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FO 8 UBRENDERI Let the faHhlea and daunted , whsm few has dismay ed , € Bve np &e pursuit of a glorious cause ; Xet the base-hearted traitor uffll practise bis trade Of twisting , and twining , and catching at straws ; Let the foolish still follow the hollow pretence , And the well-fed Beformer for ' cheap bread' still bawl ; " $ 9 e will cling to the standard of stern common sense , And oux watchword , " . political ireedom to alL " We never wffi barter one tithe of onr Charter ; We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force ; And our ship "No Surrender ! ' ( mayHeaven ' defend her . ' ) . ghalLljear w » tTTmnTVri « .-nH y on in OUT COOTS © . B » banner of freedom flss bravely abovena ; On the ocean of public opirion -we nil : The hypocrites bate , bst the honeat hearts lore us ; And Liberty 'whistles aloud in the gale . God speed dee , our leader , undaunted O'Connor 2 Our vessel rides nobly with thee at her helm ; "Cabonght friend of freedom , -while thou art upon her , Corruption ' s foal wares they can never o ' erwhelm . We nerer-will barter one tithe of our Citarter ; . We fear neither fraud , false advisers , nor force : And our ebip , "Ho Surrender l" ( say Heaven defend - her !) SjaD Y *<* r as triumphantly on ia onr course .
The Tories * strong « bini , they may 2 usasi and gnevs ni ; Bui , like true BnSz _ ta » , we "Will weather the storm : She poatical Whigs , they may strive to deceive ns By sailing JOce sharks in their old craft " Reform ;" J ^ -nH the boats that tack first to this point , then the other , , ; + Be they steer'd by a Cobden , O'ConneH , or Sturge , We pity their crews , poor devils ! they'll smother , Completely engulph'd in a whirlpaol of surge . 3 nt ire never will barter one tithe of onr Charter ; We fear neither frand , false advisers , nor force : A ^ a oar ship , " 2 fb Surrender 1 " ( may Heaven defend her !) Shall bear ns triumphantly on in onr cenrsa . Te true-hearted Chartists , be fervent and zealous ;
Tour Dancombe stands firm en the enemy's deck ; Where , by principle baexfd , and a band of brave fellows , Ha the emy oia craft win soon shatter and -wreck . Then re-organiza , boys , redouble your number , And the den of the despots -with purity swsep ; Let the spirit of Xfhartjsm ronse from its slumber , A-nA come forth " like a giant refresh'd with sleep . " Tor -we never win barter one tithe of onr Charter . ; We fear aether fawa , i _ e aavisers , vox farce : And on * ship , "No Smrenaai ! " imay Heavaidefend her ]} Shall bear ns triumphantly en in our course . - £ E > VA 2 IK StOTT . SB . Silver-street , Manchester .
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THE FLEET PAPERS . Thon ^ no admirers of kings" in general , and r » er mindful of the advice , " put not jour trust in princes /* we must own that we have always regarded ** "Sing Richard" as an exception to thiB general role , and have willingly awarded our allegiance to the factory children ' s monarch . ' Trne , we have been rather undutiful " subjects" of late , seeing that it is now a considerable time since we lent oar aid to extending a knowledge of " His Majesty's prodamstionsf and now , the many demands made upon ns in the columns deTOted io Eeviews , " prevent ns jiving any very fell notice of the recent labours of the honest , philanthropic , and brave * Old English Gentleman , " Eienard Oastler . In Uo . 32 , YoL in . ( August 12 th , 1843 ) , Mr .
Oastler commenced a series of articles on that object of his , and every other good man's , special abhorrence—the Hew Poor Law . The series is continued through twelve nnmbers , and forms a well-stored ar&enal from which the anti-Malthnsian may f"Trn 8 h himself with arms calculated to carry terror and dismay into the camp of the enemy , and enable him , like the knight-errant of oJd , to wage triumphant battle in the cause of the helpless asd the oppressed . Of course , it would take the whole of the ^ tor , or nearly so , to do any thiDg like justice to this gallant onslaught of the ** good old King " upon the enemies of the poor and the foes of " Old England's *' best interests . We must content ourselves with the following extracts : —
"The Old Poor Law was intended to act as a protection to the labourer , by giving him employment or relief at the expense of the parish , -when he found it Impossible to find other work , the wages of which would maintain him and hii family . ! Thns it became U » interest of the rate . payen to employ the labourers , giving them fair wages for their work , otherwise the labourers would fall back on the pariah rates , and indirectly obtain from the wealthy parishioners a secessazy provision for their wants . By that law , the poor wen wedded to the land , the land being made responsible for their maintainasce . Wisdom could not have devised a plan more likely to produce and train a loyal and satisfied people .
" The New Poor Law , being avowedly intended ' io prepare Vie tray for no Poor Law at all , ' was framed in the spirit of enmity to the poor ; that is , to make the receipt of parish relief as objectionable—as offensiveas irksome as possible : —first , by refusing out-door relief and •"" tfrfog the union workhouse the test of destitution ; next , by mufrfag the labourer ' s residence in the poor-house as unpleasant and annoying as possible . There he is imprisoned—his wife separated from himand their children are cwfined in separate -wards or houses ; say , brothers and sisters are not allowed to meet Sis axes betokens Mi disgrace—his . food has proved to be poison ; and , on the testimony of official repor ts , many , very many , by it have been killed . In fact , every feeling of the human heart has been ontraged for the avowed purpose of preventing the poor from availing themselves of that mode of relief , thus to force them to faS back vpon their mm resources .
"The consequence is , that the poor creatures offer their labour at the lowest possible wages , thereby drivtag others inio destitution , and , in the end , in" spite of the cruelty of their regulations , fining the union-house , and reducing the return for labour to such a low ebb , that to eke ont a livelihood , theft becomes a part of the labourer ! occupation—what be considers a duty to his family , "Sfifl , there are thousands who cannot find any employment , who , having tried the nnion-honses , prefer a life of theft and beggary , in miay cues stealing for the avowed purpose of finding a refuge in the gaols ' The iciiTt 3 s , » la&om - and destitute race of labonreraxedne ^ d by tens of thousands to rtrotHng vagrants "Who have ceased to be customers to our manufacturers and fanners ; now , this system is naturally finding its level in the Insolvency of our agriculturalists , manufacturers , and shop-keepers . Having thus destroyed the home trade , yoa are next required to find an " Extension of foreign trade , " by stHl more competition , and a further reduction of wages .
" The . owners of the soli should remember that it is they themselves who have given weight and energy to the lecturers of the Anti-Corn-Law League , by passing and enforcing the New Poor Law . Had there been no ; Hew Poor Law , there would have been So Anti-Corn- j Law-League . j "No one has laboured more than myself to warn the ] landlords thai they were their own enemies , when they ' lpg ^ itjafl against the labourers . I tell them new—and j I entreat the Duke of Buckingham and the Duke © f ] Bichmond to listen—if you will not repeal the New ) Poor Law , you must repeal the Com Laws . Justice demands it—soon necessity win force it Those laws j eaoaot long exist togeiher—they are of antagonist prin-¦ ciples . ]
"The land-ownera have placed themselves In the position of banditti , who are forced to strengthen themselves by mercenaries against the natural and constitutional claimants—the poor . Thus tie necessity for theBural Police is accounted for , not to protect the property of the landlord , but to defend him in maintaining ' the unjust possession of that which never belonged to him by right—the poor man's legal shire in thel&nd ! " "The groundwork , the foundation of ay argument , is the right of every man to liberty and life , and consequently to the means that produce those blessings . This I conceive to be the only condition upon which men can consent to give up the liberties of the natural or savage state for the restraints which sreTieceEsary when they exchange it for social life , which is a species of social compact
" If it be so , then any statute which , by implication only , tends to deprive a man of his liberty as a condition that he seal ] be fed , is a law in-direct opposition to the f andamental principle upon which society was based—slaw -which virtually releases those persons whom it deprives from all moral aEagianee—places them in antagonism to the rest of their feUov creatures —and forces them , ss a natural duly , by every means to seek their confiscated rights . In fac * 7 it creates a moral civil war , which only waits for an opportunity to become physical .
•* For awhile the holders of the confiscated property may remain masters , being enabled , by the power of wealth , to resist the claims of the poor ; bnt evtatcaUy there can be no doubt the urgent demands , tf nature will prevail In that conflict much valuable property will be sacrificed—many precious lives nray be lost It mnst , however , always be remembered , Dial the responsibility rests on the heais of the aggressors , not on those who have , teen rotibed of their rights !" In No . 34 , addressing Sir Jame 3 Graham , he says : — "Would that I could persuade you to read your public character as others see it;—noisy , becanw hollow—p&TcerleBs , because dishonest—hatei , because revengeful } consequently , cringing and despised—elevated , bat disgraeed—zidb , bnt have nothing !
" History has f umiEhed many fcH-ieagtb portraits of political knaves ; tut the TrorH's history now voll only have to report the rise , pipsress , sad Ml cf one—SIR Jaxes Giuham . "
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And he concludes thi 3 Number with the following burst of heart-eloquence : — "I have studiously abstained from uttering one word on the thousands of cases which present themselves to prove the cruelty and inhumanity of the New Peor Law and of its officers . I have not attempted to rouse the feelings of indignation that are ever ready to burst from the breasts of Englishmen when they are told of the agonising throes which break the hearts of mothers , when their babes are torn from their arms ; or of that burst of ftTTgnfoh which drowns in deepest sorrow , even in the bad of life , an English pauper
child , who , with its thin and delicate hands ( mere thin by famine ) resists the iron grasp of the rude infernal Poor Law official , whe tears it from the fountain of its life—from all it has learned to love!—and then , with brimful eyes ana sobs , tbst speak better than words its extremity of grief , stretches its little form from tbe fiend who wrests it—convulsively extending its length to reach its anguished mother , now separated , perhaps for ever , by doers , and walls , and bars!—The scalding tears of those mothers and babes may be disregardedby you—they fall as curses on this guilty bind—they are " bottled" by him who wiU avenge .
" I have , Sir , purposely refrained from attempting to ' agitate * my readers , by describing tbe subdued but revengeful feelings of a father ( how many English fathers are now in this wretched state !) when he iB forced by poverty and despotism to -witness that scene ! I would , however , request yon , as the Horns Minister of the Q-ieen , to answer the following questions to her Majesty in Conncll-jrtelling the Qaeen , at the nme time , that these scenes of horror are created under the sanction of a law passed with your approval , — ' What must ba the feelings of thai man under that pressure ? What his disgust at laws so cruel , at conduct so unnatural , so merciless ? If that man ' s loyalty should vanish , who is to blame ? What respect can that man have for property—what reverence for religion itself ?" He is an outcast—the laws have made him one ! Think you that your Royal Mistress can now afford to lose such subjects , tr , that arming the pensioners will make those men loyal ?—Mistaken man I "
In our notice last week of Tail ' s defence of Lord Brougham , we reminded onr readers that to that " statesman" England principally owed that embodiment of wrong and crime—the New Poor Law . In Beveral of the numbers before ns , his "Lordship" is fairly flayea . Here is a specimen : — " It was thus that Lord Brougham seduced the House of Peers : — ' The safest , and perhaps the only perfect charity , is an hospital for accidents and violent diseases , because no man is secure against" such calamities—no man can
calculate upon , or provide against them ; and we may always be sure that the existence of such an hospital will in no vray tend to increase the number of patients . Next to thi ? , perhaps , a dispensary ii the safest ; but I pause upon that , if I regard the rigour of the principle [ or population ]; because a disp&nsary may be liable to abuse , and because , strictly speaking , sickness is a thing which a provident man should look forward to and provide against as part of ihe ordinary Ulsof life ; still , I Co not go to the rigorous extent of objecting to dispensaries .
' " But when I come to hospitals for old age , as old age is before all men—as every man is every day approaching nearer to that goal—all provident men of independent spirit will , in the vigour of their days , lay by sufficient to maintain them when age shall end their labour . Hospitals , therefore , for the support of old men and old women , may , strictly speaking , be regarded as injurious in their ejrecls vpon ihe community . Nevertheless , their evil tendency may bs counterbalanced by the good they do . " After reading that sublime effusion of virulence and nonsense , I must pause . I will take a pipe to preserve my temper—and obtain another pen—then , if possible , I will proceed . Well , it is of no avail ; my disgust continues ! It was Brougham who uttered those words — 'All provident men of independent spirit will , in tbe 'rigour of their days , lay by sufficient to maintain them when age shall end their labour ! ' Yes . it teas
Brougham who said so ' . —Lord Chancellor Brougham ! who , after a most successful career at the bar—after receiving tbonsaods a year from his clients , was at that moment ( though in the receipt of £ 14 , 000 a year , besides immense patronage ) , obtaining an Act of Parliament to allow himself £ 5 . 000 a year out of the public purse , when his 'laboursshould end ! ' being one thousand pounds a year more than bad been allowed to any previous Chancellor } Yes—that was Brougham who acted thus !!! No ? indeed—my anger is increased , when I find that tveh a man should dare to dtgtct to 1 hospitals for old men and old women , ' who , when in youthful vigour , commonly obtain precarious labour at fiom 2 b . 6 d . to IDs a week ; who are to be expected , after maintaining themselves and their families , to ' lay by sufficient to maintain them when age »> i » ii end their labour * ! 1 I wonder if the monster in human shape blushed wben he so spoke ?
" That £ 5 , 01 ) 0 a year which the ' old man now receives ( after it bas been acre-wet ! ont of tbe labour of those < old men and old -women at independent spirit *) , * when age bar pat an end to his labour , * -would main tain an hospital for 500 - ' old men , ' who had ppent an ussful life in adding to the wealth of the country—men who bad sot employed their talents in fomenting strife , in creating mischief , disorder , and every evil work . " Some astounding revelations of the real intentions of the Malthusians are given in subsequent numbers , consisting of Extracts from the Edinburgh Review , Brougham ' s Speeches , &o . &c & . c . We must conclude our extracts with a few of the ** principles" of Malthu 3 , which , though often before published , cannot be too constantly kept before the working classes , as showing the really atrocious character of a not few mouthing " Liberals , " who have always endeavoured to pass themselves off as friends of the people" : —
"Bat enough of Brougham ; now to his master , Malthus , who arose some few years ago , < to enlighten mankind upon this important , bnt as yet Ul'UndexatOOd branch of science—the true principle upon which to frame a preventive check , the prudential check , to the unlimited increase of the people . '] I am here quoting Hie disciple—now listen to the master : — "' I should propose a regulation to be made , declaring , that no child born from any marriage , taking place after the expiration of a year from the date of the law , and no illegimate child born two years from the same date , should ever be entitled to parish assistance . ' " After having suggested that' tbe clergyman of each parish' should disgrace himself , after the publication of banns , by reading a notice to that effect , and giving an address , cautioning the people against the impropriety , and even immorality , of marrying without a prospect of supporting his children , ' Malthua proceeds : —
"' After the public notice which I have proposed , had been given , and the system o ? poor Isws had ceased -with regard to the rising generation , if any man chose to marry , without a . prospect of being able to support a family , he should have the most perfect liberty so to do . Though to marry , in this case , is , in my opinion , clearly an immoral act , yet it is not one which society can justly take upon itself to prevent or punish , because the punishment provid ed for it by the laws of nature falls directly and most severely upon the individual who commits the act , and through him more remotely and feebly on society . ' " What ! do the infants of such parents ' sin against the laws of nature , ' by being bom in poverty ?—Malthus proceeds . —
"' When nature will govern and punish for us , it is a very miserable ambition to wish to snatch the rod from her hands , and draw upon ourselves the odium of execution . To the punishment , therefore , of nature he should be left—tbe punishment of want . ' " Death by want is , then , Nature ' s punishment , awarded and executed by herself , on all who are born in circumstances described by Malthus—of parents who * marry without a prospect of being able to support'a family *—nay , more , of all -who are born in indigence , no matter wh&t % the ' prospects' an the wedding-day ! f sr the right of relief will have vanished , and Death ia Nature ' s executioner ! At present , I shall be silent , leaving each reader these spare lines to write his thoughts upon . Mine burn too hot for utterance ]
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" Malthus proceeds : — "' has erred in the face of a most clear and precise warning , and can have no just reason to complain of any person but himself , when he feels tbe consequences of his career . ' [ But what ef the poor innocent children ? Does nature really award death by starvation to them ?] 'All pariah assistance should be denied him ; and he should be left to the uncertain support of private charity . " " This ia really too bad , from one -who teaches that Charity is a most dangerous and iBjurious virtue . Why , Sir , if tbe poor wretch were relived , Malthus teaches that tha ' number of such vktimB would be increased thereby . " Better let Nature perform her own award , and execute her sentence—Dsatb J Monstrous as is the thought , if Malthus Bud Brougham are right , that is God ' s -will ! How opposite to that revealed in his Holy Word ! To proceed . Maitbus says : —
" He should be taught to know that tbe laws of Nature , which are the laws of God , bad doomed him and bis family to suffer [ death } for disobeying their repeated admonitions ; that he had no right on society for the smallest portion of food , beyond that which his labour could fairly purchase ; and that if he and bis family were saved from feeling the natural consequences of his imprudence , be would owe it to the pity of some kind benefactor [ impious thonght , more kind than God 0 to whom , therefore , he ought to be bound by the strongest ties of gratito . de . ' " Bemembering always , that that kind benefactor * would be guilty of increasing the evil , by encouraging others thus to * sin against the laws of Nature , which are the laws of God —namely , by marrying when he was iiot provided with the means of supporting his family . "
And again—¦ "A man who is bom in a world already porsBessed , if he cannot get subsidence from his parents , on whom be basajuj . * demand , and if the society do sot want hifl labour , has ne claim of right to the smallest portion ot
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food , and , in fact , has ne business to be where he is . At Nature ' s mighty feast there is no vacant cover for him . She tells him to begone , and will quickly execute her own orders , if he do not work upon the com passion tf some of her guests . ' " Who , then , are to marry ? Not the Queen : she requires provision for her children after marriage ; not the Peers : their estates are entailed : not the fondholder ; his property is uncertain and fluctuating : not tbe clergy ; they have only a life interest : not the merchant , banker , or manufacturer ; their Incoraea are as uncertain as the wind : not the farmer ; his property may be consumed by the seasons : not the artisan or labourer ; under that system they could never be certain of employment Who , then , can many ? Let Brougham answer . Pensioners ? Is it even so ? But , in the NEXT GENERATION , VfHO WILL PAT THEIR FBNS 1 OXS ?"
We too mast leave our readers to . fil ) up the lines in blank ; we dare not trust ourselves with the task . . No . 45 , ( November 11 th ) is nearly filled with a letter addressed to Mr . Oastler by " One who fas watched you , and never caught you tripping , _ in which is suggested a most formidable array of ° improvements" in the •* Fteeters " , some of which are really such ; and whioh we should be glad to see car * ried out . The writer proposes to assist Mr . Oastler in the carryiBg ont of the suggested improvements after the following manner : —
"I propose that the sum of £ 500 shall , ta the first instance , be raked in 100 . £ 5 shares ; and that , as yoa go along and feel your way , and prove the efficiency of your engine , another hundred shares shall be raised of like amount How is this to be done ? By an appeal to the public especially * to your old and steady readers , who must feel that if any man can render service to bis country by his pen , Riehard Oastler is that man . I call upon the friends of tbe country to rally around you . There will be no lack of candidates for shares . Open your list ; announce that you are ready to receive tbe names . I send , you mine as a beginning . Pat me down for four shares in the first batch of 100 ; and 1 hope to be a subscriber in the second batch . Now or never is the motto . And by the 1 st of January , 1844 , you must be in a position to come oat with ' Oastler ' s Fleet Papers , ' new and enlarged series ; and , if need be , with both a stamped and unstamped edition . "
We have considerably exceeded the limits we intended to confine ourselves to when we commenced , this " Review ; " and yet how little have we been enabled to give of the writings of the " Poor man ' s Friend" ! Perhaps we have excited a desire io know more : if eo , we shall be gratified indeed . To the working classes and their friends we say read The Fleet Papers , and by every means in your power strive to strengthen the hands of your persecuted advocate . We trust that , the suggestions made above will be heartily responded to by Oastler ' 8 friends , and that we may speedily see the FleeterV —worthy as they are now—even still worthier of the pen of the good and noble Richard Oastler .
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illustrate , not a single line has been added to enlarge , its Mr . Holyoake then proceeds to lay down Paley ' s argument clearly , fairly , and impartially . On this ?« J ? V he ni 0 ? captious willfnot venture to complain . Whatever view the reader may take of Mr . H . ' s conclusions , sure we are of one thing , that he must be satisfied w-ith the fair play allowed to Paley ' a arguments : — "I hope , that upon examination of Paley ' u treatise , every admirer of that author will be of opinion that I have stated his argument fairly . I have striven to present it in the most forcible manner , and I believe have presented it in a more connected and concise form than Paleyfeas left It Indeed , I can have no motive to misstate or garble bis views , aiace it Is my intention to aomit them . The more clearly they appea * at the cdmmencement . thebettet will be understood my
continuation . The more strikingly I present his argument , the more rtrikingly will appear hia own refutation ef it . For these reasons , the wader , t think , will not fail . to perceive thatJt is as much my interest , as it ia my dutyi to state Paley with freedom and fairness . Really was I conscious that the slightest necessity existed for me ^ to conceal an argument of the author I reply to , which In honour I ought to state—if tbe slightest necessity existed for me to torture hia language to make OUt my case , I would instantly threw this book away , because I am fully satisfied that no book deserves the attention of mankind , and no cause Is worthy of their notice which naeds dishonourable support It is myoplnien that no principle put forward by crooked mean" will ever stand long . It does not deserve to stand—and it is my deliberate hope that it never may , "
In the world ' s present state ef mental infancy , this paper would not be a fitting arena for theological combatants ; we therefore decline entering into the arguments pro and con . The book is neatly got up aua is a perfect embodiment of mullum in parvo , consisting of but about forty pages . It is explicitly and forcibly penned ; and to all enquirers who are " bold enough to be honest , and honest enough to be bold , ' will be found a valuable acquisition .
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) LIFE IN BTJSSU . ( From the Review of " Ds Custine ' s Empire ef the Czar" in Tait ' a Magazine for November . )
THE BUSSIAN PEASANTRY . About ten leagues from Petersburg , on his way to Schiusseiburg , M . de Custine entered a kind of inn ; he says : — j " It was the fiwt time I bad seen the peasants in their houses . An immense wooden shed , plank walls on three sides , plank flooring and plank ceilng , formed the hall of entrance , and occupied the greater part of the rustic dwelling . Notwithstanding the tree currents of air , I found it redolent of that odour of onions cabbages , aud old greasy leather , whieb Russian villages and Rnssian villagers invariably exhale . "Alow and confined room adjoined this immense shed . It reminded me of the cabin of some river boat ; walls , ceiling , Hoot , seats , and tables , were all of wood , rudely hewn . The smell of cabbage and pitch was extremely powerful .
" In this retreat , almost deprived cl alt and lighttot the doors were low , and the windows extremely small—I found an old woman busy serving tea to four or five bearded peasants , clothed in pelisses of sheepskin , the wool of ] which is turned is wards ; for it has already , and for some days past , become rather cold . Thea 6 men were of short stature . Their leather pelisses were rather tasteful ; but they were very ill scented : I know nothing except the perfumes of the nobles that could be more so ] On tbe table stood a bright copper kettle and a teapot . The tea is always of good quality , well made , and , if it is not preferred pare , good milk is everywhere to be obtained .
"The red or blue shirt of the peasants is buttoned over the collar-bone , and drawn close round the loins by a girdle , above which it lies in antique folds , and below forms an open tunic that falls over the pantaloon . The long Persian robe , often left open , which , when the men do not work , partly covers this blouse ; the hair worn long , aud parted on the forehead , but shaved close behind rather higher than the nape , so bb to discover all the strength « f tbe neck . " The common orders in Russia are amusing knaves : they may be easily led if they are not deceived ; but as aoon as they see I that their masters or their masters ' agents lie more than themselves , they plunge into the lowest depths of falsehood and meanness . They who would civiliza a people must themselves pojaeaa worth of character—tbe barbarism of the serf accuses the corruptness of the noble . Dirtiness is very
conspicuous in the country ; but that of the bouses and the clothes strike ? me more than that of the Individuals . The Russians take much care of their persons . Their vapour baths , it is true , appear to us disgusting ; and I should for myself much prefer the contact of pure water ; still these boiling fogs cleanse and strengthen the body , though they wrinkle the skin prematurely . By virtne of their use , tbo peasants may be often seen with clean beards and hair , when as much cannot be said for their garments . Warm clothing costs . money , and bas to be worn a long time . The rooms , also , in which they think only ef protecting themselves from the cold , are necessarily less aired than those of southern people . Of the air that purifies , the Russians are -deprived for nine months in the year ; so that their dirtiness is rather the inevitable effect of their climate than of their negligenee .
" When they work bare-headed , they remedy the inconvenience of their tong hair by binding it with . & kind of diadem , or fillet made of a riband , a wreath of rushes , or of some other simple material , always placed with care , and which looks well on the young people ; for the men of this race have in general finely-formed , oval heads , so that their working head-dress becomes an ornament , Bat what snntt I say of the women ? All whom I have : hitherto seen have appeared to me repulsive . I had hoped in this excursion to have met some fair villagers ; but here , as at Petersburg , they are broad and short In figure , and they gird their forms at tbe shoulders , a little above Vbe bosom , which spreads fretly under the petticoat . It ib hideous I Add to this voluntary deformity large men * boots , and a species of riding coat , or jacket of sheep ' s-skin , similar to tbe pelisses of { their husbands , but , doubless through a laudable economy , much less gracefully cut , and far more worn ; falling , indeed , literally in rags—such is their toilette .
" The Russian peasants are the only females in the world who have taken it iuto their heads to make themselves a waist above instead of below the bosom . Their shapeless sacks rather than gowns , are drawn together close under the arm-pita . At the first sight , their entire person gives me the idea of & bale or large loose parcel , in which all the parta of the body are confounded together without care , and yet -without liberty . But this costume has other inconveniences rather difficult to describe . One of the worst' is , that a Russian female peasant could suckle her child over her shoulder , as d « tbe Hottentots . Such is the inevitable deformity produced by a fashion which- destroys the shape of the body . The Circassian females , who better understand the beauty of woman and the weans of preserving it , wear , from tbeir years of childhood , a belt round the waist , which they never cast off . " I .
{ RUSSIAN VILLAGES . " The appearance of the villages is monotonous . A village consists always of two Hues , more or less extended , of wooden cottages , regularly ranged at a certain distance backwards from the road ; for , in general , the street of the village is broader than the embankment of the highway . Each cabin , constructed of pieces of roughly-hawn wood , presents its gable to the street All these habitations are of similar construction ; but notwithstanding j tbeir wearisome uniformity , an air of comfort , and even prosperity , appears to reign in the villages . They are rural witbont being picturesque . I .
" A few villages , becoming leas neat in proportion as the distance from Petersburg increases , sadden the landscape instead of enlivening it The houses are only piles of tee trunks of trees , badly put together , and supporting roofs of j plank , to which in winter an extra cover of thatch is sometimes added . These dwellings must be warm , but their appearance is cheerless . The rooms are dark , and tainted fer want of air . . They have no beds . In summer the inmates sleep on benches which form a divan around the walls of the chamber , and , in winter , j en the stove , or on tbe floor around it In other words , a Russian peasant encamps all his life . The word reside implies a comfortable mode of life ; domestic habits are unknown to this people ,. " ¦ ' j ¦
BUSSIAN AMUSEMENTS . " The aee-saw ; ia the favourite amusement of the Russian peasants . This exercise developed their natural talent fer adjusting the equilibrium of the body ; in addition to whioh , it is a silent pleasure , and quiet diversions best accord with th » feelings ot a people rendered prudent by fear . : ; " Silence presides over all the festivals of the Russian villagers . They ; drink plentifully , speak little , and shout less ; they either remain silent , or sing in chorus , with a nasal voice , melancholy and prolonged notes .
. On Sunday , in passing through populous villages , I observed rows of from four to eight young girls balancing themselves , by a scarcely per * ceptible movement of their bodies , on boards suspended by ropes , while at a little distance beyond , an equal number of boys were fixed in the same manner , in face ef their females . ] Their mute game lasted a long time ; I have never had patience to wait its conclusion . Such gentle balancing ! is only a kind of interlude , whioh serves as a relaxation in tbe intervals of the animated diversion of their real swing or see-saw . This is . a very lively game ; it even renders the spectators nervons . " j
THE KREMLIN AT MOSCOW . " The word walls gives an idea of quite too ordinary an object ; U would deceive the reader : the walls of the Kremlin are ] a chain of mountains . This citadel , reared on the confines of Europe and Asia , is , as compared with ordinary ramparts , what the Alps are to our hills : the Kremlin is the Mont Blase of fortresses . If the giant that is called the Russian Empire had a heart , I should say that tbe Kremlin was the heart of the monster ; but , as it iB , I would call it the head . I wish I could give &n idea of this mighty pile of stones ,
reared step by step into the heavens ; this asylum of despotism , raised in the name of liberty : for the Kremlin was a barrier opposed to the Calmuca by'the Russians : its walls have equally aided the independpence of tbe State and the * tyranny of the Sovereign . They ara boldly carried over the deep sinuosities of . tbe soil . When the ' declivities of the hillocks become too precipitous , theirampart ia lowered by steps : these steps , rising between heaven Bnd earth , are enormous ; they are the ladder fer the giants who make war against the gods . ¦ .. . _ "_ . _
" Above a long vault , which I crossed , I perceived a . raised viaduct , by which carriages aud foot passengers enter the holy cl $ y . The spectacle was bewildering ; nothing but towers , gates , and terraces , raised one above tbe other , steep ( slopes , and piled arches , all serving to form tbe road ! by which the Moscow of the present day—the vulgar'Moscow , is left for the Kremlin—the Moscow of miracle and of history . These aqueducts , without water , support other stories of more fantastic edifices . I observed , raised upon one of the banging passages , a low round tower , all bristling with battlements of spear heads . The silver brightness of this ornament contrasted singularly with the blood-red of the walls . The j tower seemed like a crowned giant standing before the fortress ot which , he was the guardian . I
"L 5 ke the bones of certain gigantic animals , the Kremlin proves . jto na the history of a world of . which we might doubt until after seeing the remains . In this prodigious creation strength takes the place of beauty , caprice- of elegance , it is like the dream of a tyrant , fearful but full Jof power j It haa something about ft that diaownB the age ; means of defence which are adapted to a system of war that exists no longer ; an architecture that has no connexion with the wants of modern civilization ; a heritage , of tho fabulous ages , & jail , a palace , ; a sanctuary , a bulwark against the
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nation ' s foes , a bast ' . le against the nation , a prop o tyrants , a prison of people— £ uch ia the Kremlin , * * Such , then , was the chosen abode of the old Muscovite princes ; and yet these formidable walls were not sufficient sheher for the terror of Ivan IV . "The fear of a man possessing absolute power is the moat dreadful thing upon earth ; and with all the imagery of this fear visible in the Kremlin , it 1 * still impossible to approach the Kremlin without a shudder . " Towers of every form , round , square , and with pointed roofs , belfries , donjon * , turrets , spires , sentryboxes upon minarets , steeples of every height , style , and colour , palaces , domes , watch-towers , walls , em > battlemented aud pierced with loop-hole * , ramparts ^
fortifications of every species , whimsical inyentionf * ^ comprehensible wriceo , shiosks by the aide of cathedrala—everything announces violation and disorder— . everything betrays the coastrtutidnal sirrysillance neces sary to the security of the singular beings who were condemned to live in thfo sapErnalnral world .: Yet these innumerable monuments sf pride , caprice , voluptueueaess , glory , and piety ; notwithstanding their apparent variety , express one single idea which reigns here everywhere—war maintained by fear . The Kremlin is the work of a superhuman being ; but that being is malevolent . Glory in slavery—such is tbe allegory figured by this Satanic muniment , as eitraordinary in architecture as the visions of St John are In poetry , ft ia a habitation which -would suit some of the personages ot the Apocalvf Be .
"To inhabit a place like the Kremlin ia sot to reside , it is to defend one ' s self . . Oppression create * revolt , revolt ebHges precautions , precautions increase dangers , and this long series of action * and reactions engenders a monster ; that monster is despotism , which has built itself a house at Moscow . The giants of tha antediluvian world , were they to return to earth to visit : their degenerate successors , might still find a suitable habitation in the Kremlin . Everything bar a symbolical sense , whether purposely or not , in its architeetore ; but the real , the abiding , that appears after yon have divested yourself of your first emotions ia tho contemplation of these barbaric splendours , it , after
all , only a congregation of dungeons pompously surnamed palaces and cathedrals . The Russians may do their best , but they can never come but of the prison . The very climate is an accomplice of tyranny . The cold of the country does not permit the construction of vast churches , where the faithful would be frozen at prayer : here the soul is not lifted to heaven by the glories of religious architecture ; in this zone man con only build to hia God gloomy donjons . The sombre cathedrals of the Kremlin , with their narrow vault * and thick walls , resemble oaves ; they are painted prison * , just as the palaces are gilded gaols . As travellers say of the recesses of the Alps , so of the wonders of this architecture—they are horribly beautiful .
" Other nations stave supported oppression , the nu »> siau nation has loved it ; it loves it still . Il not suchfanaticism of obedience characteristic ? It may not * however , be denied that this popular mania has here sometimes become the principle of sublime actions . In this inhuman land , if society has , depraved the individual , it has not enervated him : he ia not good , but he is also not contemptible . Tbe same may be said of the Kremlin : it is not pleasant to behold , but it inspires awe . It is not beautiful , but it is terrible—terrible as the reign of Ivan IT . "
MOSCOW AN © ITS MORALS (?) " The hospitable customs of ancient Asia , and the elegant language of civilised Europe , have met together afc this point of the globe , to render life pleasant and easy . Moscow , fixed on the limits of two continents , mark * , in the middle of the earth , a spot for rest between London aBdPakin . " Moscow is , ot all tbe cities in Europe , the one in which the dissolute man of tbe fashionable world has the widest field for bis career . The Government is too well-informed not to know that under an absolute rule some kind of revolt must somewhere break out ; but It prefers that this revolt should be in manners rather than in politic * . Here lies tbe secret of the license of the one party and the tolerance of the other .
" Intemperance is here carried to such excess , that one of the men the most liked , and whose society ia tha meat courted in Moseow , disappears every year for sis weeks , neither more nor less . If it be asked what ha » become of him , the answer , 'he is only gone to have % . fuddling bcuf 1 satisfies everybody . The Russians have too much levity to be vindictive ; they are graceful debauchees . " Among tha traits of shameless blackguardism related « f these young patricans , Europe , we believe , could not parllel the following , nor indeed , any other quarter of the globe . " One boasted of himself and feia brothers being tht sons of the footmen and the coachmen of their father ; . and he drank and made the guests drink , to the health of all his unknown parents . Another claimed tbe honour of being brother ( on the father's side ) of all the waiting-maids of bis mother .
" Many of these vile boasts are no doubt made for the sake of talking : bat to invest Bach infamies in order t » glory in them , shows a corruption of mind that prove wickedness to the very core—wickedness worse : even than tbat exhibited in the mad actions of these liber * tines . " According to them , the citizens' wives in Moscoware no better than the women of rank . RUSSIAN XVHXNNV—ITS H 9 RB 0 RS AND GAlUfUL " In Russia , the Government interfere with everything and vivifies nothing . In that immense empire , the people , if not tranquil , are mute ; death hovers over all heads , and strikes capriciously whom it pleases . Man there has two coffins—the cradle and the tomb . The Russian mothers ought to weep the birth moxo than tha death of their children .
" J do not believe that suicide is common there : the people suffer too much to kill themselves . * * " But if the number of suicides in Russia were ever so great , no one would know it : the knowledge of numbers is a privilege of the Russian police . I am ignorant whether they arrivs correct before the . eyes of the emperor ; but I do know that no misfortune if published under his reign until he has consented to the humiliating confession of the superiority of Providence . The pride of despotism is so great that it : seeks to rival tbe power of God . Monstrous jealousy ' into what aberrations hast thou not plunged princes and subjects ! Who will dare to love truth—who will defend it in a country where idolatry is the principle of of the constitution ? A man who can do everything la the crowned impersonification of a lie .
" The life of the Russian people is more gloom ; than that of any other of the European nations ; and when I say the people , I speak not only of the peasant attached to the soil , but of the whole empire . * * "The Emperor appears to me little disposed to lay down a part of bis authority , Let him suffer , then , the responsibility of omnipotence : it is the first expiation of the political lie by which a single individual declares himself absolute master of a country , and allpowerful sovereign of tbe the thoughts of a people . * # " The Emperor makes rrefferora to be made , or allows to exist , laws ( excuse the application of this sacred name to impious decrees ) which , for examp le * permit the sovereign to declare that . the legitimate children of a man , legally married , have no father , no name ! in short , that they are ciphers , and not men . And I am to be forbidden to accuse at the bar of Europe a prince who , distinguished and superior as he 1 b , consents to reign without abolishing : such a law f
" Rnssian civilisation la still so near its source that ife resembles barbarism . The Russians are nothing more than a conquering community : their strength does not lie in mind , but in war—that Is , in stratagem and ferocity . " . _ ^^ SM ^ m m i i < T i rrm
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AN ANSWER TO J . H . PARRY ; AND AN EXPOSURE OF THE SELF-STYLED LIBERALS AND FREE TRADERS . ^ By George White . London : Published by the London Victim Committee . We have one objeotion to this pamphlet , It appears to us to be a gross violation of the law against " cruelty to animals , " for the author to wield hia tomahawk with the fierceness he has done in this " Answer . " Indeed , replying at all to the redoubtable Humpnrey Clinker—we be ^ pardon—Parry , we mean , appears to us to be very like " breaking a fly
upon the wheel . True , there is some excuse 'for Mr . White . Immured in a prison for bis honest advocacy of the piincipleB which the "shoy-hoys" he ^ exposes" have laboured to use for their own selfi > h ends , he naturally feels indignant at the vile hypocrisy of the masked deceivers , who aBsume to be the only incarnations of patriotism , and who have the audacity to arraign other men whose fault has been tbat they would not allow these pedlars" to make sale and profit of the Chartist masses .
Some few weeks since appeared " A Letter to Feargua O'Connor , Esq . " from the pen of Mr J . H . Parry , which we did not notice at tbe time , simply because we thought it not worth that honour . Mr . White who appears to be of a different opinion , thus speaks of the new'fiedged Barrister ' s precious production : — " Your pamphlet is certainly a literary gem—on a small scales It must have given you a vast deal of trouble to stow away such an immense quantity of scurrility in such limited space . Never mind . You have made a book—and as every book or tract must have a title page , so of course must yours—and we thus receive an ; addition to our stock of knowledge , in the fact , that John Humphrey Parry is a Banister of toe Middle Temple !! t It is the only mode by which a young and briefless barrister can advertise himself ; and joa have taken good cars to begin in time . "
Ia the following quotation our author opens fire upon the pamphleteering Barrister , pouring in grape and cannister after a fashion which will be everywhere recognized as a " mode of warfare" for which " honest George * ' is famous : — "I am perfectly convinced , that it is not so much to the hatred of your clique for Mr . Feargus O'Connor , that we are indebted for youi trashy production , as to your burning desire to play tbe dictator yourself ; and allow me to add , for your comfort , that if Mr . O'Connor were ' got rid of' to-morrew , you and tha little knot of 'intellectual-moral-force' aud philosophical Chartists would be as far from the consummation of your darling object as ever .
" Tbe Chartists of England are neither blind nor deaf ; they have long watched the manoeuvres of the ' London Malthusian clique , * assisted by a few dissatisfied would-be leaden in other parts of the country . They have witnessed the various subterfuges to which yon have resorted , in order to constitute yourselves a ort of ' Board of Directors * to the Chartist body ; and have they uniformly rejected your repeated attempts to fatten your jnuerable speculations upon them . " How , before you took it upon yourself to denounce and villify Feargus O'Connor and his tools , ' you might have condescended to show us what you and your clique had done to entitle you or them to the people's confidence . The tree is known by its fruits . Let us see yours .
" When public meetings have been held iu furtherance of Chartist principles , have the ' Intellectuals ' attended ? When petitions wen being got up in favour of the Charter , have the ' Philosophers' assisted ? When contributions were solicited to support the families of imprisoned Chartists , have the ' Respectables ' subscribed ? Verily , Mr . Barrister of the Middle Temple , these are questions to which the Working Men of England will require an answer before they adopt you or your brethren as their political mentors . "
Mr . W , follows up this cannonade by snch an unmasking of tho " artful dodgers" as will effectually show to the publio the real characters of these uneasy , because ever-foiled , ever-disappointed ^ chemcrs . To the pamphlet itBelf we now refer our readers , assured that they will peruse it with no small amount of satisfaction . We fancy it will puzzle the Barrister , with all the " intellectuals" at his back , to reply to the knock-down " exposures" of Mr . White s answer . "
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PALEY REFUTED IN HIS OWN WORDS . BY GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE . London , Hetherington , This little work is the production of a man who , though young in years , has already done good service to the cause of truth by his unprejudiced and fearless enquiries into systems " founded in fraud , upheld by force , " and the courage with which he has maintained the sacred right of free discussion . Holding peculiar opinions on the systems of theology at present commonly received , —opinions which have been held by some of the wisest and noblest spirits who have graced tbia earth of ours , —he has boldly asserted them in the teeth of prejudice and in
defiance of priestly usurpation . For so doing he has suffered dungeoning and persecution in various shapes ; yet has he never for one moment faltered in what he has felt to be the path of honesty ; which is , as the world may acknwledge some day , " the best policy , " all trick , and fraud , and " expediency" notwithstanding . Mr . H . is a man , who while he has unflinchingly advocated his own views , has always done so . in a dignified and candid manner , and therefore will command a hearing with all seekers after truth , all opponents of error . To the overturning of Paley ' s celebrated argument of '' design '' Mr . Holyoake has applied himself in the work before us : —
| " It is -well known that Paley bases his argument , upon tbe watch illustration . It is said tbat he bor-! rowed the idea from Condillac Lord Brougham says , tbat he was indebted for it to Durham , who , it is aup-: posed , plagiarised it from Cicero , who first used it to | prop up the falling gods of tbe Pagans . But if be who : first developes an idea is not so much tbe originator of ! it as he who so loudly and perseveringly proclaims it , that all the world understand its nature , then must Paley oe regarded as the originator of the design argument . And so well did Paley execute Wb task , tbat , though bis work has often been illustrated , it bas never i been superseded . It bas been tbe arsenal whence , modern theologians have drawn their weapons—their ' helmets have nodded with his plumes , and their arms
. have been nerved with his strength . Se highly has < been estimated what Paley has done , that it has been > thought sufficient to mature bis reasonings , and consoli-< date his conclusions . Lord Brougham , in his Discourses on Natural Theelogy , has not attempted to set i fresh trees in the theological garden , bnt has been satisi fled to cultivate those which Paley planted . His lord * . ship is content to logidse Paley ' s work . Up and down I the walk of design , which Paley made , and gravelled , , and rolled , Professor Whewell , and all tbe writers of ; Bridgewater Treatises , promenade . In fine , the whole 1 eight of the Bridewater Treatises adduce many lllnstra-| tions , but acid no new principles . They all pass the j gulf of theology over one bridge—the pons assinorum j ol design . It is very important to notice this , because ¦ it proves tbat Natural Theology is still whete it was—it 3 B still confined to ene principle , the argument of design \ Though psnderoua volume * have been written , to
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THE PHILANTHROPIST : a Monthly Jotjbnal DEVOTED TO SOCIAL , POLITICAL , AND MOKAL , Reforms . The present month ' s number of this well-couduoted periodical contains some excellent articles . We cannot find room for an extract , bat cordially recommend it , as a publication well-worthy the support of those who advocate the true and veritable principles of Civil and Religious Liberty . "
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THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ALCOHOL , Nos . 1 and 2 . By Dr . F . R . Lees . Report of a Medical Discussion held at Framlingham , Suffolk , March 20 th , 1843 , between Dr . Lees , and W . Jeaffreson , Esq ., Surgeon , on the 1 the Nature and Uses ot Alcohol . The Sacred Writings Rescued from the Profane Perversions of Moderate Poison Drinkers ; being an Address , &c , by Dr . Lees . London , Brittain , Paternoster Row . Whatever may be thought of the views of Dr > Lees , no man can mistake that he ia ia earnest , and this ia one of the secrets of the Doctor ' s success . Let any man be in earnest in his search after truth :
and though he may stumble and go wrong in the earlier Btages of his pilgrimage , he will not fail to win the wished-for goal at last . Nay , morej ; let the world see that he is really in earnest , and though he may at the outset of his career be despised and ridiculed as a foolish enthusiast , he will in the long run have the respect of mankind , and be held up as one of the enlighteners and benefactors ef the human race . Just such a man appears to us to be Dr . Lees . We are most decidedly opposed to many of his known views : but we nevertheless wish him " God speed" in his earnest aud honest struggles to put down error , and establish truth .
We hardly need say a word upon the works before us : they speak for themselves . The Parts ( price one shilling and sixpence each ) of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , are got up in a really beautiful Btyle ; and contain seven highly finished plates illustrative of the effects of intoxicating liquors upon the stomach . They form a sort of panorama ( nauseous to the sight we admit , they could not be otherwise ) of the stomach of the drunkard in the several stages of his debaucheries from "Moderate Drinking" to confirmed , regular , and beastly drunkenness ; and certainly exhibit a startling picture of the ravages of Alcohol upon the human frame . We give the following extract from No . I . of the Illustrated History of Alcohol , relative to what the writer calls
» ' THE KAT-PALLACr . " " The pernicious influence of alcohol upon the function of respiration , is further proved by the theory of Liebig , concerning the formation of fat . The fatfallacy is a very prevalent one , and therefore it may not only be interesting , but instructive , to devote a short time to its exposition . " My attention was directed to this subject seven years ago , when , in a publio discussion at Masbam , my ministerial opponent urged the chemical objection , tbat ale made men fat , and that it was well known to farmers that malt fed cattle faster than barley .
" I then contended that fatness was no proof of health or , strength , but rather , beyond the meat moderate degree , an indication of disease , the result of an impure condition of the circulating mass . This is evident from many facts . Look at the jockey who is training the racer for his greatest feat of speed and strengthdoes be fatten him up ? No , he sweats him down . Fat is not jksh ; not nerve or muscle , upon which activity and power depend ; it is a mere lifeless , unorganised compound , cast out of the system as superfluous , destitute of nitrogen , ( an essential element of every living part ) and therefore a mere incumbranco to tbe system in putting forth its greatest physical powers . Dues any one imagine tbat the stall-fed prize ox , so fat that be can scarcely walk , is healthier and stronger than he Would be roaming his native hills ?
Health and strength depend upon fresh a IB , and the development , by means of exercise of the muscular fibre of the system ; whereas fat is prevented by the free respiration of fresh air induced by exercise . Cattle exposed to cold , and subject to constant motion , never grow fat . It is the same with men as with other animals . The Arab of the desert , who is in constant exercise , exhibits a mass of nerve and muscle which enables him to undergo an amount of fatigue almost incredible ; but he is never fat , though he la healthy ,
and will frequently attain a patriarchal age . So with the aboriginal tribes of North America . Mr . Catlin states that they cd joy great health and attain great age wben not cut off by accident or war , and that they exhibit the finest specimens of physical prowess and stature . During a residence of eight years amongst them , be never met with a fat Indian . As fatness incredses with the absence , and diminishes with the presence , of the two chief conditions of health and strength , ( fresh air and exercise ) it follows , that , other things being equal , whatever tends to increase fatness ,
MUST TEND TO DECREASE HEALTH AND STRENGTH . " Professor Liebig has advanced a very probable theory regarding the cause of these facts , and the origin of fat—which will more completely answer tbe objections under discussion , " We have no room for Liebig ' s " theory ; " but instead thereof give the following extracts from tho Medical Discussion , with which we must conclude this notice . <' I have the testimony of a gentleman in this hall ( Mr . Mann ) that exposure to wet and cold , during the night , as a coast guard ; or as an agriculturist during
the day ; or in travelling , Under great privation * amidst the snows of Labrador , can be better sustained xvithoid intoxicating liqnor than with it After having beeu wrecked once amidst the Icebergs , this gentleman informs me , that the crew had to find their way back over the snows to Canada , a distance of many hundred miles . The cold was intense . Tbe captain's party , of ¦ which he was one , used the alcohol ou . ' ward / y , by Bteeping their mittens and stockings in the rum , aud they all arrived safe ; whilst the other parties , who took their rum inwardly , suffered severely from the frost , and lost several of their Company .
" The late William Cobbett , M . P . for Oldbam , in bis younger days was a soldier in Canada . In a letter ( republished in the Standard Temperance Library J . addressed to tbe ladies of England , and dated January 17 , 1820 , entitled ' A Pian for tbe promoting of Sobriety and Frugality , he thus gives his deoide 4 and conclusive testimony on this point ;—"' It is said , as an excuse for the use of spirits , that they keep out the cold . Let a man ence persuade himself of that , and he will soon find that they keep of the heat ! That they drive out the heat , is very certain ; for , in the northern parts of America , where the cold is so great that people are frequently frost-bitten , and are compelled to have their feet or hands cut off , It ia a caution always given to those who are likely to be exposed to the severity of the weather , not to drink any spirits before they go out , . And , though I have known
many persons frozen to death , and a great many more to have their limbs cut off , I hardly recollect a single instance in which the anffisring party had not taken spirituous liquors on his way or before he went out . Spirits are very cheap in those countries . A bottle of rum for sixpence . Of course thoughtless men will u ? e them . I have a hundred times gone out shooting or hunting upon the snow along with others , each of whom took a canteen of rum , while I taok none . I used to suck the snow , which they told me would give me the pleurysie ; but I fouml that I never bad the pleuiysie , and that many of them had . And as to ability to travel and te bear the cold , though many of my companions were much stronger and more active than myself , I always found that , at the end of the day , I was the freahest , and by far the most cheerful of them all .
" 'All strong liquors , be they of what sort they may , and in an exact proportion io their strength , tend to dis . able the frame from enduring the cold ; tend to make tbe person chilly . The reason is this , that they slupify ihe mind-, and at the same time , they , In a greater or leas degree , benumb the body . Consequently they tend to rentier it more susceptible of the injurious effects of cold . "
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$ ar Howilfs History of Priestcraft shall be noticed next week . { Pt-BUCATiorvs ^ Received — Graham ' s Lecture on Chastity ; The Healthian ; The Speech of Mr . O . G . Day ; and a number of Tracts .
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Rbtbibhtion . —About eleven o ' clock last Tuesday se ' nnight the police at the harbour were attracted by screams at the east side of Viotbria Dock , and , on proceeding to the spot , found a woman on board a barge moored alongside of the wall , calling ; out thafc a man was drowned . The necessary steps weretaken to recover the body , but without euecess . Ik appears that the woman whose name is Barnet , and the man , Thomas Pauline , a shoemaker belonging to Aberdeen , had , after drinking in a public-house in
Cowgate , proceeded , at Pauline ' s request , to the East Protection Wall , for the avowed purpose of getting a walk in the moonlight , but , as it ultimately appeared , with a determination to drown the woman . They had been cohabiting together for some time * and she had borne two children to him . On reaching ihe east end of the dock he deliberately pushed her over the quay , but she was saved in consequence of one of the harbour barges being moored bel » w . Seeing that she had not fallen into the water * ha leaped on board the barge , probably with the intention of completing his horrid design , but having fallen between the vessel and the pier , he met the fate to which he had no doubt destined the poor woman . The body was not found till next morning . —Dundee Warder .
Shocking Acgidemx . !—Shortly after five o ' clock on Thursday evening a shocking accident occurred on the London and Brighton railway , * short distance beyond the New Cross Station . A young man in the employ of Mr . Hoof , contractor , was engaged in repairing the line when bis attentim was taken off by the whistle of the train announcing the approach of the Brighton down train . Just at that moment the engine with several carriages on the Dover line was running lapidly towards London . From , tha statement of one of his felfow-workmen , it appears that tho poof fellow was unaware ol tha approach of the train behind him . and ,
notwithstanding eveiy possible exertion was inade by the driver of the eagine and his fellow-workmen to apprize him of bis danger , he stood motionlesat and in another instantthe engine knocked him with fearful . force to the ground . 'He fell with one arm across . the rail tod his hand upon U , and thus the wheela of tha train passed over him , severing his . arm above tbs elbow , and cutting off hi ? . , ¦ fibers- On being picked up and conveyed with all dispatch to Guy ' s , hospital , amputation was found necessary—an operation Whicti the poor fellow bore with extraordinaTy ; toit » uae . The other in juries render the ease » very bad one . RicHM 0 ND .-0 n tho 9 fch instant , Peter Constable Maxwell , Esq ., of the Grove , was anammou ^ y elected jftayorofthe Borough of Riohmoai f ( W flu * ensuing year .
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. . THE ftORT&EKN S TAjt g
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 18, 1843, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct677/page/3/
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