the fund now being established to carry out Hungarian independence . ( Cheers . ) He had also a letter from two other gentlemen , enclosing £ 5 each . Another from a lady , enclosing £ 5 , —( loud cheers)—who desired it should be inserted in the subscription list as " from an Englishwoman . " Another , from a gentleman who delighted in doing good , but who blushed to have it known , enclosing the magnificent donation of £ 300 . ( Loud cheers . ) He had got another subscription from Jonas Murray of , £ 10 ; and another from Francis Goldsmith of £ 5 . ( Cheers . ) Was it not enough to make their blood boil , that the perfidious Austrians should be allowed to send forth their
infernal legions to put down so noble a people ? ( Cheers , and cries of " Yes , yes . " ) Let the meeting but consider the mode in which the war was carried on , and as instance of the spirit displayed by the oppressors of the Hungarians , he would read an oxtract from an official bulletin of the Austrian General Haynau , which appeared in the Times newspaper—( Groans and hisses )—of that morning . Addressing the inhabitants of the Hungarian town of Pesth , that General says , in his pro clamation to the people— "Doomed to death are all who take part with the . Hungarians , of whatever age or sex . ^ - ( ' Gloans and hisses ; - and cries of " Down with the tyrant . " ) Tho Austrian tyrant did not stop there , lie went on to say—" Doomed to death are all , of whatever age or sex who mig ht circulate any false intelligence on behalf of the rebels . " ( Loud expr essions of disgust . ) Now . hc did not think it was possible to conceive anything more base and brutal than the spirit borne ' in that proclamation ; but ho was glad to think that such threatenings were likely
Independence Of Hungary. Great Public Me...
t ° i t * J ) , lt lifc ^ effect > for the gallant Hungarians had . hitheWo beaten this tyrant Hawau and all the 2 i ¥ i n , ian gener » ls that had as vet taken the held . ( Cheers . ) Even now that the Russians had been called in jfc had only been to be beaten . ( Cheers , ) The gallant ; Bern —( loud and continued cneenng ) -from the first day that lie met with the Russians , did not fail to remember tho mode in which he . was wont to treat them when he was lighting for-the liberties of Poland , and adopting that mode of treatment when he met the Russian hordes on the plains of Hungarv , he had beaten and dispersed them . ( Cheers . ) He had ' driven them ^ u . W ™ !? ' 6 tha " ° n > « nd he had no OOUbt thatBem and Dembinski . and finnrefnv nnd
« 3 hffiir ?™ generals would succeea in tho end . in dnvlnghoth Russians and Austmns back in disgrace to .: their own country . - ( Loud cheering , ) Letthem assist those gallant fefa by causing their , own ^ oternmont to recognise " their independence . ( Cheers . ) Let them stromjlv appeal to the goyernmenfe . ( Hear , hear . ) Let t ' hem tell Lord PalmerstonJSat ho could do nothing more agreeable to the feelings and the wishes of the people of this country , thM giVe at least ail the moral support wmen tne government could give to the people of Hungary . t ;( Cheers : ) Thd noble Lord concluded by strongly . impressing . upon the meeting the propriety of keepmg io | d er , and resumed his seat amid enthusiastiacneors . , """ . " - '" . " ' -Mr : 'Hn ^* foh ' presented himself to move the
first . resojujt » nv ; and- was received with much applause . rig ^ sjid ' he had attended here that "day to expressi l ^ MnJ & ation of the gallant conduct of the pupf & gifiipwfti he ^ ws glad ^ i ^ see ^ so ^ njanirausji meetjpg . assembted inMeii" ^^ 'fieh ! dr ^@^ S ^^^ otfctfr oceasiohs , when nations broke asunder the bonds that bowed them down , he had seen equally numerous assemblages in- that parish to congratulate them , on the event . At the distance they were from Hungary they could do little more than express their sympathy for those Hungarians who were struggling for their rights , against such odds ; yet , from the accounts ihey received from day to day of
the head they were making against those odds , and when they were also told , that almost every male in Hungary was in arms against the oppressors of that country , he thought thovo was ground for hope that Hungary would maintain her ground . lie trusted that the people of this country would do their utmost to aid the Hungarians , and would conclude by moving , " That this meeting regard with sincere admiration , respect , and sympathy the noble determination of the Hungarian nation to maintain intact their just rights , and the constitutional independence they have inherited from their fathers , against the tyrannical encroachments of Austrian despotism . " ( Cheers . )
Ml * . John Casseix seconded the resolution . He trusted that a war _ so unjust would call forth the unanimous expression of the people of England , and that , so far as their moral influence could go , they would exert it in favour of the Hungarians . Rapine , murder , fire , and slaughter characterised the onward march of the Russian and Austrian forces . But , thank God , it was not a victorious march , for the gallant Bern , Dembinski , and Gcorgcy had given them a severe check . ( Cheers . ) It was impossible for those barbarians to put down the people of Hungary . ( Cheers . ) Hungary was fighting for its just rights , in regard to which Austria had no more right to interfere with her than had this country a right to interfere . with the rights of the people of
Hanover . The whole quarrel had arisen from appointing Jellachich , who was a colonel in the Italian army , Ban of Croatia , which could not have been legally done without the consent of the Hungarian government , but which had been persisted in by the Austrian government , notwithstanding its illegality . Such was the state of things when Eadetski was successful , and the Austrian court threw off the disguise . The Austrian troops united with the rebels , but Jellachich got a good dressing , and the Hungarians took ten thousand prisoners . So far as the question between Hungary and Austria was concerned , the matter was settled , but the Russians then stepped in , and the Hungarians declared for independence . Was she not right in doing so , and
was it not their duty to assist her in her noble effort ? Mr . Cassell concluded by recommending the adoption ' of petitions in every district of the country , calling on the government to recognise the independence of Hungary . ( Cheers . ) . Mr . Mosckios Milsbs said what they wanted was the assurance of sympathy with the gallant cause , andtjtie more they differed on other subjects the more valuable was their opinion in agreeing on this . ( Hear , hear . ) He certainly should not be present that evening if they had met to interfere iu the internal , affairs of any other state of Europe . He believed that non-intervention was the right English principle , and if that principle had been more rigidly adhered to it would have saved
themselves considerable difficulty and trouble . If the contest had remained between Hungary and Austria it would bo a civil war , not unlike to civil wars which they had before witnessed ; r . nd though no doubt their sympathy . would bo expressed on the side of constitutional n-eedoniryet the ^^ hojuhj ^^ L in his humble judgment , be justified in a ^ me WSp ^ the kind they then hold . All tho misfortunes of the existing state of things had arisen from interference . France had interfered with Rome . ( Groans . ) Why had not the Romans been allowed to settle their own affairs . ( Hear , hear ) Let them suppose a civil war between England and Ireland , and that the
English government called on 200 , 000 troops to crush the Irish people , what would they think of such aproceeding ? ( A voice— "They did so before . " ) He protested against the Russian invasion of Hungary . He had no objection to urge against the Russians , or any other state , so long as they remained at home , but when Austria brought to her aid 200 , 000 foreign troops , to put down freedom in Hungary , all the balance of power was destroyed , and the people of the western world , who asserted constitutional liberty , would not stand by in peace and see a great and gallant people destroyed by the mere brute force of a foreign nation . ( Hear . ) The resolution was carried amid great applause .
Sir De Lac Evans came forward to move the next resolution , but he was received withapeifeet storm of hisses and groans , intermingled . with partial applause , which lasted several minutes . In the midst of the tumult he proceeded to state that he would not detain the meeting more than a few minutes . ( Hisses . ) The cause he had come to advocate was one to which he had already given his practical support . ( Hisses , cheers , and great interruption . ) The noble Chairman entreated for Sir De Lacy Evans a patient and respectful hearing . The credit of the meeting was at stake , and he did trust that
they would not , by their unwise and ungenerous conduct , leave it in the power of their enemies to state , that disunion and division had characterised their proceedings . ( Cheers . ) SirDE Lacy Evans proceeded to observe , that nothing could be further from his intention than to say anything which could in the slightest degree offend or cause annoyance . ( Hisses , and renewed uproar . ) A Voice . —You are no friend to the people . Another Voice . —Why don't you befriend your own countrymen before you advocate the cause of others ? '
Div Rogers , rose to order , and endeavoured to address the meeting , but the tumult continuing , he was obliged to resume his seat , without conveying his . sentiments to those whose irritation he sought to appease . The noble Chairman again interposed . He called on the meeting to support the chair . If they did not , there should be an end to tho meeting , and the enemies of Hungary would have achieved a triumph indeed . ( Hear , hear . ) Sir De Lacv Evaxs again came forward , and was received with hisses and partial applause . He was understood to state that tliough his conduct might not have given that satisfaction he could have wished , yet the subject they had assembled to promote was one ho had some claim to address them on , for it was a subject in which he had the honour of shedding his blood . ( Cheers and laughter . ) Moral means were those they adopted now of supporting the cause of liberty abroad . By g iving
support to tne loreign policy of Lord Palmcrston , they might contributc to the emancipation of other countries besides that more immediately the object of their sympath y . As a proof of the good effects resulting from British intervention in tho affairs of foreign countries , he adverted to the Spanish cause , commenting on the freedom of debate enjoyed in the Legislative Assembl y . of Spain , drawing attention to the fact of the Cortes having just been prorogued , and to their last act previously to prorogation being one of a Free Trade character . They had a freer press in Madrid than in any Other country . . He fel t proud that he had been in some degree mstrumental in bringing this happy state of things about , and the result ought to teach them that they should not despair of rendering assistance to other , countries . Sir De Lacy Evans concluded by _ moving- a resolution , to the effect , that this meeting views with horror and detestation the war now raging hi Hungary , and the barbarous mode in which it was prosecuted by the Austrian
Independence Of Hungary. Great Public Me...
authorities and Generals , and that thev considered their conduct to merit the indignant reprobation of all civilised . nations . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Headlam , SI . P . for Xewcastlc-upon-T ync , seconded the resolution , and in doing so took occasion to remark that the enthusiasm and excitement which he witnessed that evening with pleasure , were not confined within the walls of the spacious building in which they had assembled , but wont lorth from the centre of the kingdom and prevailed through the hearts of the people in the country generally . He hoped that before long meetings of a character similar to the present would be held in every district of England , and ho confessed ho was not a little proud that the first meeting on the subject had taken place in the town which lie had the honour to represent . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was put and carried amid considerable enthusiasm .
Colonel Thompson , M . P ., moved the . next resolution . He spoke applaudingly of the gallant efforts made by tho Hungarians to resist the aggression of tyrants , and expressed his gratification at . finding these exertions so deeply sympathised in by the people of Great Britain . It well became them to cheer on the gallant men of Hungary in their struggle for liberty . He knew there were some scandalous reports abroad as to the lukewarmness of Englishmen in foreign politics . These reports might ; to some extend have been true : of . the old ; generation ; but who-were old there . w ^ A-n ot st upij ^_ ( laughter)—and the young ' were mifcei alive to these questions . ( Cheers . ) ' xhcjr . ^ cjp : ? al | ' that night , young and old , ajva ' re of the faCT ^ tJlaOh ^ interest ^^^^^ M ^^ l ^&^ mWM ^ consTu ^ oWTnlK ^ oW ^
( Applause . ) He did not propose that they should march into Russians Napoleon-did .- If any one proposed that , he-should have a council of war called to decide upon his sanity . ( A laugh . ) He neither advised sending an army to Russia , nor did he expect that the despot would come hero . ( Laughter . ) If he did so he would speedily be bundled back again . They had a government which was well disposed , though fro admitted they were rather a slow train . ( A Voice , "Especially Lord J . ltusscll . " ) What was required , wasthat they should bo pushed on hy the Marylcbonc engine ; and if that did not suffice , they must add all tho other metropolitan engines or boroughs . ( Cheers . ) _ One argument of great importance had been used in favour of maintaining Austria as a great and powerful empire . It
was , that it might serve as a barrier against Russia . But now , when Russia was leagued with Austria , for tho suppression of free institutions , and there was therefore no defence to be expected there , he would ask , would not Hungary do for a barrier as well ? ( Hear , hear . ) He thought they would be asking themselves whether the interests of England would not be better served by Hungary being tho . barrier than despotic Austria . ( Cheers . ) He considered that all the great considerations of justice , policy , and humanity , demanded an earnest an unmistak ' eable expression of sympathy for Hungary , and lie trusted that in Marylcbonc , wlicro the struggles for freedom had been so frequent , those before him , now and hereafter , would show the blood they boasted of really beat in their veins . ( Cheers . )
Mr . Hetiieuingto . v seconded the resolution . Ho did so with great pleasure , because he belonged to a class distinct from the gentlemen who had previously addressed them . He was one of the workics . ( Cheers . ) It was their duty to aid with their support every people who were struggling for freedom . He found a peculiar reason , however , for supporting the Hungarians , because the aristocracy of that country had shown a de ' sivo to lift up the woriOng classes , and had thereby set an example to the aristocracy of this and other countries . ( Hear , hear . ) They had not only given religious freedom , and almost a Charter suffrage , but had also given 500 , 000 peasants freedom , and from thirty to sixty acres each . ( Cheers . ) Why , it was no wonder they fought for an aristocracy which treated them in that
way . ( Cheers . ) The gallant Colonel had said this was the freest country in tho world ; he admitted that we could more freely express our opinions on any public question , but what they complained of was , that they could not support their opinions practically by being denied the power of voting . ( Great applause and "question . " ) That was thequcstion , for he would not support any contest , either in this or in any other country , the object of which was not to lift up the humbler classes , to give them freedom , and to improve the condition of the whole people . Belieying . that was the case in Hungary , ho was of opinion that the working classes in this
country should support them . ( Cheers . ) The brave Kossuth had neither deluded the Hungarians with false hopes , nor concealed the magnitude of the danger and the evils they had to encounter , because ho know he did not speak to cowards , and that the greater the cause the more strenuous and determined would be their exertions . In that spirit tho brave Hungarians were now fighting their battles . They ought to support them to the utmost , and at the same time not forget to unite their own . . energies fer ^ i ^ S ^ S Suring of greater - freedom thems $ |? ej & iiliilife ^ . ' - Vm ^ re ^ B ^ P ^^^ t ^ iedi mgids ^ loud cheemm Mr . JTm ^^^^^^ ms ^ ss ^ ||||
mediate recosmtwn ^ va ^ JWs 8 SB ^ BB ^^ B ^ 6 Hungary by this country , is ho lessoenlanaeffniy considerations of justice and policy and the commercial interests of the two states , than with the view of putting a stop to the effusion of human blood , and of terminating the fearful atrocities which mark tho progress of the Russian army . The lion , gentleman briefly supported the resolution in a speech in which he reviewed the leading commercial and political aspects of the question . Mr . J . Wyld , M . P ., seconded the resolution . The preceding speakers had talked much of intervention . What was meant by intervention ? It was all very well to use that word at- public meetings as a sort ; of bugbear , but they would all recollect that the government had in times past frequently intervened in
foreign affairs without in any way whatever asking for their opinion . ( Hear , hear . ) They had interfered in Sicily and other places , why not hero ? ( Cheers . ) A few words were feeble against hordes of Cossacks and Muscovites , but a few ships of war , w hich we had to keep up doing nothing , if sent to the Baltic and to pay their respects to Cronstadt , would speedily cause the Russian Emperor to withdraw his troops from Hungary . ( Cheers . ) It must be recollected that Russia mainly depended on us for supplies . The resolution referred to the commercial interests at stake iu this contest . Ever since the Russians had gained additional territory on the Black Sea , our commerce had been declining . Hungary in 1830 was willing to grant a free-trade treaty to us , but tho policy of Austria and Russia
had prevented her , though if tho independence of the country was gained , there were eminent statesmen in Hungary prepared to . adopt a free-trade policy . ( Cheers . ) If so , it would open up markets for fifteen or sixteen millions of our manufactures annually . We had , therefore , more than a mere political interest in this question . ( Cheers . ) It was said that our navy was sustained to protect and extend our commerce ; if so , let them , blockade the Russian ports , enable Hungary to achieve its independence , when a trade equal to , that we now had with the United States would heoponed to us . He was happy to add that ' Englaifd and the United States were countries in which generous and hearty sympathy with Hungary was expressed . In the towns of the States the same enthusiasm was
exhibited as by . that meeting . The hon „ member retired amid loud cheers , atter cordially seconding the resolution , which was carried amidst prolonged applause . . -. . Julian Harney , who had been repeatedly called for by the meeting , and who on coining forward was received with prolonged applause , moved the next resolution , to the ettcchthat petitions founded on the preceding resolutions be adopted and presented to Parliament . He said , most heartily he thanked the hon . gentleman ( Mr . Wyld ) who had preceded him , for his admirable speed ) . ( Cheers . ) The course he ( Mr . Harney ) had pursued at tho London Tavern , ne would again pursue . He would not divide the meeting , or put himself in opposition to the committee by proposing any amendment , but lie must urge upon the noble chairman , and the other parliamentary and influential friends of Hungary , to take a bolder course at future meetings .
( Applause . ) After the splendid demonstrations of public feeding which had been already exhibited in the metropolis , it must be evident that tho Britis h people desired that the independence of Hung ary should be secured at any cost . ( Prolonged applause . ) He therefore implored of the noble chairman and his friends to take more vigorous and determined steps in future . ( Renewed cheering . ) Colonel Thompson , in his generally excellent speech had observed , that any one . who proposed to march into the interior of Russia , should have his sanity inquired into by a council of war . Now he ( Mr . Harney ) was not about to propose to the meeting to march British soldiers into the interior ox Russia , but he would remind them that when the liberties of new-born Greece were in jeopardy , England interfered in behalf of that country—not by sending an army into the interior of Turkey , but by
Independence Of Hungary. Great Public Me...
sending . sSiP 8 ^ wn ^» , tp . . the / frooian Seas —( loud cheers Hand tBebattJc of > avarino sealed ' the doom of Turkish despotism . ( Great cheering . ) He . , therefore , agreed with Mr . W yld in saying sener ships of war , to follow up words by deeds . " ' ( Immense applause . ) A British fleet on the way "to Trieste , might strike a blow for another noble Btate ^ -tho Republic of Venice . ( Renewed cheering . ) Byron had said of that glorious city — ' ? *™ i ; " ? Spsll ^ c « eers ) - ^ and tl ^ atllc of > T avarino sejiled the doom ? u T , ' l ? , sn despotism . ( Great cheering . ) He , therefore , agreed with Mr . W yld in saying wnXt 81 "P s of *?»•» to follow up words by deeds . " ( Im- menso applause . ) A British fleet on the way "to Trieste , might strike a blow for another noble
Xr — „. . —;—'¦;—-Rostand Won, Her Thirt...
xr „ . . —;— ' ¦;— -Rostand won , Her thirteen hundred years of freedom done . " Sinks , like a sea-weed , into whence g he vose . " " But if she had been sunken b y perfidy and tyrannv , she had risen again , and for more than eighteen months past had maintained her independence , in spite of the armies and the fleets of Austria . ( Loud cheers , ) It was disgraceful to Britannia—who styled herself sovereign of the seas , to have allowed her elder sister so long to bear the- . brunt ! . of an unequal struggle . He most uhcqu'ivdc ^| I ^ and heartily adopted the principle so well laid'dbwn ' . in Count Tcleki's manifesto , that all nations were
interested In , and responsible for their mutual wellbeing . That was only another mode of putting the golden rule— " To do unto others as wo would wish to be done unto . " That rule held goodfoi nations as well as individuals . There was but one rule of right for men in the aggregate , as for men m their individual capacity ; and , therefore , when they saw a nation assailed by robbers and murderers , as was . the case with Hungary , it-was as much a duty to go' to the assistance gf that nation as it would be to fly to the assistanee ^ a , brother man or a sister woman assailed by robbers- ' and murderers in private life . ( Cheers . ) Hejluul ; heard-a a great deal of praise lavished on Lord Palmcrston , but ho ( Mr Harney ) must say that ncilheisthc Spaniards , the Portuguese , the Sardinians , the Sicilians , the Romans , nor any other people had been
W any the better for Lord Palmerston ' s' friendship . ( Cheers . ) He would approve of Lord Palmerston ' s interference in tho affairs of Hungary . ohl y ^ bn ' the ground , of a formatrecognition of thai country ' sxo . r dependence . - ( Hear , hear . ) There was .. ;«> - ,. rumour supplied from-Paris that the French ani English governments , seeing the Hungarians were likely , ^ beat both Russians and Austrians , were ab out tp attempt'to patch up a compromise . But he said no compromise ! ( Great cheering . ) He said hd alliance with Prance ! ( Cheers . ) He had always advocated the fraternity of the French and English people ; .-but he protested against any oonnexion . foir any purpose , with the false , traitorous , blood-stained . ; mernmeht : obfi < JFianco . ( Great ; cheering . ) , ; The ; j ^ u ; b | % ^ th ' at ^ trorernmentr' ^ ana ' -when lEngland drew the
swbfd against robbers and murderers shc ' lhust / notake an assassin for her ally . ' ( Immense applause . ) England was strong enough of herself to defy ail the " despots , if she would but pursue the ^ path of duty , England might now assume the proud position of the saviour of the nations ! ( Hoar , hoar . ) let her advance for Hungary , and the Swedes , who had not yet lost that native lire which inspired them when led by Charles the Twelfth , would march to recover Finland , and the gates of St . Potorsburgh were not far from the ancient Swedish frontier . ( Loud cheers . ) The Turks would hasten to attack their ever encroaching enemy ; and the unconqucrcd , unconquerable Circassians would from their
mountain fortresses thunder down upon their deadly and implacable foe . ( Great cheering . ) Last , •• not least , the Polos would rise again . Poland was not dead , not even sleeping ; her sons were in the ranks of the Hungarian army , and the fame of the Polish generals resounded through tho world . ( Renewed cheering . ) He hoped that when the Russians were driven back again over the Carpathians that Bom and Dembinski would follow them to Cracow , and to Warsaw , and there re-establish the nationality of Poland—not the Poland of a privileged clnss , but Poland of the Poles—the Poland of equal ri ghts and equal laws . ( Croat cheering . ) Mr . Harney then said : — " I will test you as to the policy I have recommended . All you who bemanb op the oovfin . v-
MKNT OP THIS COUN'Tur TO OO TO WAR WITH AUSTRIA AND RUSSIA IX DEFKXCE OP THE INOEPEXnENCE op Hunoahy , hold ur your HASDs . '' To this appeal THE
MEETING RESPONDED WITH ALMOST FRANTIC ENTHUSIASM . A FOREST OF HANDS WAS UPRAISED , ACCOMPANIED BY TU 1 ? . MOST TREMENDOUS CHEERING AND WAVING OP HATS . When silence was at length restored the speaker called on those of a contrary ojiinion to give expression to such ; but not one hand ivus lifted ! Mr . Harney then said : — " I am satisfied . ' Hurrah roit Huso art ! " ( Enthusiastic and prolonged applause ) . Mr . Heal seconded tho resolution . The Hungarians were contending for nothing but what they were entitled to . It was not until the late Emperor of Austria had violated his pledge , that the Hungarians took up arms , and the Emperor of Austria mh'ht with as much justice send his armies to attack
the people of this country as ho did to attack the people of Hungary . Rut it was said there was a number of foreigners in -the Hungarian ranks—that tiicre was a number of Polos , and therefore to aid the Hungarians was a dangerous experiment . But the eausu of Hungary was the cause of Poland , for it was because the Emperor of Russia had been allowed for a time to tyrannise over the Poles , that he thought he was at liberty to contend against every country where the Poles found a home . Restore to tfie Poles their just rights , and then no country in the world would be troubled with them . But the cause of Hungary was not only the cause of Poland it was the cause of every ( civilised nation on the face of the earth . ( Cheers . ) The true policy of this country was , that wherever they saw a nation
mm struggling for freedom , that nation was their friend ; and wherever they saw a nation oppressed , that oppressor was the enemy of this country . He therefore concluded by praying for the success of tho Hungarians , and destruction of their oppressors . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was then put from tho chair , and jjfeaiiimously agreed to . r . Niuiiolay next proposed that an address be Pmsonted to the Hungarian nation , expressive of gjj j ^ g dmiration oi' their gallant conduct in assert-B ^ jfui eir rights , and their sanguine hope of their ultimate success . ( Loud cheers . ) ' He was sure the " noble lord in the chair would feel proud in presenting riuch address to the two Hungarian nobles at present in this country , as representing the people
of Hungary , and he had much pleasure in moving it . Mr . ilom . NSON seconded the motion . Ho had been reading three Russian documents , which few gen . " tlemen could have an opportunity of perusing , and they fully explained tho reason why Russia had allied with Austria against Hungary . The Czar Peter , it seemed , had left a will addressed to all his successors , iu which he declared tho Russian people were fore-ordained by Heaven for the conquest of Europe . ( Hear , and " Oh , oil . " ) It was an historical fact . Another document , . vhich was also an historical fact , embodied the view of policy adopted by ' the Russian Emperor , and had fallen into the hands of Count Zeleki . In tho year 18-18 tho idea of the Czar Peter was the idea of the 'Czar . Nicholas . It was in furtherance of that idea ho had issued his
memorable proclamation before entering into their country , lie appealed to tho God of Rattles , and declared fcliat Russia would fulfil her mission ; Tho Czar of Russia commenced -with Hungary , lie would not have done so if he had not succeeded in . placing his creature in the Presidency of the French ' Republic . ( Hear , hear . ) Did any gentleman deny that the policy of the French government , since the accession to power of Louis ' . Napoleon , had been a Cossack policy ? Let them look to Rome . A Republican General was seen there , taking up the sceptre of the Pope from a pool of Republican blood , and oilcring it to the acceptance- of his Holiness . There could he no doubt whatever that . Hungary now stood in tho broach for us .. It was their own ; hearths , their rights , and their liberties , ri g hts nearest and dearest , holiest and brightest , that they were defending that ni ght in the name of Hungary , ( Great cheering , ) .-The resolution was then put and ( Carried .
Mr . Hoggins then moved a vote , of thanks to the iibernl press for their excrtions-in this cause , and their noble advocacy of Hungarian independence . In the course of the speech by which this resolution was supported , Mr . Hoggins expressed : a . wish that the Foreign Enlistment Act did not exist , " in order that he might have taken up a drum and boaton u . p for recruits for Hungary . Mr . Waddy ( of the Middle Temple ) seconded the resolution , which was unanimously adopted ; as was a vote-of thanks to the noble chairman amidst continued plaudits , which was appropriately acknowledged by his lordship , and tho . immense assembly then broke up , the meeting having lasted nearly fire hours . The interest of the' proceedings continued unabated to the close ; and when we reached tho street we found nearly as large an assembly out of doors , unable to gain admittance , as were within the spacious building .
Sympathy On Behalf Of Tho Hungarians Is ...
Sympathy on behalf of tho Hungarians is rapidly extending , or rather showing itself , throughout the country . A public niootinw , on , the plan of the London meetings , was held last week at . Birmingham . At Manchester an influential requisition to tlit ; Mayor to call a town ' s meeting has been got up and signed . At Leicester , Leeds , irudtlersfich ] , and oilier important towns , meetings are to be or have been held this week . At _ Edinburgh preparations are being made with the same object ; and a ' subscription has been commenced on behalf of the Hungarian refugees at Folkestone .
Execution or Ward the Murdtreu . —On Friday Joliti IV . trd iras executed at Lincoln Castle He wa ' tried at theassizeson the 17 th inst ., andfoundguihv ot tnc wilful inxnler of his mother . On MohdaV ! si ? t ue confessed that ho shot his mother intentionall .-. ,-ind gave as his reason . her interference with him about b \ mn Bogg , tho servant : An immense crowd had gathered in the streets to view the execution ; and jokes and oaths , - mixed with obscene language , were plentiful . :: ' .
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 4, 1849, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_04081849/page/1/
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